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            {
              "text": "The cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Linnaeus1758\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"MSW3fc\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Clutton-Brock1999\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Cats are commonly kept as house pets, but can also be farm cats or feral cats; the feral cat ranges freely and avoids human contact.&amp;lt;ref name=Liberg_al2014&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Domestic cats are valued by humans for companionship and their ability to kill rodents.",
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            {
              "text": "About 60 cat breeds are recognized by various cat registries.&amp;lt;ref name=Driscoll_al2009&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
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                  "text": "cat breeds",
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              "text": "The cat is similar in anatomy to the other felid species: it has a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth, and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey.",
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              "text": "Its night vision and sense of smell are well developed.",
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              "text": "Cat communication includes vocalizations like meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling, and grunting as well as cat-specific body language.",
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              "text": "A predator that is most active at dawn and dusk (crepuscular), the cat is a solitary hunter but a social species.",
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            {
              "text": "It can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small mammals.&amp;lt;ref name=Moelk1944&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Cats also secrete and perceive pheromones.&amp;lt;ref name=Bland1979&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
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            {
              "text": "Female domestic cats can have kittens from spring to late autumn, with litter sizes often ranging from two to five kittens.&amp;lt;ref name=Nutter2004&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Domestic cats are bred and shown at events as registered pedigreed cats, a hobby known as cat fancy.",
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            {
              "text": "Population control of cats may be effected&amp;lt;!--\"effect\" is correct, not \"affect\".",
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              "text": "see https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/effect#Verb--&amp;gt; by spaying and neutering, but their proliferation and the abandonment of pets has resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, contributing to the extinction of entire bird, mammal, and reptile species.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Rochlitz\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
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              "text": "It was long thought that cat domestication began in ancient Egypt, where cats were venerated from around 3100 BC,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; but recent advances in archaeology and genetics have shown that their domestication occurred in Western Asia around 7500 BC.&amp;lt;ref name=\"DriscollMenotti-Raymond2007\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
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              "text": "there were an estimated 220 million owned and 480 million stray cats in the world.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; the domestic cat was the second most popular pet in the United States, with 95.6 million cats owned&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"statistacats\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and around 42 million households own at least one cat.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the United Kingdom, 26% of adults have a cat, with an estimated population of 10.9 million pet cats &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
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          "template": "use american english"
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          "name": {
            "text": "Cat\n&amp;lt;!-- There has been extensive discussion about the choice of image in this infobox. Before replacing this image with something else, consider if it actually improves on the ENCYCLOPEDIC CRITERIA which led to this choice. See Talk:Cat and Talk:Cat/Lead photo and if in doubt, DISCUSS IT FIRST! --&amp;gt;",
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            "text": "catus&amp;lt;ref name=\"Linnaeus1758\"/&amp;gt;"
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          "synonyms": {
            "text": "*Catus domesticus Erxleben, 1777&amp;lt;ref name=Erxleben&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;\n*F. angorensis Gmelin, 1788\n*F. vulgaris Fischer, 1829",
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          "last": "Erxleben",
          "first": "J. C. P.",
          "date": "1777",
          "title": "Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm synonymia et historia animalivm. Classis I. Mammalia",
          "location": "Lipsiae",
          "publisher": "Weygandt",
          "pages": "520–521",
          "chapter": "Felis Catus domesticus",
          "chapter-url": "https://archive.org/details/iochristpolycerx00erxl/page/520",
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          "last": "Linnaeus",
          "first": "C.",
          "title": "Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis",
          "location": "Holmiae",
          "publisher": "Laurentii Salvii",
          "date": "1758",
          "page": "42",
          "chapter": "Felis Catus",
          "language": "la",
          "volume": "1",
          "edition": "Tenth reformed",
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          "title": "A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals",
          "last": "Clutton-Brock",
          "first": "J.",
          "publisher": "Cambridge University Press",
          "location": "Cambridge, England&amp;lt;!--This is not redundant; there's a Cambridge, Massachusetts, also, with academic publishers.--&amp;gt;",
          "date": "1999",
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          "edition": "Second",
          "pages": "133–140",
          "chapter": "Cats",
          "oclc": "39786571",
          "orig-year": "1987",
          "chapter-url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&amp;amp;pg=PA133",
          "access-date": "25 October 2020",
          "archive-date": "22 January 2021",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210122145647/https://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&amp;amp;pg=PA133",
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          "last1": "Liberg",
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          "last3": "Pontier",
          "first3": "D.",
          "last4": "Natoli",
          "first4": "E.",
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          "chapter": "Density, spatial organisation and reproductive tactics in the domestic cat and other felids",
          "title": "The domestic cat: the biology of its behaviour",
          "location": "Cambridge",
          "publisher": "Cambridge University Press",
          "date": "2000",
          "edition": "Second",
          "isbn": "9780521636483",
          "editor1-last": "Turner",
          "editor1-first": "D. C.",
          "editor2-last": "Bateson",
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          "pages": "119–147",
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          "last1": "Driscoll",
          "first1": "C. A.",
          "last2": "Clutton-Brock",
          "first2": "J.",
          "last3": "Kitchener",
          "first3": "A. C.",
          "last4": "O'Brien",
          "first4": "S. J.",
          "name-list-style": "amp",
          "date": "2009",
          "title": "The taming of the cat",
          "journal": "Scientific American",
          "volume": "300",
          "issue": "6",
          "pages": "68–75",
          "pmid": "19485091",
          "pmc": "5790555",
          "bibcode": "2009SciAm.300f..68D",
          "doi": "10.1038/scientificamerican0609-68",
          "template": "citation",
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        {
          "title": "Vocalizing in the House-cat; A Phonetic and Functional Study",
          "last": "Moelk",
          "first": "M.",
          "journal": "The American Journal of Psychology",
          "date": "1944",
          "volume": "57",
          "issue": "2",
          "pages": "184–205",
          "doi": "10.2307/1416947",
          "jstor": "1416947",
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        {
          "last1": "Bland",
          "first1": "K. P.",
          "date": "1979",
          "title": "Tom-cat odour and other pheromones in feline reproduction",
          "journal": "Veterinary Science Communications",
          "volume": "3",
          "issue": "1",
          "pages": "125–136",
          "url": "https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/1979-bland.pdf",
          "doi": "10.1007/BF02268958",
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        {
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        {
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          "edition": "Revised",
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          "pmc": "5612713",
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          "bibcode": "2007Sci...317..519D",
          "template": "citation",
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        {
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          "title": "Statistics on cats",
          "date": "15 February 2021",
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        {
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        {
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        {
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          "url": "https://www.statista.com/statistics/198102/cats-in-the-united-states-since-2000/",
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        {
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          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
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          "url-status": "dead",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Etymology and naming",
      "depth": 0,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The origin of the English word cat, Old English catt, is thought to be the Late Latin word cattus, which was first used at the beginning of the 6th century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was suggested that cattus is derived from an Egyptian precursor of Coptic ϣⲁⲩ šau, \"tomcat\", or its feminine form suffixed with -t.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Late Latin word may be derived from another Afro-Asiatic&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or Nilo-Saharan language.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Old English"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Late Latin"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Egyptian",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Egyptian language"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Coptic",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Coptic language"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Afro-Asiatic"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Nilo-Saharan"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "cat"
                ]
              }
            },
            {
              "text": "The Nubian word kaddîska \"wildcat\" and Nobiin kadīs are possible sources or cognates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Nubian word may be a loan from Arabic قَطّ qaṭṭ ~ قِطّ qiṭṭ.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "Nubian",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Nubian languages"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Nobiin",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Nobiin language"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Arabic",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Arabic language"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "However, it is \"equally likely that the forms might derive from an ancient Germanic word, imported into Latin and thence to Greek and to Syriac and Arabic\".&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The word may be derived from Germanic and Northern European languages, and ultimately be borrowed from Uralic, cf.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "Uralic",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Uralic languages"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Northern Sami gáđfi, \"female stoat\", and Hungarian hölgy, \"lady, female stoat\"; from Proto-Uralic *käďwä, \"female (of a furred animal)\".&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "Northern Sami",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Northern Sami language"
                },
                {
                  "text": "stoat",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "stoat"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Hungarian",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Hungarian language"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Proto-Uralic",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Proto-Uralic language"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "*käďwä"
                ]
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The English puss, extended as pussy and pussycat, is attested from the 16th century and may have been introduced from Dutch poes or from Low German puuskatte, related to Swedish kattepus, or Norwegian pus, pusekatt.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "puss",
                  "type": "interwiki",
                  "wiki": "wikt",
                  "anchor": "English"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Dutch",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Dutch language"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Low German"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Swedish",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Swedish language"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Norwegian",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Norwegian language"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "puss",
                  "pussy",
                  "pussycat"
                ]
              }
            },
            {
              "text": "Similar forms exist in Lithuanian puižė and Irish puisín or puiscín.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "Irish",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Irish language"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "The etymology of this word is unknown, but it may have arisen from a sound used to attract a cat.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"Gramercy Unabridged\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "arisen from a sound",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Onomatopoeia"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "A male cat is called a tom or tomcat&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (or a gib,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; if neutered).",
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "tom",
                  "tomcat",
                  "gib"
                ]
              }
            },
            {
              "text": "An unspayed female is called a queen&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (or a molly,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; if spayed), especially in a cat-breeding context.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "unspayed",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Spaying"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "queen",
                  "molly"
                ]
              }
            },
            {
              "text": "A juvenile cat is referred to as a kitten.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "kitten",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "kitten"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "kitten"
                ]
              }
            },
            {
              "text": "In Early Modern English, the word kitten was interchangeable with the now-obsolete word catling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A group of cats can be referred to as a clowder or a glaring.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Early Modern English"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "kitten",
                  "catling",
                  "clowder",
                  "glaring"
                ]
              }
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "template": "lrm"
        },
        {
          "date": "November 2022",
          "template": "ugc"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
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          "first": "G. H.",
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          "publisher": "D. Appleton and Company",
          "location": "New York, London",
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          "pages": "293–311",
          "chapter-url": "https://archive.org/details/englishwordsthei00mckn/page/300",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "first": "J.-P.",
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          "chapter": "Chat",
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          "location": "Paris",
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        },
        {
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          "year": "1859",
          "title": "Les origines indo-européennes ou les Aryas primitifs : essai de paléontologie linguistique",
          "language": "fr",
          "volume": "1",
          "location": "Paris",
          "publisher": "Joël Cherbuliez",
          "page": "381",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last": "Keller",
          "first": "O.",
          "year": "1909",
          "title": "Die antike Tierwelt",
          "language": "de",
          "volume": "Säugetiere",
          "location": "Leipzig",
          "page": "75",
          "publisher": "Walther von Wartburg",
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        },
        {
          "first": "J.",
          "last": "Huehnergard",
          "chapter": "Qitta: Arabic Cats",
          "pages": "407–418",
          "chapter-url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=n1_qqgNTsX8C&amp;amp;pg=PA407",
          "title": "Classical Arabic Humanities in Their Own Terms: Festschrift for Wolfhart Heinrichs on his 65th Birthday",
          "year": "2008",
          "publisher": "Brill",
          "location": "Leiden, Boston",
          "editor1-last": "Gruendler",
          "editor1-first": "B.",
          "editor2-last": "Cooperson",
          "editor2-first": "M.",
          "isbn": "9789004165731",
          "access-date": "25 October 2020",
          "archive-date": "31 March 2021",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062414/https://books.google.com/books?id=n1_qqgNTsX8C&amp;amp;pg=PA407",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Kroonen",
          "first1": "G.",
          "title": "Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic",
          "date": "2013",
          "publisher": "Brill Publishers",
          "location": "Leiden, Netherlands",
          "isbn": "978-90-04-18340-7",
          "page": "281f",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/155147#eid27609702",
          "title": "Puss",
          "work": "The Oxford English Dictionary",
          "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
          "access-date": "1 October 2012",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150903215025/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/155147#eid27609702",
          "archive-date": "3 September 2015",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "title": "Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language",
          "chapter": "puss",
          "location": "New York",
          "publisher": "Gramercy (Random House)",
          "date": "1996",
          "page": "1571",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/203100#eid18281825",
          "title": "tom cat, tom-cat",
          "work": "The Oxford English Dictionary",
          "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
          "access-date": "1 October 2012",
          "url-access": "subscription",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/78103?rskey=Z7UU0G&amp;amp;result=1&amp;amp;isAdvanced=false#eid",
          "title": "gib, n.2",
          "work": "The Oxford English Dictionary",
          "access-date": "1 October 2012",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180918111545/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/78103?rskey=Z7UU0G&amp;amp;result=1&amp;amp;isAdvanced=false#eid",
          "archive-date": "18 September 2018",
          "url-status": "live",
          "url-access": "subscription",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/156212?rskey=c2khr1&amp;amp;result=1&amp;amp;isAdvanced=false#eid27437294",
          "title": "queen cat",
          "work": "The Oxford English Dictionary",
          "access-date": "1 October 2012",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150903215025/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/156212?rskey=c2khr1&amp;amp;result=1&amp;amp;isAdvanced=false#eid27437294",
          "archive-date": "3 September 2015",
          "url-status": "live",
          "url-access": "subscription",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "last": "Turner",
          "first": "Pam",
          "title": "What Are Spayed Female Cats Called?",
          "url": "https://www.catwiki.com/faqs/what-are-female-cats-called/",
          "access-date": "12 April 2022",
          "website": "Cat Wiki",
          "date": "23 November 2020",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28995?redirectedFrom=catling#eid",
          "title": "catling",
          "work": "The Oxford English Dictionary",
          "access-date": "1 October 2012",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150903215025/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28995?redirectedFrom=catling#eid",
          "archive-date": "3 September 2015",
          "url-status": "live",
          "url-access": "subscription",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-do-you-call-a-group-of",
          "title": "What do you call a group of&amp;amp;nbsp;...?",
          "work": "Oxford Dictionaries Online",
          "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
          "access-date": "1 October 2012",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112007/http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-do-you-call-a-group-of",
          "archive-date": "12 October 2012",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Taxonomy",
      "depth": 0,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The scientific name Felis catus was proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for a domestic cat.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Linnaeus1758\"/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"MSW3fc\" /&amp;gt; Felis catus domesticus was proposed by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben in 1777.&amp;lt;ref name=Erxleben/&amp;gt; Felis daemon proposed by Konstantin Alekseevich Satunin in 1904 was a black cat from the Transcaucasus, later identified as a domestic cat.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "scientific name",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "scientific name"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Carl Linnaeus"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Konstantin Alekseevich Satunin"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Transcaucasus"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "Felis catus",
                  "Felis catus domesticus",
                  "Felis daemon"
                ]
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled that the domestic cat is a distinct species, namely Felis catus.&amp;lt;ref name=\"ICZN\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "Felis catus"
                ]
              }
            },
            {
              "text": "In 2007, it was considered a subspecies, F. silvestris catus, of the European wildcat (F. silvestris) following results of phylogenetic research.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Driscoll\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"MSW3fs\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2017, the IUCN Cat Classification Taskforce followed the recommendation of the ICZN in regarding the domestic cat as a distinct species, Felis catus.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
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      ],
      "references": [
        {
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          "date": "1904",
          "volume": "II",
          "pages": "162–163",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19042zool",
          "template": "citation",
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        },
        {
          "editor1": "Bukhnikashvili, A.",
          "editor2": "Yevlampiev, I.",
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          "publisher": "National Museum of Georgia",
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          "url": "http://caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru/catalogue_english.pdf",
          "access-date": "19 January 2019",
          "archive-date": "4 March 2016",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073023/http://caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru/catalogue_english.pdf",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature",
          "title": "Opinion 2027",
          "journal": "Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature",
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          "date": "2003",
          "page": "81−82",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/bulletinofzoolog602003int/page/81",
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        },
        {
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          "doi": "10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006",
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          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052316/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf",
          "archive-date": "4 March 2016",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "In the Light of Evolution III: Two Centuries of Darwin Sackler Colloquium: From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets – An Evolutionary View of Domestication",
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          "bibcode": "2009PNAS..106.9971D",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
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          "last2": "Breitenmoser-Würsten",
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          "last15": "O’Donoghue",
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          "last16": "Sanderson",
          "first16": "J.",
          "last17": "Seymour",
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          "last18": "Bruford",
          "first18": "M.",
          "last19": "Groves",
          "first19": "C.",
          "last20": "Hoffmann",
          "first20": "M.",
          "last21": "Nowell",
          "first21": "K.",
          "last22": "Timmons",
          "first22": "Z.",
          "last23": "Tobe",
          "first23": "S.",
          "date": "2017",
          "title": "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group",
          "journal": "Cat News",
          "volume": "Special Issue 11",
          "page": "21",
          "url": "https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&amp;amp;isAllowed=y",
          "access-date": "21 December 2018",
          "archive-date": "17 January 2020",
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          "url-status": "live",
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      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Evolution",
      "depth": 0,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The domestic cat is a member of the Felidae, a family that had a common ancestor about 10–15 million years ago.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Johnson 1997\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "family",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Family (biology)"
                },
                {
