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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>1. 基本的な計算 — Python早見帳</title>
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基礎
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1. 基本的な計算
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2. 変数
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3. 実行制御
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4. 関数
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5. モジュール
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データ構造
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6. リスト
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7. タプル
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8. 文字列
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9. 辞書
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10. 集合
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発展
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12. 可変と不変
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13. クラス
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15. イテレータとジェネレータ
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科学技術計算とデータ分析
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17. NumPy (2): 行列・テンソル
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18. Matplotlib: グラフの描画
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1.1. Pythonことはじめ
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1.2. 四則演算
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1.3. 浮動小数点数
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<h1>基本的な計算</h1>
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1.1. Pythonことはじめ
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1.2. 四則演算
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<h1><span class="section-number">1. </span>基本的な計算<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="このヘッドラインへのパーマリンク">#</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="python">
<h2><span class="section-number">1.1. </span>Pythonことはじめ<a class="headerlink" href="#python" title="このヘッドラインへのパーマリンク">#</a></h2>
<p>文字列はシングルクォーテーション（<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'</span></code>）、またはダブルクォーテーション（<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"</span></code>）で囲む。出力するには<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print()</span></code>を用いる。改行文字<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\n'</span></code>を末尾に付けなくても改行される。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Hello, world!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Hello, world!
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<p>Jupyter Notebookなどの対話的シェルでは、最後に書かれた式を評価した結果が出力される。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s1">'Hello, world!!!'</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>'Hello, world!!!'
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#</span></code>に続く記述はコメントとして扱われ、実行されない。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># 'Hello, world!'という文字列を表示する。</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Hello, world!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Hello, world!
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<div class="section" id="id2">
<h2><span class="section-number">1.2. </span>四則演算<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="このヘッドラインへのパーマリンク">#</a></h2>
<p>加算は<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+</span></code>、減算は<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code>、乗算は<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code>、除算は<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/</span></code>である。除算<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/</span></code>の計算結果は浮動小数点数となる。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">9</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>11
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">9</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>7
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">9</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>18
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">9</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>4.5
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<p>除算の結果を整数で求めたいときは<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">//</span></code>を使う。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">9</span> <span class="o">//</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>4
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<p>演算子<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">//</span></code>の間に空白を入れると文法エラー（syntax error）となる。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">9</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
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<div class="output traceback highlight-ipythontb notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gt"> File</span><span class="nn"> "/tmp/ipykernel_2497/333318335.py"</span><span class="gt">, line </span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="g g-Whitespace"> </span><span class="mi">9</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="o">^</span>
<span class="ne">SyntaxError</span>: invalid syntax
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</div>
</div>
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<p>剰余算（割ったときの余り）は<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%</span></code>で求める。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">9</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>1
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">10</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>0
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<p>累乗は<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code>で求める。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="mi">7</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>128
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<p>演算子<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code>の間に空白を入れると文法エラーとなる。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">7</span>
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<div class="output traceback highlight-ipythontb notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gt"> File</span><span class="nn"> "/tmp/ipykernel_2497/3091056297.py"</span><span class="gt">, line </span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="g g-Whitespace"> </span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">7</span>
<span class="o">^</span>
<span class="ne">SyntaxError</span>: invalid syntax
</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>計算（演算子）の優先順位は数学の慣習に近い。優先順位は<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code> > <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code> (負の数を表現) > <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">//</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%</span></code> > <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code></p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">3</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">7</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>-0.5
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<p>括弧<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">)</span></code>を使って演算子の優先順位を変更できる。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>-5.0
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<div class="section" id="id3">
<h2><span class="section-number">1.3. </span>浮動小数点数<a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="このヘッドラインへのパーマリンク">#</a></h2>
<p>数に小数点が含まれると、その数は自動的に浮動小数点数で表現される（浮動小数点数を評価したので、出力に小数点が付いている）。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mf">1.0</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>1.0
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<p>指数を用いた浮動小数点 <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(a \times 10^b\)</span> は<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">e</span></code>を用いて表現できる（C言語と同様）。例えば、<span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(6.02 \times 10^{23}\)</span>は、</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mf">6.02e23</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>6.02e+23
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<p><span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(1.0 \times 10^{-4}\)</span>は、</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mf">1e-4</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>0.0001
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<p>式の中に浮動小数点数が含まれる場合、計算結果も浮動小数点数になる。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">9.0</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>-7.0
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<p>浮動小数点数に対して<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">//</span></code>を使うと、結果は整数ではなく浮動小数点数となる。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">9.0</span> <span class="o">//</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>-5.0
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<div class="section" id="id4">
<h2><span class="section-number">1.4. </span>2進数と16進数<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="このヘッドラインへのパーマリンク">#</a></h2>
<p>2進数は先頭に<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0b</span></code>を付ける。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mb">0b00101100</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>44
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<p>16進数は先頭に<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x</span></code>を付ける。</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mh">0x2C</span>
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<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>44
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