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mock.py
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mock.py
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# mock.py
# Test tools for mocking and patching.
# Copyright (C) 2007-2011 Michael Foord & the mock team
# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
# mock 0.7.2
# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
# Released subject to the BSD License
# Please see http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml
# Scripts maintained at http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/index.shtml
# Comments, suggestions and bug reports welcome.
__all__ = (
'Mock',
'MagicMock',
'mocksignature',
'patch',
'patch_object',
'sentinel',
'DEFAULT'
)
__version__ = '0.7.2'
__unittest = True
import sys
import warnings
try:
import inspect
except ImportError:
# for alternative platforms that
# may not have inspect
inspect = None
try:
BaseException
except NameError:
# Python 2.4 compatibility
BaseException = Exception
try:
from functools import wraps
except ImportError:
# Python 2.4 compatibility
def wraps(original):
def inner(f):
f.__name__ = original.__name__
f.__doc__ = original.__doc__
f.__module__ = original.__module__
return f
return inner
try:
unicode
except NameError:
# Python 3
basestring = unicode = str
try:
long
except NameError:
# Python 3
long = int
inPy3k = sys.version_info[0] == 3
if inPy3k:
self = '__self__'
else:
self = 'im_self'
# getsignature and mocksignature heavily "inspired" by
# the decorator module: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator/
# by Michele Simionato
def _getsignature(func, skipfirst):
if inspect is None:
raise ImportError('inspect module not available')
if inspect.isclass(func):
func = func.__init__
# will have a self arg
skipfirst = True
elif not (inspect.ismethod(func) or inspect.isfunction(func)):
func = func.__call__
regargs, varargs, varkwargs, defaults = inspect.getargspec(func)
# instance methods need to lose the self argument
if getattr(func, self, None) is not None:
regargs = regargs[1:]
_msg = "_mock_ is a reserved argument name, can't mock signatures using _mock_"
assert '_mock_' not in regargs, _msg
if varargs is not None:
assert '_mock_' not in varargs, _msg
if varkwargs is not None:
assert '_mock_' not in varkwargs, _msg
if skipfirst:
regargs = regargs[1:]
signature = inspect.formatargspec(regargs, varargs, varkwargs, defaults,
formatvalue=lambda value: "")
return signature[1:-1], func
def _copy_func_details(func, funcopy):
funcopy.__name__ = func.__name__
funcopy.__doc__ = func.__doc__
funcopy.__dict__.update(func.__dict__)
funcopy.__module__ = func.__module__
if not inPy3k:
funcopy.func_defaults = func.func_defaults
else:
funcopy.__defaults__ = func.__defaults__
funcopy.__kwdefaults__ = func.__kwdefaults__
def mocksignature(func, mock=None, skipfirst=False):
"""
mocksignature(func, mock=None, skipfirst=False)
Create a new function with the same signature as `func` that delegates
to `mock`. If `skipfirst` is True the first argument is skipped, useful
for methods where `self` needs to be omitted from the new function.
If you don't pass in a `mock` then one will be created for you.
The mock is set as the `mock` attribute of the returned function for easy
access.
`mocksignature` can also be used with classes. It copies the signature of
the `__init__` method.
When used with callable objects (instances) it copies the signature of the
`__call__` method.
"""
if mock is None:
mock = Mock()
signature, func = _getsignature(func, skipfirst)
src = "lambda %(signature)s: _mock_(%(signature)s)" % {
'signature': signature
}
funcopy = eval(src, dict(_mock_=mock))
_copy_func_details(func, funcopy)
funcopy.mock = mock
return funcopy
def _is_magic(name):
return '__%s__' % name[2:-2] == name
class SentinelObject(object):
"A unique, named, sentinel object."