                  "text": "common ancestor",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "common ancestor"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "The genus Felis diverged from other Felidae around 6–7 million years ago.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Johnson\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Results of phylogenetic research confirm that the wild Felis species evolved through sympatric or parapatric speciation, whereas the domestic cat evolved through artificial selection.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Mattern\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The domesticated cat and its closest wild ancestor are diploid and both possess 38 chromosomes&amp;lt;ref name=\"Nie 2002\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and roughly 20,000 genes.&amp;lt;ref name=\"pmid17975172\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) was tamed independently in China around 5500 BC. This line of partially domesticated cats leaves no trace in the domestic cat populations of today.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "genus",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Genus (biology)"
                },
                {
                  "text": "diverged",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Genetic divergence"
                },
                {
                  "text": "phylogenetic",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "phylogenetic"
                },
                {
                  "text": "sympatric",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "sympatric speciation"
                },
                {
                  "text": "parapatric speciation",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "parapatric speciation"
                },
                {
                  "text": "artificial selection",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "artificial selection"
                },
                {
                  "text": "diploid",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "diploid"
                },
                {
                  "text": "chromosomes",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "chromosome"
                },
                {
                  "text": "leopard cat",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "leopard cat"
                },
                {
                  "text": "tamed",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "tamed"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "Felis",
                  "Felis",
                  "Prionailurus bengalensis"
                ]
              }
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
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        {
          "file": "File:Wild-domestic-hybrid_cat_skulls.png",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Wild-domestic-hybrid_cat_skulls.png?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Wild-domestic-hybrid_cat_skulls.png",
          "caption": "Skulls of a wildcat (top left), a housecat (top right), and a hybrid between the two. (bottom center)",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
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          "list": [
            "Felidae#Evolution"
          ],
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        {
          "title": "Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Felidae Using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 Mitochondrial Genes",
          "last1": "Johnson",
          "first1": "W.E.",
          "last2": "O'Brien",
          "first2": "S.J.",
          "journal": "Journal of Molecular Evolution",
          "year": "1997",
          "volume": "44",
          "issue": "S1",
          "pages": "S98–S116",
          "doi": "10.1007/PL00000060",
          "pmid": "9071018",
          "bibcode": "1997JMolE..44S..98J",
          "s2cid": "40185850",
          "url": "https://zenodo.org/record/1232587",
          "access-date": "1 October 2018",
          "archive-date": "4 October 2020",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075723/https://zenodo.org/record/1232587",
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          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "doi": "10.1126/science.1122277",
          "volume": "311",
          "issue": "5757",
          "pages": "73–77",
          "title": "The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment",
          "journal": "Science",
          "year": "2006",
          "pmid": "16400146",
          "last1": "Johnson",
          "first1": "W.E.",
          "last2": "Eizirik",
          "first2": "E.",
          "last3": "Pecon-Slattery",
          "first3": "J.",
          "last4": "Murphy",
          "first4": "W.J.",
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          "first5": "A.",
          "last6": "Teeling",
          "first6": "E.",
          "last7": "O'Brien",
          "first7": "S.J.",
          "bibcode": "2006Sci...311...73J",
          "s2cid": "41672825",
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          "access-date": "1 October 2018",
          "archive-date": "4 October 2020",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866",
          "url-status": "live",
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          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "doi": "10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00354.x",
          "volume": "16",
          "issue": "2",
          "pages": "232–253",
          "last1": "Mattern",
          "first1": "M.Y.",
          "last2": "McLennan",
          "first2": "D.A.",
          "title": "Phylogeny and speciation of Felids",
          "journal": "Cladistics",
          "year": "2000",
          "pmid": "34902955",
          "s2cid": "85043293",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Nie",
          "first1": "W.",
          "last2": "Wang",
          "first2": "J.",
          "last3": "O'Brien",
          "first3": "P.C.",
          "title": "The genome phylogeny of domestic cat, red panda and five Mustelid species revealed by comparative chromosome painting and G-banding",
          "journal": "Chromosome Research",
          "volume": "10",
          "issue": "3",
          "pages": "209–222",
          "year": "2002",
          "pmid": "12067210",
          "doi": "10.1023/A:1015292005631",
          "s2cid": "9660694",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Pontius",
          "first1": "J.U.",
          "last2": "Mullikin",
          "first2": "J.C.",
          "last3": "Smith",
          "first3": "D.R.",
          "author4": "Agencourt Sequencing Team",
          "collaboration": "NISC Comparative Sequencing Program",
          "display-authors": "etal",
          "title": "Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome",
          "journal": "Genome Research",
          "volume": "17",
          "issue": "11",
          "pages": "1675–1689",
          "year": "2007",
          "pmid": "17975172",
          "pmc": "2045150",
          "doi": "10.1101/gr.6380007",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Earliest 'domestic' cats in China identified as leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)",
          "journal": "PLOS ONE",
          "year": "2016",
          "page": "e0147295",
          "volume": "11",
          "issue": "1",
          "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0147295",
          "first1": "J.-D.",
          "last1": "Vigne",
          "first2": "A.",
          "last2": "Evin",
          "first3": "T.",
          "last3": "Cucchi",
          "first4": "L.",
          "last4": "Dai",
          "first5": "C.",
          "last5": "Yu",
          "first6": "S.",
          "last6": "Hu",
          "first7": "N.",
          "last7": "Soulages",
          "first8": "W.",
          "last8": "Wang",
          "first9": "Z.",
          "last9": "Sun",
          "pmid": "26799955",
          "pmc": "4723238",
          "bibcode": "2016PLoSO..1147295V",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Domestication",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The earliest known indication for the taming of an African wildcat (F. lybica) was excavated close by a human Neolithic grave in Shillourokambos, southern Cyprus, dating to about 7500–7200 BC. Since there is no evidence of native mammalian fauna on Cyprus, the inhabitants of this Neolithic village most likely brought the cat and other wild mammals to the island from the Middle Eastern mainland.&amp;lt;ref name=Vigne_al2004&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Scientists therefore assume that African wildcats were attracted to early human settlements in the Fertile Crescent by rodents, in particular the house mouse (Mus musculus), and were tamed by Neolithic farmers.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "taming",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "taming"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "African wildcat"
                },
                {
                  "text": "excavated",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Excavation (archaeology)"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Neolithic"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Shillourokambos"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Cyprus"
                },
                {
                  "text": "fauna",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "fauna"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Middle Eastern",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Middle East"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Fertile Crescent"
                },
                {
                  "text": "house mouse",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "house mouse"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "F. lybica",
                  "Mus musculus"
                ]
              }
            },
            {
              "text": "This mutual relationship between early farmers and tamed cats lasted thousands of years.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "mutual",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Mutualism (biology)"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "As agricultural practices spread, so did tame and domesticated cats.&amp;lt;ref name=\"DriscollMenotti-Raymond2007\"/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=Driscoll_al2009/&amp;gt; Wildcats of Egypt contributed to the maternal gene pool of the domestic cat at a later time.&amp;lt;ref name=\"OttoniVan Neer2017\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "agricultural practices",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "agricultural practices"
                },
                {
                  "text": "gene pool",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "gene pool"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The earliest known evidence for the occurrence of the domestic cat in Greece dates to around 1200 BC. Greek, Phoenician, Carthaginian and Etruscan traders introduced domestic cats to southern Europe.&amp;lt;ref name=Faure2009&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the Roman Empire they were introduced to Corsica and Sardinia before the beginning of the 1st millennium.&amp;lt;ref name=Vigne1992&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; By the 5th century BC, they were familiar animals around settlements in Magna Graecia and Etruria.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; By the end of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Egyptian domestic cat lineage had arrived in a Baltic Sea port in northern Germany.&amp;lt;ref name=\"OttoniVan Neer2017\"/&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Greece"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Phoenician",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Phoenicia"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Carthaginian",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Carthaginia"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Etruscan",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Etrusca"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Roman Empire"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Corsica"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Sardinia"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Magna Graecia"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Etruria"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Baltic Sea"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Germany"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "During domestication, cats have undergone only minor changes in anatomy and behavior, and they are still capable of surviving in the wild."
            },
            {
              "text": "Several natural behaviors and characteristics of wildcats may have pre-adapted them for domestication as pets.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "pre-adapted",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Preadaptation"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "These traits include their small size, social nature, obvious body language, love of play and relatively high intelligence."
            },
            {
              "text": "Captive Leopardus cats may also display affectionate behavior toward humans but were not domesticated.&amp;lt;ref name=\"CameronBeaumont\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; House cats often mate with feral cats.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Bradshaw1999\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Hybridisation between domestic and other Felinae species is also possible, producing hybrids such as the Kellas cat in Scotland.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"Oliveira\" /&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Leopardus"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Hybridisation between domestic and other Felinae species",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Felid hybrid",
                  "anchor": "Domestic cat and hybridization"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Kellas cat"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Scotland"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "Leopardus"
                ]
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Development of cat breeds started in the mid 19th century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; An analysis of the domestic cat genome revealed that the ancestral wildcat genome was significantly altered in the process of domestication, as specific mutations were selected to develop cat breeds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Most breeds are founded on random-bred domestic cats.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "cat breeds",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "cat breeds"
                },
                {
                  "text": "genome",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "genome"
                },
                {
                  "text": "mutations",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "mutation"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Genetic diversity of these breeds varies between regions, and is lowest in purebred populations, which show more than 20 deleterious genetic disorders.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Lipinski\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Genetic diversity"
                },
                {
                  "text": "genetic disorders",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "genetic disorder"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:Tomb_of_Nakht_(7).jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Tomb_of_Nakht_(7).jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Tomb_of_Nakht_(7).jpg",
          "caption": "A cat eating a fish under a chair, a mural in an Egyptian tomb dating to the 15th century BC",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "list": [
            "Evolution of the domesticated cat"
          ],
          "template": "see also"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "last1": "Vigne",
          "first1": "J.D.",
          "last2": "Guilaine",
          "first2": "J.",
          "last3": "Debue",
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          "last4": "Haye",
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          "last5": "Gérard",
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          "name-list-style": "amp",
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          "pmid": "15073370",
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          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
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          "last7": "Spassov",
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          "pmid": "18060738",
          "pmc": "2267438",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Characteristics",
      "depth": 0,
      "templates": [
        {
          "list": [
            "Cat anatomy"
          ],
          "template": "main"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Size",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The domestic cat has a smaller skull and shorter bones than the European wildcat.&amp;lt;ref name=\"OConnor\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "skull",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "skull"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "European wildcat"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "It averages about 46 cm in head-to-body length and 23 - 25 cm in height, with about 30 cm long tails."
            },
            {
              "text": "Males are larger than females.&amp;lt;ref name=WCoW&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            },
            {
              "text": "Adult domestic cats typically weigh between 4 and 5 kg.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Mattern\" /&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:Scheme_cat_anatomy.svg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Scheme_cat_anatomy.svg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Scheme_cat_anatomy.svg",
          "caption": "Diagram of the general anatomy of a male domestic cat",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "title": "Wild or domestic? Biometric variation in the cat Felis silvestris",
          "last": "O'Connor",
          "first": "T.P.",
          "journal": "International Journal of Osteoarchaeology",
          "year": "2007",
          "volume": "17",
          "issue": "6",
          "pages": "581–595",
          "doi": "10.1002/oa.913",
          "url": "http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3700/1/OConnor_Cats-IJOA-submitted.pdf",
          "access-date": "20 January 2019",
          "archive-date": "21 January 2019",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010849/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3700/1/OConnor_Cats-IJOA-submitted.pdf",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Sunquist",
          "first1": "M.",
          "last2": "Sunquist",
          "first2": "F.",
          "year": "2002",
          "title": "Wild Cats of the World",
          "publisher": "University of Chicago Press",
          "isbn": "978-0-226-77999-7",
          "chapter": "Domestic cat",
          "pages": "99–112",
          "chapter-url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&amp;amp;pg=PA99",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/99",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Skeleton",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Cats have seven cervical vertebrae (as do most mammals); 13 thoracic vertebrae (humans have 12); seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five); three sacral vertebrae (as do most mammals, but humans have five); and a variable number of caudal vertebrae in the tail (humans have only three to five vestigial caudal vertebrae, fused into an internal coccyx).&amp;lt;ref name=\"Walker\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's spinal mobility and flexibility.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "cervical vertebrae",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "cervical vertebrae"
                },
                {
                  "text": "mammals",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "mammals"
                },
                {
                  "text": "thoracic vertebrae",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "thoracic vertebrae"
                },
                {
                  "text": "lumbar vertebrae",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "lumbar vertebrae"
                },
                {
                  "text": "sacral vertebrae",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "sacrum"
                },
                {
                  "text": "caudal vertebrae",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "caudal vertebrae"
                },
                {
                  "text": "coccyx",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "coccyx"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Attached to the spine are 13 ribs, the shoulder, and the pelvis.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Walker\"/&amp;gt; Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones which allow them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their head.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Gillis 2002\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "pelvis",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "pelvis"
                },
                {
                  "text": "clavicle",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "clavicle"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
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          "page": "11",
          "template": "rp"
        },
        {
          "page": "16",
          "template": "rp"
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      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "title": "Study of the Cat with Reference to Human Beings",
          "last": "Walker",
          "first": "W.F.",
          "edition": "Fourth revised",
          "year": "1982",
          "publisher": "Thomson Learning/Cengage",
          "isbn": "978-0-03-057914-1",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "title": "Cat Skeleton",
          "editor-last": "Gillis",
          "editor-first": "R.",
          "work": "Zoolab",
          "publisher": "University of Wisconsin Press",
          "location": "La Crosse",
          "year": "2002",
          "url": "http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20061206105542/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm",
          "archive-date": "6 December 2006",
          "access-date": "7 September 2012",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Skull",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large eye sockets and a powerful specialized jaw.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Case\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Within the jaw, cats have teeth adapted for killing prey and tearing meat.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "eye sockets",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "eye socket"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "When it overpowers its prey, a cat delivers a lethal neck bite with its two long canine teeth, inserting them between two of the prey's vertebrae and severing its spinal cord, causing irreversible paralysis and death.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Smith1992\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth relative to the size of their jaw, which is an adaptation to their preferred prey of small rodents, which have small vertebrae.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Smith1992\"/&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "canine teeth",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Canine tooth"
                },
                {
                  "text": "vertebrae",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "vertebra"
                },
                {
                  "text": "spinal cord",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "spinal cord"
                },
                {
                  "text": "paralysis",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "paralysis"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The premolar and first molar together compose the carnassial pair on each side of the mouth, which efficiently shears meat into small pieces, like a pair of scissors.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "premolar",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "premolar"
                },
                {
                  "text": "molar",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Molar (tooth)"
                },
                {
                  "text": "carnassial",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "carnassial"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "These are vital in feeding, since cats' small molars cannot chew food effectively, and cats are largely incapable of mastication.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Case\"/&amp;gt; Although cats tend to have better teeth than most humans, with decay generally less likely because of a thicker protective layer of enamel, a less damaging saliva, less retention of food particles between teeth, and a diet mostly devoid of sugar, they are nonetheless subject to occasional tooth loss and infection.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Carr1978\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "molars",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "molar (tooth)"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:Cat_skull.jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Cat_skull.jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Cat_skull.jpg",
          "caption": "Cat skull",
          "links": []
        },
        {
          "file": "File:Cat_yawn_with_exposed_teeth_and_claws.jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Cat_yawn_with_exposed_teeth_and_claws.jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Cat_yawn_with_exposed_teeth_and_claws.jpg",
          "caption": "A cat with exposed teeth and claws",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
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          "page": "35",
          "template": "rp"
        },
        {
          "page": "37",
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      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "title": "The Cat: Its behavior, nutrition, and health",
          "last": "Case",
          "first": "Linda P.",
          "year": "2003",
          "publisher": "Iowa State University Press",
          "location": "Ames",
          "isbn": "978-0-8138-0331-9",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "title": "Structure, Function, and Evolution of Teeth",
          "last1": "Smith",
          "first1": "Patricia",
          "last2": "Tchernov",
          "first2": "Eitan",
          "year": "1992",
          "page": "217",
          "publisher": "Freund Publishing House",
          "isbn": "978-965-222-270-1",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "first": "William H.A.",
          "last": "Carr",
          "title": "The New Basic Book of the Cat",
          "date": "1 January 1978",
          "publisher": "Scribner's",
          "isbn": "978-0-684-15549-4",
          "page": "174",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/newbasicbookofca00carr/page/174",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Claws",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Cats have protractible and retractable claws.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Kitchener2010\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In their normal, relaxed position, the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the paw's toe pads."
            },
            {
              "text": "This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows for the silent stalking of prey."
            },
            {
              "text": "The claws on the forefeet are typically sharper than those on the hindfeet.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Armes 1900\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Cats can voluntarily extend their claws on one or more paws."
            },
            {
              "text": "They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, kneading, or for extra traction on soft surfaces.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "kneading",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "kneading (cats)"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Cats shed the outside layer of their claw sheaths when scratching rough surfaces.&amp;lt;ref name=\"pmid19422432\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Most cats have five claws on their front paws and four on their rear paws."
            },
            {
              "text": "The dewclaw is proximal to the other claws.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "dewclaw",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "dewclaw"
                },
                {
                  "text": "proximal",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "proximal"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "More proximally is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth \"finger\"."
