ring.go

package ring

// Based on https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stathat/consistent/master/consistent.go

import (
	"context"
	"flag"
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"math/rand"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/go-kit/kit/log/level"
	"github.com/pkg/errors"
	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"

	"github.com/cortexproject/cortex/pkg/ring/kv"
	"github.com/cortexproject/cortex/pkg/util"
	"github.com/cortexproject/cortex/pkg/util/log"
	util_math "github.com/cortexproject/cortex/pkg/util/math"
	"github.com/cortexproject/cortex/pkg/util/services"
)

const (
	unhealthy = "Unhealthy"

	// IngesterRingKey is the key under which we store the ingesters ring in the KVStore.
	IngesterRingKey = "ring"

	// RulerRingKey is the key under which we store the rulers ring in the KVStore.
	RulerRingKey = "ring"

	// DistributorRingKey is the key under which we store the distributors ring in the KVStore.
	DistributorRingKey = "distributor"

	// CompactorRingKey is the key under which we store the compactors ring in the KVStore.
	CompactorRingKey = "compactor"

	// GetBufferSize is the suggested size of buffers passed to Ring.Get(). It's based on
	// a typical replication factor 3, plus extra room for a JOINING + LEAVING instance.
	GetBufferSize = 5
)

// ReadRing represents the read interface to the ring.
type ReadRing interface {
	prometheus.Collector

	// Get returns n (or more) instances which form the replicas for the given key.
	// bufDescs, bufHosts and bufZones are slices to be overwritten for the return value
	// to avoid memory allocation; can be nil, or created with ring.MakeBuffersForGet().
	Get(key uint32, op Operation, bufDescs []InstanceDesc, bufHosts, bufZones []string) (ReplicationSet, error)

	// GetAllHealthy returns all healthy instances in the ring, for the given operation.
	// This function doesn't check if the quorum is honored, so doesn't fail if the number
	// of unhealthy instances is greater than the tolerated max unavailable.
	GetAllHealthy(op Operation) (ReplicationSet, error)

	// GetReplicationSetForOperation returns all instances where the input operation should be executed.
	// The resulting ReplicationSet doesn't necessarily contains all healthy instances
	// in the ring, but could contain the minimum set of instances required to execute
	// the input operation.
	GetReplicationSetForOperation(op Operation) (ReplicationSet, error)

	ReplicationFactor() int

	// InstancesCount returns the number of instances in the ring.
	InstancesCount() int

	// ShuffleShard returns a subring for the provided identifier (eg. a tenant ID)
	// and size (number of instances).
	ShuffleShard(identifier string, size int) ReadRing

	// ShuffleShardWithLookback is like ShuffleShard() but the returned subring includes
	// all instances that have been part of the identifier's shard since "now - lookbackPeriod".
	ShuffleShardWithLookback(identifier string, size int, lookbackPeriod time.Duration, now time.Time) ReadRing

	// HasInstance returns whether the ring contains an instance matching the provided instanceID.
	HasInstance(instanceID string) bool

	// CleanupShuffleShardCache should delete cached shuffle-shard subrings for given identifier.
	CleanupShuffleShardCache(identifier string)
}

var (
	// Write operation that also extends replica set, if instance state is not ACTIVE.
	Write = NewOp([]InstanceState{ACTIVE}, func(s InstanceState) bool {
		// We do not want to Write to instances that are not ACTIVE, but we do want
		// to write the extra replica somewhere.  So we increase the size of the set
		// of replicas for the key.
		// NB unhealthy instances will be filtered later by defaultReplicationStrategy.Filter().
		return s != ACTIVE
	})

	// WriteNoExtend is like Write, but with no replicaset extension.
	WriteNoExtend = NewOp([]InstanceState{ACTIVE}, nil)

	Read = NewOp([]InstanceState{ACTIVE, PENDING, LEAVING}, func(s InstanceState) bool {
		// To match Write with extended replica set we have to also increase the
		// size of the replica set for Read, but we can read from LEAVING ingesters.
		return s != ACTIVE && s != LEAVING
	})