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __repr__(self):
return '<SentinelObject "%s">' % self.name
class Sentinel(object):
"""Access attributes to return a named object, usable as a sentinel."""
def __init__(self):
self._sentinels = {}
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == '__bases__':
# Without this help(mock) raises an exception
raise AttributeError
return self._sentinels.setdefault(name, SentinelObject(name))
sentinel = Sentinel()
DEFAULT = sentinel.DEFAULT
class OldStyleClass:
pass
ClassType = type(OldStyleClass)
def _copy(value):
if type(value) in (dict, list, tuple, set):
return type(value)(value)
return value
if inPy3k:
class_types = type
else:
class_types = (type, ClassType)
class Mock(object):
"""
Create a new ``Mock`` object. ``Mock`` takes several optional arguments
that specify the behaviour of the Mock object:
* ``spec``: This can be either a list of strings or an existing object (a
class or instance) that acts as the specification for the mock object. If
you pass in an object then a list of strings is formed by calling dir on
the object (excluding unsupported magic attributes and methods). Accessing
any attribute not in this list will raise an ``AttributeError``.
If ``spec`` is an object (rather than a list of strings) then
`mock.__class__` returns the class of the spec object. This allows mocks
to pass `isinstance` tests.
* ``spec_set``: A stricter variant of ``spec``. If used, attempting to *set*
or get an attribute on the mock that isn't on the object passed as
``spec_set`` will raise an ``AttributeError``.
* ``side_effect``: A function to be called whenever the Mock is called. See
the :attr:`Mock.side_effect` attribute. Useful for raising exceptions or
dynamically changing return values. The function is called with the same
arguments as the mock, and unless it returns :data:`DEFAULT`, the return
value of this function is used as the return value.
Alternatively ``side_effect`` can be an exception class or instance. In
this case the exception will be raised when the mock is called.
* ``return_value``: The value returned when the mock is called. By default
this is a new Mock (created on first access). See the
:attr:`Mock.return_value` attribute.
* ``wraps``: Item for the mock object to wrap. If ``wraps`` is not None
then calling the Mock will pass the call through to the wrapped object
(returning the real result and ignoring ``return_value``). Attribute
access on the mock will return a Mock object that wraps the corresponding
attribute of the wrapped object (so attempting to access an attribute that
doesn't exist will raise an ``AttributeError``).
If the mock has an explicit ``return_value`` set then calls are not passed
to the wrapped object and the ``return_value`` is returned instead.
* ``name``: If the mock has a name then it will be used in the repr of the
mock. This can be useful for debugging. The name is propagated to child
mocks.
"""
def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
# every instance has its own class
# so we can create magic methods on the
# class without stomping on other mocks
new = type(cls.__name__, (cls,), {'__doc__': cls.__doc__})
return object.__new__(new)
def __init__(self, spec=None, side_effect=None, return_value=DEFAULT,
wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None, parent=None):
self._parent = parent
self._name = name
_spec_class = None
if spec_set is not None:
spec = spec_set
spec_set = True
if spec is not None and type(spec) is not list:
if isinstance(spec, class_types):
_spec_class = spec
else:
_spec_class = spec.__class__
spec = dir(spec)
self._spec_class = _spec_class
self._spec_set = spec_set
self._methods = spec
self._children = {}
self._return_value = return_value
self.side_effect = side_effect
self._wraps = wraps
self.reset_mock()
@property
def __class__(self):
if self._spec_class is None:
return type(self)
return self._spec_class
def reset_mock(self):
"Restore the mock object to its initial state."
self.called = False
self.call_args = None
self.call_count = 0
self.call_args_list = []
self.method_calls = []
for child in self._children.values():
child.reset_mock()
if isinstance(self._return_value, Mock):
if not self._return_value is self:
self._return_value.reset_mock()
def __get_return_value(self):
if self._return_value is DEFAULT:
self._return_value = self._get_child_mock()
return self._return_value
def __set_return_value(self, value):