            },
            {
              "text": "This special feature of the front paws on the inside of the wrists has no function in normal walking but is thought to be an antiskidding device used while jumping."
            },
            {
              "text": "Some cat breeds are prone to having extra digits (\"polydactyly\").&amp;lt;ref name=\"Danforth1947\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Polydactylous cats occur along North America's northeast coast and in Great Britain.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Lettice 2008\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "polydactyly",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Polydactyl cat"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:Shed_domestic_cat_claw_sheaths.tiff",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Shed_domestic_cat_claw_sheaths.tiff?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Shed_domestic_cat_claw_sheaths.tiff",
          "caption": "Shed claw sheaths",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "last1": "Kitchener",
          "first1": "A.C.",
          "last2": "Van Valkenburgh",
          "first2": "B.",
          "last3": "Yamaguchi",
          "first3": "N.",
          "year": "2010",
          "chapter-url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266753114",
          "chapter": "Felid form and function",
          "title": "Biology and Conservation of wild felids",
          "editor1-first": "D.",
          "editor1-last": "Macdonald",
          "editor2-last": "Loveridge",
          "editor2-first": "A.",
          "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
          "pages": "83–106",
          "access-date": "10 October 2019",
          "archive-date": "16 February 2021",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210216135340/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266753114_Felid_form_and_function",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "title": "Outline of cat lessons",
          "last": "Armes",
          "first": "A.F.",
          "journal": "The School Journal",
          "year": "1900",
          "volume": "LXI",
          "page": "659",
          "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=-_gBAAAAYAAJ",
          "access-date": "5 June 2020",
          "archive-date": "6 August 2021",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210806133121/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_gBAAAAYAAJ",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "vauthors": "Homberger DG, Ham K, Ogunbakin T, Bonin JA, Hopkins BA, Osborn ML",
          "display-authors": "etal",
          "title": "The structure of the cornified claw sheath in the domesticated cat (Felis catus): Implications for the claw-shedding mechanism and the evolution of cornified digital end organs",
          "journal": "J Anat",
          "year": "2009",
          "volume": "214",
          "issue": "4",
          "pages": "620–43",
          "pmid": "19422432",
          "doi": "10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01068.x",
          "pmc": "2736126",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last": "Danforth",
          "first": "C.H.",
          "title": "Heredity of polydactyly in the cat",
          "journal": "The Journal of Heredity",
          "volume": "38",
          "issue": "4",
          "pages": "107–112",
          "year": "1947",
          "pmid": "20242531",
          "doi": "10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105701",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Lettice",
          "first1": "L.A.",
          "last2": "Hill",
          "first2": "A.E.",
          "last3": "Devenney",
          "first3": "P.S.",
          "last4": "Hill",
          "first4": "R.E.",
          "title": "Point mutations in a distant sonic hedgehog cis-regulator generate a variable regulatory output responsible for preaxial polydactyly",
          "journal": "Human Molecular Genetics",
          "volume": "17",
          "issue": "7",
          "pages": "978–985",
          "year": "2008",
          "pmid": "18156157",
          "doi": "10.1093/hmg/ddm370",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Ambulation",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The cat is digitigrade.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "digitigrade",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "digitigrade"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "It walks on the toes, with the bones of the feet making up the lower part of the visible leg.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Pocock1917\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Unlike most mammals, it uses a \"pacing\" gait and moves both legs on one side of the body before the legs on the other side.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "gait",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "gait"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "It registers directly by placing each hind paw close to the track of the corresponding fore paw, minimizing noise and visible tracks."
            },
            {
              "text": "This also provides sure footing for hind paws when navigating rough terrain."
            },
            {
              "text": "As it speeds up from walking to trotting, its gait changes to a \"diagonal\" gait: The diagonally opposite hind and fore legs move simultaneously.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Christensen 2004\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "last": "Pocock",
          "first": "R.I.",
          "year": "1917",
          "title": "VII — On the external characters of the Felidæ",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/ser8annalsmagazi19londuoft",
          "journal": "The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology",
          "series": "8",
          "volume": "19",
          "issue": "109",
          "pages": "113–136",
          "doi": "10.1080/00222931709486916",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last": "Christensen",
          "first": "W.",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/outwittingcatsti0000chri/page/22",
          "title": "Outwitting Cats",
          "publisher": "Globe Pequot",
          "year": "2004",
          "isbn": "978-1-59228-240-1",
          "pages": "22–45",
          "chapter": "The physical cat",
          "chapter-url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=WmuQQXU6EtAC&amp;amp;pg=PA27",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Balance",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Most breeds of cat are notably fond of sitting in high places, or perching.",
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "perching"
                ]
              }
            },
            {
              "text": "A higher place may serve as a concealed site from which to hunt; domestic cats strike prey by pouncing from a perch such as a tree branch."
            },
            {
              "text": "Another possible explanation is that height gives the cat a better observation point, allowing it to survey its territory."
            },
            {
              "text": "A cat falling from heights of up to 3 m can right itself and land on its paws.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Kent et al. 2010\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "During a fall from a high place, a cat reflexively twists its body and rights itself to land on its feet using its acute sense of balance and flexibility."
            },
            {
              "text": "This reflex is known as the cat righting reflex.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A cat always rights itself in the same way during a fall, if it has enough time to do so, which is the case in falls of 90 cm or more.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Nguyen 1998\"&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; How cats are able to right themselves when falling has been investigated as the \"falling cat problem\".&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "cat righting reflex",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "cat righting reflex"
                },
                {
                  "text": "falling cat problem",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "falling cat problem"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:BIOASTRONAUTICS_RESEARCH_Gov.archives.arc.68700.ogv",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/BIOASTRONAUTICS_RESEARCH_Gov.archives.arc.68700.ogv?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/BIOASTRONAUTICS_RESEARCH_Gov.archives.arc.68700.ogv",
          "caption": "Comparison of cat righting reflexes in gravity and zero gravity",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "date": "December 2011",
          "template": "tertiary"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "last1": "Kent",
          "first1": "Marc",
          "last2": "Platt",
          "first2": "Simon R.",
          "date": "September 2010",
          "title": "The neurology of balance: Function and dysfunction of the vestibular system in dogs and cats",
          "journal": "The Veterinary Journal",
          "volume": "185",
          "issue": "3",
          "pages": "247–249",
          "doi": "10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.029",
          "pmid": "19944632",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Gerathewohl",
          "first1": "S.J.",
          "last2": "Stallings",
          "first2": "H.D.",
          "year": "1957",
          "title": "The labyrinthine posture reflex (righting reflex) in the cat during weightlessness",
          "url": "https://spacemedicineassociation.org/download/history/history_files_1957/28040345-1.pdf",
          "journal": "The Journal of Aviation Medicine",
          "volume": "28",
          "issue": "4",
          "pages": "345–355",
          "pmid": "13462942",
          "access-date": "27 April 2019",
          "archive-date": "3 October 2020",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201003155151/https://spacemedicineassociation.org/download/history/history_files_1957/28040345-1.pdf",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last": "Nguyen",
          "first": "H.D.",
          "year": "1998",
          "title": "How does a cat always land on its feet?",
          "url": "http://helix.gatech.edu/Classes/ME3760/1998Q3/Projects/Nguyen/",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20010410235503/http://helix.gatech.edu/Classes/ME3760/1998Q3/Projects/Nguyen/",
          "archive-date": "10 April 2001",
          "access-date": "15 May 2007",
          "series": "Dynamics&amp;amp;nbsp;II (ME&amp;amp;nbsp;3760) course materials",
          "publisher": "Georgia Institute of Technology",
          "department": "School of Medical Engineering",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "title": "Falling cats, parallel parking, and polarized light",
          "last": "Batterman",
          "first": "R",
          "year": "2003",
          "journal": "Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics",
          "volume": "34",
          "issue": "4",
          "pages": "527–557",
          "url": "http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/794/1/falling-cats.pdf",
          "bibcode": "2003SHPMP..34..527B",
          "doi": "10.1016/s1355-2198(03)00062-5",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Coats",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The cat family (Felidae) can pass down many colors and patterns to their offsprings."
            },
            {
              "text": "The domestic cat genes MC1R and ASIP allow for the variety of color in coats.",
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "MC1R",
                  "ASIP"
                ]
              }
            },
            {
              "text": "The feline ASIP gene consists of three coding exons.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Three novel microsatellite markers linked to ASIP were isolated from a domestic cat BAC clone containing this gene and were used to perform linkage analysis in a pedigree of 89 domestic cats that segregated for melanism.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "microsatellite",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "microsatellite"
                },
                {
                  "text": "linkage analysis",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "linkage analysis"
                },
                {
                  "text": "melanism",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "melanism"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "list": [
            "Cat coat genetics"
          ],
          "template": "main"
        },
        {
          "list": [
            "section"
          ],
          "date": "June 2022",
          "template": "tone"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "last1": "Eizirik",
          "first1": "Eduardo",
          "last2": "Yuhki",
          "first2": "Naoya",
          "last3": "Johnson",
          "first3": "Warren E.",
          "last4": "Menotti-Raymond",
          "first4": "Marilyn",
          "last5": "Hannah",
          "first5": "Steven S.",
          "last6": "O'Brien",
          "first6": "Stephen J.",
          "date": "4 March 2003",
          "title": "Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982203001283",
          "journal": "Current Biology",
          "language": "en",
          "volume": "13",
          "issue": "5",
          "pages": "448–453",
          "doi": "10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3",
          "pmid": "12620197",
          "s2cid": "19021807",
          "issn": "0960-9822",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last": "Fielding",
          "first": "Henry",
          "title": "Containing one of the most bloody battles, or rather duels, that were ever recorded in domestic history",
          "date": "14 August 2008",
          "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536993.003.0021",
          "work": "Tom Jones",
          "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
          "doi": "10.1093/owc/9780199536993.003.0021",
          "isbn": "978-0-19-953699-3",
          "access-date": "17 May 2022",
          "template": "citation"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Senses",
      "depth": 0,
      "templates": [
        {
          "list": [
            "Cat senses"
          ],
          "template": "main"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Vision",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Cats have excellent night vision and can see at only one-sixth the light level required for human vision.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Case\" /&amp;gt; This is partly the result of cat eyes having a tapetum lucidum, which reflects any light that passes through the retina back into the eye, thereby increasing the eye's sensitivity to dim light.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Large pupils are an adaptation to dim light.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "night vision",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "night vision"
                },
                {
                  "text": "tapetum lucidum",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "tapetum lucidum"
                },
                {
                  "text": "retina",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "retina"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "tapetum lucidum"
                ]
              }
            },
            {
              "text": "The domestic cat has slit pupils, which allow it to focus bright light without chromatic aberration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; At low light, a cat's pupils expand to cover most of the exposed surface of its eyes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The domestic cat has rather poor color vision and only two types of cone cells, optimized for sensitivity to blue and yellowish green; its ability to distinguish between red and green is limited.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A response to middle wavelengths from a system other than the rod cells might be due to a third type of cone.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "slit pupils",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Pupil",
                  "anchor": "In other animals"
                },
                {
                  "text": "chromatic aberration",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "chromatic aberration"
                },
                {
                  "text": "color vision",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "color vision"
                },
                {
                  "text": "cone cells",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "cone cell"
                },
                {
                  "text": "rod cells",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "rod cell"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "This appears to be an adaptation to low light levels rather than representing true trichromatic vision.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Cats also have a nictitating membrane, allowing them to blink without hindering their vision.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "trichromatic",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Trichromacy"
                },
                {
                  "text": "nictitating membrane",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "nictitating membrane"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "Image:TapetumLucidum.JPG",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/TapetumLucidum.JPG?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/TapetumLucidum.JPG",
          "caption": "Reflection of camera flash from the tapetum lucidum",
          "links": []
        },
        {
          "file": "File:Tabby_cat_with_visible_nictitating_membrane.jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Tabby_cat_with_visible_nictitating_membrane.jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Tabby_cat_with_visible_nictitating_membrane.jpg",
          "caption": "A cat's nictitating membrane shown as it blinks",
          "links": [],
          "alt": "A tabby cat with a third, translucent eyelid covering part of either eye"
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "page": "43",
          "template": "rp"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "title": "Comparative morphology of the Tapetum Lucidum (among selected species)",
          "last1": "Ollivier",
          "first1": "F.J.",
          "last2": "Samuelson",
          "first2": "D.A.",
          "last3": "Brooks",
          "first3": "D.E.",
          "last4": "Lewis",
          "first4": "P.A.",
          "last5": "Kallberg",
          "first5": "M.E.",
          "last6": "Komaromy",
          "first6": "A.M.",
          "s2cid": "15419778",
          "journal": "Veterinary Ophthalmology",
          "year": "2004",
          "volume": "7",
          "issue": "1",
          "pages": "11–22",
          "doi": "10.1111/j.1463-5224.2004.00318.x",
          "pmid": "14738502",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Malmström",
          "first1": "T.",
          "last2": "Kröger",
          "first2": "R.H.",
          "title": "Pupil shapes and lens optics in the eyes of terrestrial vertebrates",
          "journal": "Journal of Experimental Biology",
          "volume": "209",
          "issue": "1",
          "pages": "18–25",
          "year": "2006",
          "pmid": "16354774",
          "doi": "10.1242/jeb.01959",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Hammond",
          "first1": "P.",
          "last2": "Mouat",
          "first2": "G.S.V.",
          "title": "The relationship between feline pupil size and luminance",
          "journal": "Experimental Brain Research",
          "year": "1985",
          "volume": "59",
          "issue": "3",
          "pages": "485–490",
          "doi": "10.1007/BF00261338",
          "pmid": "4029324",
          "s2cid": "11858455",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Cat color vision: The effect of stimulus size",
          "last1": "Loop",
          "first1": "M.S.",
          "last2": "Bruce",
          "first2": "L.L.",
          "journal": "Science",
          "volume": "199",
          "issue": "4334",
          "pages": "1221–1222",
          "year": "1978",
          "pmid": "628838",
          "doi": "10.1126/science.628838",
          "bibcode": "1978Sci...199.1221L",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Guenther",
          "first1": "E.",
          "last2": "Zrenner",
          "first2": "E.",
          "title": "The spectral sensitivity of dark- and light-adapted cat retinal ganglion cells",
          "journal": "Journal of Neuroscience",
          "volume": "13",
          "pages": "1543–1550",
          "year": "1993",
          "issue": "4",
          "pmid": "8463834",
          "pmc": "6576706",
          "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01543.1993",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Hearing",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The domestic cat's hearing is most acute in the range of 500&amp;amp;nbsp;Hz to 32&amp;amp;nbsp;kHz.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies ranging from 55&amp;amp;nbsp;Hz to 79 kHz."
            },
            {
              "text": "It can hear a range of 10.5 octaves, while humans and dogs can hear ranges of about 9 octaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "octaves",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "octave"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Its hearing sensitivity is enhanced by its large movable outer ears, the pinnae, which amplify sounds and help detect the location of a noise.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "pinnae",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Pinna (anatomy)"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "It can detect ultrasound, which enables it to detect ultrasonic calls made by rodent prey.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Sunquist\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Recent research has shown that cats have socio-spatial cognitive abilities to create mental maps of owners' locations based on hearing owners' voices.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "ultrasound",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "ultrasound"
                },
                {
                  "text": "rodent",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "rodent"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "title": "Hearing range of the domestic cat",
          "last": "Heffner",
          "first": "R.S.",
          "journal": "Hearing Research",
          "year": "1985",
          "volume": "19",
          "issue": "1",
          "pages": "85–88",
          "doi": "10.1016/0378-5955(85)90100-5",
          "pmid": "4066516",
          "s2cid": "4763009",
          "url": "https://www.utoledo.edu/al/psychology/pdfs/comphearaudio/HearingRangeOfTheDomesticCat_1985.pdf",
          "access-date": "10 October 2019",
          "archive-date": "7 July 2021",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210707001511/https://www.utoledo.edu/al/psychology/pdfs/comphearaudio/HearingRangeOfTheDomesticCat_1985.pdf",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Auditory awareness",
          "last": "Heffner",
          "first": "H.E.",
          "journal": "Applied Animal Behaviour Science",
          "year": "1998",
          "volume": "57",
          "issue": "3–4",
          "pages": "259–268",
          "doi": "10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00101-4",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Primate hearing from a mammalian perspective",
          "last": "Heffner",
          "first": "R.S.",
          "s2cid": "4991969",
          "journal": "The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology",
          "year": "2004",
          "volume": "281",
          "issue": "1",
          "pages": "1111–1122",
          "pmid": "15472899",
          "doi": "10.1002/ar.a.20117",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Sunquist",
          "first1": "M.",
          "last2": "Sunquist",
          "first2": "F.",
          "year": "2002",
          "title": "Wild Cats of the World",
          "publisher": "University of Chicago Press",
          "isbn": "978-0-226-77999-7",
          "chapter": "What is a Cat?",
          "pages": "5–18",
          "chapter-url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&amp;amp;pg=PA3",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last": "Blumberg",
          "first": "M.S.",
          "title": "Rodent ultrasonic short calls: Locomotion, biomechanics, and communication",
          "journal": "Journal of Comparative Psychology",
          "year": "1992",
          "volume": "106",
          "issue": "4",
          "pages": "360–365",
          "pmid": "1451418",
          "doi": "10.1037/0735-7036.106.4.360",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Takagi",
          "first1": "S.",
          "last2": "Chijiiwa",
          "first2": "H.",
          "last3": "Arahori",
          "first3": "M.",
          "last4": "Saito",
          "first4": "A.",
          "last5": "Fujita",
          "first5": "K.",
          "last6": "Kuroshima",
          "first6": "H.",
          "date": "2021",
          "title": "Socio-spatial cognition in cats: Mentally mapping owner's location from voice",
          "journal": "PLOS ONE",
          "volume": "16",
          "issue": "11",
          "page": "e0257611",
          "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0257611",
          "pmc": "8580247",
          "pmid": "34758043",
          "bibcode": "2021PLoSO..1657611T",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Smell",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Cats have an acute sense of smell, due in part to their well-developed olfactory bulb and a large surface of olfactory mucosa, about 5.8 cm2 in area, which is about twice that of humans&amp;lt;!-- impossible logic and only 1.7-fold less than the average dog.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "olfactory bulb",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "olfactory bulb"
                },
                {
                  "text": "olfactory mucosa",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "olfactory mucosa"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "--&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Moulton 1967\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Cats and many other animals have a Jacobson's organ in their mouths that is used in the behavioral process of flehmening.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Jacobson's organ"
                },
                {
                  "text": "flehmening",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Flehmen response"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "It allows them to sense certain aromas in a way that humans cannot."
