kernelbase.py

"""Base class for a kernel that talks to frontends over 0MQ."""

# Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
# Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.

import asyncio
import concurrent.futures
from datetime import datetime
from functools import partial
import itertools
import logging
import inspect
import os
from signal import signal, default_int_handler, SIGINT
import sys
import time
import uuid
import warnings
try:
    import psutil
except ImportError:
    psutil = None

try:
    # jupyter_client >= 5, use tz-aware now
    from jupyter_client.session import utcnow as now
except ImportError:
    # jupyter_client < 5, use local now()
    now = datetime.now

from tornado import ioloop
from tornado.queues import Queue, QueueEmpty
import zmq
from zmq.eventloop.zmqstream import ZMQStream

from traitlets.config.configurable import SingletonConfigurable
from IPython.core.error import StdinNotImplementedError
from ipykernel.jsonutil import json_clean
from traitlets import (
    Any, Instance, Float, Dict, List, Set, Integer, Unicode, Bool,
    observe, default
)

from jupyter_client.session import Session

from ._version import kernel_protocol_version


class Kernel(SingletonConfigurable):

    #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Kernel interface
    #---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    # attribute to override with a GUI
    eventloop = Any(None)

    @observe('eventloop')
    def _update_eventloop(self, change):
        """schedule call to eventloop from IOLoop"""
        loop = ioloop.IOLoop.current()
        if change.new is not None:
            loop.add_callback(self.enter_eventloop)

    session = Instance(Session, allow_none=True)
    profile_dir = Instance('IPython.core.profiledir.ProfileDir', allow_none=True)
    shell_stream = Instance(ZMQStream, allow_none=True)

    shell_streams = List(
        help="""Deprecated shell_streams alias. Use shell_stream

        .. versionchanged:: 6.0
            shell_streams is deprecated. Use shell_stream.
        """
    )

    @default("shell_streams")
    def _shell_streams_default(self):
        warnings.warn(
            "Kernel.shell_streams is deprecated in ipykernel 6.0. Use Kernel.shell_stream",
            DeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        if self.shell_stream is not None:
            return [self.shell_stream]
        else:
            return []

    @observe("shell_streams")
    def _shell_streams_changed(self, change):
        warnings.warn(
            "Kernel.shell_streams is deprecated in ipykernel 6.0. Use Kernel.shell_stream",
            DeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        if len(change.new) > 1:
            warnings.warn(
                "Kernel only supports one shell stream. Additional streams will be ignored.",
                RuntimeWarning,
                stacklevel=2,
            )
        if change.new:
            self.shell_stream = change.new[0]

    control_stream = Instance(ZMQStream, allow_none=True)

    debug_shell_socket = Any()

    control_thread = Any()
    iopub_socket = Any()
    iopub_thread = Any()
    stdin_socket = Any()
    log = Instance(logging.Logger, allow_none=True)

    # identities:
    int_id = Integer(-1)
    ident = Unicode()

    @default('ident')
    def _default_ident(self):
        return str(uuid.uuid4())

    # This should be overridden by wrapper kernels that implement any real
    # language.
    language_info = {}

    # any links that should go in the help menu
    help_links = List()

    # Experimental option to break in non-user code.
    # The ipykernel source is in the call stack, so the user
    # has to manipulate the step-over and step-into in a wize way.
    debug_just_my_code = Bool(True,
        help="""Set to False if you want to debug python standard and dependent libraries.
        """
    ).tag(config=True)

    # track associations with current request
    # Private interface

    _darwin_app_nap = Bool(True,
        help="""Whether to use appnope for compatibility with OS X App Nap.

        Only affects OS X >= 10.9.
        """
    ).tag(config=True)

    # track associations with current request
    _allow_stdin = Bool(False)
    _parents = Dict({"shell": {}, "control": {}})
    _parent_ident = Dict({'shell': b'', 'control': b''})

    @property
    def _parent_header(self):
        warnings.warn(
            "Kernel._parent_header is deprecated in ipykernel 6. Use .get_parent()",
            DeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        return self.get_parent(channel="shell")

    # Time to sleep after flushing the stdout/err buffers in each execute
    # cycle.  While this introduces a hard limit on the minimal latency of the
    # execute cycle, it helps prevent output synchronization problems for
    # clients.
    # Units are in seconds.  The minimum zmq latency on local host is probably
    # ~150 microseconds, set this to 500us for now.  We may need to increase it
    # a little if it's not enough after more interactive testing.
    _execute_sleep = Float(0.0005).tag(config=True)

    # Frequency of the kernel's event loop.
    # Units are in seconds, kernel subclasses for GUI toolkits may need to
    # adapt to milliseconds.
    _poll_interval = Float(0.01).tag(config=True)

    stop_on_error_timeout = Float(
        0.0,
        config=True,
        help="""time (in seconds) to wait for messages to arrive
        when aborting queued requests after an error.

