utils.py

# Copyright (c) 2006-2012 Mitch Garnaat http://garnaat.org/
# Copyright (c) 2010, Eucalyptus Systems, Inc.
# Copyright (c) 2012 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates.
# All rights reserved.
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
# copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, dis-
# tribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
# persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the fol-
# lowing conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
# in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
# OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABIL-
# ITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
# SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
# WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
# IN THE SOFTWARE.

#
# Parts of this code were copied or derived from sample code supplied by AWS.
# The following notice applies to that code.
#
#  This software code is made available "AS IS" without warranties of any
#  kind.  You may copy, display, modify and redistribute the software
#  code either by itself or as incorporated into your code; provided that
#  you do not remove any proprietary notices.  Your use of this software
#  code is at your own risk and you waive any claim against Amazon
#  Digital Services, Inc. or its affiliates with respect to your use of
#  this software code. (c) 2006 Amazon Digital Services, Inc. or its
#  affiliates.

"""
Some handy utility functions used by several classes.
"""

import subprocess
import time
import logging.handlers
import boto
import boto.provider
import collections
import tempfile
import random
import smtplib
import datetime
import re
import io
import email.mime.multipart
import email.mime.base
import email.mime.text
import email.utils
import email.encoders
import gzip
import threading
import locale
import sys
from boto.compat import six, StringIO, urllib, encodebytes

from contextlib import contextmanager

from hashlib import md5, sha512
_hashfn = sha512

from boto.compat import json

try:
    from boto.compat.json import JSONDecodeError
except ImportError:
    JSONDecodeError = ValueError

# List of Query String Arguments of Interest
qsa_of_interest = ['acl', 'cors', 'defaultObjectAcl', 'location', 'logging',
                   'partNumber', 'policy', 'requestPayment', 'torrent',
                   'versioning', 'versionId', 'versions', 'website',
                   'uploads', 'uploadId', 'response-content-type',
                   'response-content-language', 'response-expires',
                   'response-cache-control', 'response-content-disposition',
                   'response-content-encoding', 'delete', 'lifecycle',
                   'tagging', 'restore',
                   # storageClass is a QSA for buckets in Google Cloud Storage.
                   # (StorageClass is associated to individual keys in S3, but
                   # having it listed here should cause no problems because
                   # GET bucket?storageClass is not part of the S3 API.)
                   'storageClass',
                   # websiteConfig is a QSA for buckets in Google Cloud
                   # Storage.
                   'websiteConfig',
                   # compose is a QSA for objects in Google Cloud Storage.
                   'compose',
                   # billing is a QSA for buckets in Google Cloud Storage.
                   'billing',
                   # userProject is a QSA for requests in Google Cloud Storage.
                   'userProject',
                   # encryptionConfig is a QSA for requests in Google Cloud
                   # Storage.
                   'encryptionConfig']


_first_cap_regex = re.compile('(.)([A-Z][a-z]+)')
_number_cap_regex = re.compile('([a-z])([0-9]+)')
_end_cap_regex = re.compile('([a-z0-9])([A-Z])')


def unquote_v(nv):
    if len(nv) == 1:
        return nv
    else:
        return (nv[0], urllib.parse.unquote(nv[1]))


def canonical_string(method, path, headers, expires=None,
                     provider=None):
    """
    Generates the aws canonical string for the given parameters
    """
    if not provider:
        provider = boto.provider.get_default()
    interesting_headers = {}
    for key in headers:
        lk = key.lower()
        if headers[key] is not None and \
                (lk in ['content-md5', 'content-type', 'date'] or
                 lk.startswith(provider.header_prefix)):
            interesting_headers[lk] = str(headers[key]).strip()

    # these keys get empty strings if they don't exist
    if 'content-type' not in interesting_headers:
        interesting_headers['content-type'] = ''
    if 'content-md5' not in interesting_headers:
        interesting_headers['content-md5'] = ''

    # just in case someone used this.  it's not necessary in this lib.
    if provider.date_header in interesting_headers:
        interesting_headers['date'] = ''