	// Reporting is a special value for inquiring about health.
	Reporting = allStatesRingOperation
)

var (
	// ErrEmptyRing is the error returned when trying to get an element when nothing has been added to hash.
	ErrEmptyRing = errors.New("empty ring")

	// ErrInstanceNotFound is the error returned when trying to get information for an instance
	// not registered within the ring.
	ErrInstanceNotFound = errors.New("instance not found in the ring")

	// ErrTooManyUnhealthyInstances is the error returned when there are too many failed instances for a
	// specific operation.
	ErrTooManyUnhealthyInstances = errors.New("too many unhealthy instances in the ring")

	// ErrInconsistentTokensInfo is the error returned if, due to an internal bug, the mapping between
	// a token and its own instance is missing or unknown.
	ErrInconsistentTokensInfo = errors.New("inconsistent ring tokens information")
)

// Config for a Ring
type Config struct {
	KVStore              kv.Config     `yaml:"kvstore"`
	HeartbeatTimeout     time.Duration `yaml:"heartbeat_timeout"`
	ReplicationFactor    int           `yaml:"replication_factor"`
	ZoneAwarenessEnabled bool          `yaml:"zone_awareness_enabled"`

	// Whether the shuffle-sharding subring cache is disabled. This option is set
	// internally and never exposed to the user.
	SubringCacheDisabled bool `yaml:"-"`
}

// RegisterFlags adds the flags required to config this to the given FlagSet with a specified prefix
func (cfg *Config) RegisterFlags(f *flag.FlagSet) {
	cfg.RegisterFlagsWithPrefix("", f)
}

// RegisterFlagsWithPrefix adds the flags required to config this to the given FlagSet with a specified prefix
func (cfg *Config) RegisterFlagsWithPrefix(prefix string, f *flag.FlagSet) {
	cfg.KVStore.RegisterFlagsWithPrefix(prefix, "collectors/", f)

	f.DurationVar(&cfg.HeartbeatTimeout, prefix+"ring.heartbeat-timeout", time.Minute, "The heartbeat timeout after which ingesters are skipped for reads/writes.")
	f.IntVar(&cfg.ReplicationFactor, prefix+"distributor.replication-factor", 3, "The number of ingesters to write to and read from.")
	f.BoolVar(&cfg.ZoneAwarenessEnabled, prefix+"distributor.zone-awareness-enabled", false, "True to enable the zone-awareness and replicate ingested samples across different availability zones.")
}

type instanceInfo struct {
	InstanceID string
	Zone       string
}

// Ring holds the information about the members of the consistent hash ring.
type Ring struct {
	services.Service

	key      string
	cfg      Config
	KVClient kv.Client
	strategy ReplicationStrategy

	mtx              sync.RWMutex
	ringDesc         *Desc
	ringTokens       []uint32
	ringTokensByZone map[string][]uint32

	// Maps a token with the information of the instance holding it. This map is immutable and
	// cannot be chanced in place because it's shared "as is" between subrings (the only way to
	// change it is to create a new one and replace it).
	ringInstanceByToken map[uint32]instanceInfo

	// When did a set of instances change the last time (instance changing state or heartbeat is ignored for this timestamp).
	lastTopologyChange time.Time

	// List of zones for which there's at least 1 instance in the ring. This list is guaranteed
	// to be sorted alphabetically.
	ringZones []string