self._return_value = value
__return_value_doc = "The value to be returned when the mock is called."
return_value = property(__get_return_value, __set_return_value,
__return_value_doc)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.called = True
self.call_count += 1
self.call_args = callargs((args, kwargs))
self.call_args_list.append(callargs((args, kwargs)))
parent = self._parent
name = self._name
while parent is not None:
parent.method_calls.append(callargs((name, args, kwargs)))
if parent._parent is None:
break
name = parent._name + '.' + name
parent = parent._parent
ret_val = DEFAULT
if self.side_effect is not None:
if (isinstance(self.side_effect, BaseException) or
isinstance(self.side_effect, class_types) and
issubclass(self.side_effect, BaseException)):
raise self.side_effect
ret_val = self.side_effect(*args, **kwargs)
if ret_val is DEFAULT:
ret_val = self.return_value
if self._wraps is not None and self._return_value is DEFAULT:
return self._wraps(*args, **kwargs)
if ret_val is DEFAULT:
ret_val = self.return_value
return ret_val
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == '_methods':
raise AttributeError(name)
elif self._methods is not None:
if name not in self._methods or name in _all_magics:
raise AttributeError("Mock object has no attribute '%s'" % name)
elif _is_magic(name):
raise AttributeError(name)
if name not in self._children:
wraps = None
if self._wraps is not None:
wraps = getattr(self._wraps, name)
self._children[name] = self._get_child_mock(parent=self, name=name, wraps=wraps)
return self._children[name]
def __repr__(self):
if self._name is None and self._spec_class is None:
return object.__repr__(self)
name_string = ''
spec_string = ''
if self._name is not None:
def get_name(name):
if name is None:
return 'mock'
return name
parent = self._parent
name = self._name
while parent is not None:
name = get_name(parent._name) + '.' + name
parent = parent._parent
name_string = ' name=%r' % name
if self._spec_class is not None:
spec_string = ' spec=%r'
if self._spec_set:
spec_string = ' spec_set=%r'
spec_string = spec_string % self._spec_class.__name__
return "<%s%s%s id='%s'>" % (type(self).__name__,
name_string,
spec_string,
id(self))
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
if not 'method_calls' in self.__dict__:
# allow all attribute setting until initialisation is complete
return object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
if (self._spec_set and self._methods is not None and name not in
self._methods and name not in self.__dict__ and
name != 'return_value'):
raise AttributeError("Mock object has no attribute '%s'" % name)
if name in _unsupported_magics:
msg = 'Attempting to set unsupported magic method %r.' % name
raise AttributeError(msg)
elif name in _all_magics:
if self._methods is not None and name not in self._methods:
raise AttributeError("Mock object has no attribute '%s'" % name)
if not isinstance(value, Mock):
setattr(type(self), name, _get_method(name, value))
original = value
real = lambda *args, **kw: original(self, *args, **kw)
value = mocksignature(value, real, skipfirst=True)
else:
setattr(type(self), name, value)
return object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
def __delattr__(self, name):
if name in _all_magics and name in type(self).__dict__:
delattr(type(self), name)
return object.__delattr__(self, name)
def assert_called_with(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""
assert that the mock was called with the specified arguments.
Raises an AssertionError if the args and keyword args passed in are
different to the last call to the mock.
"""
if self.call_args is None:
raise AssertionError('Expected: %s\nNot called' % ((args, kwargs),))
if not self.call_args == (args, kwargs):
raise AssertionError(
'Expected: %s\nCalled with: %s' % ((args, kwargs), self.call_args)
)
def assert_called_once_with(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""
assert that the mock was called exactly once and with the specified
arguments.
"""
if not self.call_count == 1:
msg = ("Expected to be called once. Called %s times." %
self.call_count)
raise AssertionError(msg)
return self.assert_called_with(*args, **kwargs)
def _get_child_mock(self, **kw):
klass = type(self).__mro__[1]
return klass(**kw)
class callargs(tuple):
"""
A tuple for holding the results of a call to a mock, either in the form
`(args, kwargs)` or `(name, args, kwargs)`.
If args or kwargs are empty then a callargs tuple will compare equal to
a tuple without those values. This makes comparisons less verbose::
callargs('name', (), {}) == ('name',)
callargs('name', (1,), {}) == ('name', (1,))
callargs((), {'a': 'b'}) == ({'a': 'b'},)
"""
def __eq__(self, other):
if len(self) == 3:
if other[0] != self[0]:
return False
args_kwargs = self[1:]
other_args_kwargs = other[1:]
else:
args_kwargs = tuple(self)
other_args_kwargs = other
if len(other_args_kwargs) == 0:
other_args, other_kwargs = (), {}
elif len(other_args_kwargs) == 1:
if isinstance(other_args_kwargs[0], tuple):
other_args = other_args_kwargs[0]
other_kwargs = {}
else:
other_args = ()
other_kwargs = other_args_kwargs[0]
else:
other_args, other_kwargs = other_args_kwargs
return tuple(args_kwargs) == (other_args, other_kwargs)
def _dot_lookup(thing, comp, import_path):
try:
return getattr(thing, comp)
except AttributeError:
__import__(import_path)
return getattr(thing, comp)
def _importer(target):
components = target.split('.')