        Requests that arrive within this window after an error
        will be cancelled.

        Increase in the event of unusually slow network
        causing significant delays,
        which can manifest as e.g. "Run all" in a notebook
        aborting some, but not all, messages after an error.
        """
    )

    # If the shutdown was requested over the network, we leave here the
    # necessary reply message so it can be sent by our registered atexit
    # handler.  This ensures that the reply is only sent to clients truly at
    # the end of our shutdown process (which happens after the underlying
    # IPython shell's own shutdown).
    _shutdown_message = None

    # This is a dict of port number that the kernel is listening on. It is set
    # by record_ports and used by connect_request.
    _recorded_ports = Dict()

    # set of aborted msg_ids
    aborted = Set()

    # Track execution count here. For IPython, we override this to use the
    # execution count we store in the shell.
    execution_count = 0

    msg_types = [
        'execute_request', 'complete_request',
        'inspect_request', 'history_request',
        'comm_info_request', 'kernel_info_request',
        'connect_request', 'shutdown_request',
        'is_complete_request', 'interrupt_request',
        # deprecated:
        'apply_request',
    ]
    # add deprecated ipyparallel control messages
    control_msg_types = msg_types + ['clear_request', 'abort_request', 'debug_request', 'usage_request']

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        # Build dict of handlers for message types
        self.shell_handlers = {}
        for msg_type in self.msg_types:
            self.shell_handlers[msg_type] = getattr(self, msg_type)

        self.control_handlers = {}
        for msg_type in self.control_msg_types:
            self.control_handlers[msg_type] = getattr(self, msg_type)

        self.control_queue = Queue()

    def dispatch_control(self, msg):
        self.control_queue.put_nowait(msg)

    async def poll_control_queue(self):
        while True:
            msg = await self.control_queue.get()
            # handle tracers from _flush_control_queue
            if isinstance(msg, (concurrent.futures.Future, asyncio.Future)):
                msg.set_result(None)
                continue
            await self.process_control(msg)

    async def _flush_control_queue(self):
        """Flush the control queue, wait for processing of any pending messages"""
        if self.control_thread:
            control_loop = self.control_thread.io_loop
            # concurrent.futures.Futures are threadsafe
            # and can be used to await across threads
            tracer_future = concurrent.futures.Future()
            awaitable_future = asyncio.wrap_future(tracer_future)
        else:
            control_loop = self.io_loop
            tracer_future = awaitable_future = asyncio.Future()

        def _flush():
            # control_stream.flush puts messages on the queue
            self.control_stream.flush()
            # put Future on the queue after all of those,
            # so we can wait for all queued messages to be processed
            self.control_queue.put(tracer_future)

        control_loop.add_callback(_flush)
        return awaitable_future

    async def process_control(self, msg):
        """dispatch control requests"""
        idents, msg = self.session.feed_identities(msg, copy=False)
        try:
            msg = self.session.deserialize(msg, content=True, copy=False)
        except Exception:
            self.log.error("Invalid Control Message", exc_info=True)
            return

        self.log.debug("Control received: %s", msg)

        # Set the parent message for side effects.
        self.set_parent(idents, msg, channel='control')
        self._publish_status('busy', 'control')

        header = msg['header']
        msg_type = header['msg_type']

        handler = self.control_handlers.get(msg_type, None)
        if handler is None:
            self.log.error("UNKNOWN CONTROL MESSAGE TYPE: %r", msg_type)
        else:
            try:
                result = handler(self.control_stream, idents, msg)
                if inspect.isawaitable(result):
                    await result
            except Exception:
                self.log.error("Exception in control handler:", exc_info=True)

        sys.stdout.flush()
        sys.stderr.flush()
        self._publish_status('idle', 'control')
        # flush to ensure reply is sent
        self.control_stream.flush(zmq.POLLOUT)

    def should_handle(self, stream, msg, idents):
        """Check whether a shell-channel message should be handled