	// Cache of shuffle-sharded subrings per identifier. Invalidated when topology changes.
	// If set to nil, no caching is done (used by tests, and subrings).
	shuffledSubringCache map[subringCacheKey]*Ring

	memberOwnershipDesc *prometheus.Desc
	numMembersDesc      *prometheus.Desc
	totalTokensDesc     *prometheus.Desc
	numTokensDesc       *prometheus.Desc
	oldestTimestampDesc *prometheus.Desc
}

type subringCacheKey struct {
	identifier string
	shardSize  int
}

// New creates a new Ring. Being a service, Ring needs to be started to do anything.
func New(cfg Config, name, key string, reg prometheus.Registerer) (*Ring, error) {
	codec := GetCodec()
	// Suffix all client names with "-ring" to denote this kv client is used by the ring
	store, err := kv.NewClient(
		cfg.KVStore,
		codec,
		kv.RegistererWithKVName(reg, name+"-ring"),
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return NewWithStoreClientAndStrategy(cfg, name, key, store, NewDefaultReplicationStrategy())
}

func NewWithStoreClientAndStrategy(cfg Config, name, key string, store kv.Client, strategy ReplicationStrategy) (*Ring, error) {
	if cfg.ReplicationFactor <= 0 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ReplicationFactor must be greater than zero: %d", cfg.ReplicationFactor)
	}

	r := &Ring{
		key:                  key,
		cfg:                  cfg,
		KVClient:             store,
		strategy:             strategy,
		ringDesc:             &Desc{},
		shuffledSubringCache: map[subringCacheKey]*Ring{},
		memberOwnershipDesc: prometheus.NewDesc(
			"cortex_ring_member_ownership_percent",
			"The percent ownership of the ring by member",
			[]string{"member"},
			map[string]string{"name": name},
		),
		numMembersDesc: prometheus.NewDesc(
			"cortex_ring_members",
			"Number of members in the ring",
			[]string{"state"},
			map[string]string{"name": name},
		),
		totalTokensDesc: prometheus.NewDesc(
			"cortex_ring_tokens_total",
			"Number of tokens in the ring",
			nil,
			map[string]string{"name": name},
		),
		numTokensDesc: prometheus.NewDesc(
			"cortex_ring_tokens_owned",
			"The number of tokens in the ring owned by the member",
			[]string{"member"},
			map[string]string{"name": name},
		),
		oldestTimestampDesc: prometheus.NewDesc(
			"cortex_ring_oldest_member_timestamp",
			"Timestamp of the oldest member in the ring.",
			[]string{"state"},
			map[string]string{"name": name},
		),
	}

	r.Service = services.NewBasicService(r.starting, r.loop, nil).WithName(fmt.Sprintf("%s ring client", name))
	return r, nil
}

func (r *Ring) starting(ctx context.Context) error {
	// Get the initial ring state so that, as soon as the service will be running, the in-memory
	// ring would be already populated and there's no race condition between when the service is
	// running and the WatchKey() callback is called for the first time.
	value, err := r.KVClient.Get(ctx, r.key)
	if err != nil {
		return errors.Wrap(err, "unable to initialise ring state")
	}
	if value == nil {
		level.Info(log.Logger).Log("msg", "ring doesn't exist in KV store yet")
		return nil
	}

	r.updateRingState(value.(*Desc))
	return nil
}

func (r *Ring) loop(ctx context.Context) error {
	r.KVClient.WatchKey(ctx, r.key, func(value interface{}) bool {
		if value == nil {
			level.Info(log.Logger).Log("msg", "ring doesn't exist in KV store yet")
			return true
		}

		r.updateRingState(value.(*Desc))
		return true
	})
	return nil
}

func (r *Ring) updateRingState(ringDesc *Desc) {
	r.mtx.RLock()
	prevRing := r.ringDesc
	r.mtx.RUnlock()

	rc := prevRing.RingCompare(ringDesc)
	if rc == Equal || rc == EqualButStatesAndTimestamps {
		// No need to update tokens or zones. Only states and timestamps
		// have changed. (If Equal, nothing has changed, but that doesn't happen
		// when watching the ring for updates).
		r.mtx.Lock()
		r.ringDesc = ringDesc
		r.mtx.Unlock()
		return
	}

	now := time.Now()
	ringTokens := ringDesc.GetTokens()
	ringTokensByZone := ringDesc.getTokensByZone()
	ringInstanceByToken := ringDesc.getTokensInfo()
	ringZones := getZones(ringTokensByZone)

	r.mtx.Lock()
	defer r.mtx.Unlock()
	r.ringDesc = ringDesc
	r.ringTokens = ringTokens
	r.ringTokensByZone = ringTokensByZone
	r.ringInstanceByToken = ringInstanceByToken
	r.ringZones = ringZones
	r.lastTopologyChange = now
	if r.shuffledSubringCache != nil {
		// Invalidate all cached subrings.
		r.shuffledSubringCache = make(map[subringCacheKey]*Ring)
	}
}