    # if you're using expires for query string auth, then it trumps date
    # (and provider.date_header)
    if expires:
        interesting_headers['date'] = str(expires)

    sorted_header_keys = sorted(interesting_headers.keys())

    buf = "%s\n" % method
    for key in sorted_header_keys:
        val = interesting_headers[key]
        if key.startswith(provider.header_prefix):
            buf += "%s:%s\n" % (key, val)
        else:
            buf += "%s\n" % val

    # don't include anything after the first ? in the resource...
    # unless it is one of the QSA of interest, defined above
    t = path.split('?')
    buf += t[0]

    if len(t) > 1:
        qsa = t[1].split('&')
        qsa = [a.split('=', 1) for a in qsa]
        qsa = [unquote_v(a) for a in qsa if a[0] in qsa_of_interest]
        if len(qsa) > 0:
            qsa.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
            qsa = ['='.join(a) for a in qsa]
            buf += '?'
            buf += '&'.join(qsa)

    return buf


def merge_meta(headers, metadata, provider=None):
    if not provider:
        provider = boto.provider.get_default()
    metadata_prefix = provider.metadata_prefix
    final_headers = headers.copy()
    for k in metadata.keys():
        if k.lower() in boto.s3.key.Key.base_user_settable_fields:
            final_headers[k] = metadata[k]
        else:
            final_headers[metadata_prefix + k] = metadata[k]

    return final_headers


def get_aws_metadata(headers, provider=None):
    if not provider:
        provider = boto.provider.get_default()
    metadata_prefix = provider.metadata_prefix
    metadata = {}
    for hkey in headers.keys():
        if hkey.lower().startswith(metadata_prefix):
            val = urllib.parse.unquote(headers[hkey])
            if isinstance(val, bytes):
                try:
                    val = val.decode('utf-8')
                except UnicodeDecodeError:
                    # Just leave the value as-is
                    pass
            metadata[hkey[len(metadata_prefix):]] = val
            del headers[hkey]
    return metadata


def retry_url(url, retry_on_404=True, num_retries=10, timeout=None):
    """
    Retry a url.  This is specifically used for accessing the metadata
    service on an instance.  Since this address should never be proxied
    (for security reasons), we create a ProxyHandler with a NULL
    dictionary to override any proxy settings in the environment.
    """
    for i in range(0, num_retries):
        try:
            proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({})
            opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler)
            req = urllib.request.Request(url)
            r = opener.open(req, timeout=timeout)
            result = r.read()

            if(not isinstance(result, six.string_types) and
                    hasattr(result, 'decode')):
                result = result.decode('utf-8')

            return result
        except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
            code = e.getcode()
            if code == 404 and not retry_on_404:
                return ''
        except Exception as e:
            boto.log.exception('Caught exception reading instance data')
        # If not on the last iteration of the loop then sleep.
        if i + 1 != num_retries:
            boto.log.debug('Sleeping before retrying')
            time.sleep(min(2 ** i,
                           boto.config.get('Boto', 'max_retry_delay', 60)))
    boto.log.error('Unable to read instance data, giving up')
    return ''


def _get_instance_metadata(url, num_retries, timeout=None):
    return LazyLoadMetadata(url, num_retries, timeout)


class LazyLoadMetadata(dict):
    def __init__(self, url, num_retries, timeout=None):
        self._url = url
        self._num_retries = num_retries
        self._leaves = {}
        self._dicts = []
        self._timeout = timeout
        data = boto.utils.retry_url(self._url, num_retries=self._num_retries, timeout=self._timeout)
        if data:
            fields = data.split('\n')
            for field in fields:
                if field.endswith('/'):
                    key = field[0:-1]
                    self._dicts.append(key)
                else:
                    p = field.find('=')
                    if p > 0:
                        key = field[p + 1:]
                        resource = field[0:p] + '/openssh-key'
                    else:
                        key = resource = field
                    self._leaves[key] = resource
                self[key] = None

    def _materialize(self):
        for key in self:
            self[key]

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        if key not in self:
            # allow dict to throw the KeyError
            return super(LazyLoadMetadata, self).__getitem__(key)