        Allows subclasses to prevent handling of certain messages (e.g. aborted requests).
        """
        msg_id = msg['header']['msg_id']
        if msg_id in self.aborted:
            # is it safe to assume a msg_id will not be resubmitted?
            self.aborted.remove(msg_id)
            self._send_abort_reply(stream, msg, idents)
            return False
        return True

    async def dispatch_shell(self, msg):
        """dispatch shell requests"""

        # flush control queue before handling shell requests
        await self._flush_control_queue()

        idents, msg = self.session.feed_identities(msg, copy=False)
        try:
            msg = self.session.deserialize(msg, content=True, copy=False)
        except Exception:
            self.log.error("Invalid Message", exc_info=True)
            return

        # Set the parent message for side effects.
        self.set_parent(idents, msg, channel='shell')
        self._publish_status('busy', 'shell')

        msg_type = msg['header']['msg_type']

        # Only abort execute requests
        if self._aborting and msg_type == 'execute_request':
            self._send_abort_reply(self.shell_stream, msg, idents)
            self._publish_status('idle', 'shell')
            # flush to ensure reply is sent before
            # handling the next request
            self.shell_stream.flush(zmq.POLLOUT)
            return

        # Print some info about this message and leave a '--->' marker, so it's
        # easier to trace visually the message chain when debugging.  Each
        # handler prints its message at the end.
        self.log.debug('\n*** MESSAGE TYPE:%s***', msg_type)
        self.log.debug('   Content: %s\n   --->\n   ', msg['content'])

        if not self.should_handle(self.shell_stream, msg, idents):
            return

        handler = self.shell_handlers.get(msg_type, None)
        if handler is None:
            self.log.warning("Unknown message type: %r", msg_type)
        else:
            self.log.debug("%s: %s", msg_type, msg)
            try:
                self.pre_handler_hook()
            except Exception:
                self.log.debug("Unable to signal in pre_handler_hook:", exc_info=True)
            try:
                result = handler(self.shell_stream, idents, msg)
                if inspect.isawaitable(result):
                    await result
            except Exception:
                self.log.error("Exception in message handler:", exc_info=True)
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                # Ctrl-c shouldn't crash the kernel here.
                self.log.error("KeyboardInterrupt caught in kernel.")
            finally:
                try:
                    self.post_handler_hook()
                except Exception:
                    self.log.debug("Unable to signal in post_handler_hook:", exc_info=True)

        sys.stdout.flush()
        sys.stderr.flush()
        self._publish_status('idle', 'shell')
        # flush to ensure reply is sent before
        # handling the next request
        self.shell_stream.flush(zmq.POLLOUT)

    def pre_handler_hook(self):
        """Hook to execute before calling message handler"""
        # ensure default_int_handler during handler call
        self.saved_sigint_handler = signal(SIGINT, default_int_handler)

    def post_handler_hook(self):
        """Hook to execute after calling message handler"""
        signal(SIGINT, self.saved_sigint_handler)

    def enter_eventloop(self):
        """enter eventloop"""
        self.log.info("Entering eventloop %s", self.eventloop)
        # record handle, so we can check when this changes
        eventloop = self.eventloop
        if eventloop is None:
            self.log.info("Exiting as there is no eventloop")
            return

        def advance_eventloop():
            # check if eventloop changed:
            if self.eventloop is not eventloop:
                self.log.info("exiting eventloop %s", eventloop)
                return
            if self.msg_queue.qsize():
                self.log.debug("Delaying eventloop due to waiting messages")
                # still messages to process, make the eventloop wait
                schedule_next()
                return
            self.log.debug("Advancing eventloop %s", eventloop)
            try:
                eventloop(self)
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                # Ctrl-C shouldn't crash the kernel
                self.log.error("KeyboardInterrupt caught in kernel")
                pass
            if self.eventloop is eventloop:
                # schedule advance again
                schedule_next()

        def schedule_next():
            """Schedule the next advance of the eventloop"""
            # flush the eventloop every so often,
            # giving us a chance to handle messages in the meantime
            self.log.debug("Scheduling eventloop advance")
            self.io_loop.call_later(0.001, advance_eventloop)