// Get returns n (or more) instances which form the replicas for the given key.
func (r *Ring) Get(key uint32, op Operation, bufDescs []InstanceDesc, bufHosts, bufZones []string) (ReplicationSet, error) {
	r.mtx.RLock()
	defer r.mtx.RUnlock()
	if r.ringDesc == nil || len(r.ringTokens) == 0 {
		return ReplicationSet{}, ErrEmptyRing
	}

	var (
		n          = r.cfg.ReplicationFactor
		instances  = bufDescs[:0]
		start      = searchToken(r.ringTokens, key)
		iterations = 0

		// We use a slice instead of a map because it's faster to search within a
		// slice than lookup a map for a very low number of items.
		distinctHosts = bufHosts[:0]
		distinctZones = bufZones[:0]
	)
	for i := start; len(distinctHosts) < n && iterations < len(r.ringTokens); i++ {
		iterations++
		// Wrap i around in the ring.
		i %= len(r.ringTokens)
		token := r.ringTokens[i]

		info, ok := r.ringInstanceByToken[token]
		if !ok {
			// This should never happen unless a bug in the ring code.
			return ReplicationSet{}, ErrInconsistentTokensInfo
		}

		// We want n *distinct* instances && distinct zones.
		if util.StringsContain(distinctHosts, info.InstanceID) {
			continue
		}

		// Ignore if the instances don't have a zone set.
		if r.cfg.ZoneAwarenessEnabled && info.Zone != "" {
			if util.StringsContain(distinctZones, info.Zone) {
				continue
			}
		}

		distinctHosts = append(distinctHosts, info.InstanceID)
		instance := r.ringDesc.Ingesters[info.InstanceID]

		// Check whether the replica set should be extended given we're including
		// this instance.
		if op.ShouldExtendReplicaSetOnState(instance.State) {
			n++
		} else if r.cfg.ZoneAwarenessEnabled && info.Zone != "" {
			// We should only add the zone if we are not going to extend,
			// as we want to extend the instance in the same AZ.
			distinctZones = append(distinctZones, info.Zone)
		}

		instances = append(instances, instance)
	}

	healthyInstances, maxFailure, err := r.strategy.Filter(instances, op, r.cfg.ReplicationFactor, r.cfg.HeartbeatTimeout, r.cfg.ZoneAwarenessEnabled)
	if err != nil {
		return ReplicationSet{}, err
	}

	return ReplicationSet{
		Instances: healthyInstances,
		MaxErrors: maxFailure,
	}, nil
}

// GetAllHealthy implements ReadRing.
func (r *Ring) GetAllHealthy(op Operation) (ReplicationSet, error) {
	r.mtx.RLock()
	defer r.mtx.RUnlock()

	if r.ringDesc == nil || len(r.ringDesc.Ingesters) == 0 {
		return ReplicationSet{}, ErrEmptyRing
	}

	now := time.Now()
	instances := make([]InstanceDesc, 0, len(r.ringDesc.Ingesters))
	for _, instance := range r.ringDesc.Ingesters {
		if r.IsHealthy(&instance, op, now) {
			instances = append(instances, instance)
		}
	}

	return ReplicationSet{
		Instances: instances,
		MaxErrors: 0,
	}, nil
}

// GetReplicationSetForOperation implements ReadRing.
func (r *Ring) GetReplicationSetForOperation(op Operation) (ReplicationSet, error) {
	r.mtx.RLock()
	defer r.mtx.RUnlock()

	if r.ringDesc == nil || len(r.ringTokens) == 0 {
		return ReplicationSet{}, ErrEmptyRing
	}

