The primary way to reduce flicker is to adjust the PWM frequency to 44.9 or 47.9 Hz on a 60Hz mains grid. Alternatively or additionally, change your lamps to the ones recommended below. An example adjusted heater_bed config section is included:
- A mains powered bed heater in a 3d printer bed causes a significant disruption to the power supply when it is switched. Usually you will see a voltage drop in a dumb system like mains electrical1 when the SSR is on during PWM.
- If lights are shared on the same circuit as the printer, the voltage drop pulses can cause the light to lower in brightness when the bed is on, and raise in brightness when the bed is off2.
Here's some actual data:
(image credit royicus)
You can see how the mains voltage near the printer drops when the bed is on, noted by the blue trace being high.
A lamp was connected and a phototransistor was used to gauge the light output, and as you can see in these captures the output majorly fluctuates at the default 10Hz frequency:
(image credit royicus)
Note: All frequencies discussed in this section are relative to a 60Hz mains system. If your mains frequency is 50Hz you will probably experience similar results adjusting the numbers proportionally, however, this has not been tested.
Math to arrive at the frequencies recommended 44.9Hz = 60Hz*(3/4)-0.1 47.9Hz = 60Hz*(4/5)-0.1
It seems that 44.9 or 47.9Hz results in a sweet spot between reducing flicker and causing instability during heating (see below). To set this, simply add a line in the [bed_heater] section of your Klipper config. If you already have a pwm_cycle_time line simply change the number.
pwm_cycle_time: 0.02227 #44.9Hz
or
pwm_cycle_time: 0.02088 #47.9Hz
With this frequency applied you can see that the lamp brightness fluctuates far less and at a higher frequency:
(image credit royicus)
With both reduced and higher frequency fluctuation, human vision is less likely to detect flicker. Which of those two PWM frequencies works better seems to be variable.
There is a decent chance you will get heating instability, such as:
(images taken at 60Hz, credit Thor)
The reason for this is the SSR only switches at zero-crossings. If the switching frequency is close enough to the mains frequency the SSR can wind up getting sort of locked, where it can't control whether the power is fully on or half on, so the heating becomes erratic. You can see the problematic power waveform below;
(image credit ark)
- Lower power lightbulbs have been observed to flicker less, with the exception of 40W equivalent GE bulbs
- GE relax 60W and GE Classisc 60W tested well. Other models tested include: Lowe's store brand, and IKEA.
- Limited bulb models were tested so this list is by no means exhaustive.
- Inlet filters are generally not recommended to address flicker. They are aimed at much higher frequencies that would not be observable to the human eye, and therefore unlikely to be effective at reducing flicker
This was a major team effort on the Voron discord, but special recognition should go to:
- Voron discord user royicus, for many scope captures and much testing
- Voron discord user ark, for coming up with the numbers and some scope captures showing the reasons for instability at mains frequency