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NEWS
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systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 231:
* When using systemd's default tmp.mount for /tmp, this will now be
mounted with the "nosuid" and "nodev" options. This avoids
privilege escalation attacks that put traps and exploits into /tmp.
However, this might cause some problems if you e. g. put container
images or overlays into /tmp; if you need this, override tmp.mount's
"Options=" with a drop-in, or mount /tmp from /etc/fstab with your
desired options.
Contributions from: ...
— Somewhere, 2016-XX-XX
CHANGES WITH 230:
* DNSSEC is now turned on by default in systemd-resolved (in
"allow-downgrade" mode), but may be turned off during compile time by
passing "--with-default-dnssec=no" to "configure" (and of course,
during runtime with DNSSEC= in resolved.conf). We recommend
downstreams to leave this on at least during development cycles and
report any issues with the DNSSEC logic upstream. We are very
interested in collecting feedback about the DNSSEC validator and its
limitations in the wild. Note however, that DNSSEC support is
probably nothing downstreams should turn on in stable distros just
yet, as it might create incompatibilities with a few DNS servers and
networks. We tried hard to make sure we downgrade to non-DNSSEC mode
automatically whenever we detect such incompatible setups, but there
might be systems we do not cover yet. Hence: please help us testing
the DNSSEC code, leave this on where you can, report back, but then
again don't consider turning this on in your stable, LTS or
production release just yet. (Note that you have to enable
nss-resolve in /etc/nsswitch.conf, to actually use systemd-resolved
and its DNSSEC mode for host name resolution from local
applications.)
* systemd-resolve conveniently resolves DANE records with the --tlsa
option and OPENPGPKEY records with the --openpgp option. It also
supports dumping raw DNS record data via the new --raw= switch.
* systemd-logind will now by default terminate user processes that are
part of the user session scope unit (session-XX.scope) when the user
logs out. This behavior is controlled by the KillUserProcesses=
setting in logind.conf, and the previous default of "no" is now
changed to "yes". This means that user sessions will be properly
cleaned up after, but additional steps are necessary to allow
intentionally long-running processes to survive logout.
While the user is logged in at least once, user@.service is running,
and any service that should survive the end of any individual login
session can be started at a user service or scope using systemd-run.
systemd-run(1) man page has been extended with an example which shows
how to run screen in a scope unit underneath user@.service. The same
command works for tmux.
After the user logs out of all sessions, user@.service will be
terminated too, by default, unless the user has "lingering" enabled.
To effectively allow users to run long-term tasks even if they are
logged out, lingering must be enabled for them. See loginctl(1) for
details. The default polkit policy was modified to allow users to
set lingering for themselves without authentication.
Previous defaults can be restored at compile time by the
--without-kill-user-processes option to "configure".
* systemd-logind gained new configuration settings SessionsMax= and
InhibitorsMax=, both with a default of 8192. It will not register new
user sessions or inhibitors above this limit.
* systemd-logind will now reload configuration on SIGHUP.
* The unified cgroup hierarchy added in Linux 4.5 is now supported.
Use systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1 on the kernel command line to
enable. Also, support for the "io" cgroup controller in the unified
hierarchy has been added, so that the "memory", "pids" and "io" are
now the controllers that are supported on the unified hierarchy.
WARNING: it is not possible to use previous systemd versions with
systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1 and the new kernel. Therefore it
is necessary to also update systemd in the initramfs if using the
unified hierarchy. An updated SELinux policy is also required.
* LLDP support has been extended, and both passive (receive-only) and
active (sender) modes are supported. Passive mode ("routers-only") is
enabled by default in systemd-networkd. Active LLDP mode is enabled
by default for containers on the internal network. The "networkctl
lldp" command may be used to list information gathered. "networkctl
status" will also show basic LLDP information on connected peers now.
* The IAID and DUID unique identifier sent in DHCP requests may now be
configured for the system and each .network file managed by
systemd-networkd using the DUIDType=, DUIDRawData=, IAID= options.
* systemd-networkd gained support for configuring proxy ARP support for
each interface, via the ProxyArp= setting in .network files. It also
gained support for configuring the multicast querier feature of
bridge devices, via the new MulticastQuerier= setting in .netdev
files. Similarly, snooping on the IGMP traffic can be controlled
via the new setting MulticastSnooping=.
A new setting PreferredLifetime= has been added for addresses
configured in .network file to configure the lifetime intended for an
address.
The systemd-networkd DHCP server gained the option EmitRouter=, which
defaults to yes, to configure whether the DHCP Option 3 (Router)
should be emitted.
* The testing tool /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-activate is renamed to
systemd-socket-activate and installed into /usr/bin. It is now fully
supported.
* systemd-journald now uses separate threads to flush changes to disk
when closing journal files, thus reducing impact of slow disk I/O on
logging performance.
* The sd-journal API gained two new calls
sd_journal_open_directory_fd() and sd_journal_open_files_fd() which
can be used to open journal files using file descriptors instead of
file or directory paths. sd_journal_open_container() has been
deprecated, sd_journal_open_directory_fd() should be used instead
with the flag SD_JOURNAL_OS_ROOT.