        # already loaded
        val = super(LazyLoadMetadata, self).__getitem__(key)
        if val is not None:
            return val

        if key in self._leaves:
            resource = self._leaves[key]
            last_exception = None

            for i in range(0, self._num_retries):
                try:
                    val = boto.utils.retry_url(
                        self._url + urllib.parse.quote(resource,
                                                       safe="/:"),
                        num_retries=self._num_retries,
                        timeout=self._timeout)
                    if val and val[0] == '{':
                        val = json.loads(val)
                        break
                    else:
                        p = val.find('\n')
                        if p > 0:
                            val = val.split('\n')
                        break

                except JSONDecodeError as e:
                    boto.log.debug(
                        "encountered '%s' exception: %s" % (
                            e.__class__.__name__, e))
                    boto.log.debug(
                        'corrupted JSON data found: %s' % val)
                    last_exception = e

                except Exception as e:
                    boto.log.debug("encountered unretryable" +
                                   " '%s' exception, re-raising" % (
                                       e.__class__.__name__))
                    last_exception = e
                    raise

                boto.log.error("Caught exception reading meta data" +
                               " for the '%s' try" % (i + 1))

                if i + 1 != self._num_retries:
                    next_sleep = min(
                        random.random() * 2 ** i,
                        boto.config.get('Boto', 'max_retry_delay', 60))
                    time.sleep(next_sleep)
            else:
                boto.log.error('Unable to read meta data, giving up')
                boto.log.error(
                    "encountered '%s' exception: %s" % (
                        last_exception.__class__.__name__, last_exception))
                raise last_exception

            self[key] = val
        elif key in self._dicts:
            self[key] = LazyLoadMetadata(self._url + key + '/',
                                         self._num_retries)

        return super(LazyLoadMetadata, self).__getitem__(key)

    def get(self, key, default=None):
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError:
            return default

    def values(self):
        self._materialize()
        return super(LazyLoadMetadata, self).values()

    def items(self):
        self._materialize()
        return super(LazyLoadMetadata, self).items()

    def __str__(self):
        self._materialize()
        return super(LazyLoadMetadata, self).__str__()

    def __repr__(self):
        self._materialize()
        return super(LazyLoadMetadata, self).__repr__()


def _build_instance_metadata_url(url, version, path):
    """
    Builds an EC2 metadata URL for fetching information about an instance.

    Example:

        >>> _build_instance_metadata_url('http://169.254.169.254', 'latest', 'meta-data/')
        http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/

    :type url: string
    :param url: URL to metadata service, e.g. 'http://169.254.169.254'

    :type version: string
    :param version: Version of the metadata to get, e.g. 'latest'

    :type path: string
    :param path: Path of the metadata to get, e.g. 'meta-data/'. If a trailing
                 slash is required it must be passed in with the path.

    :return: The full metadata URL
    """
    return '%s/%s/%s' % (url, version, path)


def get_instance_metadata(version='latest', url='http://169.254.169.254',
                          data='meta-data/', timeout=None, num_retries=5):
    """
    Returns the instance metadata as a nested Python dictionary.
    Simple values (e.g. local_hostname, hostname, etc.) will be
    stored as string values.  Values such as ancestor-ami-ids will
    be stored in the dict as a list of string values.  More complex
    fields such as public-keys and will be stored as nested dicts.

    If the timeout is specified, the connection to the specified url
    will time out after the specified number of seconds.

    """
    try:
        metadata_url = _build_instance_metadata_url(url, version, data)
        return _get_instance_metadata(metadata_url, num_retries=num_retries, timeout=timeout)
    except urllib.error.URLError:
        boto.log.exception("Exception caught when trying to retrieve "
                           "instance metadata for: %s", data)
        return None


def get_instance_identity(version='latest', url='http://169.254.169.254',
                          timeout=None, num_retries=5):
    """
    Returns the instance identity as a nested Python dictionary.
    """
    iid = {}
    base_url = _build_instance_metadata_url(url, version,
                                            'dynamic/instance-identity/')
    try:
        data = retry_url(base_url, num_retries=num_retries, timeout=timeout)
        fields = data.split('\n')
        for field in fields:
            val = retry_url(base_url + '/' + field + '/', num_retries=num_retries, timeout=timeout)
            if val[0] == '{':
                val = json.loads(val)
            if field:
                iid[field] = val
        return iid
    except urllib.error.URLError:
        return None


def get_instance_userdata(version='latest', sep=None,
                          url='http://169.254.169.254', timeout=None, num_retries=5):
    ud_url = _build_instance_metadata_url(url, version, 'user-data')
    user_data = retry_url(ud_url, retry_on_404=False, num_retries=num_retries, timeout=timeout)
    if user_data:
        if sep:
            l = user_data.split(sep)
            user_data = {}
            for nvpair in l:
                t = nvpair.split('=')
                user_data[t[0].strip()] = t[1].strip()
    return user_data