	// Build the initial replication set, excluding unhealthy instances.
	healthyInstances := make([]InstanceDesc, 0, len(r.ringDesc.Ingesters))
	zoneFailures := make(map[string]struct{})
	now := time.Now()

	for _, instance := range r.ringDesc.Ingesters {
		if r.IsHealthy(&instance, op, now) {
			healthyInstances = append(healthyInstances, instance)
		} else {
			zoneFailures[instance.Zone] = struct{}{}
		}
	}

	// Max errors and max unavailable zones are mutually exclusive. We initialise both
	// to 0 and then we update them whether zone-awareness is enabled or not.
	maxErrors := 0
	maxUnavailableZones := 0

	if r.cfg.ZoneAwarenessEnabled {
		// Given data is replicated to RF different zones, we can tolerate a number of
		// RF/2 failing zones. However, we need to protect from the case the ring currently
		// contains instances in a number of zones < RF.
		numReplicatedZones := util_math.Min(len(r.ringZones), r.cfg.ReplicationFactor)
		minSuccessZones := (numReplicatedZones / 2) + 1
		maxUnavailableZones = minSuccessZones - 1

		if len(zoneFailures) > maxUnavailableZones {
			return ReplicationSet{}, ErrTooManyUnhealthyInstances
		}

		if len(zoneFailures) > 0 {
			// We remove all instances (even healthy ones) from zones with at least
			// 1 failing instance. Due to how replication works when zone-awareness is
			// enabled (data is replicated to RF different zones), there's no benefit in
			// querying healthy instances from "failing zones". A zone is considered
			// failed if there is single error.
			filteredInstances := make([]InstanceDesc, 0, len(r.ringDesc.Ingesters))
			for _, instance := range healthyInstances {
				if _, ok := zoneFailures[instance.Zone]; !ok {
					filteredInstances = append(filteredInstances, instance)
				}
			}

			healthyInstances = filteredInstances
		}

		// Since we removed all instances from zones containing at least 1 failing
		// instance, we have to decrease the max unavailable zones accordingly.
		maxUnavailableZones -= len(zoneFailures)
	} else {
		// Calculate the number of required instances;
		// ensure we always require at least RF-1 when RF=3.
		numRequired := len(r.ringDesc.Ingesters)
		if numRequired < r.cfg.ReplicationFactor {
			numRequired = r.cfg.ReplicationFactor
		}
		// We can tolerate this many failures
		numRequired -= r.cfg.ReplicationFactor / 2

		if len(healthyInstances) < numRequired {
			return ReplicationSet{}, ErrTooManyUnhealthyInstances
		}

		maxErrors = len(healthyInstances) - numRequired
	}

	return ReplicationSet{
		Instances:           healthyInstances,
		MaxErrors:           maxErrors,
		MaxUnavailableZones: maxUnavailableZones,
	}, nil
}

// Describe implements prometheus.Collector.
func (r *Ring) Describe(ch chan<- *prometheus.Desc) {
	ch <- r.memberOwnershipDesc
	ch <- r.numMembersDesc
	ch <- r.totalTokensDesc
	ch <- r.oldestTimestampDesc
	ch <- r.numTokensDesc
}

// countTokens returns the number of tokens and tokens within the range for each instance.
// The ring read lock must be already taken when calling this function.
func (r *Ring) countTokens() (map[string]uint32, map[string]uint32) {
	owned := map[string]uint32{}
	numTokens := map[string]uint32{}
	for i, token := range r.ringTokens {
		var diff uint32

		// Compute how many tokens are within the range.
		if i+1 == len(r.ringTokens) {
			diff = (math.MaxUint32 - token) + r.ringTokens[0]
		} else {
			diff = r.ringTokens[i+1] - token
		}

		info := r.ringInstanceByToken[token]
		numTokens[info.InstanceID] = numTokens[info.InstanceID] + 1
		owned[info.InstanceID] = owned[info.InstanceID] + diff
	}

