- Table of contents {:toc}
Sass is an extension of CSS that adds power and elegance to the basic language. It allows you to use variables, nested rules, mixins, inline imports, and more, all with a fully CSS-compatible syntax. Sass helps keep large stylesheets well-organized, and get small stylesheets up and running quickly, particularly with the help of the Compass style library.
- Fully CSS3-compatible
- Language extensions such as variables, nesting, and mixins
- Many {Sass::Script::Functions useful functions} for manipulating colors and other values
- Advanced features like control directives for libraries
- Well-formatted, customizable output
- Firebug integration
There are two syntaxes available for Sass.
The first, known as SCSS (Sassy CSS) and used throughout this reference,
is an extension of the syntax of CSS3.
This means that every valid CSS3 stylesheet
is a valid SCSS file with the same meaning.
In addition, SCSS understands most CSS hacks
and vendor-specific syntax, such as IE's old filter syntax.
This syntax is enhanced with the Sass features described below.
Files using this syntax have the .scss extension.
The second and older syntax, known as the indented syntax (or sometimes just "Sass"),
provides a more concise way of writing CSS.
It uses indentation rather than brackets to indicate nesting of selectors,
and newlines rather than semicolons to separate properties.
Some people find this to be easier to read and quicker to write than SCSS.
The indented syntax has all the same features,
although some of them have slightly different syntax;
this is described in {file:INDENTED_SYNTAX.md the indented syntax reference}.
Files using this syntax have the .sass extension.
Either syntax can import files written in the other.
Files can be automatically converted from one syntax to the other
using the sass-convert command line tool:
# Convert Sass to SCSS
$ sass-convert style.sass style.scss
# Convert SCSS to Sass
$ sass-convert style.scss style.sass
Sass can be used in three ways: as a command-line tool, as a standalone Ruby module, and as a plugin for any Rack-enabled framework, including Ruby on Rails and Merb. Sass is bundled with Haml, so if the Haml plugin or RubyGem is installed, Sass will already be installed as a plugin or gem, respectively. The first step for all of these is to install the Haml gem:
gem install haml
If you're using Windows, you may need to install Ruby first.
To run Sass from the command line, just use
sass input.scss output.css
You can also tell Sass to watch the file and update the CSS every time the Sass file changes:
sass --watch input.scss:output.css
If you have a directory with many Sass files, you can also tell Sass to watch the entire directory:
sass --watch app/sass:public/stylesheets
Use sass --help for full documentation.
Using Sass in Ruby code is very simple.
After installing the Haml gem,
you can use it by running require "sass"
and using {Sass::Engine} like so:
engine = Sass::Engine.new("#main {background-color: #0000ff}", :syntax => :scss)
engine.render #=> "#main { background-color: #0000ff; }\n"
To enable Sass in Rails versions before Rails 3,
add the following line to environment.rb:
config.gem "haml"
For Rails 3, instead add the following line to the Gemfile:
gem "haml"
To enable Sass in Merb,
add the following line to config/dependencies.rb:
dependency "merb-haml"
To enable Sass in a Rack application, add
require 'sass/plugin/rack'
use Sass::Plugin::Rack
to config.ru.
Sass stylesheets don't work the same as views.
They don't contain dynamic content,
so the CSS only needs to be generated when the Sass file has been updated.
By default, .sass and .scss files are placed in public/stylesheets/sass
(this can be customized with the :template_location option).
Then, whenever necessary, they're compiled into corresponding CSS files in public/stylesheets.
For instance, public/stylesheets/sass/main.scss would be compiled to public/stylesheets/main.css.
By default, Sass caches compiled templates and partials.
This dramatically speeds up re-compilation of large collections of Sass files,
and works best if the Sass templates are split up into separate files
that are all @imported into one large file.
Without a framework, Sass puts the cached templates in the .sass-cache directory.
In Rails and Merb, they go in tmp/sass-cache.
The directory can be customized with the :cache_location option.
If you don't want Sass to use caching at all,
set the :cache option to false.
Options can be set by setting the {Sass::Plugin#options Sass::Plugin.options} hash
in environment.rb in Rails or config.ru in Rack...
Sass::Plugin.options[:style] = :compact
...or by setting the Merb::Plugin.config[:sass] hash in init.rb in Merb...