* journalctl learned a new output mode "-o short-unix" that outputs log
lines prefixed by their UNIX time (i.e. seconds since Jan 1st, 1970
UTC). It also gained support for a new --no-hostname setting to
suppress the hostname column in the family of "short" output modes.
* systemd-ask-password now optionally skips printing of the password to
stdout with --no-output which can be useful in scripts.
* Framebuffer devices (/dev/fb*) and 3D printers and scanners
(devices tagged with ID_MAKER_TOOL) are now tagged with
"uaccess" and are available to logged in users.
* The DeviceAllow= unit setting now supports specifiers (with "%").
* "systemctl show" gained a new --value switch, which allows print a
only the contents of a specific unit property, without also printing
the property's name. Similar support was added to "show*" verbs
of loginctl and machinectl that output "key=value" lists.
* A new unit type "generated" was added for files dynamically generated
by generator tools. Similarly, a new unit type "transient" is used
for unit files created using the runtime API. "systemctl enable" will
refuse to operate on such files.
* A new command "systemctl revert" has been added that may be used to
revert to the vendor version of a unit file, in case local changes
have been made by adding drop-ins or overriding the unit file.
* "machinectl clean" gained a new verb to automatically remove all or
just hidden container images.
* systemd-tmpfiles gained support for a new line type "e" for emptying
directories, if they exist, without creating them if they don't.
* systemd-nspawn gained support for automatically patching the UID/GIDs
of the owners and the ACLs of all files and directories in a
container tree to match the UID/GID user namespacing range selected
for the container invocation. This mode is enabled via the new
--private-user-chown switch. It also gained support for automatically
choosing a free, previously unused UID/GID range when starting a
container, via the new --private-users=pick setting (which implies
--private-user-chown). Together, these options for the first time
make user namespacing for nspawn containers fully automatic and thus
deployable. The systemd-nspawn@.service template unit file has been
changed to use this functionality by default.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --network-zone= switch, that allows
creating ad-hoc virtual Ethernet links between multiple containers,
that only exist as long as at least one container referencing them is
running. This allows easy connecting of multiple containers with a
common link that implements an Ethernet broadcast domain. Each of
these network "zones" may be named relatively freely by the user, and
may be referenced by any number of containers, but each container may
only reference one of these "zones". On the lower level, this is
implemented by an automatically managed bridge network interface for
each zone, that is created when the first container referencing its
zone is created and removed when the last one referencing its zone
terminates.
* The default start timeout may now be configured on the kernel command
line via systemd.default_timeout_start_sec=. It was already
configurable via the DefaultTimeoutStartSec= option in
/etc/systemd/system.conf.
* Socket units gained a new TriggerLimitIntervalSec= and
TriggerLimitBurst= setting to configure a limit on the activation
rate of the socket unit.
* The LimitNICE= setting now optionally takes normal UNIX nice values
in addition to the raw integer limit value. If the specified
parameter is prefixed with "+" or "-" and is in the range -20..19 the
value is understood as UNIX nice value. If not prefixed like this it
is understood as raw RLIMIT_NICE limit.
* Note that the effect of the PrivateDevices= unit file setting changed
slightly with this release: the per-device /dev file system will be
mounted read-only from this version on, and will have "noexec"
set. This (minor) change of behavior might cause some (exceptional)
legacy software to break, when PrivateDevices=yes is set for its
service. Please leave PrivateDevices= off if you run into problems
with this.
* systemd-bootchart has been split out to a separate repository:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd-bootchart
* systemd-bus-proxyd has been removed, as kdbus is unlikely to still be
merged into the kernel in its current form.
* The compatibility libraries libsystemd-daemon.so,
libsystemd-journal.so, libsystemd-id128.so, and libsystemd-login.so
which have been deprecated since systemd-209 have been removed along
with the corresponding pkg-config files. All symbols provided by
those libraries are provided by libsystemd.so.
* The Capabilities= unit file setting has been removed (it is ignored
for backwards compatibility). AmbientCapabilities= and
CapabilityBoundingSet= should be used instead.
* A new special target has been added, initrd-root-device.target,
which creates a synchronization point for dependencies of the root
device in early userspace. Initramfs builders must ensure that this
target is now included in early userspace.