import_path = components.pop(0)
thing = __import__(import_path)
for comp in components:
import_path += ".%s" % comp
thing = _dot_lookup(thing, comp, import_path)
return thing
class _patch(object):
def __init__(self, target, attribute, new, spec, create,
mocksignature, spec_set):
self.target = target
self.attribute = attribute
self.new = new
self.spec = spec
self.create = create
self.has_local = False
self.mocksignature = mocksignature
self.spec_set = spec_set
def copy(self):
return _patch(self.target, self.attribute, self.new, self.spec,
self.create, self.mocksignature, self.spec_set)
def __call__(self, func):
if isinstance(func, class_types):
return self.decorate_class(func)
else:
return self.decorate_callable(func)
def decorate_class(self, klass):
for attr in dir(klass):
attr_value = getattr(klass, attr)
if attr.startswith("test") and hasattr(attr_value, "__call__"):
setattr(klass, attr, self.copy()(attr_value))
return klass
def decorate_callable(self, func):
if hasattr(func, 'patchings'):
func.patchings.append(self)
return func
@wraps(func)
def patched(*args, **keywargs):
# don't use a with here (backwards compatability with 2.5)
extra_args = []
for patching in patched.patchings:
arg = patching.__enter__()
if patching.new is DEFAULT:
extra_args.append(arg)
args += tuple(extra_args)
try:
return func(*args, **keywargs)
finally:
for patching in reversed(getattr(patched, 'patchings', [])):
patching.__exit__()
patched.patchings = [self]
if hasattr(func, 'func_code'):
# not in Python 3
patched.compat_co_firstlineno = getattr(func, "compat_co_firstlineno",
func.func_code.co_firstlineno)
return patched
def get_original(self):
target = self.target
name = self.attribute
original = DEFAULT
local = False
try:
original = target.__dict__[name]
except (AttributeError, KeyError):
original = getattr(target, name, DEFAULT)
else:
local = True
if not self.create and original is DEFAULT:
raise AttributeError("%s does not have the attribute %r" % (target, name))
return original, local
def __enter__(self):
"""Perform the patch."""
new, spec, spec_set = self.new, self.spec, self.spec_set
original, local = self.get_original()
if new is DEFAULT:
# XXXX what if original is DEFAULT - shouldn't use it as a spec
inherit = False
if spec_set == True:
spec_set = original
if isinstance(spec_set, class_types):
inherit = True
elif spec == True:
# set spec to the object we are replacing
spec = original
if isinstance(spec, class_types):
inherit = True
new = Mock(spec=spec, spec_set=spec_set)
if inherit:
new.return_value = Mock(spec=spec, spec_set=spec_set)
new_attr = new
if self.mocksignature:
new_attr = mocksignature(original, new)
self.temp_original = original
self.is_local = local
setattr(self.target, self.attribute, new_attr)
return new
def __exit__(self, *_):
"""Undo the patch."""
if self.is_local and self.temp_original is not DEFAULT:
setattr(self.target, self.attribute, self.temp_original)
else:
delattr(self.target, self.attribute)
if not self.create and not hasattr(self.target, self.attribute):
# needed for proxy objects like django settings
setattr(self.target, self.attribute, self.temp_original)
del self.temp_original
del self.is_local
start = __enter__
stop = __exit__
def _patch_object(target, attribute, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False,
mocksignature=False, spec_set=None):
"""
patch.object(target, attribute, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False,
mocksignature=False, spec_set=None)
patch the named member (`attribute`) on an object (`target`) with a mock
object.
Arguments new, spec, create, mocksignature and spec_set have the same
meaning as for patch.