Merb::Plugin.config[:sass][:style] = :compact
...or by passing an options hash to {Sass::Engine#initialize}.
All relevant options are also available via flags
to the sass command-line executable.
Available options are:
{#style-option} :style
: Sets the style of the CSS output.
See Output Style.
{#syntax-option} :syntax
: The syntax of the input file, :sass for the indented syntax
and :scss for the CSS-extension syntax.
This is only useful when you're constructing {Sass::Engine} instances yourself;
it's automatically set properly when using {Sass::Plugin}.
Defaults to :sass.
{#property_syntax-option} :property_syntax
: Forces indented-syntax documents to use one syntax for properties.
If the correct syntax isn't used, an error is thrown.
:new forces the use of a colon or equals sign
after the property name.
For example: color: #0f3
or width: $main_width.
:old forces the use of a colon
before the property name.
For example: :color #0f3
or :width $main_width.
By default, either syntax is valid.
This has no effect on SCSS documents.
{#cache-option} :cache
: Whether parsed Sass files should be cached,
allowing greater speed. Defaults to true.
{#read_cache-option} :read_cache
: If this is set and :cache is not,
only read the Sass cache if it exists,
don't write to it if it doesn't.
{#never_update-option} :never_update
: Whether the CSS files should never be updated,
even if the template file changes.
Setting this to true may give small performance gains.
It always defaults to false.
Only has meaning within Rack, Ruby on Rails, or Merb.
{#always_update-option} :always_update
: Whether the CSS files should be updated every
time a controller is accessed,
as opposed to only when the template has been modified.
Defaults to false.
Only has meaning within Rack, Ruby on Rails, or Merb.
{#always_check-option} :always_check
: Whether a Sass template should be checked for updates every
time a controller is accessed,
as opposed to only when the server starts.
If a Sass template has been updated,
it will be recompiled and will overwrite the corresponding CSS file.
Defaults to false in production mode, true otherwise.
Only has meaning within Rack, Ruby on Rails, or Merb.
{#full_exception-option} :full_exception
: Whether an error in the Sass code
should cause Sass to provide a detailed description
within the generated CSS file.
If set to true, the error will be displayed
along with a line number and source snippet
both as a comment in the CSS file
and at the top of the page (in supported browsers).
Otherwise, an exception will be raised in the Ruby code.
Defaults to false in production mode, true otherwise.
Only has meaning within Rack, Ruby on Rails, or Merb.
{#template_location-option} :template_location
: A path to the root sass template directory for your application.
If a hash, :css_location is ignored and this option designates
a mapping between input and output directories.
May also be given a list of 2-element lists, instead of a hash.
Defaults to css_location + "/sass".
Only has meaning within Rack, Ruby on Rails, or Merb.
Note that if multiple template locations are specified, all
of them are placed in the import path, allowing you to import
between them.
**Note that due to the many possible formats it can take,
this option should only be set directly, not accessed or modified.
Use the {Sass::Plugin#template_location_array},
{Sass::Plugin#add_template_location},
and {Sass::Plugin#remove_template_location} methods instead.
{#css_location-option} :css_location
: The path where CSS output should be written to.
This option is ignored when :template_location is a Hash.
Defaults to "./public/stylesheets".
Only has meaning within Rack, Ruby on Rails, or Merb.
{#cache_location-option} :cache_location
: The path where the cached sassc files should be written to.
Defaults to "./tmp/sass-cache" in Rails and Merb,
or "./.sass-cache" otherwise.
{#unix_newlines-option} :unix_newlines
: If true, use Unix-style newlines when writing files.
Only has meaning on Windows, and only when Sass is writing the files
(in Rack, Rails, or Merb, when using {Sass::Plugin} directly,
or when using the command-line executable).
{#filename-option} :filename
: The filename of the file being rendered.
This is used solely for reporting errors,
and is automatically set when using Rack, Rails, or Merb.
{#line-option} :line
: The number of the first line of the Sass template.
Used for reporting line numbers for errors.
This is useful to set if the Sass template is embedded in a Ruby file.
{#load_paths-option} :load_paths
: An array of filesystem paths which should be searched
for Sass templates imported with the @import directive.
This defaults to the working directory and, in Rack, Rails, or Merb,
whatever :template_location is.
{#line_numbers-option} :line_numbers
: When set to true, causes the line number and file
where a selector is defined to be emitted into the compiled CSS
as a comment. Useful for debugging, especially when using imports
and mixins.