Contributions from: Alban Crequy, Alexander Kuleshov, Alexander Shopov,
Alex Crawford, Andre Klärner, Andrew Eikum, Beniamino Galvani, Benjamin
Robin, Biao Lu, Bjørnar Ness, Calvin Owens, Christian Hesse, Clemens
Gruber, Colin Guthrie, Daniel Drake, Daniele Medri, Daniel J Walsh,
Daniel Mack, Dan Nicholson, daurnimator, David Herrmann, David
R. Hedges, Elias Probst, Emmanuel Gil Peyrot, EMOziko, Evgeny
Vereshchagin, Federico, Felipe Sateler, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck
Bui, frankheckenbach, gdamjan, Georgia Brikis, Harald Hoyer, Hendrik
Brueckner, Hristo Venev, Iago López Galeiras, Ian Kelling, Ismo
Puustinen, Jakub Wilk, Jaroslav Škarvada, Jeff Huang, Joel Holdsworth,
John Paul Adrian Glaubitz, Jonathan Boulle, kayrus, Klearchos
Chaloulos, Kyle Russell, Lars Uebernickel, Lennart Poettering, Lubomir
Rintel, Lukáš Nykrýn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Martin Pitt,
Michael Biebl, michaelolbrich, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Michal Koutný,
Michal Sekletar, Mike Frysinger, Mike Gilbert, Mingcong Bai, Ming Lin,
mulkieran, muzena, Nalin Dahyabhai, Naohiro Aota, Nathan McSween,
Nicolas Braud-Santoni, Patrik Flykt, Peter Hutterer, Peter Mattern,
Petr Lautrbach, Petros Angelatos, Piotr Drąg, Rabin Vincent, Robert
Węcławski, Ronny Chevalier, Samuel Tardieu, Stefan Saraev, Stefan
Schallenberg aka nafets227, Steven Siloti, Susant Sahani, Sylvain
Plantefève, Taylor Smock, Tejun Heo, Thomas Blume, Thomas Haller,
Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tobias Klauser, Tom Gundersen, topimiettinen,
Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Uwe Kleine-König, Victor Toso,
Vinay Kulkarni, Vito Caputo, Vittorio G (VittGam), Vladimir Panteleev,
Wieland Hoffmann, Wouter Verhelst, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Fairfax, 2016-05-21
CHANGES WITH 229:
* The systemd-resolved DNS resolver service has gained a substantial
set of new features, most prominently it may now act as a DNSSEC
validating stub resolver. DNSSEC mode is currently turned off by
default, but is expected to be turned on by default in one of the
next releases. For now, we invite everybody to test the DNSSEC logic
by setting DNSSEC=allow-downgrade in /etc/systemd/resolved.conf. The
service also gained a full set of D-Bus interfaces, including calls
to configure DNS and DNSSEC settings per link (for use by external
network management software). systemd-resolved and systemd-networkd
now distinguish between "search" and "routing" domains. The former
are used to qualify single-label names, the latter are used purely
for routing lookups within certain domains to specific links.
resolved now also synthesizes RRs for all entries from /etc/hosts.
* The systemd-resolve tool (which is a client utility for
systemd-resolved) has been improved considerably and is now fully
supported and documented. Hence it has moved from /usr/lib/systemd to
/usr/bin.
* /dev/disk/by-path/ symlink support has been (re-)added for virtio
devices.
* The coredump collection logic has been reworked: when a coredump is
collected it is now written to disk, compressed and processed
(including stacktrace extraction) from a new instantiated service
systemd-coredump@.service, instead of directly from the
/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern hook we provide. This is beneficial as
processing large coredumps can take up a substantial amount of
resources and time, and this previously happened entirely outside of
systemd's service supervision. With the new logic the core_pattern
hook only does minimal metadata collection before passing off control
to the new instantiated service, which is configured with a time
limit, a nice level and other settings to minimize negative impact on
the rest of the system. Also note that the new logic will honour the
RLIMIT_CORE setting of the crashed process, which now allows users
and processes to turn off coredumping for their processes by setting
this limit.
* The RLIMIT_CORE resource limit now defaults to "unlimited" for PID 1
and all forked processes by default. Previously, PID 1 would leave
the setting at "0" for all processes, as set by the kernel. Note that
the resource limit traditionally has no effect on the generated
coredumps on the system if the /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern hook
logic is used. Since the limit is now honoured (see above) its
default has been changed so that the coredumping logic is enabled by
default for all processes, while allowing specific opt-out.
* When the stacktrace is extracted from processes of system users, this
is now done as "systemd-coredump" user, in order to sandbox this
potentially security sensitive parsing operation. (Note that when
processing coredumps of normal users this is done under the user ID
of process that crashed, as before.) Packagers should take notice
that it is now necessary to create the "systemd-coredump" system user
and group at package installation time.
* The systemd-activate socket activation testing tool gained support
for SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets using the new --datagram
and --seqpacket switches. It also has been extended to support both
new-style and inetd-style file descriptor passing. Use the new
--inetd switch to request inetd-style file descriptor passing.
* Most systemd tools now honor a new $SYSTEMD_COLORS environment
variable, which takes a boolean value. If set to false, ANSI color
output is disabled in the tools even when run on a terminal that
supports it.
* The VXLAN support in networkd now supports two new settings
DestinationPort= and PortRange=.
* A new systemd.machine_id= kernel command line switch has been added,
that may be used to set the machine ID in /etc/machine-id if it is
not initialized yet. This command line option has no effect if the
file is already initialized.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --as-pid2 switch that invokes any
specified command line as PID 2 rather than PID 1 in the
container. In this mode PID 1 is a minimal stub init process that
implements the special POSIX and Linux semantics of PID 1 regarding
signal and child process management. Note that this stub init process
is implemented in nspawn itself and requires no support from the
container image. This new logic is useful to support running
arbitrary commands in the container, as normal processes are
generally not prepared to run as PID 1.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --chdir= switch for setting the current
working directory for the process started in the container.
* "journalctl /dev/sda" will now output all kernel log messages for
specified device from the current boot, in addition to all devices
that are parents of it. This should make log output about devices
pretty useful, as long as kernel drivers attach enough metadata to
the log messages. (The usual SATA drivers do.)
* The sd-journal API gained two new calls
sd_journal_has_runtime_files() and sd_journal_has_persistent_files()
that report whether log data from /run or /var has been found.
* journalctl gained a new switch "--fields" that prints all journal
record field names currently in use in the journal. This is backed
by two new sd-journal API calls sd_journal_enumerate_fields() and
sd_journal_restart_fields().
* Most configurable timeouts in systemd now expect an argument of
"infinity" to turn them off, instead of "0" as before. The semantics
from now on is that a timeout of "0" means "now", and "infinity"
means "never". To maintain backwards compatibility, "0" continues to
turn off previously existing timeout settings.
* "systemctl reload-or-try-restart" has been renamed to "systemctl
try-reload-or-restart" to clarify what it actually does: the "try"
logic applies to both reloading and restarting, not just restarting.
The old name continues to be accepted for compatibility.
* On boot-up, when PID 1 detects that the system clock is behind the
release date of the systemd version in use, the clock is now set
to the latter. Previously, this was already done in timesyncd, in order
to avoid running with clocks set to the various clock epochs such as
1902, 1938 or 1970. With this change the logic is now done in PID 1
in addition to timesyncd during early boot-up, so that it is enforced
before the first process is spawned by systemd. Note that the logic
in timesyncd remains, as it is more comprehensive and ensures
clock monotonicity by maintaining a persistent timestamp file in
/var. Since /var is generally not available in earliest boot or the
initrd, this part of the logic remains in timesyncd, and is not done
by PID 1.
* Support for tweaking details in net_cls.class_id through the
NetClass= configuration directive has been removed, as the kernel
people have decided to deprecate that controller in cgroup v2.
Userspace tools such as nftables are moving over to setting rules
that are specific to the full cgroup path of a task, which obsoletes
these controllers anyway. The NetClass= directive is kept around for
legacy compatibility reasons. For a more in-depth description of the
kernel change, please refer to the respective upstream commit:
https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=bd1060a1d671
* A new service setting RuntimeMaxSec= has been added that may be used
to specify a maximum runtime for a service. If the timeout is hit, the
service is terminated and put into a failure state.
* A new service setting AmbientCapabilities= has been added. It allows
configuration of additional Linux process capabilities that are
passed to the activated processes. This is only available on very
recent kernels.
* The process resource limit settings in service units may now be used
to configure hard and soft limits individually.
* The various libsystemd APIs such as sd-bus or sd-event now publicly
expose support for gcc's __attribute__((cleanup())) C extension.
Specifically, for many object destructor functions alternative
versions have been added that have names suffixed with "p" and take a
pointer to a pointer to the object to destroy, instead of just a
pointer to the object itself. This is useful because these destructor
functions may be used directly as parameters to the cleanup
construct. Internally, systemd has been a heavy user of this GCC
extension for a long time, and with this change similar support is
now available to consumers of the library outside of systemd. Note
that by using this extension in your sources compatibility with old
and strictly ANSI compatible C compilers is lost. However, all gcc or
LLVM versions of recent years support this extension.
* Timer units gained support for a new setting RandomizedDelaySec= that
allows configuring some additional randomized delay to the configured
time. This is useful to spread out timer events to avoid load peaks in
clusters or larger setups.
* Calendar time specifications now support sub-second accuracy.
* Socket units now support listening on SCTP and UDP-lite protocol
sockets.
* The sd-event API now comes with a full set of man pages.
* Older versions of systemd contained experimental support for
compressing journal files and coredumps with the LZ4 compressor that
was not compatible with the lz4 binary (due to API limitations of the
lz4 library). This support has been removed; only support for files
compatible with the lz4 binary remains. This LZ4 logic is now
officially supported and no longer considered experimental.
* The dkr image import logic has been removed again from importd. dkr's
micro-services focus doesn't fit into the machine image focus of
importd, and quickly got out of date with the upstream dkr API.
* Creation of the /run/lock/lockdev/ directory was dropped from
tmpfiles.d/legacy.conf. Better locking mechanisms like flock() have
been available for many years. If you still need this, you need to
create your own tmpfiles.d config file with:
d /run/lock/lockdev 0775 root lock -
Contributions from: Abdo Roig-Maranges, Alban Crequy, Aleksander
Adamowski, Alexander Kuleshov, Andreas Pokorny, Andrei Borzenkov,
Andrew Wilcox, Arthur Clement, Beniamino Galvani, Casey Schaufler,
Chris Atkinson, Chris Mayo, Christian Hesse, Damjan Georgievski, Dan
Dedrick, Daniele Medri, Daniel J Walsh, Daniel Korostil, Daniel Mack,
David Herrmann, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dominik Hannen, Douglas Christman,
Evgeny Vereshchagin, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Gabor Kelemen,
Harald Hoyer, Hayden Walles, Helmut Grohne, Henrik Kaare Poulsen,
Hristo Venev, Hui Wang, Indrajit Raychaudhuri, Ismo Puustinen, Jakub
Wilk, Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig), Jan Engelhardt, Jan Synacek,
Joost Bremmer, Jorgen Schaefer, Karel Zak, Klearchos Chaloulos,
lc85446, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel
Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michael Scherer,
Michał Górny, Michal Sekletar, Nicolas Cornu, Nicolas Iooss, Nils
Carlson, nmartensen, nnz1024, Patrick Ohly, Peter Hutterer, Phillip Sz,
Ronny Chevalier, Samu Kallio, Shawn Landden, Stef Walter, Susant
Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Tadej Janež, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Vito
Caputo, WaLyong Cho, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2016-02-11
CHANGES WITH 228:
* A number of properties previously only settable in unit
files are now also available as properties to set when
creating transient units programmatically via the bus, as it
is exposed with systemd-run's --property=
setting. Specifically, these are: SyslogIdentifier=,
SyslogLevelPrefix=, TimerSlackNSec=, OOMScoreAdjust=,
EnvironmentFile=, ReadWriteDirectories=,
ReadOnlyDirectories=, InaccessibleDirectories=,
ProtectSystem=, ProtectHome=, RuntimeDirectory=.