"""
return _patch(target, attribute, new, spec, create, mocksignature,
spec_set)
def patch_object(*args, **kwargs):
"A deprecated form of patch.object(...)"
warnings.warn(('Please use patch.object instead.'), DeprecationWarning, 2)
return _patch_object(*args, **kwargs)
def patch(target, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False,
mocksignature=False, spec_set=None):
"""
``patch`` acts as a function decorator, class decorator or a context
manager. Inside the body of the function or with statement, the ``target``
(specified in the form `'PackageName.ModuleName.ClassName'`) is patched
with a ``new`` object. When the function/with statement exits the patch is
undone.
The ``target`` is imported and the specified attribute patched with the new
object, so it must be importable from the environment you are calling the
decorator from.
If ``new`` is omitted, then a new ``Mock`` is created and passed in as an
extra argument to the decorated function.
The ``spec`` and ``spec_set`` keyword arguments are passed to the ``Mock``
if patch is creating one for you.
In addition you can pass ``spec=True`` or ``spec_set=True``, which causes
patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object.
If ``mocksignature`` is True then the patch will be done with a function
created by mocking the one being replaced. If the object being replaced is
a class then the signature of `__init__` will be copied. If the object
being replaced is a callable object then the signature of `__call__` will
be copied.
By default ``patch`` will fail to replace attributes that don't exist. If
you pass in 'create=True' and the attribute doesn't exist, patch will
create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and
delete it again afterwards. This is useful for writing tests against
attributes that your production code creates at runtime. It is off by by
default because it can be dangerous. With it switched on you can write
passing tests against APIs that don't actually exist!
Patch can be used as a TestCase class decorator. It works by
decorating each test method in the class. This reduces the boilerplate
code when your test methods share a common patchings set.
Patch can be used with the with statement, if this is available in your
version of Python. Here the patching applies to the indented block after
the with statement. If you use "as" then the patched object will be bound
to the name after the "as"; very useful if `patch` is creating a mock
object for you.
`patch.dict(...)` and `patch.object(...)` are available for alternate
use-cases.
"""
try:
target, attribute = target.rsplit('.', 1)
except (TypeError, ValueError):
raise TypeError("Need a valid target to patch. You supplied: %r" %
(target,))
target = _importer(target)
return _patch(target, attribute, new, spec, create, mocksignature, spec_set)
class _patch_dict(object):
"""
Patch a dictionary and restore the dictionary to its original state after
the test.
`in_dict` can be a dictionary or a mapping like container. If it is a
mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items
plus iterating over keys.
`in_dict` can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which
will then be fetched by importing it.
`values` can be a dictionary of values to set in the dictionary. `values`
can also be an iterable of ``(key, value)`` pairs.
If `clear` is True then the dictionary will be cleared before the new
values are set.
"""
def __init__(self, in_dict, values=(), clear=False):
if isinstance(in_dict, basestring):
in_dict = _importer(in_dict)
self.in_dict = in_dict
# support any argument supported by dict(...) constructor
self.values = dict(values)
self.clear = clear
self._original = None
def __call__(self, f):
if isinstance(f, class_types):
return self.decorate_class(f)
@wraps(f)
def _inner(*args, **kw):
self._patch_dict()
try:
return f(*args, **kw)
finally:
self._unpatch_dict()
return _inner
def decorate_class(self, klass):
for attr in dir(klass):
attr_value = getattr(klass, attr)
if attr.startswith("test") and hasattr(attr_value, "__call__"):
decorator = _patch_dict(self.in_dict, self.values, self.clear)
decorated = decorator(attr_value)
setattr(klass, attr, decorated)
return klass
def __enter__(self):
"""Patch the dict."""
self._patch_dict()
def _patch_dict(self):
"""Unpatch the dict."""