	// Set to 0 the number of owned tokens by instances which don't have tokens yet.
	for id := range r.ringDesc.Ingesters {
		if _, ok := owned[id]; !ok {
			owned[id] = 0
			numTokens[id] = 0
		}
	}

	return numTokens, owned
}

// Collect implements prometheus.Collector.
func (r *Ring) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
	r.mtx.RLock()
	defer r.mtx.RUnlock()

	numTokens, ownedRange := r.countTokens()
	for id, totalOwned := range ownedRange {
		ch <- prometheus.MustNewConstMetric(
			r.memberOwnershipDesc,
			prometheus.GaugeValue,
			float64(totalOwned)/float64(math.MaxUint32),
			id,
		)
		ch <- prometheus.MustNewConstMetric(
			r.numTokensDesc,
			prometheus.GaugeValue,
			float64(numTokens[id]),
			id,
		)
	}

	numByState := map[string]int{}
	oldestTimestampByState := map[string]int64{}

	// Initialised to zero so we emit zero-metrics (instead of not emitting anything)
	for _, s := range []string{unhealthy, ACTIVE.String(), LEAVING.String(), PENDING.String(), JOINING.String()} {
		numByState[s] = 0
		oldestTimestampByState[s] = 0
	}

	for _, instance := range r.ringDesc.Ingesters {
		s := instance.State.String()
		if !r.IsHealthy(&instance, Reporting, time.Now()) {
			s = unhealthy
		}
		numByState[s]++
		if oldestTimestampByState[s] == 0 || instance.Timestamp < oldestTimestampByState[s] {
			oldestTimestampByState[s] = instance.Timestamp
		}
	}

	for state, count := range numByState {
		ch <- prometheus.MustNewConstMetric(
			r.numMembersDesc,
			prometheus.GaugeValue,
			float64(count),
			state,
		)
	}
	for state, timestamp := range oldestTimestampByState {
		ch <- prometheus.MustNewConstMetric(
			r.oldestTimestampDesc,
			prometheus.GaugeValue,
			float64(timestamp),
			state,
		)
	}

	ch <- prometheus.MustNewConstMetric(
		r.totalTokensDesc,
		prometheus.GaugeValue,
		float64(len(r.ringTokens)),
	)
}

// ShuffleShard returns a subring for the provided identifier (eg. a tenant ID)
// and size (number of instances). The size is expected to be a multiple of the
// number of zones and the returned subring will contain the same number of
// instances per zone as far as there are enough registered instances in the ring.
//
// The algorithm used to build the subring is a shuffle sharder based on probabilistic
// hashing. We treat each zone as a separate ring and pick N unique replicas from each
// zone, walking the ring starting from random but predictable numbers. The random
// generator is initialised with a seed based on the provided identifier.
//
// This implementation guarantees:
//
// - Stability: given the same ring, two invocations returns the same result.
//
// - Consistency: adding/removing 1 instance from the ring generates a resulting
// subring with no more then 1 difference.
//
// - Shuffling: probabilistically, for a large enough cluster each identifier gets a different
// set of instances, with a reduced number of overlapping instances between two identifiers.
func (r *Ring) ShuffleShard(identifier string, size int) ReadRing {
	// Nothing to do if the shard size is not smaller then the actual ring.
	if size <= 0 || r.InstancesCount() <= size {
		return r
	}

	if cached := r.getCachedShuffledSubring(identifier, size); cached != nil {
		return cached
	}

	result := r.shuffleShard(identifier, size, 0, time.Now())

	r.setCachedShuffledSubring(identifier, size, result)
	return result
}

// ShuffleShardWithLookback is like ShuffleShard() but the returned subring includes all instances
// that have been part of the identifier's shard since "now - lookbackPeriod".
//
// The returned subring may be unbalanced with regard to zones and should never be used for write
// operations (read only).
//
// This function doesn't support caching.
func (r *Ring) ShuffleShardWithLookback(identifier string, size int, lookbackPeriod time.Duration, now time.Time) ReadRing {
	// Nothing to do if the shard size is not smaller then the actual ring.
	if size <= 0 || r.InstancesCount() <= size {
		return r
	}