This option may also be called :line_comments.
Automatically disabled when using the :compressed output style
or the :debug_info option.
{#debug_info-option} :debug_info
: When set to true, causes the line number and file
where a selector is defined to be emitted into the compiled CSS
in a format that can be understood by the browser.
Useful in conjunction with the FireSass Firebug extension
for displaying the Sass filename and line number.
Automatically disabled when using the :compressed output style.
{#custom-option} :custom
: An option that's available for individual applications to set
to make data available to {Sass::Script::Functions custom Sass functions}.
{#sass2-option} :sass2
: Parses the document using semantics closer to that of Sass v2.
Currently, this just means that strings in mixin arguments
are treated as though they were in an = context.
{#quiet-option} :quiet
: When set to true, causes warnings to be disabled.
Sass allows CSS rules to be nested within one another. The inner rule then only applies within the outer rule's selector. For example:
#main p {
color: #00ff00;
width: 97%;
.redbox {
background-color: #ff0000;
color: #000000;
}
}
is compiled to:
#main p {
color: #00ff00;
width: 97%; }
#main p .redbox {
background-color: #ff0000;
color: #000000; }
This helps avoid repetition of parent selectors, and makes complex CSS layouts with lots of nested selectors much simpler. For example:
#main {
width: 97%;
p, div {
font-size: 2em;
a { font-weight: bold; }
}
pre { font-size: 3em; }
}
is compiled to:
#main {
width: 97%; }
#main p, #main div {
font-size: 2em; }
#main p a, #main div a {
font-weight: bold; }
#main pre {
font-size: 3em; }
Sometimes it's useful to use a nested rule's parent selector
in other ways than the default.
For instance, you might want to have special styles
for when that selector is hovered over
or for when the body element has a certain class.
In these cases, you can explicitly specify where the parent selector
should be inserted using the & character.
For example:
a {
font-weight: bold;
text-decoration: none;
&:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
body.firefox & { font-weight: normal; }
}
is compiled to:
a {
font-weight: bold;
text-decoration: none; }
a:hover {
text-decoration: underline; }
body.firefox a {
font-weight: normal; }
& will be replaced with the parent selector as it appears in the CSS.
This means that if you have a deeply nested rule,
the parent selector will be fully resolved
before the & is replaced.
For example:
#main {
color: black;
a {
font-weight: bold;
&:hover { color: red; }
}
}
is compiled to:
#main {
color: black; }
#main a {
font-weight: bold; }
#main a:hover {
color: red; }
CSS has quite a few properties that are in "namespaces;"
for instance, font-family, font-size, and font-weight
are all in the font namespace.
In CSS, if you want to set a bunch of properties in the same namespace,
you have to type it out each time.
Sass provides a shortcut for this:
just write the namespace one,
then nest each of the sub-properties within it.
For example:
.funky {
font: {
family: fantasy;
size: 30em;
weight: bold;
}
}
is compiled to:
.funky {
font-family: fantasy;
font-size: 30em;
font-weight: bold; }
The property namespace itself can also have a value. For example:
.funky {
font: 2px/3px {
family: fantasy;
size: 30em;
weight: bold;
}
}
is compiled to:
.funky {
font: 2px/3px;
font-family: fantasy;
font-size: 30em;
font-weight: bold; }
Sass supports standard multiline CSS comments with /* */,
as well as single-line comments with //.
The multiline comments are preserved in the CSS output where possible,
while the single-line comments are removed.
For example:
/* This comment is
* several lines long.
* since it uses the CSS comment syntax,
* it will appear in the CSS output. */
body { color: black; }
// These comments are only one line long each.
// They won't appear in the CSS output,
// since they use the single-line comment syntax.
a { color: green; }
is compiled to:
/* This comment is
* several lines long.
* since it uses the CSS comment syntax,
* it will appear in the CSS output. */
body {
color: black; }
a {
color: green; }
In addition to the plain CSS property syntax, Sass supports a small set of extensions called SassScript. SassScript allows properties to use variables, arithmetic, and extra functions. SassScript can be used in any property value.
SassScript can also be used to generate selectors and property names, which is useful when writing mixins. This is done via interpolation.
You can easily experiment with SassScript using the interactive shell.
