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✨cup-of-cs-arm🌰✨

Presentation here on 1/31/2021 by @Aningaaq

Today's session focuses more on the business and history of CPU Architectures

  • First step to become a processor Geek !

[Survey] Which devices do you own?

What are their cpu architectures?

cup-of-cs-arm/Untitled.png

  • TL;DR : All phones and tablets owned by cup o' cs members are ARM, Laptops are all Intel, 1 ARM desktop and AMD desktop.

Intel🤷 vs AMD🤷‍♀️ vs ARM🤷‍♂️ ????

📌 Intel & AMD are both Chip Manufacturers

📌 Arm doesn’t make chips, they sell licences of ARM chip designs to other manufacturers.

📌 Intel designs and manufactures x86 processors

📌 AMD used to manufacture chips, but now outsources manufacturing to other companies.

cup-of-cs-arm/Untitled%201.png

List of CPU manufacturers

cup-of-cs-arm/Untitled%202.png

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers

Quick history of x86

Reference : https://youtu.be/AADZo73yrq4

  • Started in 1986, by Robert Noyce & Gordon Moore (of Moore’s law)
  • Intel 4004 in 1970 - 4 bit CPU
  • 8008, 8080 in 1972 and 1974
  • 8086 in 1978, head of the x86 family - 16 bit CPU
  • 80186, 80286 in 1982 - 80286 had virtual addressing & on-chip MMU (protected mode)
  • 80386 - 32 bit CPU, protected mode, released 1985.
    • Linux developed on 80386 starting in 1991.
  • AMD Am386 was 80386 clone released in 1991.
  • 486 in 1989 along with clones from AMD and Cyrix
  • Pentium (i.e. 586) in 1993 plus clones
    • Named the “Pentium” for copyright, trademark issues
  • Pentium Pro, Pentium Ⅱ & Ⅲ (i.e. 686) from 1995 to 1997
  • Pentium 4 in 2000
  • In 2001 Intel tried to escape x86 and launched the doomed 64-bit Itanium
    • Itanium failed, because it wasn’t backwards compatible
  • 2003 AMD releases Athlon 64 with AMD64, 64-bit instruction set
  • 2004 EM64T - Intel’s version of 64-bit x86

Some people like to call Intel’s 64-bit Instruction Set Architecture as AMD64 (Because AMD was there first!) Now known collectively as x86-64 or x64

  • 2005 Apple moves from Power PC to Intel x86
  • 2006 First Macs with 64bit Intel Processors
  • 2008 to Present - i3, i5, i7, i9
  • 2020 Apple moves from Intel x86-64 to its own chips based on Arm

Q: Why aren't there Intel chips in mobile devices?

cup-of-cs-arm/Untitled%203.png

Source: https://thenextweb.com/apple/2011/10/26/steve-jobs-intels-inflexibility-led-to-creation-of-a4-a5-processors/

  • They were too… rigid? Inflexible…?
    • Intel used to manufacture most of the cpus in the world
  • They design, & manufacture
  • Couldn’t streamline the process for a brand new market
  • Also neglected the mobile market
    • Didn’t think mobile infrastructure was stable enough for future market

Intel did try though...

cup-of-cs-arm/Untitled%204.png

Source: https://www.extremetech.com/computing/227816-how-intel-lost-the-mobile-market-part-2-the-rise-and-neglect-of-atom

  • They did have the Atom Processor

    Low power chip designed for mobile devices.

  • But couldn’t catch up to its competitors

  • Intel discontinues Atom in 2016

cup-of-cs-arm/Untitled%205.png

Source: https://www.techtimes.com/articles/155250/20160502/intel-drops-atom-processors-what-this-means-for-the-surface-phone.htm

Quick history of Arm

Reference : https://youtu.be/AADZo73yrq4

  • Acorn Computers Ltd. was a British computer company Established in Cambridge, England in 1978. Was known for BBC Micro.

  • Elite was written and developed by David Braben and Ian Bell Originally published by AcornSoft for the BBC Micro in 1984.

  • In 1983 , Acorn starts its Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) projectAnd the resulting Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) processor would eventually become known as the 32-bit ARM1

  • To keep costs low, ARM1 used plastic packaging So design had to be under 1W (to not affect the plastic) 🔥🔥🔥

  • Prototype chip came out in 1985.

  • First test board had fault!!! 🤯BUT!!! The chip was still powered on the “leakage” electricity 🤩

  • Designed to run at 1W , but the chip averaged under 100mW during typical usage.

  • The ARM2 came out in 1987The first consumer computer based on an ARM chip : the Acorn Archimedes

  • 1986, Apple began using ARM processors for R&D => later becomes the first tablet, the Newton

  • Advanced RISC Machines Ltd (ARM) is spun off from Acorn, is 1991With Investment from Apple and VLSI

  • Now an Intellectual Property company, selling designs rather than chips

  • ARM licensed its tech to the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

    • DEC => Ethernet, PDP-11, VAX and the 64-bit Alpha chip

  • DEC made StrongARM which ran at 233MHz with only 1W of power (1995)

  • The StrongARM design center was led by Dan Dobberpuhl

  • DEC gave StrongARM technology to Intel in 1997

  • Intel used StrongARM to supplement its i960 line of processors and later developed its own high performance ARM-based implementation named XScale, which it sold to Marvell in 2006

  • Intel still holds an ARMv6 architectural license, which it retained when it sold XScale to Marvell.

    • Q: ???? So Intel can make ARM based chips?????

  • By 2002 Arm’s partners had shipped over 1B Arm based chips.

  • By 2014, 50 Billion

ARM Sales rising exponentially ⤴️

cup-of-cs-arm/Untitled%206.png

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_Ltd.#Sales_and_market_share

Quick history of Apple + Arm

Reference : https://youtu.be/AADZo73yrq4

  • In 2001 Apple launched the iPod using ARM7T chip, based on ARMv4 architecture

  • iPhone launched in 2007 using ARM11 chip, based on ARMv6 architecture

  • iPhone 3G uses the same chip in 2008

  • iPhone 3GS uses a Samsung APL0298C05 chip : ARM Cortex-A8 CPU + PowerVR SGX 535 GPU (2009)

  • iPhone 4 / iPad use Apple A4, fast version of Cortex-A8 developed by Intrinsity + PowerVR SGX 535 GPU (2010)

  • iPhone 4S / iPad 2 use Apple A5 , dual-core Cortex-A9 + PowerVR SGX543MP2 (2011)

    • => cpu designed directly by Apple

  • Back in 2008 Apple bought P.A.Semi -> Founded by Dan Dobberpuhl (of StrongARM fame)

  • Also in 2008, Apple secretly signed an architecture license with ARM

    • Contract to enable Apple to design its own ARM compatible SoC

  • iPhone 5 features Apple A6 with custom Apple-designed ARMv7 based dual-core CPU, called Swift (2012)

    • Qualcomm also lauched its custom Arm core, called Krait (2012)

  • Apple A7 jumps to 64-bits / ARMv8 in 2013 with PowerVR G6430

  • A8 - A10 used successive generations of Apple CPU designs with PowerVR GPUs (2014-2016)

  • 2017, Apple and Imagination (PowerVR) split causing big problems for Imagination

  • Apple continutes to license a wide range of Imagination’s IP

  • A11, A12, A13 use successive generations of Apple CPU designs, + Apple “designed” GPU (which certainly has lots of PowerVR heritage)

  • Apple A12Z is a variant of the A12 with an 8-core GPU. Currently A14

Arm vs x86

Reference : https://youtu.be/AADZo73yrq4

Arm is RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing

RISC :Only 1 operation per 1 instruction

  • Simpler instructions
  • One instruction per cycle
  • Fixed Instruction Sizes
  • Load/Store never works directly on memory (can’t add 1 to value in address)

x86-64  is CISCComplex Instruction Set Computing

CISC:

Does more than 1 operation per 1 instruction

  • Complex, multi-stage instructions
  • Make cpu more like software
  • Memory was expensive historically and slow
  • Variable length instructions (upto 15Bytes)

Next UP : RISC vs CISC