	return r.shuffleShard(identifier, size, lookbackPeriod, now)
}

func (r *Ring) shuffleShard(identifier string, size int, lookbackPeriod time.Duration, now time.Time) *Ring {
	lookbackUntil := now.Add(-lookbackPeriod).Unix()

	r.mtx.RLock()
	defer r.mtx.RUnlock()

	var numInstancesPerZone int
	var actualZones []string

	if r.cfg.ZoneAwarenessEnabled {
		numInstancesPerZone = util.ShuffleShardExpectedInstancesPerZone(size, len(r.ringZones))
		actualZones = r.ringZones
	} else {
		numInstancesPerZone = size
		actualZones = []string{""}
	}

	shard := make(map[string]InstanceDesc, size)

	// We need to iterate zones always in the same order to guarantee stability.
	for _, zone := range actualZones {
		var tokens []uint32

		if r.cfg.ZoneAwarenessEnabled {
			tokens = r.ringTokensByZone[zone]
		} else {
			// When zone-awareness is disabled, we just iterate over 1 single fake zone
			// and use all tokens in the ring.
			tokens = r.ringTokens
		}

		// Initialise the random generator used to select instances in the ring.
		// Since we consider each zone like an independent ring, we have to use dedicated
		// pseudo-random generator for each zone, in order to guarantee the "consistency"
		// property when the shard size changes or a new zone is added.
		random := rand.New(rand.NewSource(util.ShuffleShardSeed(identifier, zone)))

		// To select one more instance while guaranteeing the "consistency" property,
		// we do pick a random value from the generator and resolve uniqueness collisions
		// (if any) continuing walking the ring.
		for i := 0; i < numInstancesPerZone; i++ {
			start := searchToken(tokens, random.Uint32())
			iterations := 0
			found := false

			for p := start; iterations < len(tokens); p++ {
				iterations++

				// Wrap p around in the ring.
				p %= len(tokens)

				info, ok := r.ringInstanceByToken[tokens[p]]
				if !ok {
					// This should never happen unless a bug in the ring code.
					panic(ErrInconsistentTokensInfo)
				}

				// Ensure we select an unique instance.
				if _, ok := shard[info.InstanceID]; ok {
					continue
				}

				instanceID := info.InstanceID
				instance := r.ringDesc.Ingesters[instanceID]
				shard[instanceID] = instance

				// If the lookback is enabled and this instance has been registered within the lookback period
				// then we should include it in the subring but continuing selecting instances.
				if lookbackPeriod > 0 && instance.RegisteredTimestamp >= lookbackUntil {
					continue
				}

				found = true
				break
			}

			// If one more instance has not been found, we can stop looking for
			// more instances in this zone, because it means the zone has no more
			// instances which haven't been already selected.
			if !found {
				break
			}
		}
	}

	// Build a read-only ring for the shard.
	shardDesc := &Desc{Ingesters: shard}
	shardTokensByZone := shardDesc.getTokensByZone()

	return &Ring{
		cfg:              r.cfg,
		strategy:         r.strategy,
		ringDesc:         shardDesc,
		ringTokens:       shardDesc.GetTokens(),
		ringTokensByZone: shardTokensByZone,
		ringZones:        getZones(shardTokensByZone),

		// We reference the original map as is in order to avoid copying. It's safe to do
		// because this map is immutable by design and it's a superset of the actual instances
		// with the subring.
		ringInstanceByToken: r.ringInstanceByToken,

		// For caching to work, remember these values.
		lastTopologyChange: r.lastTopologyChange,
	}
}