To launch the shell run the sass command-line with the -i option. At the
prompt, enter any legal SassScript expression to have it evaluated
and the result printed out for you:
$ sass -i
>> "Hello, Sassy World!"
"Hello, Sassy World!"
>> 1px + 1px + 1px
3px
>> #777 + #777
#eeeeee
>> #777 + #888
white
The most straightforward way to use SassScript is to use variables. Variables begin with dollar signs, and are set like CSS properties:
$width: 5em;
You can then refer to them in properties:
#main {
width: $width;
}
Variables are only available within the level of nested selectors where they're defined. If they're defined outside of any nested selectors, they're available everywhere.
Variables used to use the prefix character !;
this still works, but it's deprecated and prints a warning.
$ is the recommended syntax.
Variables also used to be defined with = rather than :;
this still works, but it's deprecated and prints a warning.
: is the recommended syntax.
SassScript supports four main data types:
- numbers (e.g.
1.2,13,10px) - strings of text, with and without quotes (e.g.
"foo",'bar',baz) - colors (e.g.
blue,#04a3f9,rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5)) - booleans (e.g.
true,false)
SassScript also supports all other types of CSS property value,
such as Unicode ranges and !important declarations.
However, it has no special handling for these types.
They're treated just like unquoted strings.
CSS specifies two kinds of strings: those with quotes,
such as "Lucida Grande" or 'http://sass-lang.com',
and those without quotes, such as sans-serif or bold.
SassScript recognizes both kinds,
and in general if one kind of string is used in the Sass document,
that kind of string will be used in the resulting CSS.
There is one exception to this, though:
when using #{} interpolation,
quoted strings are unquoted.
This makes it easier to use e.g. selector names in mixins.
For example:
@mixin firefox-message($selector) {
body.firefox #{$selector}:before {
content: "Hi, Firefox users!"; } }
@include firefox-message(".header");
is compiled to:
body.firefox .header:before {
content: "Hi, Firefox users!"; }
It's also worth noting that when using the deprecated = property syntax,
all strings are interpreted as unquoted,
regardless of whether or not they're written with quotes.
All types support equality operations (== and !=).
In addition, each type has its own operations
that it has special support for.
SassScript supports the standard arithmetic operations on numbers
(+, -, *, /, %),
and will automatically convert between units if it can:
p {
width: 1in + 8pt;
}
is compiled to:
p {
width: 1.111in; }
Relational operators
(<, >, <=, >=)
are also supported for numbers,
and equality operators
(==, !=)
are supported for all types.
CSS allows / to appear in property values
as a way of separating numbers.
Since SassScript is an extension of the CSS property syntax,
it must support this, while also allowing / to be used for division.
This means that by default, if two numbers are separated by / in SassScript,
then they will appear that way in the resulting CSS.
However, there are three situations where the / will be interpreted as division.
These cover the vast majority of cases where division is actually used.
They are:
- If the value, or any part of it, is stored in a variable.
- If the value is surrounded by parentheses.
- If the value is used as part of another arithmetic expression.
For example:
p {
font: 10px/8px; // Plain CSS, no division
$width: 1000px;
width: $width/2; // Uses a variable, does division
height: (500px/2); // Uses parentheses, does division
margin-left: 5px + 8px/2px; // Uses +, does division
}
is compiled to:
p {
font: 10px/8px;
width: 500px;
height: 250px;
margin-left: 9px; }
All arithmetic operations are supported for color values, where they work piecewise. This means that the operation is performed on the red, green, and blue components in turn. For example:
p {
color: #010203 + #040506;
}
computes 01 + 04 = 05, 02 + 05 = 07, and 03 + 06 = 09,
and is compiled to:
p {
color: #050709; }
Often it's more useful to use {Sass::Script::Functions color functions} than to try to use color arithmetic to achieve the same effect.
