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---
title: ClaimChain
description: >
Privacy-preserving decentralized public key distribution based on cross-referencing hash chains
---
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="description" content="{{ page.description }}">
<title>{{ page.title }}</title>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Fira+Sans:400,700" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="https://unpkg.com/basscss@8.0.2/css/basscss.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
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<body class="m0">
<div class="max-width-4 m4 mx-auto">
<div class="clearfix px4 jumbotron">
<div class="md-col-10 mx-auto">
<h1 class="center">{{ page.title }}</h1>
<h2>{{ page.description }}</h2>
<div class="btns">
<iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=claimchain&repo=claimchain-core&type=star&count=true&size=large" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="160px" height="30px"></iframe>
</div>
<h3 class="mt3">Paper</h3>
<ul class="links">
<li>
<i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o"></i>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.06279">ClaimChain: Improving the Security and Privacy of In-band Key Distribution for Messaging</a><br>
<small>Bogdan Kulynych, Wouter Lueks, Marios Isaakidis, George Danezis, and Carmela Troncoso.<br><em>2018 Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES'18)</em>
</small>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Code</h3>
<ul class="links">
<li>
<i class="fa fa-github"></i>
<a href="https://github.com/claimchain/claimchain-core">Claimchain</a> prototype implementation in Python
</li>
<li>
<i class="fa fa-github"></i>
<a href="https://github.com/claimchain/claimchain-simulations">Reproducible simulations</a> on the <a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~./enron/">Enron email dataset</a>
</li>
<li>
<i class="fa fa-github"></i>
<a href="https://github.com/nextleap-project/muacryptcc">ClaimChain plugin</a> for <a href="https://github.com/hpk42/muacrypt">Muacrypt</a>
</li>
<li>
<i class="fa fa-github"></i>
<a href="https://github.com/nextleap-project/verified-claimchain">Verified implementations</a> of underlying data structures
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="mt3">Talks</h3>
<ul class="links">
<li>
<i class="fa fa-file-video-o"></i>
<a href="https://media.ccc.de/v/34c3-9094-modern_key_distribution_with_claimchain">Modern key distribution with ClaimChain</a> at 34C3
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<section class="feature">
<div class="max-width-4 mx-auto">
<div class="clearfix flex-center">
<div class="md-col md-col-7 px2 center">
<img src="claimchain.svg">
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<div class="md-col md-col-5 px2">
Each user or device maintains repositories of claims regarding their own key material, and their beliefs about public keys and, generally, state of other users of the system. High integrity of the repositories is maintained by virtue of storing claims on authenticated data structures, namely hash chains and Merkle trees, and their authenticity and non-repudiation by the use of digital signatures.
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="feature">
<div class="max-width-4 mx-auto">
<div class="clearfix flex-center">
<div class="md-col md-col-5 px">
Cross-referencing of hash chains is a way to efficiently and verifiably vouch about states of other users. This allows to detect chain compromises, manifested as forks of hash chains, and to implement various social policies for deriving decisions about the latest state of users in the system.
</div>
<div class="md-col md-col-7 px2 center">
<img src="crossrefs.svg">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="feature">
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<div class="clearfix flex-center">
<div class="md-col md-col-7 px2 center">
<img src="vrfs.svg">
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<div class="md-col md-col-5 px2">
The claims about keys of other people can reveal the social graph. To solve this, we use cryptographic verifiable random functions to derive private identifiers that are re-randomized on each chain update. This allows to openly and verifiably publish claims that can only be read by the authorized users, ensuring <i>privacy of the social graph</i>. Moreover, the specific construction of Merkle trees, along with the usage of verifiable random functions, ensures users <i>can not equivocate</i> about the state of other people.
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="feature">
<div class="max-width-4 pb4 mx-auto">
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Claimchain is flexible with respect to deployment options, supporting fully decentralized deployments, as well as centralized, federated, and hybrid modes of operation.
</div>
<div class="md-col md-col-7 px2 center">
<img src="graph.svg">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="citing max-width-4 mx-auto border-top">
<div class="max-width-4 mx-auto">
<h3>Citing ClaimChain</h3>
<pre>
@article{claimchain,
title={ {ClaimChain}: Improving the Security and Privacy
of In-band Key Distribution for Messaging},
author={Kulynych, Bogdan and Lueks, Wouter and Isaakidis,
Marios and Danezis, George and Troncoso, Carmela},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06279},
year={2017}
}
</pre>
</div>
</section>
<section class="people max-width-4 mx-auto p4 border-top">
<div class="center">
This work is a part of <a href="https://nextleap.eu"><abbr>NEXTLEAP</abbr></a> project.
</div>
</section>
<script src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" async></script>
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