            },
            {
              "text": "Cats are sensitive to pheromones such as 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol,&amp;lt;ref name=\"felinine\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; which they use to communicate through urine spraying and marking with scent glands.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Sommerville\" /&amp;gt; Many cats also respond strongly to plants that contain nepetalactone, especially catnip, as they can detect that substance at less than one part per billion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; About 70–80% of cats are affected by nepetalactone.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This response is also produced by other plants, such as silver vine (Actinidia polygama) and the herb valerian; it may be caused by the smell of these plants mimicking a pheromone and stimulating cats' social or sexual behaviors.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Tucker\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "pheromones",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Cat pheromone"
                },
                {
                  "text": "3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol"
                },
                {
                  "text": "urine spraying",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "urine spraying"
                },
                {
                  "text": "scent glands",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "scent glands"
                },
                {
                  "text": "nepetalactone",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "nepetalactone"
                },
                {
                  "text": "catnip",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "catnip"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Actinidia polygama"
                },
                {
                  "text": "valerian",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Valerian (herb)"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "Actinidia polygama"
                ]
              }
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "last": "Moulton",
          "first": "David G.",
          "date": "1 August 1967",
          "title": "Olfaction in mammals",
          "url": "https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/7/3/421/244992",
          "journal": "American Zoologist",
          "volume": "7",
          "issue": "3",
          "pages": "421–429",
          "doi": "10.1093/icb/7.3.421",
          "pmid": "6077376",
          "issn": "0003-1569",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "access-date": "22 November 2019",
          "archive-date": "6 August 2021",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210806144530/https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/7/3/421/244992",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Miyazaki",
          "first1": "Masao",
          "last2": "Yamashita",
          "first2": "Tetsuro",
          "last3": "Suzuki",
          "first3": "Yusuke",
          "last4": "Saito",
          "first4": "Yoshihiro",
          "last5": "Soeta",
          "first5": "Satoshi",
          "last6": "Taira",
          "first6": "Hideharu",
          "last7": "Suzuki",
          "first7": "Akemi",
          "date": "October 2006",
          "title": "A major urinary protein of the domestic ccat regulates the production of felinine, a putative pheromone precursor",
          "journal": "Chemistry &amp;amp; Biology",
          "volume": "13",
          "issue": "10",
          "pages": "1071–1079",
          "doi": "10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.08.013",
          "pmid": "17052611",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last": "Grognet",
          "first": "Jeff",
          "title": "Catnip: Its uses and effects, past and present",
          "journal": "The Canadian Veterinary Journal",
          "date": "June 1990",
          "volume": "31",
          "issue": "6",
          "pages": "455–456",
          "pmc": "1480656",
          "pmid": "17423611",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=experts-how-does-catnip-work-on-cats",
          "title": "How does catnip work its magic on cats?",
          "date": "29 May 2007",
          "last": "Turner",
          "first": "Ramona",
          "magazine": "Scientific American",
          "url-status": "live",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20131022023257/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=experts-how-does-catnip-work-on-cats",
          "archive-date": "22 October 2013",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite magazine"
        },
        {
          "title": "Catnip and the catnip response",
          "last1": "Tucker",
          "first1": "Arthur",
          "last2": "Tucker",
          "first2": "Sharon",
          "journal": "Economic Botany",
          "year": "1988",
          "volume": "42",
          "issue": "2",
          "pages": "214–231",
          "doi": "10.1007/BF02858923",
          "s2cid": "34777592",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Taste",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Cats have relatively few taste buds compared to humans (470 or so versus more than 9,000 on the human tongue).&amp;lt;ref name=\"sch\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Domestic and wild cats share a taste receptor gene mutation that keeps their sweet taste buds from binding to sugary molecules, leaving them with no ability to taste sweetness.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Their taste buds instead respond to acids, amino acids like protein, and bitter tastes.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Bradshaw2006\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Cats also have a distinct temperature preference for their food, preferring food with a temperature around 38 C which is similar to that of a fresh kill and routinely rejecting food presented cold or refrigerated (which would signal to the cat that the \"prey\" item is long dead and therefore possibly toxic or decomposing).&amp;lt;ref name=\"sch\" /&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "taste buds",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "taste bud"
                },
                {
                  "text": "taste receptor gene mutation",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Taste receptor",
                  "anchor": "Loss of function"
                },
                {
                  "text": "sweetness",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "sweetness"
                },
                {
                  "text": "acids",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "acid"
                },
                {
                  "text": "amino acids",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "amino acid"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "title": "Do cats have a sense of taste?",
          "url": "http://www.cathealth.com/nutrition/do-cats-have-a-sense-of-taste",
          "website": "CatHealth.com",
          "last": "Schelling",
          "first": "Christianne",
          "url-status": "live",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160128163535/http://www.cathealth.com/nutrition/do-cats-have-a-sense-of-taste",
          "archive-date": "28 January 2016",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Jiang",
          "first1": "Peihua",
          "last2": "Josue",
          "first2": "Jesusa",
          "last3": "Li",
          "first3": "Xia",
          "last4": "Glaser",
          "first4": "Dieter",
          "last5": "Li",
          "first5": "Weihua",
          "last6": "Brand",
          "first6": "Joseph G.",
          "last7": "Margolskee",
          "first7": "Robert F.",
          "last8": "Reed",
          "first8": "Danielle R.",
          "last9": "Beauchamp",
          "first9": "Gary K.",
          "title": "Major taste loss in carnivorous mammals",
          "journal": "PNAS",
          "volume": "13",
          "issue": "109",
          "pages": "4956–4961",
          "date": "12 March 2012",
          "year": "2012",
          "language": "English",
          "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1118360109",
          "pmid": "22411809",
          "pmc": "3324019",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "template": "citation"
        },
        {
          "volume": "136",
          "issue": "7",
          "pages": "1927S–1931",
          "last": "Bradshaw",
          "first": "John W.S.",
          "title": "The evolutionary basis for the feeding behavior of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus)",
          "journal": "Journal of Nutrition",
          "date": "1 July 2006",
          "pmid": "16772461",
          "doi": "10.1093/jn/136.7.1927S",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Whiskers",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "To aid with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens of movable whiskers (vibrissae) over their body, especially their faces.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "whiskers (vibrissae)",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "vibrissa"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "These provide information on the width of gaps and on the location of objects in the dark, both by touching objects directly and by sensing air currents; they also trigger protective blink reflexes to protect the eyes from damage.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Case\" /&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "blink reflexes",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "blink reflex"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:Kittyply_edit1.jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Kittyply_edit1.jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Kittyply_edit1.jpg",
          "caption": "The whiskers of a cat are highly sensitive to touch",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "page": "47",
          "template": "rp"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Behavior",
      "depth": 0,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Outdoor cats are active both day and night, although they tend to be slightly more active at night.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Domestic cats spend the majority of their time in the vicinity of their homes but can range many hundreds of meters from this central point."
            },
            {
              "text": "They establish territories that vary considerably in size, in one study ranging from 7 to(-).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The timing of cats' activity is quite flexible and varied, which means house cats may be more active in the morning and evening, as a response to greater human activity at these times.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "territories",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Territory (animal)"
                },
                {
                  "text": "active in the morning and evening",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "crepuscular"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Cats conserve energy by sleeping more than most animals, especially as they grow older."
            },
            {
              "text": "The daily duration of sleep varies, usually between 12 and 16 hours, with 13 and 14 being the average."
            },
            {
              "text": "Some cats can sleep as much as 20 hours."
            },
            {
              "text": "The term \"cat nap\" for a short rest refers to the cat's tendency to fall asleep (lightly) for a brief period."
            },
            {
              "text": "While asleep, cats experience short periods of rapid eye movement sleep often accompanied by muscle twitches, which suggests they are dreaming.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "rapid eye movement sleep",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "rapid eye movement sleep"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:Felis_silvestris_catus_lying_on_rice_straw.jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Felis_silvestris_catus_lying_on_rice_straw.jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Felis_silvestris_catus_lying_on_rice_straw.jpg",
          "caption": "Cat lying on rice straw",
          "links": [],
          "alt": "Cat lying on rice straw"
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "list": [
            "Cat behavior"
          ],
          "template": "see also"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "title": "Spatio-temporal Sharing between the European Wildcat, the Domestic Cat and their Hybrids",
          "last1": "Germain",
          "first1": "E.",
          "last2": "Benhamou",
          "first2": "S.",
          "last3": "Poulle",
          "first3": "M.-L.",
          "journal": "Journal of Zoology",
          "date": "2008",
          "volume": "276",
          "issue": "2",
          "pages": "195–203",
          "doi": "10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00479.x",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last": "Barratt",
          "first": "D. G.",
          "title": "Home Range Size, Habitat Utilisation and Movement Patterns of Suburban and Farm Cats Felis catus",
          "journal": "Ecography",
          "date": "1997",
          "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00371.x",
          "jstor": "3682838",
          "volume": "20",
          "issue": "3",
          "pages": "271–280",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Circadian rhythms in food intake and activity in domestic cats",
          "last1": "Randall",
          "first1": "W.",
          "last2": "Johnson",
          "first2": "R. F.",
          "last3": "Randall",
          "first3": "S.",
          "last4": "Cunningham",
          "first4": "J. T.",
          "journal": "Behavioral Neuroscience",
          "date": "1985",
          "volume": "99",
          "issue": "6",
          "pmid": "3843546",
          "doi": "10.1037/0735-7044.99.6.1162",
          "pages": "1162–1175",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "doi": "10.1016/0166-2236(79)90110-3",
          "volume": "2",
          "pages": "280–282",
          "last": "Jouvet",
          "first": "M.",
          "title": "What Does a Cat Dream About?",
          "journal": "Trends in Neurosciences",
          "date": "1979",
          "s2cid": "53161799",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Sociability",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The social behavior of the domestic cat ranges from widely dispersed individuals to feral cat colonies that gather around a food source, based on groups of co-operating females.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"Crowell-davis2004\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Within such groups, one cat is usually dominant over the others.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Each cat in a colony holds a distinct territory, with sexually active males having the largest territories, which are about 10 times larger than those of female cats and may overlap with several females' territories.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "feral cat colonies",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Feral cat colony"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "These territories are marked by urine spraying, by rubbing objects at head height with secretions from facial glands, and by defecation.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Sommerville\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Between these territories are neutral areas where cats watch and greet one another without territorial conflicts.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "urine spraying",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "urine spraying"
                },
                {
                  "text": "defecation",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "defecation"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Outside these neutral areas, territory holders usually chase away stranger cats, at first by staring, hissing, and growling and, if that does not work, by short but noisy and violent attacks.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "growling",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "growling"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Despite this colonial organization, cats do not have a social survival strategy or a pack mentality, and always hunt alone.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Bradshaw\" /&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "pack mentality",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Herd behavior"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Life in proximity to humans and other domestic animals has led to a symbiotic social adaptation in cats, and cats may express great affection toward humans or other animals."
            },
            {
              "text": "Ethologically, a cat's human keeper functions as if a mother surrogate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Adult cats live their lives in a kind of extended kittenhood, a form of behavioral neoteny.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "Ethologically",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Ethology"
                },
                {
                  "text": "neoteny",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "neoteny"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Their high-pitched sounds may mimic the cries of a hungry human infant, making them particularly difficult for humans to ignore.&amp;lt;ref name=\"McComb 2009\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some pet cats are poorly socialized."
            },
            {
              "text": "In particular, older cats show aggressiveness toward newly arrived kittens, which include biting and scratching; this type of behavior is known as feline asocial aggression.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Levine 2005\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Redirected aggression is a common form of aggression which can occur in multiple cat households.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Redirected aggression"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "In redirected aggression there is usually something that agitates the cat: this could be a sight, sound, or another source of stimuli which causes a heightened level of anxiety or arousal."
            },
            {
              "text": "If the cat cannot attack the stimuli, it may direct anger elsewhere by attacking or directing aggression to the nearest cat, dog, human or other being.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Horwitz\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"Behaviorist\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Domestic cats' scent rubbing behavior toward humans or other cats is thought to be a feline means for social bonding.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "scent rubbing",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "scent rubbing"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "doi": "10.1016/0376-6357(95)00070-4",
          "pmid": "24897162",
          "volume": "37",
          "issue": "1",
          "pages": "85–88",
          "last1": "Pontier",
          "first1": "D.",
          "last2": "Natoli",
          "first2": "E.",
          "title": "Male Reproductive Success in the Domestic Cat (Felis catus L.): A Case History",
          "journal": "Behavioural Processes",
          "date": "1996",
          "s2cid": "22476779",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Social Organization in the Cat: A Modern Understanding",
          "last1": "Crowell-Davis",
          "first1": "S. L.",
          "last2": "Curtis",
          "first2": "T. M.",
          "last3": "Knowles",
          "first3": "R. J.",
          "date": "2004",
          "journal": "Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery",
          "volume": "6",
          "issue": "1",
          "pages": "19–28",
          "doi": "10.1016/j.jfms.2003.09.013",
          "pmid": "15123163",
          "s2cid": "25719922",
          "url": "http://zoopsy.free.fr/veille_biblio/social_organization_cat_2004.pdf",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20110720231305/http://zoopsy.free.fr/veille_biblio/social_organization_cat_2004.pdf",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "archive-date": "20 July 2011",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
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          "s2cid": "144843766",
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      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Communication",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Domestic cats use many vocalizations for communication, including purring, trilling, hissing, growling/snarling, grunting, and several different forms of meowing.&amp;lt;ref name=Moelk1944/&amp;gt; Their body language, including position of ears and tail, relaxation of the whole body, and kneading of the paws, are all indicators of mood.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "vocalizations",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Animal communication"
                },
                {
                  "text": "purring",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "purr"
                },
                {
                  "text": "trilling",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Trill consonant"
                },
                {
                  "text": "body language",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Cat body language"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "The tail and ears are particularly important social signal mechanisms in cats."
            },
            {
              "text": "A raised tail indicates a friendly greeting, and flattened ears indicates hostility."
            },
            {
              "text": "Tail-raising also indicates the cat's position in the group's social hierarchy, with dominant individuals raising their tails less often than subordinate ones.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Feral cats are generally silent.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Jensen\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nose-to-nose touching is also a common greeting and may be followed by social grooming, which is solicited by one of the cats raising and tilting its head.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Crowell-davis2004\" /&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "social hierarchy",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "social hierarchy"
                },
                {
                  "text": "social grooming",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "social grooming"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Purring may have developed as an evolutionary advantage as a signaling mechanism of reassurance between mother cats and nursing kittens, who are thought to use it as a care-soliciting signal.&amp;lt;ref name=\"bradshaw2012\" /&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Purring"
                },
                {
                  "text": "nursing",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Breastfeeding"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Post-nursing cats also often purr as a sign of contentment: when being petted, becoming relaxed,&amp;lt;ref name=BruelKjaer&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=IsnareCom&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or eating."
            },
            {
              "text": "Even though purring as popularly interpreted as indicative of pleasure, it has been recorded in a wide variety of circumstances, most of which involve physical contact between the cat and another, presumably trusted individual.&amp;lt;ref name=\"bradshaw2012\" /&amp;gt; Some cats have been observed to purr continuously when"
            },
            {
              "text": "chronically ill or in apparent pain.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The exact mechanism by which cats purr has long been elusive, but it has been proposed that purring is generated via a series of sudden build-ups and releases of pressure as the glottis is opened and closed, which causes the vocal folds to separate forcefully.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "glottis",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "glottis"
                },
                {
                  "text": "vocal folds",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "vocal folds"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "The laryngeal muscles in control of the glottis"
            },
            {
              "text": "are thought to be driven by a neural oscillator which generates a cycle of contraction and release every 30-40",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "neural oscillator",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "neural oscillator"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "milliseconds (giving a frequency of 33 to 25 Hz).&amp;lt;ref name=\"bradshaw2012\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
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          "file": "File:Domestic_Cat_Face_Shot.jpg",
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          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Domestic_Cat_Face_Shot.jpg",
          "caption": "Vocalizing domestic cat",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
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          "doi": "10.1016/j.beproc.2008.09.008",
          "s2cid": "19883549",
          "template": "citation",
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        },
        {
          "last": "Jensen",
          "first": "P.",
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          "series": "\"Modular Text\" series",
          "publisher": "Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International",
          "location": "Wallingford, England",
          "date": "2009",
          "isbn": "978-1-84593-536-8",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
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          "archive-date": "22 July 2011",
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          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.isnare.com/?aid=195293&amp;amp;ca=Pets",
          "title": "The Cat's Remarkable Purr",
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          "archive-date": "13 July 2011",
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        {
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          "template": "citation",
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          "doi": "10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04749.x",
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          "access-date": "5 July 2022",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Grooming",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Cats are known for spending considerable amounts of time licking their coats to keep them clean.&amp;lt;ref name=\"hairballs\" /&amp;gt; The cat's tongue has backward-facing spines about 500 μm long, which are called papillae.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "μm",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "micrometre"
                },
                {
                  "text": "papillae",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Lingual papilla"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "These contain keratin which makes them rigid&amp;lt;ref name=\"Boshel 1982\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; so the papillae act like a hairbrush.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "keratin",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "keratin"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Some cats, particularly longhaired cats, occasionally regurgitate hairballs of fur that have collected in their stomachs from grooming.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "hairballs",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "hairball"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "These clumps of fur are usually sausage-shaped and about 2 – long."
            },
            {
              "text": "Hairballs can be prevented with remedies that ease elimination of the hair through the gut, as well as regular grooming of the coat with a comb or stiff brush.&amp;lt;ref name=\"hairballs\"&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "gut",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "gut (anatomy)"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
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        {
          "file": "File:Cat_tongue_macro.jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Cat_tongue_macro.jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Cat_tongue_macro.jpg",
          "caption": "The hooked papillae on a cat's tongue act like a hairbrush to help clean and detangle fur",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
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          "pmid": "7180385",
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          "first": "Eva",
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          "date": "2016",
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          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104436/http://www.dewintonvet.com/everything-you-need-know-about-hairballs/",
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          "access-date": "23 August 2016",
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    },
    {
      "title": "Fighting",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Among domestic cats, males are more likely to fight than females.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Lindell\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Among feral cats, the most common reason for cat fighting is competition between two males to mate with a female.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "cat fighting",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Catfight (animal behavior)"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "In such cases, most fights are won by the heavier male.&amp;lt;ref name=\"courtship\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Another common reason for fighting in domestic cats is the difficulty of establishing territories within a small home.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Lindell\" /&amp;gt; Female cats also fight over territory or to defend their kittens."
            },
            {
              "text": "Neutering will decrease or eliminate this behavior in many cases, suggesting that the behavior is linked to sex hormones.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "sex hormones",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "sex hormone"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "When cats become aggressive, they try to make themselves appear larger and more threatening by raising their fur, arching their backs, turning sideways and hissing or spitting.&amp;lt;ref name=\"behaviourguide\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Often, the ears are pointed down and back to avoid damage to the inner ear and potentially listen for any changes behind them while focused forward."
            },
            {
              "text": "They may also vocalize loudly and bare their teeth in an effort to further intimidate their opponent."
            },
            {
              "text": "Fights usually consist of grappling and delivering powerful slaps to the face and body with the forepaws as well as bites."
            },
            {
              "text": "Cats also throw themselves to the ground in a defensive posture to rake their opponent's belly with their powerful hind legs.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Serious damage is rare, as the fights are usually short in duration, with the loser running away with little more than a few scratches to the face and ears."
            },
            {
              "text": "Fights for mating rights are typically more severe and injuries may include deep puncture wounds and lacerations."
            },
            {
              "text": "Normally, serious injuries from fighting are limited to infections of scratches and bites, though these can occasionally kill cats if untreated."
            },
            {
              "text": "In addition, bites are probably the main route of transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Pederson 1989\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Sexually active males are usually involved in many fights during their lives, and often have decidedly battered faces with obvious scars and cuts to their ears and nose.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Cats are willing to threaten animals larger than them to defend their territory, such as dogs and foxes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "feline immunodeficiency virus",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "feline immunodeficiency virus"
                },
                {
                  "text": "foxes",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Red fox"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
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          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/GAto.jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/GAto.jpg",
          "caption": "A domestic cat's arched back, raised fur and an open-mouthed hiss are signs of aggression",
          "links": []
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          "pages": "111–129",
          "pmid": "2549690",
          "doi": "10.1016/0165-2427(89)90134-7",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last": "Whiteley",
          "first": "H. E.",
          "date": "1994",
          "chapter": "Correcting misbehavior",
          "title": "Understanding and Training Your Cat or Kitten",
          "publisher": "Sunstone Press",
          "location": "Santa Fe",
          "pages": "146–147",
          "isbn": "9781611390803",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Devlin",
          "first1": "Hannah",
          "author-link": "Hannah Devlin",
          "title": "Cat v fox: what made Downing Street's Larry so brave?",
          "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2022/oct/13/cat-v-fox-what-made-downing-streets-larry-so-brave",
          "access-date": "16 October 2022",
          "work": "The Guardian",
          "date": "13 October 2022",
          "language": "en",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite news"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Hunting and feeding",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The shape and structure of cats' cheeks is insufficient to allow them to take in liquids using suction."
            },
            {
              "text": "Therefore, when drinking they lap with the tongue to draw liquid upward into their mouths."
            },
            {
              "text": "Lapping at a rate of four times a second, the cat touches the smooth tip of its tongue to the surface of the water, and quickly retracts it like a corkscrew, drawing water upward.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Reis 2010\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"Kim 2012\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Feral cats and free-fed house cats consume several small meals in a day."
            },
            {
              "text": "The frequency and size of meals varies between individuals."
            },
            {
              "text": "They select food based on its temperature, smell and texture; they dislike chilled foods and respond most strongly to moist foods rich in amino acids, which are similar to meat."
            },
            {
              "text": "Cats reject novel flavors (a response termed neophobia) and learn quickly to avoid foods that have tasted unpleasant in the past.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Bradshaw\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"Zaghini\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is also a common misconception that cats like milk/cream, as they tend to avoid sweet food and milk.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "neophobia",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "neophobia"
                },
                {
                  "text": "avoid foods that have tasted unpleasant",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "taste aversion"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Most adult cats are lactose intolerant; the sugar in milk is not easily digested and may cause soft stools or diarrhea.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Kienzle 1994\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some also develop odd eating habits and like to eat or chew on things like wool, plastic, cables, paper, string, aluminum foil, or even coal.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "lactose intolerant",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "lactose intolerant"
                },
                {
                  "text": "diarrhea",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "diarrhea"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "This condition, pica, can threaten their health, depending on the amount and toxicity of the items eaten.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Bradshaw 1997\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "pica",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "pica (disorder)"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Cats hunt small prey, primarily birds and rodents,&amp;lt;ref name=\"Woods\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and are often used as a form of pest control.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Cats use two hunting strategies, either stalking prey actively, or waiting in ambush until an animal comes close enough to be captured.&amp;lt;ref name=\"How Cats Evolved to Win the Internet\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The strategy used depends on the prey species in the area, with cats waiting in ambush outside burrows, but tending to actively stalk birds.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Turner 2000\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Domestic cats are a major predator of wildlife in the United States, killing an estimated 1.3 to 4.0 billion birds and 6.3 to 22.3 billion mammals annually.&amp;lt;ref name=\"NC012913\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "waiting in ambush",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Ambush predator"
                },
                {
                  "text": "predator of wildlife",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Cat predation on wildlife"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Certain species appear more susceptible than others; in one English village, for example, 30% of house sparrow mortality was linked to the domestic cat.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Chucher 1987\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the recovery of ringed robins (Erithacus rubecula) and dunnocks (Prunella modularis) in Britain, 31% of deaths were a result of cat predation.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Mead 1982 183–186\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In parts of North America, the presence of larger carnivores such as coyotes which prey on cats and other small predators reduces the effect of predation by cats and other small predators such as opossums and raccoons on bird numbers and variety.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Crooks 1999\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Erithacus rubecula"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Prunella modularis"
                },
                {
                  "text": "coyotes",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "coyote"
                },
                {
                  "text": "opossums",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "opossum"
                },
                {
                  "text": "raccoons",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "raccoon"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "Erithacus rubecula",
                  "Prunella modularis"
                ]
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Perhaps the best-known element of cats' hunting behavior, which is commonly misunderstood and often appalls cat owners because it looks like torture, is that cats often appear to \"play\" with prey by releasing and recapturing it."
            },
            {
              "text": "This cat and mouse behavior is due to an instinctive imperative to ensure that the prey is weak enough to be killed without endangering the cat.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "cat and mouse",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "cat and mouse"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Another poorly understood element of cat hunting behavior is the presentation of prey to human guardians."
            },
            {
              "text": "One explanation is that cats adopt humans into their social group and share excess kill with others in the group according to the dominance hierarchy, in which humans are reacted to as if they are at or near the top.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Leyhausen 1978\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Another explanation is that they attempt to teach their guardians to hunt or to help their human as if feeding \"an elderly cat, or an inept kitten\".&amp;lt;ref name=\"Morris Catwatching 1\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This hypothesis is inconsistent with the fact that male cats also bring home prey, despite males having negligible involvement in raising kittens.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Turner 2000\"/&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "dominance hierarchy",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "dominance hierarchy"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:Kot_z_myszą.jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Kot_z_mysz%C4%85.jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Kot_z_mysz%C4%85.jpg",
          "caption": "A domestic cat with its prey, a deermouse",
          "links": []
        },
        {
          "file": "File:Hiirepyyk_kass_koer_2022.webm",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Hiirepyyk_kass_koer_2022.webm?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Hiirepyyk_kass_koer_2022.webm",
          "caption": "Cat \"playing\" with a mouse is interrupted by dog in Estonia, Kõrvemaa (July 2022)",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
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          ],
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        {
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        {
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          "archive-date": "19 October 2016",
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          "location": "London",
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          "pages": "51–52",
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          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Play",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Domestic cats, especially young kittens, are known for their love of play."
            },
            {
              "text": "This behavior mimics hunting and is important in helping kittens learn to stalk, capture, and kill prey.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Cats also engage in play fighting, with each other and with humans."
            },
            {
              "text": "This behavior may be a way for cats to practice the skills needed for real combat, and might also reduce any fear they associate with launching attacks on other animals.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Cats also tend to play with toys more when they are hungry.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Owing to the close similarity between play and hunting, cats prefer to play with objects that resemble prey, such as small furry toys that move rapidly, but rapidly lose interest."
            },
            {
              "text": "They become habituated to a toy they have played with before.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; String is often used as a toy, but if it is eaten, it can become caught at the base of the cat's tongue and then move into the intestines, a medical emergency which can cause serious illness, even death.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Owing to the risks posed by cats eating string, it is sometimes replaced with a laser pointer's dot, which cats may chase.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "habituated",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "habituation"
                },
                {
                  "text": "intestines",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "intestine"
                },
                {
                  "text": "laser pointer",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "laser pointer"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:Play_fight_between_cats.webmhd.webm",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Play_fight_between_cats.webmhd.webm?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Play_fight_between_cats.webmhd.webm",
          "caption": "Play fight between kittens aged 14 weeks",
          "links": [],
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        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "list": [
            "Cat play and toys"
          ],
          "template": "main"
        },
        {
          "date": "September 2012",
          "template": "tertiary"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
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          "jstor": "3216627",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
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          "chapter": "Object play by adult animals",
          "chapter-url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=jkiTQ8dIIHsC&amp;amp;pg=PA45",
          "title": "Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative, and Ecological Perspectives",
          "editor1": "Byers, J. A.",
          "editor2": "Bekoff, M.",
          "publisher": "Cambridge University Press",
          "date": "1998",
          "pages": "45–60",
          "isbn": "978-0-521-58656-6",
          "access-date": "25 October 2020",
          "archive-date": "26 January 2021",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210126043154/https://books.google.com/books?id=jkiTQ8dIIHsC&amp;amp;pg=PA45",
          "url-status": "live",
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          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last": "Hall",
          "first": "S. L.",
          "title": "The Influence of Hunger on Object Play by Adult Domestic Cats",
          "journal": "Applied Animal Behaviour Science",
          "date": "1998",
          "volume": "58",
          "issue": "1–2",
          "pages": "143–150",
          "doi": "10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00136-6",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Object Play in Adult Domestic Cats: The Roles of Habituation and Disinhibition",
          "last": "Hall",
          "first": "S. L.",
          "journal": "Applied Animal Behaviour Science",
          "date": "2002",
          "volume": "79",
          "issue": "3",
          "pages": "263–271",
          "doi": "10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00153-3",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last": "MacPhail",
          "first": "C.",
          "title": "Gastrointestinal obstruction",
          "journal": "Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice",
          "date": "2002",
          "volume": "17",
          "issue": "4",
          "pages": "178–183",
          "doi": "10.1053/svms.2002.36606",
          "pmid": "12587284",
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        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061210/NEWS01/612100320/-1/NEWS",
          "title": "Fat Indoor Cats Need Exercise",
          "date": "2006",
          "work": "Pocono Record",
          "url-status": "live",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20090714065943/http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20061210%2FNEWS01%2F612100320%2F-1%2FNEWS",
          "archive-date": "14 July 2009",
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        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Reproduction",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": []
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Female cats, called queens, are polyestrous with several estrus cycles during a year, lasting usually 21 days.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "polyestrous",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "polyestrous"
                },
                {
                  "text": "estrus",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "estrus"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "They are usually ready to mate between early February and August.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Jemmett1977\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Several males, called tomcats, are attracted to a female in heat."
            },
            {
              "text": "They fight over her, and the victor wins the right to mate."
            },
            {
              "text": "At first, the female rejects the male, but eventually, the female allows the male to mate."
            },
            {
              "text": "The female utters a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her because a male cat's penis has a band of about 120–150 backward-pointing penile spines, which are about 1 mm long; upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines may provide the female with increased sexual stimulation, which acts to induce ovulation.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Aronson 1967\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "penis",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "penis"
                },
                {
                  "text": "penile spines",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "penile spines"
                },
                {
                  "text": "induce ovulation",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Induced ovulation (animals)"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "After mating, the female cleans her vulva thoroughly.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "vulva",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "vulva"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "If a male attempts to mate with her at this point, the female attacks him."
            },
            {
              "text": "After about 20 to 30 minutes, once the female is finished grooming, the cycle will repeat.&amp;lt;ref name=\"compendium\" /&amp;gt; Because ovulation is not always triggered by a single mating, females may not be impregnated by the first male with which they mate.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Wildt 1980\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Furthermore, cats are superfecund; that is, a female may mate with more than one male when she is in heat, with the result that different kittens in a litter may have different fathers.&amp;lt;ref name=\"compendium\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "superfecund",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Superfecundation"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The morula forms 124 hours after conception.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "morula",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "morula"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "At 148 hours, early blastocysts form.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "blastocysts",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "blastocyst"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "At 10–12 days, implantation occurs.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The gestation of queens lasts between 64 and 67 days, with an average of 65 days.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Jemmett1977\" /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"Tsutsui 1993\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "gestation",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "gestation"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Data on the reproductive capacity of more than 2,300 free-ranging queens were collected during a study between May 1998 and October 2000."
            },
            {
              "text": "They had one to six kittens per litter, with an average of three kittens.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "litter",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Litter (animal)"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "They produced a mean of 1.4 litters per year, but a maximum of three litters in a year."
            },
            {
              "text": "Of 169 kittens, 127 died before they were six months old due to a trauma caused in most cases by dog attacks and road accidents.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Nutter2004\" /&amp;gt;"
            },
            {
              "text": "The first litter is usually smaller than subsequent litters."
            },
            {
              "text": "Kittens are weaned between six and seven weeks of age."
            },
            {
              "text": "Queens normally reach sexual maturity at 5–10 months, and males at 5–7 months."