Arithmetic operations also work between numbers and colors, also piecewise. For example:
p {
color: #010203 * 2;
}
computes 01 * 2 = 02, 02 * 2 = 04, and 03 * 2 = 06,
and is compiled to:
p {
color: #020406; }
Note that colors with an alpha channel (those created with the {Sass::Script::Functions#rgba rgba} or {Sass::Script::Functions#hsla hsla} functions) must have the same alpha value in order for color arithmetic to be done with them. The arithmetic doesn't affect the alpha value. For example:
p {
color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.75) + rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.75);
}
is compiled to:
p {
color: rgba(255, 255, 0, 0.75); }
The alpha channel of a color can be adjusted using the {Sass::Script::Functions#opacify opacify} and {Sass::Script::Functions#transparentize transparentize} functions. For example:
$translucent-red: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);
p {
color: opacify($translucent-red, 80%);
background-color: transparentize($translucent-red, 50%);
}
is compiled to:
p {
color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9);
background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.25); }
The + operation can be used to concatenate strings:
p {
cursor: e + -resize;
}
is compiled to:
p {
cursor: e-resize; }
Note that if a quoted string is added to an unquoted string
(that is, the quoted string is to the left of the +),
the result is a quoted string.
Likewise, if an unquoted string is added to a quoted string
(the unquoted string is to the left of the +),
the result is an unquoted string.
For example:
p:before {
content: "Foo " + Bar;
font-family: sans- + "serif"; }
is compiled to:
p:before {
content: "Foo Bar";
font-family: sans-serif; }
By default, if two values are placed next to one another, they are concatenated with a space:
p {
margin: 3px + 4px auto;
}
is compiled to:
p {
margin: 7px auto; }
Within a string of text, #{} style interpolation can be used to place dynamic values within the string:
p:before {
content: "I ate #{5 + 10} pies!"; }
is compiled to:
p:before {
content: "I ate 15 pies!"; }
SassScript supports and, or, and not operators
for boolean values.
Parentheses can be used to affect the order of operations:
p {
width: 1em + (2em * 3);
}
is compiled to:
p {
width: 7em; }
SassScript defines some useful functions that are called using the normal CSS function syntax:
p {
color: hsl(0, 100%, 50%);
}
is compiled to:
#main {
color: #ff0000; }
See {Sass::Script::Functions} for a full listing of Sass functions, as well as instructions on defining your own in Ruby.
You can also use SassScript variables in selectors and property names using #{} interpolation syntax:
$name: foo;
$attr: border;
p.#{$name} { #{$attr}-color: blue }
is compiled to:
p.foo {
border-color: blue; }
You can assign to variables if they aren't already assigned
by adding the !default flag to the end of the value.
This means that if the variable has already been assigned to,
it won't be re-assigned,
but if it doesn't have a value yet, it will be given one.
For example:
$content: "First content";
$content: "Second content?" !default;
$new_content: "First time reference" !default;
#main {
content: $content;
new-content: $new_content;
}
is compiled to:
#main {
content: First content;
new-content: First time reference; }
Sass supports all CSS3 @-rules,
as well as some additional Sass-specific ones
known as "directives."
These have various effects in Sass, detailed below.
See also control directives
and mixin directives.
Sass extends the CSS @import rule
to allow it to import SCSS and Sass files.
All imported SCSS and Sass files will be merged together
into a single CSS output file.
In addition, any variables or mixins
defined in imported files can be used in the main file.
Sass looks for other Sass files in the current directory,
and the Sass file directory under Rack, Rails, or Merb.
Additional search directories may be specified
using the :load_paths option,
or the --load-path option on the command line.
@import takes a filename with or without an extension.
If the extension is .css, it will be treated as a plain CSS @import rule.
If the extension is .scss or .sass, that file will be imported.
If there is no extension,
Sass will try to find a file with that name and the .scss or .sass extension
and import it.
For example,
@import "foo.scss";
or
@import "foo";
would both import the file foo.scss,
whereas
@import "foo.css";
would simply compile to
@import "foo.css";
If you have a SCSS or Sass file that you want to import but don't want to compile to a CSS file, you can add an underscore to the beginning of the filename. This will tell Sass not to compile it to a normal CSS file. You can then import these files without using the underscore.
For example, you might have _colors.scss.
Then no _colors.css file would be created,
and you can do
@import "colors";
and _colors.scss would be imported.
There are often cases when designing a page when one class should have all the styles of another class, as well as its own specific styles. The most common way of handling this is to use both the more general class and the more specific class in the HTML. For example, suppose we have a design for a normal error and also for a serious error. We might write our markup like so:
<div class="error seriousError">
Oh no! You've been hacked!
</div>
And our styles like so:
.error {
border: 1px #f00;
background-color: #fdd;
}
.seriousError {
border-width: 3px;
}
Unfortunately, this means that we have to always remember
to use .error with .seriousError.