* When creating transient services via the bus API it is now
possible to pass in a set of file descriptors to use as
STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR for the invoked process.
* Slice units may now be created transiently via the bus APIs,
similar to the way service and scope units may already be
created transiently.
* Wherever systemd expects a calendar timestamp specification
(like in journalctl's --since= and --until= switches) UTC
timestamps are now supported. Timestamps suffixed with "UTC"
are now considered to be in Universal Time Coordinated
instead of the local timezone. Also, timestamps may now
optionally be specified with sub-second accuracy. Both of
these additions also apply to recurring calendar event
specification, such as OnCalendar= in timer units.
* journalctl gained a new "--sync" switch that asks the
journal daemon to write all so far unwritten log messages to
disk and sync the files, before returning.
* systemd-tmpfiles learned two new line types "q" and "Q" that
operate like "v", but also set up a basic btrfs quota
hierarchy when used on a btrfs file system with quota
enabled.
* tmpfiles' "v", "q" and "Q" will now create a plain directory
instead of a subvolume (even on a btrfs file system) if the
root directory is a plain directory, and not a
subvolume. This should simplify things with certain chroot()
environments which are not aware of the concept of btrfs
subvolumes.
* systemd-detect-virt gained a new --chroot switch to detect
whether execution takes place in a chroot() environment.
* CPUAffinity= now takes CPU index ranges in addition to
individual indexes.
* The various memory-related resource limit settings (such as
LimitAS=) now understand the usual K, M, G, ... suffixes to
the base of 1024 (IEC). Similar, the time-related resource
limit settings understand the usual min, h, day, ...
suffixes now.
* There's a new system.conf setting DefaultTasksMax= to
control the default TasksMax= setting for services and
scopes running on the system. (TasksMax= is the primary
setting that exposes the "pids" cgroup controller on systemd
and was introduced in the previous systemd release.) The
setting now defaults to 512, which means services that are
not explicitly configured otherwise will only be able to
create 512 processes or threads at maximum, from this
version on. Note that this means that thread- or
process-heavy services might need to be reconfigured to set
TasksMax= to a higher value. It is sufficient to set
TasksMax= in these specific unit files to a higher value, or
even "infinity". Similar, there's now a logind.conf setting
UserTasksMax= that defaults to 4096 and limits the total
number of processes or tasks each user may own
concurrently. nspawn containers also have the TasksMax=
value set by default now, to 8192. Note that all of this
only has an effect if the "pids" cgroup controller is
enabled in the kernel. The general benefit of these changes
should be a more robust and safer system, that provides a
certain amount of per-service fork() bomb protection.
* systemd-nspawn gained the new --network-veth-extra= switch
to define additional and arbitrarily-named virtual Ethernet
links between the host and the container.
* A new service execution setting PassEnvironment= has been
added that allows importing select environment variables
from PID1's environment block into the environment block of
the service.
* Timer units gained support for a new RemainAfterElapse=
setting which takes a boolean argument. It defaults on on,
exposing behaviour unchanged to previous releases. If set to
off, timer units are unloaded after they elapsed if they
cannot elapse again. This is particularly useful for
transient timer units, which shall not stay around longer
than until they first elapse.
* systemd will now bump the net.unix.max_dgram_qlen to 512 by
default now (the kernel default is 16). This is beneficial
for avoiding blocking on AF_UNIX/SOCK_DGRAM sockets since it
allows substantially larger numbers of queued
datagrams. This should increase the capability of systemd to
parallelize boot-up, as logging and sd_notify() are unlikely
to stall execution anymore. If you need to change the value
from the new defaults, use the usual sysctl.d/ snippets.
* The compression framing format used by the journal or
coredump processing has changed to be in line with what the
official LZ4 tools generate. LZ4 compression support in
systemd was considered unsupported previously, as the format
was not compatible with the normal tools. With this release
this has changed now, and it is hence safe for downstream
distributions to turn it on. While not compressing as well
as the XZ, LZ4 is substantially faster, which makes
it a good default choice for the compression logic in the
journal and in coredump handling.