values = self.values
in_dict = self.in_dict
clear = self.clear
try:
original = in_dict.copy()
except AttributeError:
# dict like object with no copy method
# must support iteration over keys
original = {}
for key in in_dict:
original[key] = in_dict[key]
self._original = original
if clear:
_clear_dict(in_dict)
try:
in_dict.update(values)
except AttributeError:
# dict like object with no update method
for key in values:
in_dict[key] = values[key]
def _unpatch_dict(self):
in_dict = self.in_dict
original = self._original
_clear_dict(in_dict)
try:
in_dict.update(original)
except AttributeError:
for key in original:
in_dict[key] = original[key]
def __exit__(self, *args):
self._unpatch_dict()
return False
start = __enter__
stop = __exit__
def _clear_dict(in_dict):
try:
in_dict.clear()
except AttributeError:
keys = list(in_dict)
for key in keys:
del in_dict[key]
patch.object = _patch_object
patch.dict = _patch_dict
magic_methods = (
"lt le gt ge eq ne "
"getitem setitem delitem "
"len contains iter "
"hash str sizeof "
"enter exit "
"divmod neg pos abs invert "
"complex int float index "
"trunc floor ceil "
)
numerics = "add sub mul div truediv floordiv mod lshift rshift and xor or pow "
inplace = ' '.join('i%s' % n for n in numerics.split())
right = ' '.join('r%s' % n for n in numerics.split())
extra = ''
if inPy3k:
extra = 'bool next '
else:
extra = 'unicode long nonzero oct hex '
# __truediv__ and __rtruediv__ not available in Python 3 either
# not including __prepare__, __instancecheck__, __subclasscheck__
# (as they are metaclass methods)
# __del__ is not supported at all as it causes problems if it exists
_non_defaults = set('__%s__' % method for method in [
'cmp', 'getslice', 'setslice', 'coerce', 'subclasses',
'dir', 'format', 'get', 'set', 'delete', 'reversed',
'missing', 'reduce', 'reduce_ex', 'getinitargs',
'getnewargs', 'getstate', 'setstate', 'getformat',
'setformat', 'repr'
])
def _get_method(name, func):
"Turns a callable object (like a mock) into a real function"
def method(self, *args, **kw):
return func(self, *args, **kw)
method.__name__ = name
return method
_magics = set(
'__%s__' % method for method in
' '.join([magic_methods, numerics, inplace, right, extra]).split()
)
_all_magics = _magics | _non_defaults
_unsupported_magics = set([
'__getattr__', '__setattr__',
'__init__', '__new__', '__prepare__'
'__instancecheck__', '__subclasscheck__',
'__del__'
])
_calculate_return_value = {
'__hash__': lambda self: object.__hash__(self),
'__str__': lambda self: object.__str__(self),
'__sizeof__': lambda self: object.__sizeof__(self),
'__unicode__': lambda self: unicode(object.__str__(self)),
}
_return_values = {
'__int__': 1,
'__contains__': False,
'__len__': 0,
'__iter__': iter([]),
'__exit__': False,
'__complex__': 1j,
'__float__': 1.0,
'__bool__': True,
'__nonzero__': True,
'__oct__': '1',
'__hex__': '0x1',
'__long__': long(1),
'__index__': 1,
}
def _get_eq(self):
def __eq__(other):
ret_val = self.__eq__._return_value
if ret_val is not DEFAULT:
return ret_val
return self is other
return __eq__
def _get_ne(self):
def __ne__(other):
if self.__ne__._return_value is not DEFAULT:
return DEFAULT
return self is not other
return __ne__
_side_effect_methods = {
'__eq__': _get_eq,
'__ne__': _get_ne,
}
def _set_return_value(mock, method, name):
return_value = DEFAULT
if name in _return_values:
return_value = _return_values[name]
elif name in _calculate_return_value:
try:
return_value = _calculate_return_value[name](mock)
except AttributeError:
return_value = AttributeError(name)
elif name in _side_effect_methods:
side_effect = _side_effect_methods[name](mock)
method.side_effect = side_effect
if return_value is not DEFAULT:
method.return_value = return_value
class MagicMock(Mock):
"""
MagicMock is a subclass of :Mock with default implementations
of most of the magic methods. You can use MagicMock without having to
configure the magic methods yourself.
If you use the ``spec`` or ``spec_set`` arguments then *only* magic
methods that exist in the spec will be created.
Attributes and the return value of a `MagicMock` will also be `MagicMocks`.
"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
Mock.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
these_magics = _magics
if self._methods is not None:
these_magics = _magics.intersection(self._methods)
for entry in these_magics:
# could specify parent?
m = Mock()
setattr(self, entry, m)
_set_return_value(self, m, entry)