            },
            {
              "text": "This varies depending on breed.&amp;lt;ref name=\"compendium\" /&amp;gt; Kittens reach puberty at the age of 9–10 months.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Jemmett1977\" /&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "puberty",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "puberty"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Cats are ready to go to new homes at about 12 weeks of age, when they are ready to leave their mother.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They can be surgically sterilized (spayed or castrated) as early as seven weeks to limit unwanted reproduction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This surgery also prevents undesirable sex-related behavior, such as aggression, territory marking (spraying urine) in males and yowling (calling) in females.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "sterilized",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "neutering"
                },
                {
                  "text": "castrated",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "castration"
                },
                {
                  "text": "territory marking",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "spraying (animal behavior)"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Traditionally, this surgery was performed at around six to nine months of age, but it is increasingly being performed before puberty, at about three to six months.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the United States, about 80% of household cats are neutered.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "puberty",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "puberty"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:Cats_having_sex_in_Israel.jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Cats_having_sex_in_Israel.jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Cats_having_sex_in_Israel.jpg",
          "caption": "When cats mate, the tomcat (male) bites the scruff of the female's neck as she assumes a position conducive to mating known as lordosis behavior.",
          "links": []
        },
        {
          "file": "File:Radiography_of_a_pregnant_cat.jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Radiography_of_a_pregnant_cat.jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Radiography_of_a_pregnant_cat.jpg",
          "caption": "Radiography of a pregnant cat. The skeletons of two fetuses are visible on the left and right of the uterus.",
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        },
        {
          "file": "File:1dayoldkitten.JPG",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/1dayoldkitten.JPG?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/1dayoldkitten.JPG",
          "caption": "A newborn kitten",
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      ],
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        {
          "last1": "Jemmett",
          "first1": "J. E.",
          "last2": "Evans",
          "first2": "J. M.",
          "date": "1977",
          "title": "A survey of sexual behaviour and reproduction of female cats",
          "journal": "Journal of Small Animal Practice",
          "volume": "18",
          "issue": "1",
          "pages": "31–37",
          "doi": "10.1111/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05821.x",
          "pmid": "853730",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Penile Spines of the Domestic Cat: Their Endocrine-behavior Relations",
          "last1": "Aronson",
          "first1": "L. R.",
          "last2": "Cooper",
          "first2": "M. L.",
          "journal": "The Anatomical Record",
          "date": "1967",
          "volume": "157",
          "issue": "1",
          "pages": "71–78",
          "pmid": "6030760",
          "doi": "10.1002/ar.1091570111",
          "s2cid": "13070242",
          "url": "http://www.catcollection.org/files/PenileSpines.pdf",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150319031546/http://www.catcollection.org/files/PenileSpines.pdf",
          "archive-date": "19 March 2015",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Wildt",
          "first1": "D. E.",
          "last2": "Seager",
          "first2": "S. W.",
          "last3": "Chakraborty",
          "first3": "P. K.",
          "title": "Effect of Copulatory Stimuli on Incidence of Ovulation and on Serum Luteinizing Hormone in the Cat",
          "journal": "Endocrinology",
          "date": "1980",
          "volume": "107",
          "issue": "4",
          "pages": "1212–1217",
          "pmid": "7190893",
          "doi": "10.1210/endo-107-4-1212",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Prolific Cats: The Estrous Cycle",
          "url": "http://vlsstore.com/Media/PublicationsArticle/PV_23_12_1049.pdf",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161209220101/http://vlsstore.com/Media/PublicationsArticle/PV_23_12_1049.pdf",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "archive-date": "9 December 2016",
          "publisher": "Veterinary Learning Systems",
          "access-date": "19 June 2009",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "journal": "Biology of Reproduction",
          "title": "In Vivo Embryogenesis, Embryo Migration and Embryonic Mortality in the Domestic Cat",
          "first1": "W. F.",
          "last1": "Swanson",
          "first2": "T. L.",
          "last2": "Roth",
          "first3": "D. E.",
          "last3": "Wilt",
          "doi": "10.1095/biolreprod51.3.452",
          "pmid": "7803616",
          "volume": "51",
          "issue": "3",
          "date": "1994",
          "pages": "452–464",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Tsutsui",
          "first1": "T.",
          "last2": "Stabenfeldt",
          "first2": "G. H.",
          "title": "Biology of Ovarian Cycles, Pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the Domestic Cat",
          "journal": "Journal of Reproduction and Fertility",
          "volume": "Supplement 47",
          "pages": "29–35",
          "date": "1993",
          "pmid": "8229938",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "The Complete Book of Cat Care: How to Raise a Happy and Healthy Cat",
          "last1": "Behrend",
          "first1": "K.",
          "last2": "Wegler",
          "first2": "M.",
          "date": "1991",
          "publisher": "Barron's Educational Series",
          "location": "Hauppauge, New York",
          "isbn": "978-0-8120-4613-7",
          "pages": "28–29",
          "chapter": "Living with a Cat",
          "chapter-url": "https://archive.org/details/completebookofca00behr/page/28",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "title": "Early-age Neutering of Dogs and Cats in the United States (A Review)",
          "last1": "Olson",
          "first1": "P. N.",
          "last2": "Kustritz",
          "first2": "M. V.",
          "last3": "Johnston",
          "first3": "S. D.",
          "journal": "Journal of Reproduction and Fertility",
          "date": "2001",
          "volume": "Supplement 57",
          "pages": "223–232",
          "pmid": "11787153",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats",
          "last": "Root Kustritz",
          "first": "M. V.",
          "journal": "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association",
          "date": "2007",
          "volume": "231",
          "issue": "11",
          "pages": "1665–1675",
          "doi": "10.2460/javma.231.11.1665",
          "pmid": "18052800",
          "s2cid": "4651194",
          "url": "http://www.imom.org/spay-neuter/pdf/kustritz.pdf",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20100713133619/http://www.imom.org/spay-neuter/pdf/kustritz.pdf",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "archive-date": "13 July 2010",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Population characteristics and neuter status of cats living in households in the United States",
          "last1": "Chu",
          "first1": "K.",
          "last2": "Anderson",
          "first2": "W. M.",
          "last3": "Rieser",
          "first3": "M. Y.",
          "s2cid": "39208758",
          "journal": "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association",
          "date": "2009",
          "volume": "234",
          "issue": "8",
          "pages": "1023–1030",
          "doi": "10.2460/javma.234.8.1023",
          "pmid": "19366332",
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        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Lifespan and health",
      "depth": 0,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The average lifespan of pet cats has risen in recent decades."
            },
            {
              "text": "In the early 1980s, it was about seven years,&amp;lt;ref name=Kraft1998&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"Nassar 1984\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; rising to 9.4 years in 1995&amp;lt;ref name=Kraft1998/&amp;gt; and about 15 years in 2021."
            },
            {
              "text": "Some cats have been reported as surviving into their 30s,&amp;lt;ref name=\"30yo\"&amp;gt;Example: &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; with the oldest known cat, Creme Puff, dying at a verified age of 38.&amp;lt;ref name=\"G2010\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "Creme Puff",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Creme Puff (cat)"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Neutering increases life expectancy: one study found castrated male cats live twice as long as intact males, while spayed female cats live 62% longer than intact females.&amp;lt;ref name=Kraft1998/&amp;gt; Having a cat neutered confers health benefits, because castrated males cannot develop testicular cancer, spayed females cannot develop uterine or ovarian cancer, and both have a reduced risk of mammary cancer.&amp;lt;ref name=\"spay-neuter\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "neutered",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Neutering"
                },
                {
                  "text": "testicular cancer",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "testicular cancer"
                },
                {
                  "text": "uterine",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Uterine cancer"
                },
                {
                  "text": "ovarian cancer",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "ovarian cancer"
                },
                {
                  "text": "mammary cancer",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Mammary tumor"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
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        {
          "list": [
            "Cat health",
            "Aging in cats"
          ],
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        {
          "page": "33",
          "template": "rp"
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        {
          "page": "35",
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        {
          "date": "December 2011",
          "template": "tertiary"
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      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "last": "Kraft",
          "first": "W.",
          "title": "Geriatrics in canine and feline internal medicine",
          "journal": "European Journal of Medical Research",
          "volume": "3",
          "issue": "1–2",
          "pages": "31–41",
          "date": "1998",
          "pmid": "9512965",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Nassar",
          "first1": "R",
          "last2": "Mosier",
          "first2": "J. E.",
          "last3": "Williams",
          "first3": "L. W.",
          "name-list-style": "vanc",
          "title": "Study of the feline and canine populations in the greater Las Vegas area",
          "journal": "American Journal of Veterinary Research",
          "volume": "45",
          "issue": "2",
          "pages": "282–287",
          "date": "1984",
          "pmid": "6711951",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Me-wow! Texas Woman Says Cat is 30 Years Old&amp;amp;nbsp;– Although She Can't Hear or See Very Well, Caterack the Cat Is Still Purring",
          "date": "30 September 2009",
          "work": "MSNBC.MSN.com",
          "publisher": "Microsoft",
          "location": "New York",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20091002231250/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/33094898/ns/today-today_pets_and_animals?GT1=43001",
          "archive-date": "2 October 2009",
          "url": "http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/33094898/ns/today-today_pets_and_animals?GT1=43001",
          "access-date": "30 September 2009",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "title": "Guinness World Records",
          "date": "2010",
          "publisher": "Bantam Books",
          "edition": "reprint",
          "page": "320",
          "quote": "The oldest cat ever was Creme Puff, who was born on August 3, 1967 and lived until August 6, 2005&amp;amp;nbsp;– 38 years and 3 days in total.",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec00vari",
          "url-access": "registration",
          "isbn": "978-0-553-59337-2",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/cat-care/spay-neuter.html",
          "title": "Cat Care: Spay–Neuter",
          "work": "ASPCA.org",
          "publisher": "American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals",
          "location": "New York",
          "date": "2011",
          "access-date": "14 December 2011",
          "url-status": "live",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20120415132426/http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/cat-care/spay-neuter.aspx",
          "archive-date": "15 April 2012",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Disease",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "About 250 heritable genetic disorders have been identified in cats, many similar to human inborn errors of metabolism.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The high level of similarity among the metabolism of mammals allows many of these feline diseases to be diagnosed using genetic tests that were originally developed for use in humans, as well as the use of cats as animal models in the study of the human diseases.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Diseases affecting domestic cats include acute infections, parasitic infestations, injuries, and chronic diseases such as kidney disease, thyroid disease, and arthritis.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "genetic disorders",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "genetic disorder"
                },
                {
                  "text": "inborn errors of metabolism",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "inborn errors of metabolism"
                },
                {
                  "text": "metabolism",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "metabolism"
                },
                {
                  "text": "genetic tests",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Genetic testing"
                },
                {
                  "text": "animal models",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "animal model"
                },
                {
                  "text": "parasitic infestations",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "parasitic disease"
                },
                {
                  "text": "kidney disease",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "kidney disease"
                },
                {
                  "text": "thyroid disease",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "thyroid disease"
                },
                {
                  "text": "arthritis",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "arthritis"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Vaccinations are available for many infectious diseases, as are treatments to eliminate parasites such as worms, ticks, and fleas.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "Vaccinations",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Feline vaccination"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "list": [
            "Feline diseases"
          ],
          "template": "main"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "title": "State of Cat Genomics",
          "last1": "O'Brien",
          "first1": "S. J.",
          "last2": "Johnson",
          "first2": "W.",
          "last3": "Driscoll",
          "first3": "C.",
          "last4": "Pontius",
          "first4": "J.",
          "last5": "Pecon-Slattery",
          "first5": "J.",
          "last6": "Menotti-Raymond",
          "first6": "M.",
          "journal": "Trends in Genetics",
          "volume": "24",
          "issue": "6",
          "pages": "268–279",
          "date": "2008",
          "pmid": "18471926",
          "doi": "10.1016/j.tig.2008.03.004",
          "pmc": "7126825",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Inherited Metabolic Disease in Companion Animals: Searching for Nature's Mistakes",
          "last1": "Sewell",
          "first1": "A. C.",
          "last2": "Haskins",
          "first2": "M. E.",
          "last3": "Giger",
          "first3": "U.",
          "journal": "Veterinary Journal",
          "volume": "174",
          "issue": "2",
          "pages": "252–259",
          "date": "2007",
          "pmid": "17085062",
          "doi": "10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.08.017",
          "pmc": "3132193",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "O'Brien",
          "first1": "Stephen J.",
          "last2": "Menotti-Raymond",
          "first2": "M.",
          "last3": "Murphy",
          "first3": "W. J.",
          "last4": "Yuhki",
          "first4": "N.",
          "title": "The Feline Genome Project",
          "journal": "Annual Review of Genetics",
          "volume": "36",
          "pages": "657–686",
          "date": "2002",
          "pmid": "12359739",
          "doi": "10.1146/annurev.genet.36.060602.145553",
          "url": "https://zenodo.org/record/1234973",
          "access-date": "11 July 2019",
          "archive-date": "5 October 2019",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20191005230324/https://zenodo.org/record/1234973",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/lhuston/2012/dec/veterinary-care-for-your-new-cat-29565",
          "title": "Veterinary Care for Your New Cat",
          "first": "Lorie",
          "last": "Huston",
          "work": "PetMD",
          "date": "2012",
          "access-date": "31 January 2017",
          "url-status": "live",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170508122739/http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/lhuston/2012/dec/veterinary-care-for-your-new-cat-29565",
          "archive-date": "8 May 2017",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Ecology",
      "depth": 0
    },
    {
      "title": "Habitats",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The domestic cat is a cosmopolitan species and occurs across much of the world.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Lipinski\" /&amp;gt; It is adaptable and now present on all continents except Antarctica, and on 118 of the 131 main groups of islands, even on the isolated Kerguelen Islands.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Due to its ability to thrive in almost any terrestrial habitat, it is among the world's most invasive species.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It lives on small islands with no human inhabitants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Feral cats can live in forests, grasslands, tundra, coastal areas, agricultural land, scrublands, urban areas, and wetlands.&amp;lt;ref name=\"ISSG 2006\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "cosmopolitan species",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "cosmopolitan species"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Antarctica"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Kerguelen Islands"
                },
                {
                  "text": "invasive species",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "invasive species"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "The unwantedness that leads to the domestic cat being treated as an invasive species is twofold.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "invasive species",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Cat predation on wildlife",
                  "anchor": "Impact by location"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "On one hand, as it is little altered from the wildcat, it can readily interbreed with the wildcat."
            },
            {
              "text": "This hybridization poses a danger to the genetic distinctiveness of some wildcat populations, particularly in Scotland and Hungary, possibly also the Iberian Peninsula, and where protected natural areas are close to human-dominated landscapes, such as Kruger National Park in South Africa.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Kruger\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"Oliveira\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On the other hand, and perhaps more obviously, its introduction to places where no native felines are present contributes to the decline of native species.&amp;lt;ref name=contr-ext/&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "hybridization",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "hybrid (biology)"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Scotland"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Hungary"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Iberian Peninsula"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Kruger National Park"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "South Africa"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:Felis_catus-cat_on_snow.jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Felis_catus-cat_on_snow.jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Felis_catus-cat_on_snow.jpg",
          "caption": "A tabby cat in snowy weather",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "title": "Spatio-temporal variation in cat population density in a sub-Antarctic environment",
          "last": "Say",
          "first": "L.",
          "journal": "Polar Biology",
          "date": "2002",
          "volume": "25",
          "issue": "2",
          "pages": "90–95",
          "doi": "10.1007/s003000100316",
          "s2cid": "22448763",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "Biological Invasions in the Antarctic: Extent, Impacts and Implications",
          "last1": "Frenot",
          "first1": "Y.",
          "last2": "Chown",
          "first2": "S. L.",
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          "last4": "Selkirk",
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          "last5": "Convey",
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          "last6": "Skotnicki",
          "first6": "M.",
          "last7": "Bergstrom",
          "first7": "D. M.",
          "s2cid": "5574897",
          "journal": "Biological Reviews",
          "date": "2005",
          "volume": "80",
          "issue": "1",
          "pages": "45–72",
          "doi": "10.1017/S1464793104006542",
          "pmid": "15727038",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Medina",
          "first1": "F. M.",
          "last2": "Bonnaud",
          "first2": "E.",
          "last3": "Vidal",
          "first3": "E.",
          "last4": "Tershy",
          "first4": "B. R.",
          "author-link5": "Erika Zavaleta",
          "last5": "Zavaleta",
          "first5": "E.",
          "last6": "Josh Donlan",
          "first6": "C.",
          "last7": "Keitt",
          "first7": "B. S.",
          "last8": "Le Corre",
          "first8": "M.",
          "last9": "Horwath",
          "first9": "S. V.",
          "last10": "Nogales",
          "first10": "M.",
          "date": "2011",
          "title": "A global review of the impacts of invasive cats on island endangered vertebrates",
          "journal": "Global Change Biology",
          "volume": "17",
          "issue": "11",
          "pages": "3503–3510",
          "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02464.x",
          "citeseerx": "10.1.1.701.4082",
          "bibcode": "2011GCBio..17.3503M",
          "s2cid": "323316",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "title": "A Review of Feral Cat Eradication on Islands",
          "last1": "Nogales",
          "first1": "M.",
          "last2": "Martin",
          "first2": "A.",
          "last3": "Tershy",
          "first3": "B. R.",
          "last4": "Donlan",
          "first4": "C. J.",
          "last5": "Veitch",
          "first5": "D.",
          "last6": "Uerta",
          "first6": "N.",
          "last7": "Wood",
          "first7": "B.",
          "last8": "Alonso",
          "first8": "J.",
          "journal": "Conservation Biology",
          "date": "2004",
          "volume": "18",
          "issue": "2",
          "pages": "310–319",
          "doi": "10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00442.x",
          "hdl": "10261/22249",
          "s2cid": "11594286",
          "url": "https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/22249/1/CBL-2004-18-310.pdf",
          "hdl-access": "free",
          "access-date": "24 September 2019",
          "archive-date": "6 December 2019",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20191206034647/https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/22249/1/CBL-2004-18-310.pdf",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=24&amp;amp;fr=1&amp;amp;sts=sss",
          "work": "Global Invasive Species Database",
          "title": "Ecology of Felis catus",
          "author": "Invasive Species Specialist Group",
          "publisher": "Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature",
          "date": "2006",
          "access-date": "31 August 2009",
          "url-status": "live",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20091027123405/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=24&amp;amp;fr=1&amp;amp;sts=sss",
          "archive-date": "27 October 2009",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270912183",
          "title": "Genetic analysis shows low levels of hybridization between African wildcats (Felis silvestris lybica) and domestic cats (F. s. catus) in South Africa",
          "last1": "Le Roux",
          "first1": "Johannes J.",
          "last2": "Foxcraft",
          "first2": "Llewellyn C.",
          "last3": "Herbst",
          "first3": "Marna",
          "last4": "Macfadyen",
          "first4": "Sandra",
          "date": "19 August 2014",
          "journal": "Ecology and Evolution",
          "volume": "5",
          "issue": "2",
          "pages": "288–299",
          "doi": "10.1002/ece3.1275",
          "pmid": "25691958",
          "pmc": "4314262",
          "access-date": "14 November 2021",
          "archive-date": "7 March 2022",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220307214831/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270912183_Genetic_analysis_shows_low_levels_of_hybridization_between_African_wildcats_Felis_silvestris_lybica_and_domestic_cats_F_s_catus_in_South_Africa",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Oliveira",
          "first1": "R.",
          "last2": "Godinho",
          "first2": "R.",
          "last3": "Randi",
          "first3": "E.",
          "last4": "Alves",
          "first4": "P. C.",
          "title": "Hybridization Versus Conservation: Are Domestic Cats Threatening the Genetic Integrity of Wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) in Iberian Peninsula?",
          "journal": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences",
          "volume": "363",
          "issue": "1505",
          "pages": "2953–2961",
          "date": "2008",
          "pmid": "18522917",
          "doi": "10.1098/rstb.2008.0052",
          "pmc": "2606743",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Ferality",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Feral cats are domestic cats that were born in or have reverted to a wild state."
            },
            {
              "text": "They are unfamiliar with and wary of humans and roam freely in urban and rural areas.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Rochlitz\" /&amp;gt; The numbers of feral cats is not known, but estimates of the United States feral population range from 25 to 60 million.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Rochlitz\" /&amp;gt; Feral cats may live alone, but most are found in large colonies, which occupy a specific territory and are usually associated with a source of food.&amp;lt;ref name=\"hsus-feral\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Famous feral cat colonies are found in Rome around the Colosseum and Forum Romanum, with cats at some of these sites being fed and given medical attention by volunteers.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "colonies",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "feral cat colonies"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Colosseum"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Forum Romanum"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Public attitudes toward feral cats vary widely, from seeing them as free-ranging pets to regarding them as vermin.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Some feral cats can be successfully socialized and 're-tamed' for adoption; young cats, especially kittens&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and cats that have had prior experience and contact with humans are the most receptive to these efforts."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:Feral_cat_Virginia_crop.jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Feral_cat_Virginia_crop.jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Feral_cat_Virginia_crop.jpg",
          "caption": "Feral farm cat",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "list": [
            "Feral cat"
          ],
          "template": "main"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/feral_cats/feral_cats_frequently_asked_questions.html#1_What_is_a_feral_cat",
          "title": "What is the difference between a stray cat and a feral cat?",
          "date": "2 January 2008",
          "work": "HSUS.org",
          "publisher": "Humane Society of the United States",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20080501093143/http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/feral_cats/feral_cats_frequently_asked_questions.html#1_What_is_a_feral_cat",
          "archive-date": "1 May 2008",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.romancats.com/index_eng.php",
          "title": "Torre Argentina cat shelter.",
          "access-date": "17 June 2009",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20090122203413/http://www.romancats.com/index_eng.php",
          "archive-date": "22 January 2009",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "publisher": "Humane Society of the United States",
          "isbn": "978-0-9658942-7-2",
          "last1": "Rowan",
          "first1": "Andrew N.",
          "last2": "Salem",
          "first2": "Deborah J.",
          "title": "The State of the Animals II: 2003",
          "date": "November 2003",
          "chapter": "4",
          "chapter-url": "http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/hsp/SOA_3-2005_Chap4.pdf",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20061110230426/http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/hsp/SOA_3-2005_Chap4.pdf",
          "archive-date": "10 November 2006",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.animaladvocacy.ie/irish-animals/the-socialised-cat/kittens-guide/socializing-feral-kittens/",
          "title": "Socialising Feral Kittens -",
          "website": "www.animaladvocacy.ie",
          "language": "en-GB",
          "access-date": "10 March 2020",
          "archive-date": "12 October 2020",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201012112740/http://www.animaladvocacy.ie/irish-animals/the-socialised-cat/kittens-guide/socializing-feral-kittens//",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Impact on wildlife",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "On islands, birds can contribute as much as 60% of a cat's diet.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Fitzgerald\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In nearly all cases, the cat cannot be identified as the sole cause for reducing the numbers of island birds, and in some instances, eradication of cats has caused a \"mesopredator release\" effect;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; where the suppression of top carnivores creates an abundance of smaller predators that cause a severe decline in their shared prey.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "mesopredator release",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "mesopredator release"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Domestic cats are a contributing factor to the decline of many species, a factor that has ultimately led, in some cases, to extinction."
            },
            {
              "text": "The South Island piopio, Chatham rail,&amp;lt;ref name=\"Mead 1982 183–186\" /&amp;gt; and the New Zealand merganser&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; are a few from a long list, with the most extreme case being the flightless Lyall's wren, which was driven to extinction only a few years after its discovery.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "The South Island piopio",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Turnagra capensis"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Chatham rail",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Rallus modestus"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "New Zealand merganser"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Lyall's wren"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "One feral cat in New Zealand killed 102 New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats in seven days.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the US, feral and free-ranging domestic cats kill an estimated 6.3 &amp;amp;ndash; 22.3 billion mammals annually.&amp;lt;ref name=\"NC012913\"/&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "In Australia, the impact of cats on mammal populations is even greater than the impact of habitat loss.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; More than one million reptiles are killed by feral cats each day, representing 258 species.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Cats have contributed to the extinction of the Navassa curly-tailed lizard and Chioninia coctei.&amp;lt;ref name=contr-ext&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Navassa curly-tailed lizard"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Chioninia coctei"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "Chioninia coctei."
                ]
              }
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "list": [
            "Cat predation on wildlife"
          ],
          "template": "main"
        },
        {
          "date": "November 2014",
          "template": "page needed"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "last1": "Fitzgerald",
          "first1": "M. B.",
          "title": "The Domestic Cat: The Biology of its Behaviour",
          "last2": "Turner",
          "first2": "D. C.",
          "editor": "Turner &amp;amp; Bateson",
          "pages": "151–175",
          "chapter": "Hunting Behaviour of Domestic Cats and Their Impact on Prey Populations",
          "name-list-style": "amp",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Courchamp",
          "first1": "F.",
          "last2": "Langlais",
          "first2": "M.",
          "last3": "Sugihara",
          "first3": "G.",
          "name-list-style": "amp",
          "date": "1999",
          "title": "Cats protecting birds: modelling the mesopredator release effect",
          "journal": "Journal of Animal Ecology",
          "volume": "68",
          "issue": "2",
          "pages": "282–292",
          "doi": "10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00285.x",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "s2cid": "31313856",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Stattersfield",
          "first1": "A. J.",
          "title": "Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation",
          "last2": "Crosby",
          "first2": "M. J.",
          "last3": "Long",
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          "last4": "Wege",
          "first4": "D. C.",
          "date": "1998",
          "publisher": "Burlington Press",
          "isbn": "978-0-946888-33-7",
          "series": "\"BirdLife Conservation Series\" No. 7",
          "location": "Cambridge, England",
          "name-list-style": "amp",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last": "Falla",
          "first": "R. A.",
          "title": "New Zealand Bird Life Past and Present",
          "date": "1955",
          "publisher": "Cawthron Institute",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Galbreath",
          "first1": "R.",
          "last2": "Brown",
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      "title": "Interaction with humans",
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            {
              "text": "Cats are common pets throughout the world, and their worldwide population as of 2007 exceeded 500&amp;amp;nbsp;million.&amp;lt;ref name=\"NYT\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Cats have been used for millennia to control rodents, notably around grain stores and aboard ships, and both uses extend to the present day.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
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                },
                {
                  "text": "around grain stores",
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                  "page": "Farm cat"
                },
                {
                  "text": "aboard ships",
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                  "page": "Ship's cat"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
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            {
              "text": "As well as being kept as pets, cats are also used in the international fur trade&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and leather industries for making coats, hats, blankets, and stuffed toys;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and shoes, gloves, and musical instruments respectively&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (about 24 cats are needed to make a cat-fur coat).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use has been outlawed in the United States since 2000 and in the European Union (as well as the United Kingdom) since 2007.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
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              ]
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          ]
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            {
              "text": "Cat pelts have been used for superstitious purposes as part of the practice of witchcraft,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and are still made into blankets in Switzerland as traditional medicine thought to cure rheumatism.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
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        {
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              "text": "A few attempts to build a cat census have been made over the years, both through associations or national and international organizations (such as that of the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies&amp;lt;ref name=\"Canadian\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) and over the Internet,&amp;lt;ref name=\"catsbe\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"SupremeCatCensus\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; but such a task does not seem simple to achieve.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Canadian Federation of Humane Societies"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "General estimates for the global population of domestic cats range widely from anywhere between 200 million to 600 million.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Walter Chandoha made his career photographing cats after his 1949 images of Loco, an especially charming stray taken in, were published around the world.",
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            },
            {
              "text": "He is reported to have photographed 90,000 cats during his career and maintained an archive of 225,000 images that he drew from for publications during his lifetime.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        }
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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          "isbn": "978-0-567-57446-6",
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          "url": "https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/switzerland-finds-a-way-to-skin-a-cat-for-the-fur-trade-and-high-fashion-815426.html",
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          "url": "http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2012/07/17/nb-cat-census-1000.html",
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          "work": "CBC News",
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          "url": "http://www.catsbe.com",
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          "archive-date": "22 September 2012",
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          "url": "http://www.supremecatcensus.co.za/",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20120316024409/http://www.supremecatcensus.co.za/",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "archive-date": "16 March 2012",
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          "access-date": "18 September 2012",
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        {
          "title": "About Pets",
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          "publisher": "Animal Health Europe",
          "url": "http://www.ifaheurope.org/companion-animals/about-pets.html",
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          "url-status": "dead",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074439/http://www.ifaheurope.org/companion-animals/about-pets.html",
          "archive-date": "6 October 2014",
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        },
        {
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          "title": "Sur une tentative d'estimation du nombre total de chats domestiques dans le monde",
          "trans-title": "Tentative estimation of the total number of domestic cats in the world",
          "language": "fr",
          "journal": "Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III",
          "volume": "303",
          "issue": "17",
          "pages": "709–712",
          "date": "1986",
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          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151231224128/https://books.google.com/books?id=xYKqluO6c8UC&amp;amp;lpg=PA157&amp;amp;pg=PA157&amp;amp;q=million%20cats%20worldwide",
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          "title": "Cats: Most interesting facts about common domestic pets",
          "url": "http://english.pravda.ru/society/family/09-01-2006/9478-cats-0/",
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          "date": "9 January 2006",
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        {
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          "title": "Walter Chandoha, Photographer Whose Specialty Was Cats, Dies at 98",
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          "date": "18 January 2019",
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              "text": "A cat show is a judged event in which the owners of cats compete to win titles in various cat-registering organizations by entering their cats to be judged after a breed standard.&amp;lt;ref name=\":0\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is often required that a cat must be healthy and vaccinated in order to participate in a cat show.&amp;lt;ref name=\":0\" /&amp;gt; Both pedigreed and non-purebred companion (\"moggy\") cats are admissible, although the rules differ depending on the organization.",
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                {
                  "text": "purebred",
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                  "page": "purebred"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Competing cats are compared to the applicable breed standard, and assessed for temperament.&amp;lt;ref name=\":0\" /&amp;gt;"
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          "title": "All About Cat Shows",
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          "access-date": "8 June 2018",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143813/https://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/cat-show1.htm",
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              "text": "Cats can be infected or infested with viruses, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, arthropods or worms that can transmit diseases to humans.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Chomel2014\" /&amp;gt; In some cases, the cat exhibits no symptoms of the disease.&amp;lt;ref name=Ohio2016&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The same disease can then become evident in a human.",
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                {
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                },
                {
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                },
                {
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                  "page": "arthropod"
                },
                {
                  "text": "symptoms",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "symptoms"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "The likelihood that a person will become diseased depends on the age and immune status of the person.",
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                {
                  "text": "immune",
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                  "page": "immunity (medical)"
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            },
            {
              "text": "Humans who have cats living in their home or in close association are more likely to become infected."
            },
            {
              "text": "Others might also acquire infections from cat feces and parasites exiting the cat's body.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Chomel2014\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=\"StullBrophy2015\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some of the infections of most concern include salmonella, cat-scratch disease and toxoplasmosis.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Ohio2016\" /&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "feces",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "feces"
                },
                {
                  "text": "parasites",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "parasite"
                },
                {
                  "text": "salmonella",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "salmonella"
                },
                {
                  "text": "cat-scratch disease",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "cat-scratch disease"
                },
                {
                  "text": "toxoplasmosis",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "toxoplasmosis"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "list": [
            "Feline zoonosis"
          ],
          "template": "main"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "title": "Cats",
          "publisher": "Ohio Department of Health",
          "url": "http://www.odh.ohio.gov/en/odhprograms/bid/zdp/animals/cats",
          "access-date": "26 November 2016",
          "date": "21 January 2015",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023823/https://www.odh.ohio.gov/en/odhprograms/bid/zdp/animals/cats",
          "archive-date": "27 November 2016",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "last": "Chomel",
          "first": "B.",
          "title": "Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonoses of Dogs and Cats",
          "journal": "Animals",
          "volume": "4",
          "issue": "3",
          "date": "2014",
          "pages": "434–445",
          "issn": "2076-2615",
          "doi": "10.3390/ani4030434",
          "pmid": "26480316",
          "pmc": "4494318",
          "doi-access": "free",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Stull",
          "first1": "J. W.",
          "last2": "Brophy",
          "first2": "J.",
          "last3": "Weese",
          "first3": "J. S.",
          "title": "Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections",
          "journal": "Canadian Medical Association Journal",
          "volume": "187",
          "issue": "10",
          "date": "2015",
          "pages": "736–743",
          "issn": "0820-3946",
          "doi": "10.1503/cmaj.141020",
          "pmid": "25897046",
          "pmc": "4500695",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "History and mythology",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "In ancient Egypt, cats were worshipped, and the goddess Bastet often depicted in cat form, sometimes taking on the war-like aspect of a lioness.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "ancient Egypt",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "ancient Egypt"
                },
                {
                  "text": "worshipped",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "animal worship"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Bastet"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "The Greek historian Herodotus reported that killing a cat was forbidden, and when a household cat died, the entire family mourned and shaved their eyebrows.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Herodotus"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Families took their dead cats to the sacred city of Bubastis, where they were embalmed and buried in sacred repositories.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Bubastis"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Herodotus expressed astonishment at the domestic cats in Egypt, because he had only ever seen wildcats.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Malek1997\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Ancient Greeks and Romans kept weasels as pets, which were seen as the ideal rodent-killers.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "weasels",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "weasel"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "The earliest unmistakable evidence of the Greeks having domestic cats comes from two coins from Magna Graecia dating to the mid-fifth century BC showing Iokastos and Phalanthos, the legendary founders of Rhegion and Taras respectively, playing with their pet cats.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Magna Graecia"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Rhegion",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Reggio Calabria"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Taras",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Taranto"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "The usual ancient Greek word for 'cat' was ailouros, meaning 'thing with the waving tail'."
            },
            {
              "text": "Cats are rarely mentioned in ancient Greek literature.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "ancient Greek literature",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "ancient Greek literature"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Aristotle remarked in his History of Animals that \"female cats are naturally lecherous.\"",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Aristotle"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "History of Animals"
                },
                {
                  "text": "lecherous",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Promiscuity"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "History of Animals"
                ]
              }
            },
            {
              "text": "The Greeks later syncretized their own goddess Artemis with the Egyptian goddess Bastet, adopting Bastet's associations with cats and ascribing them to Artemis.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "syncretized",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Interpretatio graeca"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Artemis"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "In Ovid's Metamorphoses, when the deities flee to Egypt and take animal forms, the goddess Diana turns into a cat.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Engels2001\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Ovid"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Metamorphoses"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Diana",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Diana (mythology)"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "Metamorphoses"
                ]
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Cats eventually displaced weasels as the pest control of choice because they were more pleasant to have around the house and were more enthusiastic hunters of mice.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "weasels",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "weasel"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "During the Middle Ages, many of Artemis's associations with cats were grafted onto the Virgin Mary.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Middle Ages"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Virgin Mary",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Mary, mother of Jesus"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Cats are often shown in icons of Annunciation and of the Holy Family and, according to Italian folklore, on the same night that Mary gave birth to Jesus, a cat in Bethlehem gave birth to a kitten.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Beadle1977\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Domestic cats were spread throughout much of the rest of the world during the Age of Discovery, as ships' cats were carried on sailing ships to control shipboard rodents and as good-luck charms.&amp;lt;ref name=Faure2009/&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Annunciation"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Holy Family"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Italian folklore",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Folklore of Italy"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Jesus"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Bethlehem"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Age of Discovery"
                },
                {
                  "text": "ships' cats",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Ship's cat"
                },
                {
                  "text": "sailing ships",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "sailing ship"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Several ancient religions believed cats are exalted souls, companions or guides for humans, that are all-knowing but mute so they cannot influence decisions made by humans."
