phypayload.go

//go:generate stringer -type=MType
//go:generate stringer -type=Major
//go:generate stringer -type=JoinType

package lorawan

import (
	"bytes"
	"crypto/aes"
	"database/sql/driver"
	"encoding/base64"
	"encoding/binary"
	"encoding/hex"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"

	"github.com/jacobsa/crypto/cmac"
)

// MType represents the message type.
type MType byte

// MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler.
func (m MType) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
	return []byte(m.String()), nil
}

// Supported message types (MType)
const (
	JoinRequest MType = iota
	JoinAccept
	UnconfirmedDataUp
	UnconfirmedDataDown
	ConfirmedDataUp
	ConfirmedDataDown
	RejoinRequest
	Proprietary
)

// Major defines the major version of data message.
type Major byte

// Supported major versions
const (
	LoRaWANR1 Major = 0
)

// MACVersion defines the LoRaWAN MAC version.
type MACVersion byte

// Supported LoRaWAN MAC versions.
const (
	LoRaWAN1_0 MACVersion = iota
	LoRaWAN1_1
)

// MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler.
func (m Major) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
	return []byte(m.String()), nil
}

// AES128Key represents a 128 bit AES key.
type AES128Key [16]byte

// String implements fmt.Stringer.
func (k AES128Key) String() string {
	return hex.EncodeToString(k[:])
}

// MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler.
func (k AES128Key) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
	return []byte(k.String()), nil
}

// UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler.
func (k *AES128Key) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
	b, err := hex.DecodeString(string(text))
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if len(b) != len(k) {
		return fmt.Errorf("lorawan: exactly %d bytes are expected", len(k))
	}
	copy(k[:], b)
	return nil
}

// Scan implements sql.Scanner.
func (k *AES128Key) Scan(src interface{}) error {
	b, ok := src.([]byte)
	if !ok {
		return errors.New("lorawan: []byte type expected")
	}
	if len(b) != len(k) {
		return fmt.Errorf("lorawan []byte must have length %d", len(k))
	}
	copy(k[:], b)
	return nil
}

// Value implements driver.Valuer.
func (k AES128Key) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
	return k[:], nil
}

// MarshalBinary encodes the key to a slice of bytes.
func (k AES128Key) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
	b := make([]byte, len(k))
	for i, v := range k {
		// little endian
		b[len(k)-i-1] = v
	}
	return b, nil
}

// UnmarshalBinary decodes the key from a slice of bytes.
func (k *AES128Key) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error {
	if len(data) != len(k) {
		return fmt.Errorf("lorawan: %d bytes of data are expected", len(k))
	}

	for i, v := range data {
		// little endian
		k[len(k)-i-1] = v
	}

	return nil
}

// MIC represents the message integrity code.
type MIC [4]byte

// String implements fmt.Stringer.
func (m MIC) String() string {
	return hex.EncodeToString(m[:])
}

// MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler.
func (m MIC) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
	return []byte(m.String()), nil
}

// MHDR represents the MAC header.
type MHDR struct {
	MType MType `json:"mType"`
	Major Major `json:"major"`
}

// MarshalBinary marshals the object in binary form.
func (h MHDR) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
	return []byte{(byte(h.MType) << 5) | (byte(h.Major) & 0x03)}, nil
}

// UnmarshalBinary decodes the object from binary form.
func (h *MHDR) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error {
	if len(data) != 1 {
		return errors.New("lorawan: 1 byte of data is expected")
	}
	h.MType = MType(data[0] >> 5)
	h.Major = Major(data[0] & 0x03)
	return nil
}

// PHYPayload represents the physical payload.
type PHYPayload struct {
	MHDR       MHDR    `json:"mhdr"`
	MACPayload Payload `json:"macPayload"`
	MIC        MIC     `json:"mic"`
}

// SetUplinkDataMIC calculates and sets the MIC field for uplink data frames.
// The confirmed frame-counter, TX data-rate TX channel index and SNwkSIntKey
// are only required for LoRaWAN 1.1 and can be left blank otherwise.
func (p *PHYPayload) SetUplinkDataMIC(macVersion MACVersion, confFCnt uint32, txDR, txCh uint8, fNwkSIntKey, sNwkSIntKey AES128Key) error {
	mic, err := p.calculateUplinkDataMIC(macVersion, confFCnt, txDR, txCh, fNwkSIntKey, sNwkSIntKey)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	p.MIC = mic
	return nil
}