* Any reference to /etc/mtab has been dropped from
systemd. The file has been obsolete since a while, but
systemd refused to work on systems where it was incorrectly
set up (it should be a symlink or non-existent). Please make
sure to update to util-linux 2.27.1 or newer in conjunction
with this systemd release, which also drops any reference to
/etc/mtab. If you maintain a distribution make sure that no
software you package still references it, as this is a
likely source of bugs. There's also a glibc bug pending,
asking for removal of any reference to this obsolete file:
https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=19108
Note that only util-linux versions built with
--enable-libmount-force-mountinfo are supported.
* Support for the ".snapshot" unit type has been removed. This
feature turned out to be little useful and little used, and
has now been removed from the core and from systemctl.
* The dependency types RequiresOverridable= and
RequisiteOverridable= have been removed from systemd. They
have been used only very sparingly to our knowledge and
other options that provide a similar effect (such as
systemctl --mode=ignore-dependencies) are much more useful
and commonly used. Moreover, they were only half-way
implemented as the option to control behaviour regarding
these dependencies was never added to systemctl. By removing
these dependency types the execution engine becomes a bit
simpler. Unit files that use these dependencies should be
changed to use the non-Overridable dependency types
instead. In fact, when parsing unit files with these
options, that's what systemd will automatically convert them
too, but it will also warn, asking users to fix the unit
files accordingly. Removal of these dependency types should
only affect a negligible number of unit files in the wild.
* Behaviour of networkd's IPForward= option changed
(again). It will no longer maintain a per-interface setting,
but propagate one way from interfaces where this is enabled
to the global kernel setting. The global setting will be
enabled when requested by a network that is set up, but
never be disabled again. This change was made to make sure
IPv4 and IPv6 behaviour regarding packet forwarding is
similar (as the Linux IPv6 stack does not support
per-interface control of this setting) and to minimize
surprises.
* In unit files the behaviour of %u, %U, %h, %s has
changed. These specifiers will now unconditionally resolve
to the various user database fields of the user that the
systemd instance is running as, instead of the user
configured in the specific unit via User=. Note that this
effectively doesn't change much, as resolving of these
specifiers was already turned off in the --system instance
of systemd, as we cannot do NSS lookups from PID 1. In the
--user instance of systemd these specifiers where correctly
resolved, but hardly made any sense, since the user instance
lacks privileges to do user switches anyway, and User= is
hence useless. Morever, even in the --user instance of
systemd behaviour was awkward as it would only take settings
from User= assignment placed before the specifier into
account. In order to unify and simplify the logic around
this the specifiers will now always resolve to the
credentials of the user invoking the manager (which in case
of PID 1 is the root user).
Contributions from: Andrew Jones, Beniamino Galvani, Boyuan
Yang, Daniel Machon, Daniel Mack, David Herrmann, David
Reynolds, David Strauss, Dongsu Park, Evgeny Vereshchagin,
Felipe Sateler, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Hristo
Venev, Iago López Galeiras, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jan
Synacek, Jesus Ornelas Aguayo, Karel Zak, kayrus, Kay Sievers,
Lennart Poettering, Liu Yuan Yuan, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel
Holtmann, Marcin Bachry, Marcos Alano, Marcos Mello, Mark
Theunissen, Martin Pitt, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich,
Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Mirco Tischler, Nick Owens,
Nicolas Cornu, Patrik Flykt, Peter Hutterer, reverendhomer,
Ronny Chevalier, Sangjung Woo, Seong-ho Cho, Shawn Landden,
Susant Sahani, Thomas Haller, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen,
Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Vito Caputo, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2015-11-18
CHANGES WITH 227:
* systemd now depends on util-linux v2.27. More specifically,
the newly added mount monitor feature in libmount now
replaces systemd's former own implementation.
* libmount mandates /etc/mtab not to be regular file, and
systemd now enforces this condition at early boot.
/etc/mtab has been deprecated and warned about for a very
long time, so systems running systemd should already have
stopped having this file around as anything else than a
symlink to /proc/self/mounts.
* Support for the "pids" cgroup controller has been added. It
allows accounting the number of tasks in a cgroup and
enforcing limits on it. This adds two new setting
TasksAccounting= and TasksMax= to each unit, as well as a
global option DefaultTasksAccounting=.
* Support for the "net_cls" cgroup controller has been added.
It allows assigning a net class ID to each task in the
cgroup, which can then be used in firewall rules and traffic
shaping configurations. Note that the kernel netfilter net
class code does not currently work reliably for ingress
packets on unestablished sockets.
This adds a new config directive called NetClass= to CGroup
enabled units. Allowed values are positive numbers for fixed
assignments and "auto" for picking a free value
automatically.
* 'systemctl is-system-running' now returns 'offline' if the
system is not booted with systemd. This command can now be
used as a substitute for 'systemd-notify --booted'.
* Watchdog timeouts have been increased to 3 minutes for all
in-tree service files. Apparently, disk IO issues are more
frequent than we hoped, and user reported >1 minute waiting
for disk IO.
* 'machine-id-commit' functionality has been merged into
'machine-id-setup --commit'. The separate binary has been
removed.
* The WorkingDirectory= directive in unit files may now be set
to the special value '~'. In this case, the working
directory is set to the home directory of the user
configured in User=.
* "machinectl shell" will now open the shell in the home
directory of the selected user by default.