This is a maintenance burden, leads to tricky bugs,
and can bring non-semantic style concerns into the markup.
The @extend directive avoids these problems
by telling Sass that one selector should inherit the styles of another selector.
For example:
.error {
border: 1px #f00;
background-color: #fdd;
}
.seriousError {
@extend .error;
border-width: 3px;
}
This means that all styles defined for .error
are also applied to .seriousError,
in addition to the styles specific to .seriousError.
In effect, everything with class .seriousError also has class .error.
Other rules that use .error will work for .seriousError as well.
For example, if we have special styles for errors caused by hackers:
.error.intrusion {
background-image: url("/image/hacked.png");
}
Then <div class="seriousError intrusion">
will have the hacked.png background image as well.
@extend works by inserting the extending selector (e.g. .seriousError)
anywhere in the stylesheet that the extended selector (.e.g .error) appears.
Thus the example above:
.error {
border: 1px #f00;
background-color: #fdd;
}
.error.intrusion {
background-image: url("/image/hacked.png");
}
.seriousError {
@extend .error;
border-width: 3px;
}
is compiled to:
.error, .seriousError {
border: 1px #f00;
background-color: #fdd; }
.error.intrusion, .seriousError.intrusion {
background-image: url("/image/hacked.png"); }
.seriousError {
border-width: 3px; }
When merging selectors, @extend is smart enough
to avoid unnecessary duplication,
so something like .seriousError.seriousError gets translated to .seriousError.
In addition, it won't produce selectors that can't match anything, like #main#footer.
Class selectors aren't the only things that can be extended.
It's possible to extend any selector involving only a single element,
such as .special.cool, a:hover, or a.user[href^="http://"].
For example:
.hoverlink {@extend a:hover}
Just like with classes, this means that all styles defined for a:hover
are also applied to .hoverlink.
For example:
.hoverlink {@extend a:hover}
a:hover {text-decoration: underline}
is compiled to:
a:hover, .hoverlink {text-decoration: underline}
Just like with .error.intrusion above,
any rule that uses a:hover will also work for .hoverlink,
even if they have other selectors as well.
For example:
.hoverlink {@extend a:hover}
.comment a.user:hover {font-weight: bold}
is compiled to:
.comment a.user:hover, .comment .hoverlink.user {font-weight: bold}
A single selector can extend more than one selector. This means that it inherits the styles of all the extended selectors. For example:
.error {
border: 1px #f00;
background-color: #fdd;
}
.attention {
font-size: 3em;
background-color: #ff0;
}
.seriousError {
@extend .error;
@extend .attention;
border-width: 3px;
}
is compiled to:
.error, .seriousError {
border: 1px #f00;
background-color: #fdd; }
.attention, .seriousError {
font-size: 3em;
background-color: #ff0; }
.seriousError {
border-width: 3px; }
In effect, everything with class .seriousError
also has class .error and class .attention.
Thus, the styles defined later in the document take precedence:
.seriousError has background color #ff0 rather than #fdd,
since .attention is defined later than .error.
It's possible for one selector to extend another selector that in turn extends a third. For example:
.error {
border: 1px #f00;
background-color: #fdd;
}
.seriousError {
@extend .error;
border-width: 3px;
}
.criticalError {
@extend .seriousError;
position: fixed;
top: 10%;
bottom: 10%;
left: 10%;
right: 10%;
}
Now everything with class .seriousError also has class .error,
and everything with class .criticalError has class .seriousError
and class .error.
It's compiled to:
.error, .seriousError, .criticalError {
border: 1px #f00;
background-color: #fdd; }
.seriousError, .criticalError {
border-width: 3px; }
.criticalError {
position: fixed;
top: 10%;
bottom: 10%;
left: 10%;
right: 10%; }
Selector sequences, such as .foo .bar or .foo + .bar, currently can't be extended.
However, it is possible for nested selectors themselves to use @extend.
For example:
#fake-links .link {@extend a}
a {
color: blue;
&:hover {text-decoration: underline}
}
is compiled to
a, #fake-links .link {
color: blue; }
a:hover, #fake-links .link:hover {
text-decoration: underline; }
Sometimes a selector sequence extends another selector that appears in another sequence. In this case, the two sequences need to be merged. For example:
#admin .tabbar a {font-weight: bold}
#demo .overview .fakelink {@extend a}
While it would technically be possible to generate all selectors that could possibly match either sequence, this would make the stylesheet far too large. The simple example above, for instance, would require ten selectors. Instead, Sass generates only selectors that are likely to be useful.
When the two sequences being merged have no selectors in common, then two new selectors are generated: one with the first sequence before the second, and one with the second sequence before the first. For example:
#admin .tabbar a {font-weight: bold}
#demo .overview .fakelink {@extend a}
is compiled to:
#admin .tabbar a,
#admin .tabbar #demo .overview .fakelink,
#demo .overview #admin .tabbar .fakelink {
font-weight: bold; }
If the two sequences do share some selectors,
then those selectors will be merged together
and only the differences (if any still exist) will alternate.
In this example, both sequences contain the id #admin,
so the resulting selectors will merge those two ids:
#admin .tabbar a {font-weight: bold}
#admin .overview .fakelink {@extend a}
This is compiled to:
#admin .tabbar a,
#admin .tabbar .overview .fakelink,
#admin .overview .tabbar .fakelink {
font-weight: bold; }
The @debug directive prints the value of a SassScript expression
to the standard error output stream.
It's useful for debugging Sass files
that have complicated SassScript going on.
For example:
@debug 10em + 12em;
outputs:
Line 1 DEBUG: 22em
The @warn directive prints the value of a SassScript expression
to the standard error output stream.
It's useful for libraries that need to warn users of deprecations
or recovering from minor mixin usage mistakes.
There are two major distinctions between @warn and @debug:
- You can turn warnings off with the
--quietcommand-line option or the:quietSass option. - A stylesheet trace will be printed out along with the message so that the user being warned can see where their styles caused the warning.
Usage Example:
@mixin adjust-location($x, $y) {
@if unitless($x) {
@warn "Assuming #{$x} to be in pixels";
$x: 1px * $x;
}
@if unitless($y) {
@warn "Assuming #{$y} to be in pixels";
$y: 1px * $y;
}
position: relative; left: $x; top: $y;
}
SassScript supports basic control directives for including styles only under some conditions or including the same style several times with variations.
Note that control directives are an advanced feature, and are not recommended in the course of day-to-day styling. They exist mainly for use in mixins, particularly those that are part of libraries like Compass, and so require substantial flexibility.
The @if directive takes a SassScript expression
and uses the styles nested beneath it if the expression returns
anything other than false:
p {
@if 1 + 1 == 2 { border: 1px solid; }
@if 5 < 3 { border: 2px dotted; }
}
is compiled to:
p {
border: 1px solid; }
The @if statement can be followed by several @else if statements
and one @else statement.
If the @if statement fails,
the @else if statements are tried in order
until one succeeds or the @else is reached.
For example:
$type: monster;
p {
@if $type == ocean {
color: blue;
} @else if $type == matador {
color: red;
} @else if $type == monster {
color: green;
} @else {
color: black;
}
}
is compiled to:
p {
color: green; }
The @for directive has two forms:
@for $var from <start> to <end> or
@for $var from <start> through <end>.
$var can be any variable name, like $i,
and <start> and <end> are SassScript expressions
that should return integers.
The @for statement sets $var to each number
from <start> to <end>,
including <end> if through is used.
Then it outputs the nested styles
using that value of $var.
For example:
@for $i from 1 through 3 {
.item-#{$i} { width: 2em * $i; }
}
is compiled to:
.item-1 {
width: 2em; }
.item-2 {
width: 4em; }
.item-3 {
width: 6em; }
The @while directive takes a SassScript expression
and repeatedly outputs the nested styles
until the statement evaluates to false.
This can be used to achieve more complex looping
than the @for statement is capable of,
although this is rarely necessary.
For example:
$i: 6;
@while $i > 0 {
.item-#{$i} { width: 2em * $i; }
$i: $i - 2;
}
is compiled to:
.item-6 {
width: 12em; }
.item-4 {
width: 8em; }
.item-2 {
width: 4em; }
Mixins allow you to define styles
that can be re-used throughout the stylesheet
without needing to resort to non-semantic classes like .float-left.
Mixins can also contain full CSS rules,
and anything else allowed elsewhere in a Sass document.
They can even take arguments
which allows you to produce a wide variety of styles
with very few mixins.
Mixins are defined with the @mixin directive.
It's followed by the name of the mixin
and optionally the arguments,
and a block containing the contents of the mixin.
For example, the large-text mixin is defined as follows:
@mixin large-text {
font: {
family: Arial;
size: 20px;
weight: bold;
}
color: #ff0000;
}
Mixins may also contain selectors, possibly mixed with properties. The selectors can even contain parent references. For example:
@mixin clearfix {
display: inline-block;
&:after {
content: ".";
display: block;
height: 0;
clear: both;
visibility: hidden;
}
* html & { height: 1px }
}
Mixins are included in the document
with the @include directive.
This takes the name of a mixin
and optionally arguments to pass to it,
and includes the styles defined by that mixin
into the current rule.
For example:
.page-title {
@include large-text;
padding: 4px;
margin-top: 10px;
}
is compiled to:
.page-title {
font-family: Arial;
font-size: 20px;
font-weight: bold;
color: #ff0000;
padding: 4px;
margin-top: 10px; }
Mixins may also be included outside of any rule (that is, at the root of the document) as long as they don't directly define any properties or use any parent references. For example:
@mixin silly-links {
a {
color: blue;
background-color: red;
}
}
@include silly-links;
is compiled to:
a {
color: blue;
background-color: red; }
Mixin definitions can also include other mixins. For example:
@mixin compound {
@include highlighted-background;
@include header-text;
}
@mixin highlighted-background { background-color: #fc0; }
@mixin header-text { font-size: 20px; }
Mixins that only define descendent selectors, can be safely mixed into the top most level of a document.
Mixins can take arguments SassScript values as arguments, which are given when the mixin is included and made available within the mixin as variables.
When defining a mixin, the arguments are written as variable names separated by commas, all in parentheses after the name. Then when including the mixin, values can be passed in in the same manner. For example:
@mixin sexy-border($color, $width) {
border: {
color: $color;
width: $width;
style: dashed;
}
}
p { @include sexy-border(blue, 1in); }
is compiled to:
p {
border-color: blue;
border-width: 1in;
border-style: dashed; }
Mixins can also specify default values for their arguments using the normal variable-setting syntax. Then when the mixin is included, if it doesn't pass in that argument, the default value will be used instead. For example:
@mixin sexy-border($color, $width: 1in) {
border: {
color: $color;
width: $width;
style: dashed;
}
p { @include sexy-border(blue); }
h1 { @include sexy-border(blue, 2in); }
is compiled to:
p {
border-color: blue;
border-width: 1in;
border-style: dashed; }
h1 {
border-color: blue;
border-width: 2in;
border-style: dashed; }
Although the default CSS style that Sass outputs is very nice and reflects the structure of the document, tastes and needs vary and so Sass supports several other styles.
Sass allows you to choose between four different output styles
by setting the :style option
or using the --style command-line flag.
Nested style is the default Sass style, because it reflects the structure of the CSS styles and the HTML document they're styling. Each property has its own line, but the indentation isn't constant. Each rule is indented based on how deeply it's nested. For example:
#main {
color: #fff;
background-color: #000; }
#main p {
width: 10em; }
.huge {
font-size: 10em;
font-weight: bold;
text-decoration: underline; }
Nested style is very useful when looking at large CSS files: it allows you to easily grasp the structure of the file without actually reading anything.
Expanded is a more typical human-made CSS style, with each property and rule taking up one line. Properties are indented within the rules, but the rules aren't indented in any special way. For example:
#main {
color: #fff;
background-color: #000;
}
#main p {
width: 10em;
}
.huge {
font-size: 10em;
font-weight: bold;
text-decoration: underline;
}
Compact style takes up less space than Nested or Expanded. It also draws the focus more to the selectors than to their properties. Each CSS rule takes up only one line, with every property defined on that line. Nested rules are placed next to each other with no newline, while separate groups of rules have newlines between them. For example:
#main { color: #fff; background-color: #000; }
#main p { width: 10em; }
.huge { font-size: 10em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; }
Compressed style takes up the minimum amount of space possible, having no whitespace except that necessary to separate selectors and a newline at the end of the file. It also includes some other minor compressions, such as choosing the smallest representation for colors. It's not meant to be human-readable. For example:
#main{color:#fff;background-color:#000}#main p{width:10em}.huge{font-size:10em;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline}