differ.js

/**
 * @license Copyright (c) 2003-2020, CKSource - Frederico Knabben. All rights reserved.
 * For licensing, see LICENSE.md or https://ckeditor.com/legal/ckeditor-oss-license
 */

/**
 * @module engine/model/differ
 */

import Position from './position';
import Range from './range';

/**
 * Calculates the difference between two model states.
 *
 * Receives operations that are to be applied on the model document. Marks parts of the model document tree which
 * are changed and saves the state of these elements before the change. Then, it compares saved elements with the
 * changed elements, after all changes are applied on the model document. Calculates the diff between saved
 * elements and new ones and returns a change set.
 */
export default class Differ {
	/**
	 * Creates a `Differ` instance.
	 *
	 * @param {module:engine/model/markercollection~MarkerCollection} markerCollection Model's marker collection.
	 */
	constructor( markerCollection ) {
		/**
		 * Reference to the model's marker collection.
		 *
		 * @private
		 * @type {module:engine/model/markercollection~MarkerCollection}
		 */
		this._markerCollection = markerCollection;

		/**
		 * A map that stores changes that happened in a given element.
		 *
		 * The keys of the map are references to the model elements.
		 * The values of the map are arrays with changes that were done on this element.
		 *
		 * @private
		 * @type {Map}
		 */
		this._changesInElement = new Map();

		/**
		 * A map that stores "element's children snapshots". A snapshot is representing children of a given element before
		 * the first change was applied on that element. Snapshot items are objects with two properties: `name`,
		 * containing the element name (or `'$text'` for a text node) and `attributes` which is a map of the node's attributes.
		 *
		 * @private
		 * @type {Map}
		 */
		this._elementSnapshots = new Map();

		/**
		 * A map that stores all changed markers.
		 *
		 * The keys of the map are marker names.
		 * The values of the map are objects with the `oldRange` and `newRange` properties. They store the marker range
		 * state before and after the change.
		 *
		 * @private
		 * @type {Map}
		 */
		this._changedMarkers = new Map();

		/**
		 * Stores the number of changes that were processed. Used to order the changes chronologically. It is important
		 * when changes are sorted.
		 *
		 * @private
		 * @type {Number}
		 */
		this._changeCount = 0;

		/**
		 * For efficiency purposes, `Differ` stores the change set returned by the differ after {@link #getChanges} call.
		 * Cache is reset each time a new operation is buffered. If the cache has not been reset, {@link #getChanges} will
		 * return the cached value instead of calculating it again.
		 *
		 * This property stores those changes that did not take place in graveyard root.
		 *
		 * @private
		 * @type {Array.<Object>|null}
		 */
		this._cachedChanges = null;

		/**
		 * For efficiency purposes, `Differ` stores the change set returned by the differ after the {@link #getChanges} call.
		 * The cache is reset each time a new operation is buffered. If the cache has not been reset, {@link #getChanges} will
		 * return the cached value instead of calculating it again.
		 *
		 * This property stores all changes evaluated by `Differ`, including those that took place in the graveyard.
		 *
		 * @private
		 * @type {Array.<Object>|null}
		 */
		this._cachedChangesWithGraveyard = null;
	}

	/**
	 * Informs whether there are any changes buffered in `Differ`.
	 *
	 * @readonly
	 * @type {Boolean}
	 */
	get isEmpty() {
		return this._changesInElement.size == 0 && this._changedMarkers.size == 0;
	}

	/**
	 * Marks given `item` in differ to be "refreshed". It means that the item will be marked as removed and inserted in the differ changes
	 * set, so it will be effectively re-converted when differ changes will be handled by a dispatcher.
	 *
	 * @param {module:engine/model/item~Item} item Item to refresh.
	 */
	refreshItem( item ) {
		if ( this._isInInsertedElement( item.parent ) ) {
			return;
		}

		this._markRemove( item.parent, item.startOffset, item.offsetSize );
		this._markInsert( item.parent, item.startOffset, item.offsetSize );

		const range = Range._createOn( item );

		for ( const marker of this._markerCollection.getMarkersIntersectingRange( range ) ) {
			const markerRange = marker.getRange();

			this.bufferMarkerChange( marker.name, markerRange, markerRange, marker.affectsData );
		}

		// Clear cache after each buffered operation as it is no longer valid.
		this._cachedChanges = null;
	}

	/**
	 * Buffers the given operation. An operation has to be buffered before it is executed.
	 *
	 * Operation type is checked and it is checked which nodes it will affect. These nodes are then stored in `Differ`
	 * in the state before the operation is executed.
	 *
	 * @param {module:engine/model/operation/operation~Operation} operation An operation to buffer.
	 */
	bufferOperation( operation ) {
		// Below we take an operation, check its type, then use its parameters in marking (private) methods.
		// The general rule is to not mark elements inside inserted element. All inserted elements are re-rendered.
		// Marking changes in them would cause a "double" changing then.
		//
		switch ( operation.type ) {
			case 'insert': {
				if ( this._isInInsertedElement( operation.position.parent ) ) {
					return;
				}

				this._markInsert( operation.position.parent, operation.position.offset, operation.nodes.maxOffset );

				break;
			}
			case 'addAttribute':
			case 'removeAttribute':
			case 'changeAttribute': {
				for ( const item of operation.range.getItems( { shallow: true } ) ) {
					if ( this._isInInsertedElement( item.parent ) ) {
						continue;
					}

					this._markAttribute( item );
				}

				break;
			}
			case 'remove':
			case 'move':
			case 'reinsert': {
				// When range is moved to the same position then not mark it as a change.
				// See: https://github.com/ckeditor/ckeditor5-engine/issues/1664.
				if (
					operation.sourcePosition.isEqual( operation.targetPosition ) ||
					operation.sourcePosition.getShiftedBy( operation.howMany ).isEqual( operation.targetPosition )
				) {
					return;
				}

				const sourceParentInserted = this._isInInsertedElement( operation.sourcePosition.parent );
				const targetParentInserted = this._isInInsertedElement( operation.targetPosition.parent );

				if ( !sourceParentInserted ) {
					this._markRemove( operation.sourcePosition.parent, operation.sourcePosition.offset, operation.howMany );
				}

				if ( !targetParentInserted ) {
					this._markInsert( operation.targetPosition.parent, operation.getMovedRangeStart().offset, operation.howMany );
				}

				break;
			}
			case 'rename': {
				if ( this._isInInsertedElement( operation.position.parent ) ) {
					return;
				}

				this._markRemove( operation.position.parent, operation.position.offset, 1 );
				this._markInsert( operation.position.parent, operation.position.offset, 1 );

				const range = Range._createFromPositionAndShift( operation.position, 1 );

				for ( const marker of this._markerCollection.getMarkersIntersectingRange( range ) ) {
					const markerRange = marker.getRange();

					this.bufferMarkerChange( marker.name, markerRange, markerRange, marker.affectsData );
				}

				break;
			}
			case 'split': {
				const splitElement = operation.splitPosition.parent;

				// Mark that children of the split element were removed.
				if ( !this._isInInsertedElement( splitElement ) ) {
					this._markRemove( splitElement, operation.splitPosition.offset, operation.howMany );
				}

				// Mark that the new element (split copy) was inserted.
				if ( !this._isInInsertedElement( operation.insertionPosition.parent ) ) {
					this._markInsert( operation.insertionPosition.parent, operation.insertionPosition.offset, 1 );
				}

				// If the split took the element from the graveyard, mark that the element from the graveyard was removed.
				if ( operation.graveyardPosition ) {
					this._markRemove( operation.graveyardPosition.parent, operation.graveyardPosition.offset, 1 );
				}

				break;
			}
			case 'merge': {
				// Mark that the merged element was removed.
				const mergedElement = operation.sourcePosition.parent;

				if ( !this._isInInsertedElement( mergedElement.parent ) ) {
					this._markRemove( mergedElement.parent, mergedElement.startOffset, 1 );
				}

				// Mark that the merged element was inserted into graveyard.
				const graveyardParent = operation.graveyardPosition.parent;

				this._markInsert( graveyardParent, operation.graveyardPosition.offset, 1 );

				// Mark that children of merged element were inserted at new parent.
				const mergedIntoElement = operation.targetPosition.parent;

				if ( !this._isInInsertedElement( mergedIntoElement ) ) {
					this._markInsert( mergedIntoElement, operation.targetPosition.offset, mergedElement.maxOffset );
				}

				break;
			}
		}

		// Clear cache after each buffered operation as it is no longer valid.
		this._cachedChanges = null;
	}

	/**
	 * Buffers a marker change.
	 *
	 * @param {String} markerName The name of the marker that changed.
	 * @param {module:engine/model/range~Range|null} oldRange Marker range before the change or `null` if the marker has just
	 * been created.
	 * @param {module:engine/model/range~Range|null} newRange Marker range after the change or `null` if the marker was removed.
	 * @param {Boolean} affectsData Flag indicating whether marker affects the editor data.
	 */
	bufferMarkerChange( markerName, oldRange, newRange, affectsData ) {
		const buffered = this._changedMarkers.get( markerName );

		if ( !buffered ) {
			this._changedMarkers.set( markerName, {
				oldRange,
				newRange,
				affectsData
			} );
		} else {
			buffered.newRange = newRange;
			buffered.affectsData = affectsData;

			if ( buffered.oldRange == null && buffered.newRange == null ) {
				// The marker is going to be removed (`newRange == null`) but it did not exist before the first buffered change
				// (`buffered.oldRange == null`). In this case, do not keep the marker in buffer at all.
				this._changedMarkers.delete( markerName );
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Returns all markers that should be removed as a result of buffered changes.
	 *
	 * @returns {Array.<Object>} Markers to remove. Each array item is an object containing the `name` and `range` properties.
	 */
	getMarkersToRemove() {
		const result = [];

		for ( const [ name, change ] of this._changedMarkers ) {
			if ( change.oldRange != null ) {
				result.push( { name, range: change.oldRange } );
			}
		}

		return result;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns all markers which should be added as a result of buffered changes.
	 *
	 * @returns {Array.<Object>} Markers to add. Each array item is an object containing the `name` and `range` properties.
	 */
	getMarkersToAdd() {
		const result = [];

		for ( const [ name, change ] of this._changedMarkers ) {
			if ( change.newRange != null ) {
				result.push( { name, range: change.newRange } );
			}
		}

		return result;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns all markers which changed.
	 *
	 * @returns {Array.<Object>}
	 */
	getChangedMarkers() {
		return Array.from( this._changedMarkers ).map( item => (
			{
				name: item[ 0 ],
				data: {
					oldRange: item[ 1 ].oldRange,
					newRange: item[ 1 ].newRange
				}
			}
		) );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether some of the buffered changes affect the editor data.
	 *
	 * Types of changes which affect the editor data:
	 *
	 * * model structure changes,
	 * * attribute changes,
	 * * changes of markers which were defined as `affectingData`.
	 *
	 * @returns {Boolean}
	 */
	hasDataChanges() {
		for ( const [ , change ] of this._changedMarkers ) {
			if ( change.affectsData ) {
				return true;
			}
		}

		// If markers do not affect the data, check whether there are some changes in elements.
		return this._changesInElement.size > 0;
	}

	/**
	 * Calculates the diff between the old model tree state (the state before the first buffered operations since the last {@link #reset}
	 * call) and the new model tree state (actual one). It should be called after all buffered operations are executed.
	 *
	 * The diff set is returned as an array of diff items, each describing a change done on the model. The items are sorted by
	 * the position on which the change happened. If a position {@link module:engine/model/position~Position#isBefore is before}
	 * another one, it will be on an earlier index in the diff set.
	 *
	 * Because calculating the diff is a costly operation, the result is cached. If no new operation was buffered since the
	 * previous {@link #getChanges} call, the next call will return the cached value.
	 *
	 * @param {Object} options Additional options.
	 * @param {Boolean} [options.includeChangesInGraveyard=false] If set to `true`, also changes that happened
	 * in the graveyard root will be returned. By default, changes in the graveyard root are not returned.
	 * @returns {Array.<Object>} Diff between the old and the new model tree state.
	 */
	getChanges( options = { includeChangesInGraveyard: false } ) {
		// If there are cached changes, just return them instead of calculating changes again.
		if ( this._cachedChanges ) {
			if ( options.includeChangesInGraveyard ) {
				return this._cachedChangesWithGraveyard.slice();
			} else {
				return this._cachedChanges.slice();
			}
		}

		// Will contain returned results.
		const diffSet = [];

		// Check all changed elements.
		for ( const element of this._changesInElement.keys() ) {
			// Get changes for this element and sort them.
			const changes = this._changesInElement.get( element ).sort( ( a, b ) => {
				if ( a.offset === b.offset ) {
					if ( a.type != b.type ) {
						// If there are multiple changes at the same position, "remove" change should be first.
						// If the order is different, for example, we would first add some nodes and then removed them
						// (instead of the nodes that we should remove).
						return a.type == 'remove' ? -1 : 1;
					}

					return 0;
				}

				return a.offset < b.offset ? -1 : 1;
			} );

			// Get children of this element before any change was applied on it.
			const snapshotChildren = this._elementSnapshots.get( element );
			// Get snapshot of current element's children.
			const elementChildren = _getChildrenSnapshot( element.getChildren() );

			// Generate actions basing on changes done on element.
			const actions = _generateActionsFromChanges( snapshotChildren.length, changes );

			let i = 0; // Iterator in `elementChildren` array -- iterates through current children of element.
			let j = 0; // Iterator in `snapshotChildren` array -- iterates through old children of element.

			// Process every action.
			for ( const action of actions ) {
				if ( action === 'i' ) {
					// Generate diff item for this element and insert it into the diff set.
					diffSet.push( this._getInsertDiff( element, i, elementChildren[ i ].name ) );

					i++;
				} else if ( action === 'r' ) {
					// Generate diff item for this element and insert it into the diff set.
					diffSet.push( this._getRemoveDiff( element, i, snapshotChildren[ j ].name ) );

					j++;
				} else if ( action === 'a' ) {
					// Take attributes from saved and current children.
					const elementAttributes = elementChildren[ i ].attributes;
					const snapshotAttributes = snapshotChildren[ j ].attributes;
					let range;

					if ( elementChildren[ i ].name == '$text' ) {
						range = new Range( Position._createAt( element, i ), Position._createAt( element, i + 1 ) );
					} else {
						const index = element.offsetToIndex( i );
						range = new Range( Position._createAt( element, i ), Position._createAt( element.getChild( index ), 0 ) );
					}

					// Generate diff items for this change (there might be multiple attributes changed and
					// there is a single diff for each of them) and insert them into the diff set.
					diffSet.push( ...this._getAttributesDiff( range, snapshotAttributes, elementAttributes ) );

					i++;
					j++;
				} else {
					// `action` is 'equal'. Child not changed.
					i++;
					j++;
				}
			}
		}

		// Then, sort the changes by the position (change at position before other changes is first).
		diffSet.sort( ( a, b ) => {
			// If the change is in different root, we don't care much, but we'd like to have all changes in given
			// root "together" in the array. So let's just sort them by the root name. It does not matter which root
			// will be processed first.
			if ( a.position.root != b.position.root ) {
				return a.position.root.rootName < b.position.root.rootName ? -1 : 1;
			}

			// If change happens at the same position...
			if ( a.position.isEqual( b.position ) ) {
				// Keep chronological order of operations.
				return a.changeCount - b.changeCount;
			}

			// If positions differ, position "on the left" should be earlier in the result.
			return a.position.isBefore( b.position ) ? -1 : 1;
		} );

		// Glue together multiple changes (mostly on text nodes).
		for ( let i = 1; i < diffSet.length; i++ ) {
			const prevDiff = diffSet[ i - 1 ];
			const thisDiff = diffSet[ i ];

			// Glue remove changes if they happen on text on same position.
			const isConsecutiveTextRemove =
				prevDiff.type == 'remove' && thisDiff.type == 'remove' &&
				prevDiff.name == '$text' && thisDiff.name == '$text' &&
				prevDiff.position.isEqual( thisDiff.position );

			// Glue insert changes if they happen on text on consecutive fragments.
			const isConsecutiveTextAdd =
				prevDiff.type == 'insert' && thisDiff.type == 'insert' &&
				prevDiff.name == '$text' && thisDiff.name == '$text' &&
				prevDiff.position.parent == thisDiff.position.parent &&
				prevDiff.position.offset + prevDiff.length == thisDiff.position.offset;

			// Glue attribute changes if they happen on consecutive fragments and have same key, old value and new value.
			const isConsecutiveAttributeChange =
				prevDiff.type == 'attribute' && thisDiff.type == 'attribute' &&
				prevDiff.position.parent == thisDiff.position.parent &&
				prevDiff.range.isFlat && thisDiff.range.isFlat &&
				prevDiff.position.offset + prevDiff.length == thisDiff.position.offset &&
				prevDiff.attributeKey == thisDiff.attributeKey &&
				prevDiff.attributeOldValue == thisDiff.attributeOldValue &&
				prevDiff.attributeNewValue == thisDiff.attributeNewValue;

			if ( isConsecutiveTextRemove || isConsecutiveTextAdd || isConsecutiveAttributeChange ) {
				diffSet[ i - 1 ].length++;

				if ( isConsecutiveAttributeChange ) {
					diffSet[ i - 1 ].range.end = diffSet[ i - 1 ].range.end.getShiftedBy( 1 );
				}

				diffSet.splice( i, 1 );
				i--;
			}
		}

		// Remove `changeCount` property from diff items. It is used only for sorting and is internal thing.
		for ( const item of diffSet ) {
			delete item.changeCount;

			if ( item.type == 'attribute' ) {
				delete item.position;
				delete item.length;
			}
		}

		this._changeCount = 0;

		// Cache changes.
		this._cachedChangesWithGraveyard = diffSet.slice();
		this._cachedChanges = diffSet.slice().filter( _changesInGraveyardFilter );

		if ( options.includeChangesInGraveyard ) {
			return this._cachedChangesWithGraveyard;
		} else {
			return this._cachedChanges;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Resets `Differ`. Removes all buffered changes.
	 */
	reset() {
		this._changesInElement.clear();
		this._elementSnapshots.clear();
		this._changedMarkers.clear();
		this._cachedChanges = null;
	}

	/**
	 * Saves and handles an insert change.
	 *
	 * @private
	 * @param {module:engine/model/element~Element} parent
	 * @param {Number} offset
	 * @param {Number} howMany
	 */
	_markInsert( parent, offset, howMany ) {
		const changeItem = { type: 'insert', offset, howMany, count: this._changeCount++ };

		this._markChange( parent, changeItem );
	}

	/**
	 * Saves and handles a remove change.
	 *
	 * @private
	 * @param {module:engine/model/element~Element} parent
	 * @param {Number} offset
	 * @param {Number} howMany
	 */
	_markRemove( parent, offset, howMany ) {
		const changeItem = { type: 'remove', offset, howMany, count: this._changeCount++ };

		this._markChange( parent, changeItem );

		this._removeAllNestedChanges( parent, offset, howMany );
	}

	/**
	 * Saves and handles an attribute change.
	 *
	 * @private
	 * @param {module:engine/model/item~Item} item
	 */
	_markAttribute( item ) {
		const changeItem = { type: 'attribute', offset: item.startOffset, howMany: item.offsetSize, count: this._changeCount++ };

		this._markChange( item.parent, changeItem );
	}

	/**
	 * Saves and handles a model change.
	 *
	 * @private
	 * @param {module:engine/model/element~Element} parent
	 * @param {Object} changeItem
	 */
	_markChange( parent, changeItem ) {
		// First, make a snapshot of this parent's children (it will be made only if it was not made before).
		this._makeSnapshot( parent );

		// Then, get all changes that already were done on the element (empty array if this is the first change).
		const changes = this._getChangesForElement( parent );

		// Then, look through all the changes, and transform them or the new change.
		this._handleChange( changeItem, changes );

		// Add the new change.
		changes.push( changeItem );

		// Remove incorrect changes. During transformation some change might be, for example, included in another.
		// In that case, the change will have `howMany` property set to `0` or less. We need to remove those changes.
		for ( let i = 0; i < changes.length; i++ ) {
			if ( changes[ i ].howMany < 1 ) {
				changes.splice( i, 1 );

				i--;
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Gets an array of changes that have already been saved for a given element.
	 *
	 * @private
	 * @param {module:engine/model/element~Element} element
	 * @returns {Array.<Object>}
	 */
	_getChangesForElement( element ) {
		let changes;

		if ( this._changesInElement.has( element ) ) {
			changes = this._changesInElement.get( element );
		} else {
			changes = [];

			this._changesInElement.set( element, changes );
		}

		return changes;
	}

	/**
	 * Saves a children snapshot for a given element.
	 *
	 * @private
	 * @param {module:engine/model/element~Element} element
	 */
	_makeSnapshot( element ) {
		if ( !this._elementSnapshots.has( element ) ) {
			this._elementSnapshots.set( element, _getChildrenSnapshot( element.getChildren() ) );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * For a given newly saved change, compares it with a change already done on the element and modifies the incoming
	 * change and/or the old change.
	 *
	 * @private
	 * @param {Object} inc Incoming (new) change.
	 * @param {Array.<Object>} changes An array containing all the changes done on that element.
	 */
	_handleChange( inc, changes ) {
		// We need a helper variable that will store how many nodes are to be still handled for this change item.
		// `nodesToHandle` (how many nodes still need to be handled) and `howMany` (how many nodes were affected)
		// needs to be differentiated.
		//
		// This comes up when there are multiple changes that are affected by `inc` change item.
		//
		// For example: assume two insert changes: `{ offset: 2, howMany: 1 }` and `{ offset: 5, howMany: 1 }`.
		// Assume that `inc` change is remove `{ offset: 2, howMany: 2, nodesToHandle: 2 }`.
		//
		// Then, we:
		// - "forget" about first insert change (it is "eaten" by remove),
		// - because of that, at the end we will want to remove only one node (`nodesToHandle = 1`),
		// - but still we have to change offset of the second insert change from `5` to `3`!
		//
		// So, `howMany` does not change throughout items transformation and keeps information about how many nodes were affected,
		// while `nodesToHandle` means how many nodes need to be handled after the change item is transformed by other changes.
		inc.nodesToHandle = inc.howMany;

		for ( const old of changes ) {
			const incEnd = inc.offset + inc.howMany;
			const oldEnd = old.offset + old.howMany;

			if ( inc.type == 'insert' ) {
				if ( old.type == 'insert' ) {
					if ( inc.offset <= old.offset ) {
						old.offset += inc.howMany;
					} else if ( inc.offset < oldEnd ) {
						old.howMany += inc.nodesToHandle;
						inc.nodesToHandle = 0;
					}
				}

				if ( old.type == 'remove' ) {
					if ( inc.offset < old.offset ) {
						old.offset += inc.howMany;
					}
				}

				if ( old.type == 'attribute' ) {
					if ( inc.offset <= old.offset ) {
						old.offset += inc.howMany;
					} else if ( inc.offset < oldEnd ) {
						// This case is more complicated, because attribute change has to be split into two.
						// Example (assume that uppercase and lowercase letters mean different attributes):
						//
						// initial state:		abcxyz
						// attribute change:	aBCXYz
						// incoming insert:		aBCfooXYz
						//
						// Change ranges cannot intersect because each item has to be described exactly (it was either
						// not changed, inserted, removed, or its attribute was changed). That's why old attribute
						// change has to be split and both parts has to be handled separately from now on.
						const howMany = old.howMany;

						old.howMany = inc.offset - old.offset;

						// Add the second part of attribute change to the beginning of processed array so it won't
						// be processed again in this loop.
						changes.unshift( {
							type: 'attribute',
							offset: incEnd,
							howMany: howMany - old.howMany,
							count: this._changeCount++
						} );
					}
				}
			}

			if ( inc.type == 'remove' ) {
				if ( old.type == 'insert' ) {
					if ( incEnd <= old.offset ) {
						old.offset -= inc.howMany;
					} else if ( incEnd <= oldEnd ) {
						if ( inc.offset < old.offset ) {
							const intersectionLength = incEnd - old.offset;

							old.offset = inc.offset;

							old.howMany -= intersectionLength;
							inc.nodesToHandle -= intersectionLength;
						} else {
							old.howMany -= inc.nodesToHandle;
							inc.nodesToHandle = 0;
						}
					} else {
						if ( inc.offset <= old.offset ) {
							inc.nodesToHandle -= old.howMany;
							old.howMany = 0;
						} else if ( inc.offset < oldEnd ) {
							const intersectionLength = oldEnd - inc.offset;

							old.howMany -= intersectionLength;
							inc.nodesToHandle -= intersectionLength;
						}
					}
				}

				if ( old.type == 'remove' ) {
					if ( incEnd <= old.offset ) {
						old.offset -= inc.howMany;
					} else if ( inc.offset < old.offset ) {
						inc.nodesToHandle += old.howMany;
						old.howMany = 0;
					}
				}

				if ( old.type == 'attribute' ) {
					if ( incEnd <= old.offset ) {
						old.offset -= inc.howMany;
					} else if ( inc.offset < old.offset ) {
						const intersectionLength = incEnd - old.offset;

						old.offset = inc.offset;
						old.howMany -= intersectionLength;
					} else if ( inc.offset < oldEnd ) {
						if ( incEnd <= oldEnd ) {
							// On first sight in this case we don't need to split attribute operation into two.
							// However the changes set is later converted to actions (see `_generateActionsFromChanges`).
							// For that reason, no two changes may intersect.
							// So we cannot have an attribute change that "contains" remove change.
							// Attribute change needs to be split.
							const howMany = old.howMany;

							old.howMany = inc.offset - old.offset;

							const howManyAfter = howMany - old.howMany - inc.nodesToHandle;

							// Add the second part of attribute change to the beginning of processed array so it won't
							// be processed again in this loop.
							changes.unshift( {
								type: 'attribute',
								offset: inc.offset,
								howMany: howManyAfter,
								count: this._changeCount++
							} );
						} else {
							old.howMany -= oldEnd - inc.offset;
						}
					}
				}
			}

			if ( inc.type == 'attribute' ) {
				// In case of attribute change, `howMany` should be kept same as `nodesToHandle`. It's not an error.
				if ( old.type == 'insert' ) {
					if ( inc.offset < old.offset && incEnd > old.offset ) {
						if ( incEnd > oldEnd ) {
							// This case is similar to a case described when incoming change was insert and old change was attribute.
							// See comment above.
							//
							// This time incoming change is attribute. We need to split incoming change in this case too.
							// However this time, the second part of the attribute change needs to be processed further
							// because there might be other changes that it collides with.
							const attributePart = {
								type: 'attribute',
								offset: oldEnd,
								howMany: incEnd - oldEnd,
								count: this._changeCount++
							};

							this._handleChange( attributePart, changes );

							changes.push( attributePart );
						}

						inc.nodesToHandle = old.offset - inc.offset;
						inc.howMany = inc.nodesToHandle;
					} else if ( inc.offset >= old.offset && inc.offset < oldEnd ) {
						if ( incEnd > oldEnd ) {
							inc.nodesToHandle = incEnd - oldEnd;
							inc.offset = oldEnd;
						} else {
							inc.nodesToHandle = 0;
						}
					}
				}

				if ( old.type == 'remove' ) {
					// This is a case when attribute change "contains" remove change.
					// The attribute change needs to be split into two because changes cannot intersect.
					if ( inc.offset < old.offset && incEnd > old.offset ) {
						const attributePart = {
							type: 'attribute',
							offset: old.offset,
							howMany: incEnd - old.offset,
							count: this._changeCount++
						};

						this._handleChange( attributePart, changes );

						changes.push( attributePart );

						inc.nodesToHandle = old.offset - inc.offset;
						inc.howMany = inc.nodesToHandle;
					}
				}

				if ( old.type == 'attribute' ) {
					// There are only two conflicting scenarios possible here:
					if ( inc.offset >= old.offset && incEnd <= oldEnd ) {
						// `old` change includes `inc` change, or they are the same.
						inc.nodesToHandle = 0;
						inc.howMany = 0;
						inc.offset = 0;
					} else if ( inc.offset <= old.offset && incEnd >= oldEnd ) {
						// `inc` change includes `old` change.
						old.howMany = 0;
					}
				}
			}
		}

		inc.howMany = inc.nodesToHandle;
		delete inc.nodesToHandle;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an object with a single insert change description.
	 *
	 * @private
	 * @param {module:engine/model/element~Element} parent The element in which the change happened.
	 * @param {Number} offset The offset at which change happened.
	 * @param {String} name The name of the removed element or `'$text'` for a character.
	 * @returns {Object} The diff item.
	 */
	_getInsertDiff( parent, offset, name ) {
		return {
			type: 'insert',
			position: Position._createAt( parent, offset ),
			name,
			length: 1,
			changeCount: this._changeCount++
		};
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an object with a single remove change description.
	 *
	 * @private
	 * @param {module:engine/model/element~Element} parent The element in which change happened.
	 * @param {Number} offset The offset at which change happened.
	 * @param {String} name The name of the removed element or `'$text'` for a character.
	 * @returns {Object} The diff item.
	 */
	_getRemoveDiff( parent, offset, name ) {
		return {
			type: 'remove',
			position: Position._createAt( parent, offset ),
			name,
			length: 1,
			changeCount: this._changeCount++
		};
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an array of objects where each one is a single attribute change description.
	 *
	 * @private
	 * @param {module:engine/model/range~Range} range The range where the change happened.
	 * @param {Map} oldAttributes A map, map iterator or compatible object that contains attributes before the change.
	 * @param {Map} newAttributes A map, map iterator or compatible object that contains attributes after the change.
	 * @returns {Array.<Object>} An array containing one or more diff items.
	 */
	_getAttributesDiff( range, oldAttributes, newAttributes ) {
		// Results holder.
		const diffs = [];

		// Clone new attributes as we will be performing changes on this object.
		newAttributes = new Map( newAttributes );

		// Look through old attributes.
		for ( const [ key, oldValue ] of oldAttributes ) {
			// Check what is the new value of the attribute (or if it was removed).
			const newValue = newAttributes.has( key ) ? newAttributes.get( key ) : null;

			// If values are different (or attribute was removed)...
			if ( newValue !== oldValue ) {
				// Add diff item.
				diffs.push( {
					type: 'attribute',
					position: range.start,
					range: range.clone(),
					length: 1,
					attributeKey: key,
					attributeOldValue: oldValue,
					attributeNewValue: newValue,
					changeCount: this._changeCount++
				} );
			}

			// Prevent returning two diff items for the same change.
			newAttributes.delete( key );
		}

		// Look through new attributes that weren't handled above.
		for ( const [ key, newValue ] of newAttributes ) {
			// Each of them is a new attribute. Add diff item.
			diffs.push( {
				type: 'attribute',
				position: range.start,
				range: range.clone(),
				length: 1,
				attributeKey: key,
				attributeOldValue: null,
				attributeNewValue: newValue,
				changeCount: this._changeCount++
			} );
		}

		return diffs;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether given element or any of its parents is an element that is buffered as an inserted element.
	 *
	 * @private
	 * @param {module:engine/model/element~Element} element Element to check.
	 * @returns {Boolean}
	 */
	_isInInsertedElement( element ) {
		const parent = element.parent;

		if ( !parent ) {
			return false;
		}

		const changes = this._changesInElement.get( parent );
		const offset = element.startOffset;

		if ( changes ) {
			for ( const change of changes ) {
				if ( change.type == 'insert' && offset >= change.offset && offset < change.offset + change.howMany ) {
					return true;
				}
			}
		}

		return this._isInInsertedElement( parent );
	}

	/**
	 * Removes deeply all buffered changes that are registered in elements from range specified by `parent`, `offset`
	 * and `howMany`.
	 *
	 * @private
	 * @param {module:engine/model/element~Element} parent
	 * @param {Number} offset
	 * @param {Number} howMany
	 */
	_removeAllNestedChanges( parent, offset, howMany ) {
		const range = new Range( Position._createAt( parent, offset ), Position._createAt( parent, offset + howMany ) );

		for ( const item of range.getItems( { shallow: true } ) ) {
			if ( item.is( 'element' ) ) {
				this._elementSnapshots.delete( item );
				this._changesInElement.delete( item );

				this._removeAllNestedChanges( item, 0, item.maxOffset );
			}
		}
	}
}

// Returns an array that is a copy of passed child list with the exception that text nodes are split to one or more
// objects, each representing one character and attributes set on that character.
function _getChildrenSnapshot( children ) {
	const snapshot = [];

	for ( const child of children ) {
		if ( child.is( 'text' ) ) {
			for ( let i = 0; i < child.data.length; i++ ) {
				snapshot.push( {
					name: '$text',
					attributes: new Map( child.getAttributes() )
				} );
			}
		} else {
			snapshot.push( {
				name: child.name,
				attributes: new Map( child.getAttributes() )
			} );
		}
	}

	return snapshot;
}

// Generates array of actions for given changes set.
// It simulates what `diff` function does.
// Generated actions are:
// - 'e' for 'equal' - when item at that position did not change,
// - 'i' for 'insert' - when item at that position was inserted,
// - 'r' for 'remove' - when item at that position was removed,
// - 'a' for 'attribute' - when item at that position has it attributes changed.
//
// Example (assume that uppercase letters have bold attribute, compare with function code):
//
// children before:	fooBAR
// children after:	foxybAR
//
// changes: type: remove, offset: 1, howMany: 1
//			type: insert, offset: 2, howMany: 2
//			type: attribute, offset: 4, howMany: 1
//
// expected actions: equal (f), remove (o), equal (o), insert (x), insert (y), attribute (b), equal (A), equal (R)
//
// steps taken by th script:
//
// 1. change = "type: remove, offset: 1, howMany: 1"; offset = 0; oldChildrenHandled = 0
//    1.1 between this change and the beginning is one not-changed node, fill with one equal action, one old child has been handled
//    1.2 this change removes one node, add one remove action
//    1.3 change last visited `offset` to 1
//    1.4 since an old child has been removed, one more old child has been handled
//    1.5 actions at this point are: equal, remove
//
// 2. change = "type: insert, offset: 2, howMany: 2"; offset = 1; oldChildrenHandled = 2
//    2.1 between this change and previous change is one not-changed node, add equal action, another one old children has been handled
//    2.2 this change inserts two nodes, add two insert actions
//    2.3 change last visited offset to the end of the inserted range, that is 4
//    2.4 actions at this point are: equal, remove, equal, insert, insert
//
// 3. change = "type: attribute, offset: 4, howMany: 1"; offset = 4, oldChildrenHandled = 3
//    3.1 between this change and previous change are no not-changed nodes
//    3.2 this change changes one node, add one attribute action
//    3.3 change last visited `offset` to the end of change range, that is 5
//    3.4 since an old child has been changed, one more old child has been handled
//    3.5 actions at this point are: equal, remove, equal, insert, insert, attribute
//
// 4. after loop oldChildrenHandled = 4, oldChildrenLength = 6 (fooBAR is 6 characters)
//    4.1 fill up with two equal actions
//
// The result actions are: equal, remove, equal, insert, insert, attribute, equal, equal.
function _generateActionsFromChanges( oldChildrenLength, changes ) {
	const actions = [];

	let offset = 0;
	let oldChildrenHandled = 0;

	// Go through all buffered changes.
	for ( const change of changes ) {
		// First, fill "holes" between changes with "equal" actions.
		if ( change.offset > offset ) {
			for ( let i = 0; i < change.offset - offset; i++ ) {
				actions.push( 'e' );
			}

			oldChildrenHandled += change.offset - offset;
		}

		// Then, fill up actions accordingly to change type.
		if ( change.type == 'insert' ) {
			for ( let i = 0; i < change.howMany; i++ ) {
				actions.push( 'i' );
			}

			// The last handled offset is after inserted range.
			offset = change.offset + change.howMany;
		} else if ( change.type == 'remove' ) {
			for ( let i = 0; i < change.howMany; i++ ) {
				actions.push( 'r' );
			}

			// The last handled offset is at the position where the nodes were removed.
			offset = change.offset;
			// We removed `howMany` old nodes, update `oldChildrenHandled`.
			oldChildrenHandled += change.howMany;
		} else {
			actions.push( ...'a'.repeat( change.howMany ).split( '' ) );

			// The last handled offset is at the position after the changed range.
			offset = change.offset + change.howMany;
			// We changed `howMany` old nodes, update `oldChildrenHandled`.
			oldChildrenHandled += change.howMany;
		}
	}

	// Fill "equal" actions at the end of actions set. Use `oldChildrenHandled` to see how many children
	// has not been changed / removed at the end of their parent.
	if ( oldChildrenHandled < oldChildrenLength ) {
		for ( let i = 0; i < oldChildrenLength - oldChildrenHandled - offset; i++ ) {
			actions.push( 'e' );
		}
	}

	return actions;
}

// Filter callback for Array.filter that filters out change entries that are in graveyard.
function _changesInGraveyardFilter( entry ) {
	const posInGy = entry.position && entry.position.root.rootName == '$graveyard';
	const rangeInGy = entry.range && entry.range.root.rootName == '$graveyard';

	return !posInGy && !rangeInGy;
}