// ValidateUplinkDataMIC validates the MIC of an uplink data frame.
// In order to validate the MIC, the FCnt value must first be set to the
// full 32 bit frame-counter value, as only the 16 least-significant bits
// are transmitted.
// The confirmed frame-counter, TX data-rate TX channel index and SNwkSIntKey
// are only required for LoRaWAN 1.1 and can be left blank otherwise.
func (p PHYPayload) ValidateUplinkDataMIC(macVersion MACVersion, confFCnt uint32, txDR, txCh uint8, fNwkSIntKey, sNwkSIntKey AES128Key) (bool, error) {
	mic, err := p.calculateUplinkDataMIC(macVersion, confFCnt, txDR, txCh, fNwkSIntKey, sNwkSIntKey)
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}
	return p.MIC == mic, nil
}

// ValidateUplinkDataMICF validates the cmacF part of the uplink data MIC (LoRaWAN 1.1 only).
// In order to validate the MIC, the FCnt value must first be set to the
// full 32 bit frame-counter value, as only the 16 least-significant bits
// are transmitted.
func (p PHYPayload) ValidateUplinkDataMICF(fNwkSIntKey AES128Key) (bool, error) {
	// We are only interested in mic[2:] (cmacF bytes), therefore there is no
	// need to pass the correct confFCnt, txDR, txCh and sNwkSIntKey parameters.
	mic, err := p.calculateUplinkDataMIC(LoRaWAN1_1, 0, 0, 0, fNwkSIntKey, fNwkSIntKey)
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}

	return bytes.Equal(p.MIC[2:], mic[2:]), nil
}

// SetDownlinkDataMIC calculates and sets the MIC field for downlink data frames.
// The confirmed frame-counter and is only required for LoRaWAN 1.1 and can be
// left blank otherwise.
func (p *PHYPayload) SetDownlinkDataMIC(macVersion MACVersion, confFCnt uint32, sNwkSIntKey AES128Key) error {
	mic, err := p.calculateDownlinkDataMIC(macVersion, confFCnt, sNwkSIntKey)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	p.MIC = mic
	return nil
}

// ValidateDownlinkDataMIC validates the MIC of a downlink data frame.
// In order to validate the MIC, the FCnt value must first be set to the
// full 32 bit frame-counter value, as only the 16 least-significant bits
// are transmitted.
// The confirmed frame-counter and is only required for LoRaWAN 1.1 and can be
// left blank otherwise.
func (p PHYPayload) ValidateDownlinkDataMIC(macVersion MACVersion, confFCnt uint32, sNwkSIntKey AES128Key) (bool, error) {
	mic, err := p.calculateDownlinkDataMIC(macVersion, confFCnt, sNwkSIntKey)
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}
	return p.MIC == mic, nil
}

// SetUplinkJoinMIC calculates and sets the MIC field for uplink join requests.
func (p *PHYPayload) SetUplinkJoinMIC(key AES128Key) error {
	mic, err := p.calculateUplinkJoinMIC(key)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	p.MIC = mic
	return nil
}

// ValidateUplinkJoinMIC validates the MIC of an uplink join request.
func (p PHYPayload) ValidateUplinkJoinMIC(key AES128Key) (bool, error) {
	mic, err := p.calculateUplinkJoinMIC(key)
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}
	return p.MIC == mic, nil
}

// SetDownlinkJoinMIC calculates and sets the MIC field for downlink join requests.
func (p *PHYPayload) SetDownlinkJoinMIC(joinReqType JoinType, joinEUI EUI64, devNonce DevNonce, key AES128Key) error {
	mic, err := p.calculateDownlinkJoinMIC(joinReqType, joinEUI, devNonce, key)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	p.MIC = mic
	return nil
}

// ValidateDownlinkJoinMIC validates the MIC of a downlink join request.
func (p PHYPayload) ValidateDownlinkJoinMIC(joinReqType JoinType, joinEUI EUI64, devNonce DevNonce, key AES128Key) (bool, error) {
	mic, err := p.calculateDownlinkJoinMIC(joinReqType, joinEUI, devNonce, key)
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}

	return p.MIC == mic, nil
}

// EncryptJoinAcceptPayload encrypts the join-accept payload with the given
// key. Note that encrypted must be performed after calling SetMIC
// (since the MIC is part of the encrypted payload).
//
// Note: for encrypting a join-request response, use NwkKey
//       for rejoin-request 0, 1, 2 response, use JSEncKey
func (p *PHYPayload) EncryptJoinAcceptPayload(key AES128Key) error {
	if _, ok := p.MACPayload.(*JoinAcceptPayload); !ok {
		return errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload value must be of type *JoinAcceptPayload")
	}

	pt, err := p.MACPayload.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// in the 1.0 spec instead of DLSettings there is RFU field. the assumption
	// is made that this should have been DLSettings.

	pt = append(pt, p.MIC[0:4]...)
	if len(pt)%16 != 0 {
		return errors.New("lorawan: plaintext must be a multiple of 16 bytes")
	}

	block, err := aes.NewCipher(key[:])
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if block.BlockSize() != 16 {
		return errors.New("lorawan: block-size of 16 bytes is expected")
	}
	ct := make([]byte, len(pt))
	for i := 0; i < len(ct)/16; i++ {
		offset := i * 16
		block.Decrypt(ct[offset:offset+16], pt[offset:offset+16])
	}
	p.MACPayload = &DataPayload{Bytes: ct[0 : len(ct)-4]}
	copy(p.MIC[:], ct[len(ct)-4:])
	return nil
}

// DecryptJoinAcceptPayload decrypts the join-accept payload with the given
// key. Note that you need to decrypte before you can validate the MIC.
//
// Note: for encrypting a join-request response, use NwkKey
//       for rejoin-request 0, 1, 2 response, use JSEncKey
func (p *PHYPayload) DecryptJoinAcceptPayload(key AES128Key) error {
	dp, ok := p.MACPayload.(*DataPayload)
	if !ok {
		return errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload must be of type *DataPayload")
	}

	// append MIC to the ciphertext since it is encrypted too
	ct := append(dp.Bytes, p.MIC[:]...)

	if len(ct)%16 != 0 {
		return errors.New("lorawan: plaintext must be a multiple of 16 bytes")
	}

	block, err := aes.NewCipher(key[:])
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if block.BlockSize() != 16 {
		return errors.New("lorawan: block-size of 16 bytes is expected")
	}
	pt := make([]byte, len(ct))
	for i := 0; i < len(pt)/16; i++ {
		offset := i * 16
		block.Encrypt(pt[offset:offset+16], ct[offset:offset+16])
	}

	p.MACPayload = &JoinAcceptPayload{}
	copy(p.MIC[:], pt[len(pt)-4:len(pt)]) // set the decrypted MIC
	return p.MACPayload.UnmarshalBinary(p.isUplink(), pt[0:len(pt)-4])
}

// EncryptFOpts encrypts the FOpts with the given key.
func (p *PHYPayload) EncryptFOpts(nwkSEncKey AES128Key) error {
	macPL, ok := p.MACPayload.(*MACPayload)
	if !ok {
		return errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload must be of type *MACPayload")
	}

	// nothing to encrypt
	if len(macPL.FHDR.FOpts) == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	var macB []byte
	for _, mac := range macPL.FHDR.FOpts {
		b, err := mac.MarshalBinary()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		macB = append(macB, b...)
	}

	// aFCntDown is used on downlink when FPort > 1
	var aFCntDown bool
	if !p.isUplink() && macPL.FPort != nil && *macPL.FPort > 0 {
		aFCntDown = true
	}

	data, err := EncryptFOpts(nwkSEncKey, aFCntDown, p.isUplink(), macPL.FHDR.DevAddr, macPL.FHDR.FCnt, macB)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	macPL.FHDR.FOpts = []Payload{
		&DataPayload{Bytes: data},
	}

	return nil
}

// DecryptFOpts decrypts the FOpts payload and decodes it into mac-command
// structures.
func (p *PHYPayload) DecryptFOpts(nwkSEncKey AES128Key) error {
	if err := p.EncryptFOpts(nwkSEncKey); err != nil {
		return nil
	}

	return p.DecodeFOptsToMACCommands()
}

// EncryptFRMPayload encrypts the FRMPayload with the given key.
func (p *PHYPayload) EncryptFRMPayload(key AES128Key) error {
	macPL, ok := p.MACPayload.(*MACPayload)
	if !ok {
		return errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload must be of type *MACPayload")
	}

	// nothing to encrypt
	if len(macPL.FRMPayload) == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	data, err := macPL.marshalPayload()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	data, err = EncryptFRMPayload(key, p.isUplink(), macPL.FHDR.DevAddr, macPL.FHDR.FCnt, data)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// store the encrypted data in a DataPayload
	macPL.FRMPayload = []Payload{&DataPayload{Bytes: data}}

	return nil
}

// DecryptFRMPayload decrypts the FRMPayload with the given key.
func (p *PHYPayload) DecryptFRMPayload(key AES128Key) error {
	if err := p.EncryptFRMPayload(key); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	macPL, ok := p.MACPayload.(*MACPayload)
	if !ok {
		return errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload must be of type *MACPayload")
	}

	// the FRMPayload contains MAC commands, which we need to unmarshal
	var err error
	if macPL.FPort != nil && *macPL.FPort == 0 {
		macPL.FRMPayload, err = decodeDataPayloadToMACCommands(p.isUplink(), macPL.FRMPayload)
	}

	return err
}

// DecodeFRMPayloadToMACCommands decodes the (decrypted) FRMPayload bytes into
// MAC commands. Note that after calling DecryptFRMPayload, this method is
// called automatically when FPort=0.
func (p *PHYPayload) DecodeFRMPayloadToMACCommands() error {
	macPL, ok := p.MACPayload.(*MACPayload)
	if !ok {
		return errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload must be of type *MACPayload")
	}

	var err error
	macPL.FRMPayload, err = decodeDataPayloadToMACCommands(p.isUplink(), macPL.FRMPayload)
	return err
}

// DecodeFOptsToMACCommands decodes the (decrypted) FOpts bytes into
// MAC commands.
func (p *PHYPayload) DecodeFOptsToMACCommands() error {
	macPL, ok := p.MACPayload.(*MACPayload)
	if !ok {
		return errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload must be of type *MACPayload")
	}

	if len(macPL.FHDR.FOpts) == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	var err error
	macPL.FHDR.FOpts, err = decodeDataPayloadToMACCommands(p.isUplink(), macPL.FHDR.FOpts)
	return err
}

// MarshalBinary marshals the object in binary form.
func (p PHYPayload) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
	if p.MACPayload == nil {
		return []byte{}, errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload should not be nil")
	}

	var out []byte
	var b []byte
	var err error

	if b, err = p.MHDR.MarshalBinary(); err != nil {
		return []byte{}, err
	}
	out = append(out, b...)

	if b, err = p.MACPayload.MarshalBinary(); err != nil {
		return []byte{}, err
	}
	out = append(out, b...)
	out = append(out, p.MIC[0:len(p.MIC)]...)
	return out, nil
}

// UnmarshalBinary decodes the object from binary form.
func (p *PHYPayload) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error {
	if len(data) < 5 {
		return errors.New("lorawan: at least 5 bytes needed to decode PHYPayload")
	}

	// MHDR
	if err := p.MHDR.UnmarshalBinary(data[0:1]); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// MACPayload
	switch p.MHDR.MType {
	case JoinRequest:
		p.MACPayload = &JoinRequestPayload{}
	case JoinAccept:
		p.MACPayload = &DataPayload{}
	case RejoinRequest:
		switch data[1] {
		case 0, 2:
			p.MACPayload = &RejoinRequestType02Payload{}
		case 1:
			p.MACPayload = &RejoinRequestType1Payload{}
		default:
			return fmt.Errorf("lorawan: invalid RejoinType %d", data[1])
		}
	case Proprietary:
		p.MACPayload = &DataPayload{}
	default:
		p.MACPayload = &MACPayload{}
	}

	isUplink := p.isUplink()
	if err := p.MACPayload.UnmarshalBinary(isUplink, data[1:len(data)-4]); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// MIC
	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
		p.MIC[i] = data[len(data)-4+i]
	}
	return nil
}

// MarshalText encodes the PHYPayload into base64.
func (p PHYPayload) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
	b, err := p.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return []byte(base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(b)), nil
}

// UnmarshalText decodes the PHYPayload from base64.
func (p *PHYPayload) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
	b, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(string(text))
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return p.UnmarshalBinary(b)
}

// MarshalJSON encodes the PHYPayload into JSON.
func (p PHYPayload) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
	type phyAlias PHYPayload
	return json.Marshal(phyAlias(p))
}

// isUplink returns a bool indicating if the packet is uplink or downlink.
// Note that for MType Proprietary it can't derrive if the packet is uplink
// or downlink. This is fine (I think) since it is also unknown how to
// calculate the MIC and the format of the MACPayload. A pluggable
// MIC calculation and MACPayload for Proprietary MType is still TODO.
func (p PHYPayload) isUplink() bool {
	switch p.MHDR.MType {
	case JoinRequest, UnconfirmedDataUp, ConfirmedDataUp, RejoinRequest:
		return true
	default:
		return false
	}
}

func (p PHYPayload) calculateUplinkJoinMIC(key AES128Key) (MIC, error) {
	var mic MIC

	if p.MACPayload == nil {
		return mic, errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload must not be empty")
	}

	var micBytes []byte

	b, err := p.MHDR.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	micBytes = append(micBytes, b...)

	b, err = p.MACPayload.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	micBytes = append(micBytes, b...)

	hash, err := cmac.New(key[:])
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	if _, err = hash.Write(micBytes); err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	hb := hash.Sum([]byte{})
	if len(hb) < 4 {
		return mic, errors.New("lorawan: the hash returned less than 4 bytes")
	}

	copy(mic[:], hb[0:4])
	return mic, nil
}

func (p PHYPayload) calculateDownlinkJoinMIC(joinReqType JoinType, joinEUI EUI64, devNonce DevNonce, key AES128Key) (MIC, error) {
	var mic MIC

	if p.MACPayload == nil {
		return mic, errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload most not be empty")
	}

	joinAccPL, ok := p.MACPayload.(*JoinAcceptPayload)
	if !ok {
		return mic, errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload field must be of type *JoinAcceptPayload")
	}

	var micBytes []byte
	var b []byte
	var err error

	if joinAccPL.DLSettings.OptNeg {
		micBytes = append(micBytes, uint8(joinReqType))

		b, err = joinEUI.MarshalBinary()
		if err != nil {
			return mic, err
		}
		micBytes = append(micBytes, b...)

		b, err = devNonce.MarshalBinary()
		if err != nil {
			return mic, err
		}
		micBytes = append(micBytes, b...)
	}

	b, err = p.MHDR.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	micBytes = append(micBytes, b...)

	// JoinNonce | NetID | DevAddr | DLSettings | RxDelay | CFList
	b, err = p.MACPayload.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	micBytes = append(micBytes, b...)

	hash, err := cmac.New(key[:])
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	if _, err = hash.Write(micBytes); err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	hb := hash.Sum([]byte{})
	if len(hb) < len(mic) {
		return mic, fmt.Errorf("lorawan: the hash returned less than %d bytes", len(mic))
	}

	copy(mic[:], hb[0:len(mic)])
	return mic, nil
}

func (p *PHYPayload) calculateUplinkDataMIC(macVersion MACVersion, confFCnt uint32, txDR, txCh uint8, fNwkSIntKey, sNwkSIntKey AES128Key) (MIC, error) {
	var mic MIC

	if p.MACPayload == nil {
		return mic, errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload must not be nil")
	}

	macPL, ok := p.MACPayload.(*MACPayload)
	if !ok {
		return mic, errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload field must be of type *MACPayload")
	}

	// set to 0 when the uplink does not contain an ACK
	if !macPL.FHDR.FCtrl.ACK {
		confFCnt = 0
	}

	confFCnt = confFCnt % (1 << 16)

	var micBytes []byte
	b, err := p.MHDR.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	micBytes = append(micBytes, b...)

	b, err = macPL.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	micBytes = append(micBytes, b...)

	b0 := make([]byte, 16)
	b1 := make([]byte, 16)

	b0[0] = 0x49
	b1[0] = 0x49

	// devaddr
	b, err = macPL.FHDR.DevAddr.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	copy(b0[6:10], b)
	copy(b1[6:10], b)

	// fcntup
	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(b0[10:14], macPL.FHDR.FCnt)
	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(b1[10:14], macPL.FHDR.FCnt)

	// msg len
	b0[15] = byte(len(micBytes))
	b1[15] = byte(len(micBytes))

	// remaining b1 fields
	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(b1[1:3], uint16(confFCnt))
	b1[3] = txDR
	b1[4] = txCh

	hash, err := cmac.New(sNwkSIntKey[:])
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	if _, err = hash.Write(b1); err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	if _, err = hash.Write(micBytes); err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}

	cmacS := hash.Sum([]byte{})
	if len(cmacS) < 4 {
		return mic, errors.New("lorawan: the hash returned less than 4 bytes")
	}

	hash, err = cmac.New(fNwkSIntKey[:])
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	if _, err = hash.Write(b0); err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	if _, err = hash.Write(micBytes); err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}

	cmacF := hash.Sum([]byte{})
	if len(cmacF) < 2 {
		return mic, errors.New("lorawan: the hash returned less than 2 bytes")
	}

	if macVersion == LoRaWAN1_0 {
		copy(mic[:], cmacF[0:4])
	} else {
		copy(mic[0:2], cmacS[0:2])
		copy(mic[2:4], cmacF[0:2])
	}

	return mic, nil
}

func (p *PHYPayload) calculateDownlinkDataMIC(macVersion MACVersion, confFCnt uint32, sNwkSIntKey AES128Key) (MIC, error) {
	var mic MIC

	if p.MACPayload == nil {
		return mic, errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload must not be nil")
	}

	macPL, ok := p.MACPayload.(*MACPayload)
	if !ok {
		return mic, errors.New("lorawan: MACPayload field must be of type *MACPayload")
	}

	// The confirmed FCnt is only used in case of LoRaWAN 1.1 when the ACK
	// flag is set.
	if macVersion == LoRaWAN1_0 || !macPL.FHDR.FCtrl.ACK {
		confFCnt = 0
	}
	confFCnt = confFCnt % (1 << 16)

	var micBytes []byte
	b, err := p.MHDR.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	micBytes = append(micBytes, b...)

	b, err = macPL.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	micBytes = append(micBytes, b...)

	b0 := make([]byte, 16)
	b0[0] = 0x49
	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(b0[1:3], uint16(confFCnt))
	b0[5] = 0x01

	b, err = macPL.FHDR.DevAddr.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	copy(b0[6:10], b)
	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(b0[10:14], macPL.FHDR.FCnt)
	b0[15] = byte(len(micBytes))

	hash, err := cmac.New(sNwkSIntKey[:])
	if err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}

	if _, err = hash.Write(b0); err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}
	if _, err = hash.Write(micBytes); err != nil {
		return mic, err
	}

	hb := hash.Sum([]byte{})
	if len(hb) < 4 {
		return mic, errors.New("lorawan: the hash returned less than 4 bytes")
	}

	copy(mic[:], hb[0:4])
	return mic, nil
}

// EncryptFRMPayload encrypts the FRMPayload (slice of bytes).
// Note that EncryptFRMPayload is used for both encryption and decryption.
func EncryptFRMPayload(key AES128Key, uplink bool, devAddr DevAddr, fCnt uint32, data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	pLen := len(data)
	if pLen%16 != 0 {
		// append with empty bytes so that len(data) is a multiple of 16
		data = append(data, make([]byte, 16-(pLen%16))...)
	}

	block, err := aes.NewCipher(key[:])
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if block.BlockSize() != 16 {
		return nil, errors.New("lorawan: block size of 16 was expected")
	}

	s := make([]byte, 16)
	a := make([]byte, 16)
	a[0] = 0x01
	if !uplink {
		a[5] = 0x01
	}

	b, err := devAddr.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	copy(a[6:10], b)
	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(a[10:14], uint32(fCnt))

	for i := 0; i < len(data)/16; i++ {
		a[15] = byte(i + 1)
		block.Encrypt(s, a)

		for j := 0; j < len(s); j++ {
			data[i*16+j] = data[i*16+j] ^ s[j]
		}
	}

	return data[0:pLen], nil
}

// EncryptFOpts encrypts the FOpts mac-commands.
// For uplink:
//   Set the aFCntDown to false and use the FCntUp
// For downlink if FPort is not set or equals to 0:
//   Set the aFCntDown to false and use the NFCntDown
// For downlink if FPort > 0:
//   Set the aFCntDown to true and use the AFCntDown
func EncryptFOpts(nwkSEncKey AES128Key, aFCntDown, uplink bool, devAddr DevAddr, fCnt uint32, data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	if len(data) > 15 {
		return nil, errors.New("lorawan: max size of FOpts is 15 bytes")
	}

	block, err := aes.NewCipher(nwkSEncKey[:])
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if block.BlockSize() != 16 {
		return nil, errors.New("lorawan: block size of 16 was expected")
	}

	a := make([]byte, 16)
	a[0] = 0x01
	if aFCntDown {
		a[4] = 0x02
	} else {
		a[4] = 0x01
	}

	if !uplink {
		a[5] = 0x01
	}

	b, err := devAddr.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	copy(a[6:10], b)

	a[15] = 0x01

	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(a[10:14], fCnt)

	s := make([]byte, 16)
	block.Encrypt(s, a)

	for i := range data {
		data[i] ^= s[i]
	}

	return data, nil
}