ISO8601 = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ'
ISO8601_MS = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ'
RFC1123 = '%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %Z'
LOCALE_LOCK = threading.Lock()


@contextmanager
def setlocale(name):
    """
    A context manager to set the locale in a threadsafe manner.
    """
    with LOCALE_LOCK:
        saved = locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL)

        try:
            yield locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, name)
        finally:
            locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, saved)


def get_ts(ts=None):
    if not ts:
        ts = time.gmtime()
    return time.strftime(ISO8601, ts)


def parse_ts(ts):
    with setlocale('C'):
        ts = ts.strip()
        try:
            dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(ts, ISO8601)
            return dt
        except ValueError:
            try:
                dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(ts, ISO8601_MS)
                return dt
            except ValueError:
                dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(ts, RFC1123)
                return dt


def find_class(module_name, class_name=None):
    if class_name:
        module_name = "%s.%s" % (module_name, class_name)
    modules = module_name.split('.')
    c = None

    try:
        for m in modules[1:]:
            if c:
                c = getattr(c, m)
            else:
                c = getattr(__import__(".".join(modules[0:-1])), m)
        return c
    except:
        return None


def update_dme(username, password, dme_id, ip_address):
    """
    Update your Dynamic DNS record with DNSMadeEasy.com
    """
    dme_url = 'https://www.dnsmadeeasy.com/servlet/updateip'
    dme_url += '?username=%s&password=%s&id=%s&ip=%s'
    s = urllib.request.urlopen(dme_url % (username, password, dme_id, ip_address))
    return s.read()


def fetch_file(uri, file=None, username=None, password=None):
    """
    Fetch a file based on the URI provided.
    If you do not pass in a file pointer a tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile,
    or None if the file could not be retrieved is returned.
    The URI can be either an HTTP url, or "s3://bucket_name/key_name"
    """
    boto.log.info('Fetching %s' % uri)
    if file is None:
        file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
    try:
        if uri.startswith('s3://'):
            bucket_name, key_name = uri[len('s3://'):].split('/', 1)
            c = boto.connect_s3(aws_access_key_id=username,
                                aws_secret_access_key=password)
            bucket = c.get_bucket(bucket_name)
            key = bucket.get_key(key_name)
            key.get_contents_to_file(file)
        else:
            if username and password:
                passman = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()
                passman.add_password(None, uri, username, password)
                authhandler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(passman)
                opener = urllib.request.build_opener(authhandler)
                urllib.request.install_opener(opener)
            s = urllib.request.urlopen(uri)
            file.write(s.read())
        file.seek(0)
    except:
        raise
        boto.log.exception('Problem Retrieving file: %s' % uri)
        file = None
    return file


class ShellCommand(object):

    def __init__(self, command, wait=True, fail_fast=False, cwd=None):
        self.exit_code = 0
        self.command = command
        self.log_fp = StringIO()
        self.wait = wait
        self.fail_fast = fail_fast
        self.run(cwd=cwd)

    def run(self, cwd=None):
        boto.log.info('running:%s' % self.command)
        self.process = subprocess.Popen(self.command, shell=True,
                                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
                                        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                                        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
                                        cwd=cwd)
        if(self.wait):
            while self.process.poll() is None:
                time.sleep(1)
                t = self.process.communicate()
                self.log_fp.write(t[0])
                self.log_fp.write(t[1])
            boto.log.info(self.log_fp.getvalue())
            self.exit_code = self.process.returncode

            if self.fail_fast and self.exit_code != 0:
                raise Exception("Command " + self.command +
                                " failed with status " + self.exit_code)

            return self.exit_code

    def setReadOnly(self, value):
        raise AttributeError

    def getStatus(self):
        return self.exit_code

    status = property(getStatus, setReadOnly, None,
                      'The exit code for the command')

    def getOutput(self):
        return self.log_fp.getvalue()

    output = property(getOutput, setReadOnly, None,
                      'The STDIN and STDERR output of the command')


class AuthSMTPHandler(logging.handlers.SMTPHandler):
    """
    This class extends the SMTPHandler in the standard Python logging module
    to accept a username and password on the constructor and to then use those
    credentials to authenticate with the SMTP server.  To use this, you could
    add something like this in your boto config file:

    [handler_hand07]
    class=boto.utils.AuthSMTPHandler
    level=WARN
    formatter=form07
    args=('localhost', 'username', 'password', 'from@abc', ['user1@abc', 'user2@xyz'], 'Logger Subject')
    """

    def __init__(self, mailhost, username, password,
                 fromaddr, toaddrs, subject):
        """
        Initialize the handler.

        We have extended the constructor to accept a username/password
        for SMTP authentication.
        """
        super(AuthSMTPHandler, self).__init__(mailhost, fromaddr,
                                              toaddrs, subject)
        self.username = username
        self.password = password

    def emit(self, record):
        """
        Emit a record.

        Format the record and send it to the specified addressees.
        It would be really nice if I could add authorization to this class
        without having to resort to cut and paste inheritance but, no.
        """
        try:
            port = self.mailport
            if not port:
                port = smtplib.SMTP_PORT
            smtp = smtplib.SMTP(self.mailhost, port)
            smtp.login(self.username, self.password)
            msg = self.format(record)
            msg = "From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\nSubject: %s\r\nDate: %s\r\n\r\n%s" % (
                self.fromaddr,
                ','.join(self.toaddrs),
                self.getSubject(record),
                email.utils.formatdate(), msg)
            smtp.sendmail(self.fromaddr, self.toaddrs, msg)
            smtp.quit()
        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
            raise
        except:
            self.handleError(record)


class LRUCache(dict):
    """A dictionary-like object that stores only a certain number of items, and
    discards its least recently used item when full.

    >>> cache = LRUCache(3)
    >>> cache['A'] = 0
    >>> cache['B'] = 1
    >>> cache['C'] = 2
    >>> len(cache)
    3

    >>> cache['A']
    0

    Adding new items to the cache does not increase its size. Instead, the least
    recently used item is dropped:

    >>> cache['D'] = 3
    >>> len(cache)
    3
    >>> 'B' in cache
    False

    Iterating over the cache returns the keys, starting with the most recently
    used:

    >>> for key in cache:
    ...     print key
    D
    A
    C

    This code is based on the LRUCache class from Genshi which is based on
    `Myghty <http://www.myghty.org>`_'s LRUCache from ``myghtyutils.util``,
    written by Mike Bayer and released under the MIT license (Genshi uses the
    BSD License).
    """

    class _Item(object):
        def __init__(self, key, value):
            self.previous = self.next = None
            self.key = key
            self.value = value

        def __repr__(self):
            return repr(self.value)

    def __init__(self, capacity):
        self._dict = dict()
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.head = None
        self.tail = None

    def __contains__(self, key):
        return key in self._dict

    def __iter__(self):
        cur = self.head
        while cur:
            yield cur.key
            cur = cur.next

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._dict)

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        item = self._dict[key]
        self._update_item(item)
        return item.value

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        item = self._dict.get(key)
        if item is None:
            item = self._Item(key, value)
            self._dict[key] = item
            self._insert_item(item)
        else:
            item.value = value
            self._update_item(item)
            self._manage_size()

    def __repr__(self):
        return repr(self._dict)

    def _insert_item(self, item):
        item.previous = None
        item.next = self.head
        if self.head is not None:
            self.head.previous = item
        else:
            self.tail = item
        self.head = item
        self._manage_size()

    def _manage_size(self):
        while len(self._dict) > self.capacity:
            del self._dict[self.tail.key]
            if self.tail != self.head:
                self.tail = self.tail.previous
                self.tail.next = None
            else:
                self.head = self.tail = None

    def _update_item(self, item):
        if self.head == item:
            return

        previous = item.previous
        previous.next = item.next
        if item.next is not None:
            item.next.previous = previous
        else:
            self.tail = previous

        item.previous = None
        item.next = self.head
        self.head.previous = self.head = item


class Password(object):
    """
    Password object that stores itself as hashed.
    Hash defaults to SHA512 if available, MD5 otherwise.
    """
    hashfunc = _hashfn

    def __init__(self, str=None, hashfunc=None):
        """
        Load the string from an initial value, this should be the
        raw hashed password.
        """
        self.str = str
        if hashfunc:
            self.hashfunc = hashfunc

    def set(self, value):
        if not isinstance(value, bytes):
            value = value.encode('utf-8')
        self.str = self.hashfunc(value).hexdigest()

