Python-Delete-File-Folder.md

給自己的Python小筆記 - 如何自動刪除檔案和資料夾? - 各種方法教學

1. 總表 - 刪除檔案與資料夾的方法比較

方法	模組	說明
os.remove()	os	刪除檔案
os.unlink()	os	刪除檔案
rmdir()	os	刪除資料夾,但資料夾必須為空
Path().unlink()	pathlib	刪除檔案
removedirs()	os	遞迴刪除資料來,當子資料夾們成功刪除(資料夾必須為空)，才會到其父資料們嘗試刪除
glob()	glob	使用匹配的模式搭配remove()來刪除對應規則的檔案
rmtree()	shutil	直接刪除整個非空的資料夾

2. os.remove() 方法

1. **說明:**用以刪除指定路径的檔案

2. 可能報錯原因:

• 指定的檔案非檔案(像是資料夾)或根本不存在
• 沒有權限刪除檔案

3. 舉例: 刪除sample資料夾中的sample_file.txt，並使用try-except來捕捉刪除時遇到的錯誤

import os

path = 'sample/'

file = 'sample/sample_file.txt'

print('Sample Folder:', os.listdir(path))

try:

    os.remove(file)

except OSError as e:

    print('Delete Problem: ', e)

else:
    print('Delete File')
    print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

執行結果

Sample Folder: ['level1', 'not_null', 'python_file.py', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt', 'test_folder']
Delete File
Sample Folder:  ['level1', 'not_null', 'python_file.py', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt', 'test_folder']

3. os.unlink() 方法

1. 說明: 用以刪除指定路徑的檔案
2. 舉例: 刪除sample資料夾中的python_file.py

import os

path = 'sample/'


print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

os.unlink('sample/python_file.py')

print('Delete File')
print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

執行結果

Sample Folder:  ['level1', 'not_null', 'python_file.py', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt', 'test_folder']
Delete File
Sample Folder:  ['level1', 'not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt', 'test_folder']

4. rmdir() 方法 - 刪除空的資料夾

1. 說明: 刪除資料夾，但資料夾必須為空

2. 舉例: 刪除sample資料夾中的test_folder

import os

path = 'sample/'

folder = 'sample/test_folder'
print('Sample Folder:', os.listdir(path))

try:

    os. rmdir(folder)

except OSError as e:

    print('Delete Problem: ', e)

else:

    print('Delete File')
    print('Sample Folder: ', os. listdir(path))

執行結果

Sample Folder: ['level1', 'not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt', 'test_folder']
Delete File
Sample Folder:  ['level1', 'not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt']

5. Pathlib 模組 - 刪除檔案

1. 說明: 用以刪除指定路徑的檔案
2. 舉例: 刪除sample資料夾中的sample_file.txt

from pathlib import Path

path = 'sample/'

file = Path('sample/sample_file1.txt')

print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

try:

    file.unlink()
    print('Delete File')
    print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

except OSError as e:
    print (f"Delete Problem: {e.strerror}")

執行結果

Sample Folder:  ['level1', 'not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt']
Delete File
Sample Folder:  ['level1', 'not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt']

6. removedirs() - 刪除資料夾

1. 說明: 遞迴刪除資料夾，當子資料夾們成功刪除(資料夾必須為空)，才會到其父資料夾們嘗試刪除
2. 舉例: 我建立兩層資料夾(levell裡面包含level2)，level2為空的資料夾，levell為只有装載level2的資料夾，我要將level1整個刪除

import os

path = 'sample/'
folder = 'sample/level1/level2'

print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

try:

    os.removedirs (folder)

except OSError as e:

    print('Delete Problem:', e)

else:

    print('Delete File')
    print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

執行結果

Sample Folder:  ['level1', 'not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt']
Delete File
Sample Folder:  ['not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt']

7. glob - 使用匹配模式來刪除檔案

1. 說明: 使用匹配的模式搭配remove()來刪除對應規則的檔案

2. 舉例: 刪除sample資料夾中所有以sample_為開頭的txt檔案

import os

import glob

## 刪除以sample_為開頭的txt檔案
all_text = glob.glob('sample/sample_*.txt')

path = 'sample/'

print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

for t in all_text:
    try:
        os.remove(t)

    except OSError as e:

        print('Delete Problem: ', e)

print('Delete File')
print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

執行結果

Sample Folder:  ['not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt']
Delete File
Sample Folder:  ['not_null', 'sample.txt']

8. rmtree() - 直接刪除整個非空的資料夾

舉例: 刪除整個not_null 資料夾

import shutil

path = 'sample/'

folder = 'sample/not_null'

print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

try:

    shutil.rmtree (folder)

except OSError as e:

    print('Delete Problem: ', e)

else:

    print('Delete File')
    print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

執行結果

Sample Folder:  ['not_null', 'sample.txt']
Delete File
Sample Folder:  ['sample.txt']