// GetInstanceState returns the current state of an instance or an error if the
// instance does not exist in the ring.
func (r *Ring) GetInstanceState(instanceID string) (InstanceState, error) {
	r.mtx.RLock()
	defer r.mtx.RUnlock()

	instances := r.ringDesc.GetIngesters()
	instance, ok := instances[instanceID]
	if !ok {
		return PENDING, ErrInstanceNotFound
	}

	return instance.GetState(), nil
}

// HasInstance returns whether the ring contains an instance matching the provided instanceID.
func (r *Ring) HasInstance(instanceID string) bool {
	r.mtx.RLock()
	defer r.mtx.RUnlock()

	instances := r.ringDesc.GetIngesters()
	_, ok := instances[instanceID]
	return ok
}

func (r *Ring) getCachedShuffledSubring(identifier string, size int) *Ring {
	if r.cfg.SubringCacheDisabled {
		return nil
	}

	r.mtx.RLock()
	defer r.mtx.RUnlock()

	// if shuffledSubringCache map is nil, reading it returns default value (nil pointer).
	cached := r.shuffledSubringCache[subringCacheKey{identifier: identifier, shardSize: size}]
	if cached == nil {
		return nil
	}

	cached.mtx.Lock()
	defer cached.mtx.Unlock()

	// Update instance states and timestamps. We know that the topology is the same,
	// so zones and tokens are equal.
	for name, cachedIng := range cached.ringDesc.Ingesters {
		ing := r.ringDesc.Ingesters[name]
		cachedIng.State = ing.State
		cachedIng.Timestamp = ing.Timestamp
		cached.ringDesc.Ingesters[name] = cachedIng
	}
	return cached
}

func (r *Ring) setCachedShuffledSubring(identifier string, size int, subring *Ring) {
	if subring == nil || r.cfg.SubringCacheDisabled {
		return
	}

	r.mtx.Lock()
	defer r.mtx.Unlock()

	// Only cache if *this* ring hasn't changed since computing result
	// (which can happen between releasing the read lock and getting read-write lock).
	// Note that shuffledSubringCache can be only nil when set by test.
	if r.shuffledSubringCache != nil && r.lastTopologyChange.Equal(subring.lastTopologyChange) {
		r.shuffledSubringCache[subringCacheKey{identifier: identifier, shardSize: size}] = subring
	}
}

func (r *Ring) CleanupShuffleShardCache(identifier string) {
	if r.cfg.SubringCacheDisabled {
		return
	}

	r.mtx.Lock()
	defer r.mtx.Unlock()

	for k := range r.shuffledSubringCache {
		if k.identifier == identifier {
			delete(r.shuffledSubringCache, k)
		}
	}
}

// Operation describes which instances can be included in the replica set, based on their state.
//
// Implemented as bitmap, with upper 16-bits used for encoding extendReplicaSet, and lower 16-bits used for encoding healthy states.
type Operation uint32

// NewOp constructs new Operation with given "healthy" states for operation, and optional function to extend replica set.
// Result of calling shouldExtendReplicaSet is cached.
func NewOp(healthyStates []InstanceState, shouldExtendReplicaSet func(s InstanceState) bool) Operation {
	op := Operation(0)
	for _, s := range healthyStates {
		op |= (1 << s)
	}

	if shouldExtendReplicaSet != nil {
		for _, s := range []InstanceState{ACTIVE, LEAVING, PENDING, JOINING, LEAVING, LEFT} {
			if shouldExtendReplicaSet(s) {
				op |= (0x10000 << s)
			}
		}
	}

	return op
}

// IsInstanceInStateHealthy is used during "filtering" phase to remove undesired instances based on their state.
func (op Operation) IsInstanceInStateHealthy(s InstanceState) bool {
	return op&(1<<s) > 0
}

// ShouldExtendReplicaSetOnState returns true if given a state of instance that's going to be
// added to the replica set, the replica set size should be extended by 1
// more instance for the given operation.
func (op Operation) ShouldExtendReplicaSetOnState(s InstanceState) bool {
	return op&(0x10000<<s) > 0
}

// All states are healthy, no states extend replica set.
var allStatesRingOperation = Operation(0x0000ffff)