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.str)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if other is None:
            return False
        if not isinstance(other, bytes):
            other = other.encode('utf-8')
        return str(self.hashfunc(other).hexdigest()) == str(self.str)

    def __len__(self):
        if self.str:
            return len(self.str)
        else:
            return 0


def notify(subject, body=None, html_body=None, to_string=None,
           attachments=None, append_instance_id=True):
    attachments = attachments or []
    if append_instance_id:
        subject = "[%s] %s" % (
            boto.config.get_value("Instance", "instance-id"), subject)
    if not to_string:
        to_string = boto.config.get_value('Notification', 'smtp_to', None)
    if to_string:
        try:
            from_string = boto.config.get_value('Notification',
                                                'smtp_from', 'boto')
            msg = email.mime.multipart.MIMEMultipart()
            msg['From'] = from_string
            msg['Reply-To'] = from_string
            msg['To'] = to_string
            msg['Date'] = email.utils.formatdate(localtime=True)
            msg['Subject'] = subject

            if body:
                msg.attach(email.mime.text.MIMEText(body))

            if html_body:
                part = email.mime.base.MIMEBase('text', 'html')
                part.set_payload(html_body)
                email.encoders.encode_base64(part)
                msg.attach(part)

            for part in attachments:
                msg.attach(part)

            smtp_host = boto.config.get_value('Notification',
                                              'smtp_host', 'localhost')

            # Alternate port support
            if boto.config.get_value("Notification", "smtp_port"):
                server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_host, int(
                    boto.config.get_value("Notification", "smtp_port")))
            else:
                server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_host)

            # TLS support
            if boto.config.getbool("Notification", "smtp_tls"):
                server.ehlo()
                server.starttls()
                server.ehlo()
            smtp_user = boto.config.get_value('Notification', 'smtp_user', '')
            smtp_pass = boto.config.get_value('Notification', 'smtp_pass', '')
            if smtp_user:
                server.login(smtp_user, smtp_pass)
            server.sendmail(from_string, to_string, msg.as_string())
            server.quit()
        except:
            boto.log.exception('notify failed')


def get_utf8_value(value):
    if isinstance(value, bytes):
        value.decode('utf-8')
        return value

    if not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
        value = six.text_type(value)

    if isinstance(value, six.text_type):
        value = value.encode('utf-8')

    return value


def mklist(value):
    if not isinstance(value, list):
        if isinstance(value, tuple):
            value = list(value)
        else:
            value = [value]
    return value


def pythonize_name(name):
    """Convert camel case to a "pythonic" name.

    Examples::

        pythonize_name('CamelCase') -> 'camel_case'
        pythonize_name('already_pythonized') -> 'already_pythonized'
        pythonize_name('HTTPRequest') -> 'http_request'
        pythonize_name('HTTPStatus200Ok') -> 'http_status_200_ok'
        pythonize_name('UPPER') -> 'upper'
        pythonize_name('') -> ''

    """
    s1 = _first_cap_regex.sub(r'\1_\2', name)
    s2 = _number_cap_regex.sub(r'\1_\2', s1)
    return _end_cap_regex.sub(r'\1_\2', s2).lower()


def write_mime_multipart(content, compress=False, deftype='text/plain', delimiter=':'):
    """Description:
    :param content: A list of tuples of name-content pairs. This is used
    instead of a dict to ensure that scripts run in order
    :type list of tuples:

    :param compress: Use gzip to compress the scripts, defaults to no compression
    :type bool:

    :param deftype: The type that should be assumed if nothing else can be figured out
    :type str:

    :param delimiter: mime delimiter
    :type str:

    :return: Final mime multipart
    :rtype: str:
    """
    wrapper = email.mime.multipart.MIMEMultipart()
    for name, con in content:
        definite_type = guess_mime_type(con, deftype)
        maintype, subtype = definite_type.split('/', 1)
        if maintype == 'text':
            mime_con = email.mime.text.MIMEText(con, _subtype=subtype)
        else:
            mime_con = email.mime.base.MIMEBase(maintype, subtype)
            mime_con.set_payload(con)
            # Encode the payload using Base64
            email.encoders.encode_base64(mime_con)
        mime_con.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=name)
        wrapper.attach(mime_con)
    rcontent = wrapper.as_string()

    if compress:
        buf = StringIO()
        gz = gzip.GzipFile(mode='wb', fileobj=buf)
        try:
            gz.write(rcontent)
        finally:
            gz.close()
        rcontent = buf.getvalue()

    return rcontent


def guess_mime_type(content, deftype):
    """Description: Guess the mime type of a block of text
    :param content: content we're finding the type of
    :type str:

    :param deftype: Default mime type
    :type str:

    :rtype: <type>:
    :return: <description>
    """
    # Mappings recognized by cloudinit
    starts_with_mappings = {
        '#include': 'text/x-include-url',
        '#!': 'text/x-shellscript',
        '#cloud-config': 'text/cloud-config',
        '#upstart-job': 'text/upstart-job',
        '#part-handler': 'text/part-handler',
        '#cloud-boothook': 'text/cloud-boothook'
    }
    rtype = deftype
    for possible_type, mimetype in starts_with_mappings.items():
        if content.startswith(possible_type):
            rtype = mimetype
            break
    return(rtype)


def compute_md5(fp, buf_size=8192, size=None):
    """
    Compute MD5 hash on passed file and return results in a tuple of values.

    :type fp: file
    :param fp: File pointer to the file to MD5 hash.  The file pointer
               will be reset to its current location before the
               method returns.

    :type buf_size: integer
    :param buf_size: Number of bytes per read request.

    :type size: int
    :param size: (optional) The Maximum number of bytes to read from
                 the file pointer (fp). This is useful when uploading
                 a file in multiple parts where the file is being
                 split inplace into different parts. Less bytes may
                 be available.

    :rtype: tuple
    :return: A tuple containing the hex digest version of the MD5 hash
             as the first element, the base64 encoded version of the
             plain digest as the second element and the data size as
             the third element.
    """
    return compute_hash(fp, buf_size, size, hash_algorithm=md5)


def compute_hash(fp, buf_size=8192, size=None, hash_algorithm=md5):
    hash_obj = hash_algorithm()
    spos = fp.tell()
    if size and size < buf_size:
        s = fp.read(size)
    else:
        s = fp.read(buf_size)
    while s:
        if not isinstance(s, bytes):
            s = s.encode('utf-8')
        hash_obj.update(s)
        if size:
            size -= len(s)
            if size <= 0:
                break
        if size and size < buf_size:
            s = fp.read(size)
        else:
            s = fp.read(buf_size)
    hex_digest = hash_obj.hexdigest()
    base64_digest = encodebytes(hash_obj.digest()).decode('utf-8')
    if base64_digest[-1] == '\n':
        base64_digest = base64_digest[0:-1]
    # data_size based on bytes read.
    data_size = fp.tell() - spos
    fp.seek(spos)
    return (hex_digest, base64_digest, data_size)


def find_matching_headers(name, headers):
    """
    Takes a specific header name and a dict of headers {"name": "value"}.
    Returns a list of matching header names, case-insensitive.

    """
    return [h for h in headers if h.lower() == name.lower()]


def merge_headers_by_name(name, headers):
    """
    Takes a specific header name and a dict of headers {"name": "value"}.
    Returns a string of all header values, comma-separated, that match the
    input header name, case-insensitive.

    """
    matching_headers = find_matching_headers(name, headers)
    return ','.join(str(headers[h]) for h in matching_headers
                    if headers[h] is not None)


class RequestHook(object):
    """
    This can be extended and supplied to the connection object
    to gain access to request and response object after the request completes.
    One use for this would be to implement some specific request logging.
    """
    def handle_request_data(self, request, response, error=False):
        pass


def host_is_ipv6(hostname):
    """
    Detect (naively) if the hostname is an IPV6 host.
    Return a boolean.
    """
    # empty strings or anything that is not a string is automatically not an
    # IPV6 address
    if not hostname or not isinstance(hostname, str):
        return False

    if hostname.startswith('['):
        return True

    if len(hostname.split(':')) > 2:
        return True

    # Anything else that doesn't start with brackets or doesn't have more than
    # one ':' should not be an IPV6 address. This is very naive but the rest of
    # the connection chain should error accordingly for typos or ill formed
    # addresses
    return False


def parse_host(hostname):
    """
    Given a hostname that may have a port name, ensure that the port is trimmed
    returning only the host, including hostnames that are IPV6 and may include
    brackets.
    """
    # ensure that hostname does not have any whitespaces
    hostname = hostname.strip()

    if host_is_ipv6(hostname):
        return hostname.split(']:', 1)[0].strip('[]')
    else:
        return hostname.split(':', 1)[0]


def get_utf8able_str(s, errors='strict'):
    """Returns a UTF8-encodable string in PY3, UTF8 bytes in PY2.

    This method is similar to six's `ensure_str()`, except it also
    makes sure that any bytes passed in can be decoded using the
    utf-8 codec (and raises a UnicodeDecodeError if not). If the
    object isn't a string, this method will attempt to coerce it
    to a string with `str()`. Objects without `__str__` property
    or `__repr__` property will raise an exception.
    """
    if not isinstance(s, (six.text_type, six.binary_type)):
        s = str(s)
    if six.PY2:
        # We want to return utf-8 encoded bytes.
        if isinstance(s, six.text_type):
            return s.encode('utf-8', errors)
        if isinstance(s, six.binary_type):
            # Verify the bytes can be represented in utf-8
            s.decode('utf-8')
            return s
    else:
        # We want to return a unicode/str object.
        if isinstance(s, six.text_type):
            return s
        if isinstance(s, six.binary_type):
            s = s.decode('utf-8')
            return s
    raise TypeError('not expecting type "%s"' % type(s))


def print_to_fd(*objects, **kwargs):
    """A Python 2/3 compatible analogue to the print function.

    This function writes text to a file descriptor as the
    builtin print function would, favoring utf-8 encoding.
    Arguments and return values are the same as documented in
    the Python 2 print function.
    """
    def _get_args(**kwargs):
        """Validates keyword arguments that would be used in Print
        Valid keyword arguments, mirroring print(), are 'sep',
        'end', and 'file'. These must be of types string, string,
        and file / file interface respectively.
        Returns the above kwargs of the above types.
        """
        expected_keywords = collections.OrderedDict([
            ('sep', ' '),
            ('end', '\n'),
            ('file', sys.stdout)])

        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            if key not in expected_keywords:
                error_msg = (
                    '{} is not a valid keyword argument. '
                    'Please use one of: {}')
                raise KeyError(
                    error_msg.format(
                        key,
                        ' '.join(expected_keywords.keys())))
            else:
                expected_keywords[key] = value

        return expected_keywords.values()

    def _get_byte_strings(*objects):
        """Gets a `bytes` string for each item in list of printable objects."""
        byte_objects = []
        for item in objects:
            if not isinstance(item, (six.binary_type, six.text_type)):
                # If the item wasn't bytes or unicode, its __str__ method
                # should return one of those types.
                item = str(item)

            if isinstance(item, six.binary_type):
                byte_objects.append(item)
            else:
                # The item should be unicode. If it's not, ensure_binary()
                # will throw a TypeError.
                byte_objects.append(six.ensure_binary(item))
        return byte_objects

    sep, end, file = _get_args(**kwargs)
    sep = six.ensure_binary(sep)
    end = six.ensure_binary(end)
    data = _get_byte_strings(*objects)
    data = sep.join(data)
    data += end
    write_to_fd(file, data)


def write_to_fd(fd, data):
    """Write given data to given file descriptor, doing any conversions needed"""
    if six.PY2:
        fd.write(data)
        return
    # PY3 logic:
    if isinstance(data, bytes):
        if ((hasattr(fd, 'mode') and 'b' in fd.mode) or
                isinstance(fd, io.BytesIO)):
            fd.write(data)
        elif hasattr(fd, 'buffer'):
            fd.buffer.write(data)
        else:
            fd.write(six.ensure_text(data))
    elif 'b' in fd.mode:
        fd.write(six.ensure_binary(data))
    else:
        fd.write(data)