            },
            {
              "text": "In Japan, the maneki neko cat is a symbol of good fortune.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In Norse mythology, Freyja, the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility, is depicted as riding a chariot drawn by cats.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In Jewish legend, the first cat was living in the house of the first man Adam as a pet that got rid of mice.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Norse mythology"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Freyja"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Jewish legend",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Legends of the Jews"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Adam"
                },
                {
                  "text": "mice",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "mice"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "The cat was once partnering with the first dog before the latter broke an oath they had made which resulted in enmity between the descendants of these two animals."
            },
            {
              "text": "It is also written that neither cats nor foxes are represented in the water, while every other animal has an incarnation species in the water.&amp;lt;ref name=\"Ginzberg\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Although no species are sacred in Islam, cats are revered by Muslims.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "foxes",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "foxes"
                },
                {
                  "text": "cats are revered by Muslims",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Islam and cats"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Some Western writers have stated Muhammad had a favorite cat, Muezza.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He is reported to have loved cats so much, \"he would do without his cloak rather than disturb one that was sleeping on it\".&amp;lt;ref name=\"Reeves\"&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The story has no origin in early Muslim writers, and seems to confuse a story of a later Sufi saint, Ahmed ar-Rifa'i, centuries after Muhammad.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; One of the companions of Muhammad was known as Abu Hurayrah (\"father of the kitten\"), in reference to his documented affection to cats.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Muhammad"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Muezza"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Sufi"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Ahmed ar-Rifa'i"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Abu Hurayrah"
                }
              ],
              "formatting": {
                "italic": [
                  "Muezza"
                ]
              }
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "list": [
            "Cultural depictions of cats",
            "Cats in ancient Egypt"
          ],
          "template": "main"
        },
        {
          "direction": "horizontal",
          "image1": "Louvre egyptologie 21.jpg",
          "caption1": "The ancient Egyptians mummified dead cats out of respect in the same way that they mummified people&amp;lt;ref name=\"Clutton-Brock1999\" /&amp;gt;",
          "image2": "Cat birds MAN Napoli Inv9993.jpg",
          "caption2": "Ancient Roman mosaic of a cat killing a partridge from the House of the Faun in Pompeii",
          "image3": "PSM V37 D105 English tabby cat.jpg",
          "caption3": "A 19th-century drawing of a tabby cat",
          "template": "multiple image"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "title": "The Cat in Ancient Egypt",
          "last": "Malek",
          "first": "J.",
          "date": "1997",
          "publisher": "University of Pennsylvania Press",
          "isbn": "9780812216325",
          "edition": "Revised",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last1": "Engels",
          "first1": "D. W.",
          "title": "Classical Cats: The Rise and Fall of the Sacred Cat",
          "date": "2001",
          "orig-year": "1999",
          "publisher": "Routledge",
          "location": "London",
          "isbn": "978-0-415-26162-3",
          "chapter": "Greece",
          "pages": "48–87",
          "chapter-url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=XAkeCwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA68",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/classicalcats00dona/page/48",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last": "Rogers",
          "first": "K. M.",
          "title": "Cat",
          "date": "2006",
          "publisher": "Reaktion Books",
          "location": "London",
          "isbn": "978-1-86189-292-8",
          "chapter": "Wildcat to Domestic Mousecatcher",
          "pages": "7–48",
          "chapter-url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=16ZsW4QLKlUC&amp;amp;pg=PA19",
          "access-date": "5 June 2020",
          "archive-date": "27 July 2020",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200727182342/https://books.google.com/books?id=16ZsW4QLKlUC&amp;amp;pg=PA19",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last": "Beadle",
          "first": "M.",
          "title": "Cat",
          "date": "1977",
          "publisher": "Simon &amp;amp; Schuster",
          "location": "New York",
          "isbn": "978-0671224516",
          "chapter": "Ups and Downs",
          "pages": "75–88",
          "chapter-url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=tnjgqpNKYksC&amp;amp;pg=PA75",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/cathistorybiolog00bead/page/75",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.darumamagazine.com/new/articles-excerpts/maneki-neko-feline-fact-fiction/",
          "title": "Maneki Neko: Feline Fact &amp;amp; Fiction",
          "first": "A.",
          "last": "Pate",
          "journal": "Daruma Magazine",
          "date": "2008",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20130314191210/http://www.darumamagazine.com/new/articles-excerpts/maneki-neko-feline-fact-fiction/",
          "archive-date": "14 March 2013",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite journal"
        },
        {
          "last": "Faulkes",
          "first": "A.",
          "date": "1995",
          "title": "Edda",
          "page": "24",
          "isbn": "978-0-460-87616-2",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last": "Ginzberg",
          "first": "L.",
          "date": "1909",
          "title": "The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Sixth Day",
          "url": "http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf",
          "translator-first": "H.",
          "translator-last": "Szold",
          "location": "Philadelphia",
          "publisher": "Jewish Publication Society",
          "access-date": "19 February 2018",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180516120617/http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf",
          "archive-date": "16 May 2018",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "last": "Geyer",
          "first": "G. A.",
          "title": "When Cats Reigned Like Kings: On the Trail of the Sacred Cats",
          "publisher": "Andrews McMeel Publishing",
          "location": "Kansas City, Missouri",
          "date": "2004",
          "isbn": "978-0-7407-4697-0",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/whencatsreignedl00geor",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "first": "M.",
          "last": "Reeves",
          "title": "Muhammad in Europe",
          "publisher": "New York University Press",
          "page": "52",
          "isbn": "978-0-8147-7533-2",
          "date": "2000",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/muhammadineurope0000reev/page/52",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=5401&amp;amp;idto=5401&amp;amp;bk_no=60&amp;amp;ID=5263",
          "title": "Biography of al-Rifai",
          "last": "Al-Thahabi",
          "first": "S.",
          "work": "سير أعلام النبلاء",
          "language": "ar",
          "access-date": "11 November 2014",
          "url-status": "live",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20141025030332/http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=5401&amp;amp;idto=5401&amp;amp;bk_no=60&amp;amp;ID=5263",
          "archive-date": "25 October 2014",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://pictures-of-cats.org/abu-hurairah-and-cats.html",
          "title": "Abu Hurairah and Cats",
          "date": "2015",
          "work": "Pictures-of-Cats.org",
          "access-date": "5 March 2018",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180305203105/http://pictures-of-cats.org/abu-hurairah-and-cats.html",
          "archive-date": "5 March 2018",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Superstitions and rituals",
      "depth": 1,
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "Many cultures have negative superstitions about cats.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "superstitions",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "superstition"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "An example would be the belief that encountering a black cat (\"crossing one's path\") leads to bad luck, or that cats are witches' familiars used to augment a witch's powers and skills.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "black cat",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "black cat"
                },
                {
                  "text": "familiars",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "familiar spirit"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "The killing of cats in Medieval Ypres, Belgium, is commemorated in the innocuous present-day Kattenstoet (cat parade).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In mid-16th century France, cats would be burnt alive as a form of entertainment.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Ypres"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Belgium"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Kattenstoet"
                },
                {
                  "text": "cats would be burnt alive",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Cat-burning"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "According to Norman Davies, the assembled people \"shrieked with laughter as the animals, howling with pain, were singed, roasted, and finally carbonized\".&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Norman Davies"
                },
                {
                  "text": "carbonized",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Carbonization"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "James Frazer wrote that \"It was the custom to burn a basket, barrel, or sack full of live cats, which was hung from a tall mast in the midst of the bonfire; sometimes a fox was burned. The people collected the embers and ashes of the fire and took them home, believing that they brought good luck. The French kings often witnessed these spectacles and even lit the bonfire with their own hands. In 1648 Louis XIV, crowned with a wreath of roses and carrying a bunch of roses in his hand, kindled the fire, danced at it and partook of the banquet afterwards in the town hall. But this was the last occasion when a monarch presided at the midsummer bonfire in Paris. At Metz midsummer fires were lighted with great pomp on the esplanade, and a dozen cats, enclosed in wicker cages, were burned alive in them, to the amusement of the people. Similarly, at Gap, in the department of the Hautes-Alpes, cats used to be roasted over the midsummer bonfire.\"&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;",
              "links": [
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "James Frazer"
                },
                {
                  "text": "fox",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "fox"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Louis XIV"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Metz"
                },
                {
                  "text": "wicker",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "wicker"
                },
                {
                  "text": "Gap",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Gap, Hautes-Alpes"
                },
                {
                  "text": "department",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Departments of France"
                },
                {
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "Hautes-Alpes"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "text": "According to a myth in many cultures, cats have multiple lives."
            },
            {
              "text": "In many countries, they are believed to have nine lives, but in Italy, Germany, Greece, Brazil and some Spanish-speaking regions, they are said to have seven lives,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; while in Arabic traditions, the number of lives is six.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The myth is attributed to the natural suppleness and swiftness cats exhibit to escape life-threatening situations."
            },
            {
              "text": "Also lending credence to this myth is the fact that falling cats often land on their feet, using an instinctive righting reflex to twist their bodies around.",
              "links": [
                {
                  "text": "righting reflex",
                  "type": "internal",
                  "page": "cat righting reflex"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "text": "Nonetheless, cats can still be injured or killed by a high fall.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; (Press release.)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "file": "File:Black_Cat_(7983739954).jpg",
          "thumb": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Black_Cat_(7983739954).jpg?width=300",
          "url": "https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Black_Cat_(7983739954).jpg",
          "caption": "Some cultures are superstitious about black cats, ascribing either good or bad luck to them",
          "links": []
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "title": "Are Black Cats Really Bad Luck? [Hoax]",
          "url": "http://socialnewsdaily.com/58901/are-black-cats-really-bad-luck-hoax/",
          "work": "SocialNewsDaily.com",
          "access-date": "19 December 2015",
          "url-status": "live",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151222141607/http://socialnewsdaily.com/58901/are-black-cats-really-bad-luck-hoax/",
          "archive-date": "22 December 2015",
          "date": "29 October 2015",
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        {
          "last": "Davies",
          "first": "Norman",
          "title": "Europe: A History",
          "date": "1996",
          "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
          "isbn": "978-0-198-20171-7",
          "page": "543",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/543",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://www.bartleby.com/196/164.html",
          "title": "The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion",
          "last": "Frazer",
          "first": "James G.",
          "publisher": "Dover Publications",
          "date": "2002",
          "isbn": "0-486-42492-8",
          "edition": "Abridged",
          "location": "Mineola, New York",
          "oclc": "49942157",
          "orig-year": "1922",
          "access-date": "28 February 2017",
          "archive-date": "8 December 2006",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20061208190208/http://www.bartleby.com/196/164.html",
          "url-status": "live",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite book"
        },
        {
          "url": "http://elcomercio.pe/impresa/notas/vidas-gato/20100307/423959",
          "date": "7 March 2010",
          "access-date": "19 March 2010",
          "first": "Nora",
          "last": "Sugobono",
          "language": "es",
          "title": "Las vidas del gato",
          "work": "El Comercio",
          "location": "Lima, Peru",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20120127052854/http://elcomercio.pe/impresa/notas/vidas-gato/20100307/423959",
          "archive-date": "27 January 2012",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite news"
        },
        {
          "title": "Qual é a origem da lenda de que os gatos teriam sete vidas?",
          "url": "http://mundoestranho.abril.com.br/materia/qual-e-a-origem-da-lenda-de-que-os-gatos-teriam-sete-vidas",
          "language": "pt-BR",
          "work": "Mundo Estranho",
          "publisher": "Abril Media",
          "location": "São Paulo, Brazil",
          "access-date": "15 November 2015",
          "url-status": "live",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031757/http://mundoestranho.abril.com.br/materia/qual-e-a-origem-da-lenda-de-que-os-gatos-teriam-sete-vidas",
          "archive-date": "17 November 2015",
          "template": "citation",
          "type": "cite web"
        },
        {
          "work": "The Guardian",
          "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gallery/2010/mar/18/guide-to-pets-pet-myths?picture=360591960",
          "access-date": "18 March 2010",
          "first": "Tim",
          "last": "Dowling",
          "title": "Tall tails: Pet myths busted",
          "date": "19 March 2010",
          "url-status": "live",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20130909160834/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gallery/2010/mar/18/guide-to-pets-pet-myths?picture=360591960",
          "archive-date": "9 September 2013",
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          "type": "cite news"
        },
        {
          "date": "September 2020",
          "reason": "The origins and explanation of this myth need a credible source",
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        {
          "url": "http://cats.about.com/od/catsafety/a/highrisefalls.htm",
          "title": "The ASPCA Warns About High-Rise Falls by Cats: High-Rise Apartments, Windows, Terraces and Fire Escapes Pose Risk to Urban Cats",
          "date": "30 June 2005",
          "author": "&amp;lt;!--staff writer(s)--&amp;gt;",
          "publisher": "American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals",
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          "access-date": "6 June 2018",
          "location": "New York",
          "url-status": "dead",
          "archive-url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20120522014805/http://cats.about.com/od/catsafety/a/highrisefalls.htm",
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      "title": "See also",
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        }
      ],
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        {
          "list": [
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            "Mammals",
            "Animals"
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        },
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      ],
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          {
            "text": "Aging in cats",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Aging in cats"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Ailurophobia",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Ailurophobia"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Animal testing on cats",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Animal testing on cats"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Animal track",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Animal track"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Cancer in cats",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Cancer in cats"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Cat bite",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Cat bite"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Cat café",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Cat café"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Cat collar",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Cat collar"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Cat lady",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Cat lady"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Cat lover culture",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Cat lover culture"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Cat meat",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Cat meat"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Cats and the Internet",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Cats and the Internet"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Cats in Australia",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Cats in Australia"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Cats in New Zealand",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Cats in New Zealand"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Cats in the United States",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Cats in the United States"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Dog–cat relationship",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Dog–cat relationship"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Dried cat",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Dried cat"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "List of cat breeds",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "List of cat breeds"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "List of cat documentaries",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "List of cat documentaries"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "List of individual cats",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "List of individual cats"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "List of fictional cats and felines",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "List of fictional cats and felines"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Perlorian",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Perlorian"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Pet door",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Pet door"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Pet first aid",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Pet first aid"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": "Popular cat names",
            "links": [
              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Popular cat names"
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      ]
    },
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            {
              "text": "&lt;/revision&gt;"
            },
            {
              "text": "&lt;/page&gt;"
            },
            {
              "text": "&lt;/mediawiki&gt;"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "date": "En-Cat_(part_2).ogg",
          "file": "En-Cat_(part_1).ogg",
          "list": [
            "En-Cat_(part_3).ogg"
          ],
          "template": "audio"
        },
        {
          "list": [
            "cat"
          ],
          "template": "wiktionary-inline"
        },
        {
          "list": [
            "Felis catus",
            "Cat"
          ],
          "template": "wikispecies-inline"
        },
        {
          "list": [
            "Felis catus",
            "Cat"
          ],
          "template": "commons-inline"
        },
        {
          "list": [
            "Animal Care"
          ],
          "template": "wikibooks-inline"
        },
        {
          "template": "wikiquote-inline"
        },
        {
          "state": "uncollapsed",
          "template": "cat nav"
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        {
          "list": [
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          "template": "carnivora"
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        {
          "from": "Q20980826",
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      "lists": [
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          {
            "text": "High-Resolution Images of the Cat Brain",
            "links": [
              {
                "text": "High-Resolution Images of the Cat Brain",
                "type": "external",
                "site": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190520030950/http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&amp;amp;species=felis-catus"
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          },
          {
            "text": "Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for Felis catus",
            "links": [
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                "text": "Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography",
                "type": "external",
                "site": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Felis_catus"
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          {
            "text": "Catpert. The Cat Expert&amp;amp;nbsp;– Cat articles",
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              {
                "text": "Catpert. The Cat Expert",
                "type": "external",
                "site": "https://web.archive.org/web/20081211071153/http://www.catpert.com/"
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          },
          {
            "text": "View the cat genome in Ensembl",
            "links": [
              {
                "text": "cat genome",
                "type": "external",
                "site": "http://www.ensembl.org/Felis_catus/Info/Index/"
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              {
                "type": "internal",
                "page": "Ensembl"
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            "text": "Scientific American, \"The Origin of the Cat\", 20 August 1881, pp.&amp;amp;nbsp;120",
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                "text": "The Origin of the Cat",
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                "site": "https://books.google.com/books?id=YIE9AQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=carbonic%20oxide&amp;amp;f=false"
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