* The CrashChVT= configuration file setting is renamed to
CrashChangeVT=, following our usual logic of not
abbreviating unnecessarily. The old directive is still
supported for compat reasons. Also, this directive now takes
an integer value between 1 and 63, or a boolean value. The
formerly supported '-1' value for disabling stays around for
compat reasons.
* The PrivateTmp=, PrivateDevices=, PrivateNetwork=,
NoNewPrivileges=, TTYPath=, WorkingDirectory= and
RootDirectory= properties can now be set for transient
units.
* The systemd-analyze tool gained a new "set-log-target" verb
to change the logging target the system manager logs to
dynamically during runtime. This is similar to how
"systemd-analyze set-log-level" already changes the log
level.
* In nspawn /sys is now mounted as tmpfs, with only a selected
set of subdirectories mounted in from the real sysfs. This
enhances security slightly, and is useful for ensuring user
namespaces work correctly.
* Support for USB FunctionFS activation has been added. This
allows implementation of USB gadget services that are
activated as soon as they are requested, so that they don't
have to run continously, similar to classic socket
activation.
* The "systemctl exit" command now optionally takes an
additional parameter that sets the exit code to return from
the systemd manager when exiting. This is only relevant when
running the systemd user instance, or when running the
system instance in a container.
* sd-bus gained the new API calls sd_bus_path_encode_many()
and sd_bus_path_decode_many() that allow easy encoding and
decoding of multiple identifier strings inside a D-Bus
object path. Another new call sd_bus_default_flush_close()
has been added to flush and close per-thread default
connections.
* systemd-cgtop gained support for a -M/--machine= switch to
show the control groups within a certain container only.
* "systemctl kill" gained support for an optional --fail
switch. If specified the requested operation will fail of no
processes have been killed, because the unit had no
processes attached, or similar.
* A new systemd.crash_reboot=1 kernel command line option has
been added that triggers a reboot after crashing. This can
also be set through CrashReboot= in systemd.conf.
* The RuntimeDirectory= setting now understands unit
specifiers like %i or %f.
* A new (still internal) libary API sd-ipv4acd has been added,
that implements address conflict detection for IPv4. It's
based on code from sd-ipv4ll, and will be useful for
detecting DHCP address conflicts.
* File descriptors passed during socket activation may now be
named. A new API sd_listen_fds_with_names() is added to
access the names. The default names may be overridden,
either in the .socket file using the FileDescriptorName=
parameter, or by passing FDNAME= when storing the file
descriptors using sd_notify().
* systemd-networkd gained support for:
- Setting the IPv6 Router Advertisement settings via
IPv6AcceptRouterAdvertisements= in .network files.
- Configuring the HelloTimeSec=, MaxAgeSec= and
ForwardDelaySec= bridge parameters in .netdev files.
- Configuring PreferredSource= for static routes in
.network files.
* The "ask-password" framework used to query for LUKS harddisk
passwords or SSL passwords during boot gained support for
caching passwords in the kernel keyring, if it is
available. This makes sure that the user only has to type in
a passphrase once if there are multiple objects to unlock
with the same one. Previously, such password caching was
available only when Plymouth was used; this moves the
caching logic into the systemd codebase itself. The
"systemd-ask-password" utility gained a new --keyname=
switch to control which kernel keyring key to use for
caching a password in. This functionality is also useful for
enabling display managers such as gdm to automatically
unlock the user's GNOME keyring if its passphrase, the
user's password and the harddisk password are the same, if
gdm-autologin is used.
* When downloading tar or raw images using "machinectl
pull-tar" or "machinectl pull-raw", a matching ".nspawn"
file is now also downloaded, if it is available and stored
next to the image file.
* Units of type ".socket" gained a new boolean setting
Writable= which is only useful in conjunction with
ListenSpecial=. If true, enables opening the specified
special file in O_RDWR mode rather than O_RDONLY mode.
* systemd-rfkill has been reworked to become a singleton
service that is activated through /dev/rfkill on each rfkill
state change and saves the settings to disk. This way,
systemd-rfkill is now compatible with devices that exist
only intermittendly, and even restores state if the previous
system shutdown was abrupt rather than clean.
* The journal daemon gained support for vacuuming old journal
files controlled by the number of files that shall remain,
in addition to the already existing control by size and by
date. This is useful as journal interleaving performance
degrades with too many seperate journal files, and allows
putting an effective limit on them. The new setting defaults
to 100, but this may be changed by setting SystemMaxFiles=
and RuntimeMaxFiles= in journald.conf. Also, the
"journalctl" tool gained the new --vacuum-files= switch to
manually vacuum journal files to leave only the specified
number of files in place.
* udev will now create /dev/disk/by-path links for ATA devices
on kernels where that is supported.
* Galician, Serbian, Turkish and Korean translations were added.
Contributions from: Aaro Koskinen, Alban Crequy, Beniamino
Galvani, Benjamin Robin, Branislav Blaskovic, Chen-Han Hsiao
(Stanley), Daniel Buch, Daniel Machon, Daniel Mack, David
Herrmann, David Milburn, doubleodoug, Evgeny Vereshchagin,
Felipe Franciosi, Filipe Brandenburger, Fran Dieguez, Gabriel
de Perthuis, Georg Müller, Hans de Goede, Hendrik Brueckner,
Ivan Shapovalov, Jacob Keller, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen,
Jan Synacek, Jens Kuske, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Krzesimir
Nowak, Krzysztof Kotlenga, Lars Uebernickel, Lennart
Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Łukasz Stelmach, Maciej Wereski,
Marcel Holtmann, Marius Thesing, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl,
Michael Gebetsroither, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Mike
Gilbert, Muhammet Kara, nazgul77, Nicolas Cornu, NoXPhasma,
Olof Johansson, Patrik Flykt, Pawel Szewczyk, reverendhomer,
Ronny Chevalier, Sangjung Woo, Seong-ho Cho, Susant Sahani,
Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas Haller, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tom Lyon, Viktar Vauchkevich,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Марко М. Костић
— Berlin, 2015-10-07
CHANGES WITH 226:
* The DHCP implementation of systemd-networkd gained a set of
new features:
- The DHCP server now supports emitting DNS and NTP
information. It may be enabled and configured via
EmitDNS=, DNS=, EmitNTP=, and NTP=. If transmission of DNS
and NTP information is enabled, but no servers are
configured, the corresponding uplink information (if there
is any) is propagated.
- Server and client now support transmission and reception
of timezone information. It can be configured via the
newly introduced network options UseTimezone=,
EmitTimezone=, and Timezone=. Transmission of timezone
information is enabled between host and containers by
default now: the container will change its local timezone
to what the host has set.
- Lease timeouts can now be configured via
MaxLeaseTimeSec= and DefaultLeaseTimeSec=.
- The DHCP server improved on the stability of
leases. Clients are more likely to get the same lease
information back, even if the server loses state.
- The DHCP server supports two new configuration options to
control the lease address pool metrics, PoolOffset= and
PoolSize=.
* The encapsulation limit of tunnels in systemd-networkd may
now be configured via 'EncapsulationLimit='. It allows
modifying the maximum additional levels of encapsulation
that are permitted to be prepended to a packet.
* systemd now supports the concept of user buses replacing
session buses, if used with dbus-1.10 (and enabled via dbus
--enable-user-session). It previously only supported this on
kdbus-enabled systems, and this release expands this to
'dbus-daemon' systems.
* systemd-networkd now supports predictable interface names
for virtio devices.
* systemd now optionally supports the new Linux kernel
"unified" control group hierarchy. If enabled via the kernel
command-line option 'systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1',
systemd will try to mount the unified cgroup hierarchy
directly on /sys/fs/cgroup. If not enabled, or not
available, systemd will fall back to the legacy cgroup
hierarchy setup, as before. Host system and containers can
mix and match legacy and unified hierarchies as they
wish. nspawn understands the $UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY
environment variable to individually select the hierarchy to
use for executed containers. By default, nspawn will use the
unified hierarchy for the containers if the host uses the
unified hierarchy, and the legacy hierarchy otherwise.
Please note that at this point the unified hierarchy is an
experimental kernel feature and is likely to change in one
of the next kernel releases. Therefore, it should not be
enabled by default in downstream distributions yet. The
minimum required kernel version for the unified hierarchy to
work is 4.2. Note that when the unified hierarchy is used
for the first time delegated access to controllers is
safe. Because of this systemd-nspawn containers will get
access to controllers now, as will systemd user
sessions. This means containers and user sessions may now
manage their own resources, partitioning up what the system
grants them.
* A new special scope unit "init.scope" has been introduced
that encapsulates PID 1 of the system. It may be used to
determine resource usage and enforce resource limits on PID
1 itself. PID 1 hence moved out of the root of the control
group tree.
* The cgtop tool gained support for filtering out kernel
threads when counting tasks in a control group. Also, the
count of processes is now recursively summed up by
default. Two options -k and --recursive= have been added to
revert to old behaviour. The tool has also been updated to
work correctly in containers now.
* systemd-nspawn's --bind= and --bind-ro= options have been
extended to allow creation of non-recursive bind mounts.
* libsystemd gained two new calls sd_pid_get_cgroup() and
sd_peer_get_cgroup() which return the control group path of
a process or peer of a connected AF_UNIX socket. This
function call is particularly useful when implementing
delegated subtrees support in the control group hierarchy.
* The "sd-event" event loop API of libsystemd now supports
correct dequeuing of real-time signals, without losing
signal events.
* When systemd requests a PolicyKit decision when managing
units it will now add additional fields to the request,
including unit name and desired operation. This enables more
powerful PolicyKit policies, that make decisions depending
on these parameters.
* nspawn learnt support for .nspawn settings files, that may
accompany the image files or directories of containers, and
may contain additional settings for the container. This is
an alternative to configuring container parameters via the
nspawn command line.
Contributions from: Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Mack, David
Herrmann, Eugene Yakubovich, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Filipe
Brandenburger, Hans de Goede, Jan Alexander Steffens, Jan
Synacek, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Mangix, Marcel
Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Chapman, Michal
Sekletar, Peter Hutterer, Piotr Drąg, reverendhomer, Robin
Hack, Susant Sahani, Sylvain Pasche, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø
— Berlin, 2015-09-08
CHANGES WITH 225: