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manual.html
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manual.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.4">
<title>DarkRadiant User Guide</title>
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<body class="article toc2 toc-left">
<div id="header">
<h1>DarkRadiant User Guide</h1>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_introduction">Introduction</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_editing_workflow">Editing workflow</a></li>
<li><a href="#_what_s_in_a_map">What’s in a MAP?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_initial_configuration">Initial configuration</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_choosing_a_game_type">Choosing a game type</a></li>
<li><a href="#_interface_layout">Interface layout</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_basic_editing">Basic editing</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_navigating_the_2d_view">Navigating the 2D view</a></li>
<li><a href="#_adjusting_the_grid">Adjusting the grid</a></li>
<li><a href="#_using_the_3d_camera_view">Using the 3D camera view</a></li>
<li><a href="#_manipulating_objects">Manipulating objects</a></li>
<li><a href="#_working_with_brushes">Working with brushes</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_creating_a_brush">Creating a brush</a></li>
<li><a href="#_more_complex_brush_shapes">More complex brush shapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#_creating_a_room">Creating a room</a></li>
<li><a href="#_splitting_brushes">Splitting brushes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_introduction">Introduction</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>DarkRadiant is a level editor for Doom 3 and The Dark Mod, developed by The Dark
Mod team. It may also be used for editing levels for similar <strong>id Software</strong> games
such as Quake 4.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This User Guide describes the features and functionality of DarkRadiant, however
it is not intended as a guide to mapping techniques. Level design is a complex
topic, and is covered by various other learning resources, some of which are
listed below.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="http://wiki.thedarkmod.com/index.php?title=Main_Page">The Dark Mod Wiki</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>The
starting point for most Dark Mod documentation and tutorials, including
gameplay, configuration and editing.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="https://modwiki.xnet.fi">ModWiki</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Online wiki covering editing topics for
vanilla Doom 3 and similar engines.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="http://forums.thedarkmod.com">The Dark Mod forums</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Online community for
discussion of the Dark Mod, including various ad-hoc mapping tutorial threads
posted by individual users.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_editing_workflow">Editing workflow</h3>
<div class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
<div class="content">
<img src="img/DarkRadiantWorkflow.png" alt="DarkRadiantWorkflow">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The level editing process starts off with basic assets: models, textures,
sounds, entity definitions, skins, animations and so on. Many of these assets
will be packaged with a particular game installation, but a level designer may
also choose to create custom assets for a specific mission. These assets are
installed into a directory tree which is accessible both by DarkRadiant (for
editing) and the game engine itself (for playing the mission).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Once assets have been arranged in DarkRadiant according to the wishes of the
level designer, a <code>.map</code> file is saved to disk. This is a text file in a format
understood by the game engine, and includes both level geometry and references
to the assets used in the map. Since the <code>.map</code> file is simply text, and does
not actually embed the binary asset data, it tends to be fairly small.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The game engine includes functionality to <em>compile</em> the <code>.map</code> file into a
<code>.proc</code> file containing low-level vertex geometry derived from the brushes and
patches within the <code>.map</code> file. The game engine can then render the mission in
realtime, making use of the same assets that were accessed by DarkRadiant during
editing.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>DarkRadiant also maintains its own separate file containing various editing
information, such as object layers used within a map. This <code>.darkradiant</code> file
is never used by the game engine, and is non-critical — a <code>.map</code> file with no
accompanying <code>.darkradiant</code> file can still be edited with DarkRadiant, although
certain DarkRadiant-specific state may be lost.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_what_s_in_a_map">What’s in a MAP?</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There are three main types of object contained within a <code>.map</code> file: entities,
brushes and patches.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Entities</strong> are the top-level objects in a map — essentially, a map file is just a
list of entities. Every entity has an <strong>entity class</strong> which determines the type
of entity it is: static mesh, AI, sound emitter, particle emitter, light etc.
Entities also store a list of string key/value pairs, known as <strong>spawnargs</strong> or
<strong>properties</strong>. Some entities also contain brushes and patches as children.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Brushes</strong> are convex solids used to define basic map geometry: walls, floors,
ceilings, steps and other medium to large items. Brushes are often rectangular
in shape, although a brush can actually have any number of faces provided that
it is convex (it is impossible to have a brush in an L or a U shape, for
example). Brushes are not smooth-shaded by the game engine, which generally
makes them unsuitable for representing curved surfaces.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Patches</strong> are smooth one-sided surfaces used to represent curved objects such as
vaulted ceilings, pillars or cave interiors. A patch is defined by a number of
Bezier control points, and offers control over the level of detail used when
subdividing the patch into triangles for rendering: more triangles will produce
a smoother surface but may lower rendering performance.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The entities, brushes and patches in a map are arranged in a hierarchy: not
every entity has children, but every brush and patch must have an entity as a
parent. Each map therefore starts with a single default entity called the
<strong>worldspawn</strong>, which acts as the parent for new brushes and patches created in
DarkRadiant.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_initial_configuration">Initial configuration</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_choosing_a_game_type">Choosing a game type</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When running DarkRadiant for the first time, the <strong>Game Setup</strong> dialog will be
shown. This is where you configure the path to the game installation from which
DarkRadiant will load assets, such as textures, models and entity definitions.</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
<div class="content">
<img src="img/GameSetupDialog.png" alt="GameSetupDialog">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <strong>Game Setup</strong> dialog contains the following options:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>Game Type</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>DarkRadiant ships with support for several different game engines,
each of which is contained within a <code>.game</code> file. For editing Dark Mod
missions, the default choice of <code>The Dark Mod 2.0 (Standalone)</code> is the one to
use, but it is also possible to edit stock Doom 3 or Quake 4 missions.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>DarkMod Path</strong> / <strong>Engine Path</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This is the path to the game installation on
the system. The label text will change depending on whether the selected game
is <code>The Dark Mod</code> or another engine.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>Mission</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Optional path to a subdirectory containing assets specific to a
particular mission which is being worked on. For game types other than <code>The
Dark Mod</code>, this will be displayed as <strong>Mod (fs_game)</strong>, and should be set to the
path of a subdirectory containing a particular game mod, if one is being used.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>Mod Base (fs_game_base)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This field only appears for non-DarkMod game types.
It allows a two-level mod structure, where the <strong>Mod Base</strong> can point to a major
game mod, possibly downloaded from elsewhere, while <strong>Mod</strong> can be set to point
to an entirely local "sub-mod" which contains local changes and overrides.
Before the release of Dark Mod standalone, this field would have been set to
<code>darkmod</code> while the <strong>Mod</strong> field would have been set to the local mission,
however this is no longer necessary when <code>The Dark Mod 2.0 (Standalone)</code> is
being used.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Once the game paths are set up, click the <strong>Save</strong> button to proceed to the main
DarkRadiant interface.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="img/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">
It is possible to <strong>Cancel</strong> the <strong>Game Setup</strong> dialog and proceed to the main
window without configuring a game installation, in which case DarkRadiant will
show a warning and ask if you wish to proceed. If you do, DarkRadiant will run
but there will be no available textures, models, entities or other game assets.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_interface_layout">Interface layout</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>DarkRadiant ships with a number of different user interface layouts, which
control the position, visibility and window type of the major interface
elements. The current layout can be changed from the <code>View → Window Layout</code>
menu, and will require DarkRadiant to be restarted.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There is currently no support for custom layouts, however all of the provided
layouts allow window sizes and splitter positions to be changed, and the changes
will persist through multiple editing sessions.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>Embedded</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>A large 2D window is shown on the right, while the left-hand side
is divided vertically into the 3D camera window and a tab widget containing the
main editing panels. There are no floating subwindows in this layout.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>Regular</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>A legacy GtkRadiant layout which places the 2D window on the left,
the 3D camera view on the top right, and a 2D scrolling textures panel on the
bottom right. Other tabs in the editing panel are shown in a floating window.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>RegularLeft</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The same as <strong>Regular</strong> except the full-height 2D window is on the
right and the 3D window and texture panels are on the left.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>Floating</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The 2D window, 3D window and editing tab widget are all shown in
separate floating windows which always appear above the main DarkRadiant
window. The main window itself is empty apart from the toolbars and status bar.
This is the most flexible layout, since each subwindow can be sized or
positioned as desired, but the multiple subwindows may be cumbersome to manage.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>SplitPane</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Three separate 2D windows, showing each of the major axes, are
shown alongside the 3D camera view in a 2x2 layout similar to traditional 3D
modelling applications. The editing tab widget is in a floating window.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_basic_editing">Basic editing</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_navigating_the_2d_view">Navigating the 2D view</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The game world is a three-dimensional vector space with a central origin,
rendered in the 2D editing window as a grid. The unit of measurement is an
arbitrary game unit which does not directly correspond to any real-world
measurement system — in The Dark Mod, a typical human stands around 80 - 90
game units high, making a game unit about 2 cm.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Each 2D window shows which axes it is representing with an icon in the top-left
corner, as well as an identical icon at the <code><0,0,0></code> origin position, if
visible within the view.</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
<div class="content">
<img src="img/2DViewMarkedUp.png" alt="2DViewMarkedUp">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 1. Components of the 2D view</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The 2D view also shows the current position of the camera (used for rendering
the separate 3D camera view window), and its view direction.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following commands are available within the 2D view:</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%;">
<col style="width: 75%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Right drag</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Scroll the view horizontally or vertically</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Mouse wheel</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Zoom the view</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Shift + Right drag</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Zoom the view (alternative binding)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Ctrl + Middle click</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Move the camera directly to the clicked position</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Middle click</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Rotate the camera to look directly at the clicked point</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Ctrl + TAB</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Change view axis (XY, XZ, YZ)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Ctrl + Shift + TAB</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Center 2D view on current camera position</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_adjusting_the_grid">Adjusting the grid</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The grid shown in the 2D view is used to snap the position and size of brushes
and patches, as well as the centerpoints of entities. The size of the grid can
be configured, in powers of 2, from 0.125 up to 256, using the <strong>1-9</strong> keys on the
main keyboard (not the numeric keypad), or the equivalent options in the <strong>Grid</strong>
menu.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <strong>0</strong> key on the main keyboard can be used to toggle the display of the grid.
Note that objects will still be snapped to the grid even if the grid is not
visible; this is purely a visual toggle.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock important">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="img/important.png" alt="Important">
</td>
<td class="content">
Level geometry built from brushes and patches should <em>always</em> be
snapped to the grid to avoid problems such as rendering glitches and map leaks.
Static meshes and animated AI can be positioned more freely, however grid
snapping is a useful tool for ensuring that models are appropriately aligned
with the level geometry.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_using_the_3d_camera_view">Using the 3D camera view</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The 3D camera view provides an approximate rendering of the map in three
dimensions, in several different render modes: wireframe, flat shaded, textured,
and fully lit by in-game light sources. While the 2D view is the main interface
for creating and aligning level geometry, the 3D view is a vital tool for tasks
such as texturing, or configuring light parameters.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock important">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="img/important.png" alt="Important">
</td>
<td class="content">
The fully lit rendering mode in DarkRadiant is very limited, and only
offers a partial view of what the game engine will ultimately render. In
particular, there are no shadows or foglights.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The 3D view always renders the scene from a particular camera position, which is
shown in the 2D view as a blue diamond. This camera position can be set directly
from the 2D view with <strong>Ctrl + Middle click</strong>, and the camera view direction can
be set with <strong>Middle click</strong>. There are also various options within the 3D view
itself to adjust the camera position.</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%;">
<col style="width: 75%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Right click</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Enter or leave free camera mode. In this mode, moving the mouse
around updates the camera view direction in real-time, and moving the mouse
around while holding <strong>Ctrl</strong> causes the camera to move up/down/left/right
according to the camera motion.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Left/Right arrow</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Pan the camera left or right</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Up/Down arrow</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Move the camera forwards or backwards</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_manipulating_objects">Manipulating objects</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Every object in a map can be selected and moved within the 2D view. Some objects — including brushes, patches and lights — can also be resized.</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%;">
<col style="width: 75%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Shift + Left click</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Select or deselect the object at the clicked position. Any
existing selected objects will remain selected. If the clicked position
overlaps more than one object, the closest one (according to the current 2D
view axis) will be affected.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Alt + Shift + Left click</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Select the object at the clicked position, and
deselect any existing selected objects. If the clicked position overlaps more
than one object, each click will cycle through the overlapping objects.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>ESC</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Deselect all objects</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Left drag</strong> <em>inside</em> a selected object</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Move the selected object(s)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Left drag</strong> <em>outside</em> a selected object</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Resize the selected object(s) (if available)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Space</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Duplicate the selected object(s)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="admonitionblock tip">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="img/tip.png" alt="Tip">
</td>
<td class="content">
Like other editors in the Radiant family, DarkRadiant offers a rather
unusual system for resizing objects. Rather than clicking exactly on the edge,
or on a dedicated resizing handle, you can click and drag anywhere outside an
edge to move that edge inwards or outwards. Dragging outside a corner allows you
to move two edges at once.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_working_with_brushes">Working with brushes</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Brushes are the basic building blocks of all maps. Typically they are used for
coarse-grained level geometry such as walls, ceiling and floors. Brushes also
have a vital role in sealing a map from the void: even a map built entirely from
patches and static meshes must still be surrounded by brushes in order to avoid
leaking.</p>
</div>
<div class="sidebarblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="title">Additive versus subtractive geometry</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you are used to mapping for the legacy Thief games using Dromed or T3Edit,
the system used by DarkRadiant may seem somewhat back-to-front. In previous
games, the world starts out as an infinite solid, in which you "carve out" rooms
using subtractive brushes. In DarkRadiant, the world starts out as an infinite
void, and all brushes are solid. The space in which the mission happens must be
fully enclosed by solid brushes, otherwise the map will "leak" and fail to
compile.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The need to deal with map leaks may at first seem like a burden, however the
exclusive use of solid brushes frees the engine from needing to worry about
"brush ordering", and allows an important performance optimisation: by "flood
filling" the map interior, the map compiler can efficiently discard geometry
that never needs to be rendered.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_creating_a_brush">Creating a brush</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To create a simple rectangular brush, ensure that nothing is selected (<strong>ESC</strong>),
then <strong>Left drag</strong> in the 2D view. A new brush will be created and sized according
to the dragged area, with its dimensions snapped to the current grid level. To
adjust the third dimension of the brush (perpendicular to the view direction),
used <strong>Ctrl + TAB</strong> to switch the 2D view axis, and <strong>Left drag</strong> outside the brush
boundary to adjust the size.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock tip">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="img/tip.png" alt="Tip">
</td>
<td class="content">
Whenever you drag to create a new brush, the third dimension will match the
size of the <em>most recently selected</em> brush. This makes it easy to draw a series
of brushes with the same height, such as when you need to create a series of
floors or walls in succession. To match the height of an existing brush, simply
select (<strong>Shift + Left click</strong>) and deselect it (<strong>ESC</strong>) before drawing the new
brush.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_more_complex_brush_shapes">More complex brush shapes</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Although each brush starts out as a six-sided cuboid, it doesn’t have to stay
that way. DarkRadiant offers several options for creating multi-sided brushes in
more complex shapes. To create one of these shapes, first define a regular
cuboid brush covering the volume you want the new shape to occupy, then choose
the appropriate option from the <strong>Brush</strong> menu:</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><span class="image"><img src="img/6Prism.png" alt="6Prism"></span></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Prism</strong>
</p><p class="tableblock">An n-sided approximation of a cylinder, with the axis of the cylinder
aligned with the current 2D view.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><span class="image"><img src="img/6Cone.png" alt="6Cone"></span></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Cone</strong>
</p><p class="tableblock">A tapered n-sided cone, which always points upwards regardless of the
2D view axis.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><span class="image"><img src="img/6Sphere.png" alt="6Sphere"></span></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Sphere</strong>
</p><p class="tableblock">A rotationally symmetric n-sided approximation of a sphere, with the
axis of rotation pointing upwards.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>