        # begin polling the eventloop
        schedule_next()

    async def do_one_iteration(self):
        """Process a single shell message

        Any pending control messages will be flushed as well

        .. versionchanged:: 5
            This is now a coroutine
        """
        # flush messages off of shell stream into the message queue
        self.shell_stream.flush()
        # process at most one shell message per iteration
        await self.process_one(wait=False)

    async def process_one(self, wait=True):
        """Process one request

        Returns None if no message was handled.
        """
        if wait:
            t, dispatch, args = await self.msg_queue.get()
        else:
            try:
                t, dispatch, args = self.msg_queue.get_nowait()
            except (asyncio.QueueEmpty, QueueEmpty):
                return None
        await dispatch(*args)

    async def dispatch_queue(self):
        """Coroutine to preserve order of message handling

        Ensures that only one message is processing at a time,
        even when the handler is async
        """

        while True:
            try:
                await self.process_one()
            except Exception:
                self.log.exception("Error in message handler")

    _message_counter = Any(
        help="""Monotonic counter of messages
        """,
    )
    @default('_message_counter')
    def _message_counter_default(self):
        return itertools.count()

    def schedule_dispatch(self, dispatch, *args):
        """schedule a message for dispatch"""
        idx = next(self._message_counter)

        self.msg_queue.put_nowait(
            (
                idx,
                dispatch,
                args,
            )
        )
        # ensure the eventloop wakes up
        self.io_loop.add_callback(lambda: None)

    def start(self):
        """register dispatchers for streams"""
        self.io_loop = ioloop.IOLoop.current()
        self.msg_queue = Queue()
        self.io_loop.add_callback(self.dispatch_queue)

        self.control_stream.on_recv(self.dispatch_control, copy=False)

        if self.control_thread:
            control_loop = self.control_thread.io_loop
        else:
            control_loop = self.io_loop

        asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(self.poll_control_queue(), control_loop.asyncio_loop)

        self.shell_stream.on_recv(
            partial(
                self.schedule_dispatch,
                self.dispatch_shell,
            ),
            copy=False,
        )

        # publish idle status
        self._publish_status('starting', 'shell')


    def record_ports(self, ports):
        """Record the ports that this kernel is using.

        The creator of the Kernel instance must call this methods if they
        want the :meth:`connect_request` method to return the port numbers.
        """
        self._recorded_ports = ports

    #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Kernel request handlers
    #---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    def _publish_execute_input(self, code, parent, execution_count):
        """Publish the code request on the iopub stream."""

        self.session.send(self.iopub_socket, 'execute_input',
                          {'code':code, 'execution_count': execution_count},
                          parent=parent, ident=self._topic('execute_input')
        )

    def _publish_status(self, status, channel, parent=None):
        """send status (busy/idle) on IOPub"""
        self.session.send(
            self.iopub_socket,
            "status",
            {"execution_state": status},
            parent=parent or self.get_parent(channel),
            ident=self._topic("status"),
        )

    def _publish_debug_event(self, event):
        self.session.send(
            self.iopub_socket,
            "debug_event",
            event,
            parent=self.get_parent("control"),
            ident=self._topic("debug_event"),
        )

    def set_parent(self, ident, parent, channel='shell'):
        """Set the current parent request

        Side effects (IOPub messages) and replies are associated with
        the request that caused them via the parent_header.

        The parent identity is used to route input_request messages
        on the stdin channel.
        """
        self._parent_ident[channel] = ident
        self._parents[channel] = parent

    def get_parent(self, channel="shell"):
        """Get the parent request associated with a channel.

        .. versionadded:: 6

        Parameters
        ----------
        channel : str
            the name of the channel ('shell' or 'control')

        Returns
        -------
        message : dict
            the parent message for the most recent request on the channel.
        """
        return self._parents.get(channel, {})

    def send_response(self, stream, msg_or_type, content=None, ident=None,
             buffers=None, track=False, header=None, metadata=None, channel='shell'):
        """Send a response to the message we're currently processing.

        This accepts all the parameters of :meth:`jupyter_client.session.Session.send`
        except ``parent``.

        This relies on :meth:`set_parent` having been called for the current
        message.
        """
        return self.session.send(
            stream,
            msg_or_type,
            content,
            self.get_parent(channel),
            ident,
            buffers,
            track,
            header,
            metadata,
        )

    def init_metadata(self, parent):
        """Initialize metadata.

        Run at the beginning of execution requests.
        """
        # FIXME: `started` is part of ipyparallel
        # Remove for ipykernel 5.0
        return {
            'started': now(),
        }

    def finish_metadata(self, parent, metadata, reply_content):
        """Finish populating metadata.

        Run after completing an execution request.
        """
        return metadata

    async def execute_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        """handle an execute_request"""

        try:
            content = parent['content']
            code = content['code']
            silent = content['silent']
            store_history = content.get('store_history', not silent)
            user_expressions = content.get('user_expressions', {})
            allow_stdin = content.get('allow_stdin', False)
        except Exception:
            self.log.error("Got bad msg: ")
            self.log.error("%s", parent)
            return

        stop_on_error = content.get('stop_on_error', True)

        metadata = self.init_metadata(parent)

        # Re-broadcast our input for the benefit of listening clients, and
        # start computing output
        if not silent:
            self.execution_count += 1
            self._publish_execute_input(code, parent, self.execution_count)

        reply_content = self.do_execute(
            code, silent, store_history,
            user_expressions, allow_stdin,
        )
        if inspect.isawaitable(reply_content):
            reply_content = await reply_content

        # Flush output before sending the reply.
        sys.stdout.flush()
        sys.stderr.flush()
        # FIXME: on rare occasions, the flush doesn't seem to make it to the
        # clients... This seems to mitigate the problem, but we definitely need
        # to better understand what's going on.
        if self._execute_sleep:
            time.sleep(self._execute_sleep)

        # Send the reply.
        reply_content = json_clean(reply_content)
        metadata = self.finish_metadata(parent, metadata, reply_content)

        reply_msg = self.session.send(stream, 'execute_reply',
                                      reply_content, parent, metadata=metadata,
                                      ident=ident)

        self.log.debug("%s", reply_msg)

        if not silent and reply_msg['content']['status'] == 'error' and stop_on_error:
            self._abort_queues()

    def do_execute(self, code, silent, store_history=True,
                   user_expressions=None, allow_stdin=False):
        """Execute user code. Must be overridden by subclasses.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    async def complete_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        content = parent['content']
        code = content['code']
        cursor_pos = content['cursor_pos']

        matches = self.do_complete(code, cursor_pos)
        if inspect.isawaitable(matches):
            matches = await matches

        matches = json_clean(matches)
        self.session.send(stream, "complete_reply", matches, parent, ident)

    def do_complete(self, code, cursor_pos):
        """Override in subclasses to find completions.
        """
        return {'matches' : [],
                'cursor_end' : cursor_pos,
                'cursor_start' : cursor_pos,
                'metadata' : {},
                'status' : 'ok'}

    async def inspect_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        content = parent['content']

        reply_content = self.do_inspect(
            content['code'], content['cursor_pos'],
            content.get('detail_level', 0),
            set(content.get('omit_sections', [])),
        )
        if inspect.isawaitable(reply_content):
            reply_content = await reply_content

        # Before we send this object over, we scrub it for JSON usage
        reply_content = json_clean(reply_content)
        msg = self.session.send(stream, 'inspect_reply',
                                reply_content, parent, ident)
        self.log.debug("%s", msg)

    def do_inspect(self, code, cursor_pos, detail_level=0, omit_sections=()):
        """Override in subclasses to allow introspection.
        """
        return {'status': 'ok', 'data': {}, 'metadata': {}, 'found': False}

    async def history_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        content = parent['content']

        reply_content = self.do_history(**content)
        if inspect.isawaitable(reply_content):
            reply_content = await reply_content

        reply_content = json_clean(reply_content)
        msg = self.session.send(stream, 'history_reply',
                                reply_content, parent, ident)
        self.log.debug("%s", msg)

    def do_history(self, hist_access_type, output, raw, session=None, start=None,
                   stop=None, n=None, pattern=None, unique=False):
        """Override in subclasses to access history.
        """
        return {'status': 'ok', 'history': []}

    async def connect_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        if self._recorded_ports is not None:
            content = self._recorded_ports.copy()
        else:
            content = {}
        content['status'] = 'ok'
        msg = self.session.send(stream, 'connect_reply',
                                content, parent, ident)
        self.log.debug("%s", msg)

    @property
    def kernel_info(self):
        return {
            'protocol_version': kernel_protocol_version,
            'implementation': self.implementation,
            'implementation_version': self.implementation_version,
            'language_info': self.language_info,
            'banner': self.banner,
            'help_links': self.help_links,
        }

    async def kernel_info_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        content = {'status': 'ok'}
        content.update(self.kernel_info)
        msg = self.session.send(stream, 'kernel_info_reply',
                                content, parent, ident)
        self.log.debug("%s", msg)

    async def comm_info_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        content = parent['content']
        target_name = content.get('target_name', None)

        # Should this be moved to ipkernel?
        if hasattr(self, 'comm_manager'):
            comms = {
                k: dict(target_name=v.target_name)
                for (k, v) in self.comm_manager.comms.items()
                if v.target_name == target_name or target_name is None
            }
        else:
            comms = {}
        reply_content = dict(comms=comms, status='ok')
        msg = self.session.send(stream, 'comm_info_reply',
                                reply_content, parent, ident)
        self.log.debug("%s", msg)

    async def interrupt_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        pid = os.getpid()
        pgid = os.getpgid(pid)

        if os.name == "nt":
            self.log.error("Interrupt message not supported on Windows")

        else:
            # Prefer process-group over process
            if pgid and hasattr(os, "killpg"):
                try:
                    os.killpg(pgid, SIGINT)
                    return
                except OSError:
                    pass
            try:
                os.kill(pid, SIGINT)
            except OSError:
                pass

        content = parent['content']
        self.session.send(stream, 'interrupt_reply', content, parent, ident=ident)
        return

    async def shutdown_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        content = self.do_shutdown(parent['content']['restart'])
        if inspect.isawaitable(content):
            content = await content
        self.session.send(stream, 'shutdown_reply', content, parent, ident=ident)
        # same content, but different msg_id for broadcasting on IOPub
        self._shutdown_message = self.session.msg('shutdown_reply',
                                                  content, parent
        )

        self._at_shutdown()

        self.log.debug('Stopping control ioloop')
        control_io_loop = self.control_stream.io_loop
        control_io_loop.add_callback(control_io_loop.stop)

        self.log.debug('Stopping shell ioloop')
        shell_io_loop = self.shell_stream.io_loop
        shell_io_loop.add_callback(shell_io_loop.stop)

    def do_shutdown(self, restart):
        """Override in subclasses to do things when the frontend shuts down the
        kernel.
        """
        return {'status': 'ok', 'restart': restart}

    async def is_complete_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        content = parent['content']
        code = content['code']

        reply_content = self.do_is_complete(code)
        if inspect.isawaitable(reply_content):
            reply_content = await reply_content
        reply_content = json_clean(reply_content)
        reply_msg = self.session.send(stream, 'is_complete_reply',
                                      reply_content, parent, ident)
        self.log.debug("%s", reply_msg)

    def do_is_complete(self, code):
        """Override in subclasses to find completions.
        """
        return { 'status' : 'unknown'}

    async def debug_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        content = parent['content']

        reply_content = self.do_debug_request(content)
        if inspect.isawaitable(reply_content):
            reply_content = await reply_content
        reply_content = json_clean(reply_content)
        reply_msg = self.session.send(stream, 'debug_reply', reply_content,
                                      parent, ident)
        self.log.debug("%s", reply_msg)

    # Taken from https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter-resource-usage/blob/e6ec53fa69fdb6de8e878974bcff006310658408/jupyter_resource_usage/metrics.py#L16
    def get_process_metric_value(self, process, name, attribute=None):
        try:
            # psutil.Process methods will either return...
            metric_value = getattr(process, name)()
            if attribute is not None:  # ... a named tuple
                return getattr(metric_value, attribute)
            else:  # ... or a number
                return metric_value
        # Avoid littering logs with stack traces
        # complaining about dead processes
        except BaseException:
            return None

    async def usage_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        reply_content = {}
        if psutil is None:
            return reply_content
        current_process = psutil.Process()
        all_processes = [current_process] + current_process.children(recursive=True)
        process_metric_value = self.get_process_metric_value
        reply_content['kernel_cpu'] = sum([process_metric_value(process, 'cpu_percent', None) for process in all_processes])
        reply_content['kernel_memory'] = sum([process_metric_value(process, 'memory_info', 'rss') for process in all_processes])
        cpu_percent = psutil.cpu_percent()
        # https://psutil.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html?highlight=cpu#psutil.cpu_percent
        # The first time cpu_percent is called it will return a meaningless 0.0 value which you are supposed to ignore.
        if cpu_percent != None and cpu_percent != 0.0:
            reply_content['host_cpu_percent'] = cpu_percent
        reply_content['host_virtual_memory'] = dict(psutil.virtual_memory()._asdict())
        reply_msg = self.session.send(stream, 'usage_reply', reply_content,
                                      parent, ident)
        self.log.debug("%s", reply_msg)

    async def do_debug_request(self, msg):
        raise NotImplementedError

    #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Engine methods (DEPRECATED)
    #---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    async def apply_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        self.log.warning("apply_request is deprecated in kernel_base, moving to ipyparallel.")
        try:
            content = parent['content']
            bufs = parent['buffers']
            msg_id = parent['header']['msg_id']
        except Exception:
            self.log.error("Got bad msg: %s", parent, exc_info=True)
            return

        md = self.init_metadata(parent)

        reply_content, result_buf = self.do_apply(content, bufs, msg_id, md)

        # flush i/o
        sys.stdout.flush()
        sys.stderr.flush()

        md = self.finish_metadata(parent, md, reply_content)

        self.session.send(stream, 'apply_reply', reply_content,
                    parent=parent, ident=ident,buffers=result_buf, metadata=md)

    def do_apply(self, content, bufs, msg_id, reply_metadata):
        """DEPRECATED"""
        raise NotImplementedError

    #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Control messages (DEPRECATED)
    #---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    async def abort_request(self, stream, ident, parent):
        """abort a specific msg by id"""
        self.log.warning("abort_request is deprecated in kernel_base. It is only part of IPython parallel")
        msg_ids = parent['content'].get('msg_ids', None)
        if isinstance(msg_ids, str):
            msg_ids = [msg_ids]
        if not msg_ids:
            self._abort_queues()
        for mid in msg_ids:
            self.aborted.add(str(mid))

        content = dict(status='ok')
        reply_msg = self.session.send(stream, 'abort_reply', content=content,
                parent=parent, ident=ident)
        self.log.debug("%s", reply_msg)

    async def clear_request(self, stream, idents, parent):
        """Clear our namespace."""
        self.log.warning("clear_request is deprecated in kernel_base. It is only part of IPython parallel")
        content = self.do_clear()
        self.session.send(stream, 'clear_reply', ident=idents, parent=parent,
                content = content)

    def do_clear(self):
        """DEPRECATED since 4.0.3"""
        raise NotImplementedError

    #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Protected interface
    #---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    def _topic(self, topic):
        """prefixed topic for IOPub messages"""
        base = "kernel.%s" % self.ident

        return ("%s.%s" % (base, topic)).encode()

    _aborting = Bool(False)

    def _abort_queues(self):
        # while this flag is true,
        # execute requests will be aborted
        self._aborting = True
        self.log.info("Aborting queue")

        # flush streams, so all currently waiting messages
        # are added to the queue
        self.shell_stream.flush()

        # Callback to signal that we are done aborting
        def stop_aborting():
            self.log.info("Finishing abort")
            self._aborting = False

        # put the stop-aborting event on the message queue
        # so that all messages already waiting in the queue are aborted
        # before we reset the flag
        schedule_stop_aborting = partial(self.schedule_dispatch, stop_aborting)

        # if we have a delay, give messages this long to arrive on the queue
        # before we stop aborting requests
        asyncio.get_event_loop().call_later(
            self.stop_on_error_timeout, schedule_stop_aborting
        )

    def _send_abort_reply(self, stream, msg, idents):
        """Send a reply to an aborted request"""
        self.log.info(
            f"Aborting {msg['header']['msg_id']}: {msg['header']['msg_type']}"
        )
        reply_type = msg["header"]["msg_type"].rsplit("_", 1)[0] + "_reply"
        status = {"status": "aborted"}
        md = self.init_metadata(msg)
        md = self.finish_metadata(msg, md, status)
        md.update(status)

        self.session.send(
            stream, reply_type, metadata=md,
            content=status, parent=msg, ident=idents,
        )

    def _no_raw_input(self):
        """Raise StdinNotImplementedError if active frontend doesn't support
        stdin."""
        raise StdinNotImplementedError("raw_input was called, but this "
                                       "frontend does not support stdin.")

    def getpass(self, prompt='', stream=None):
        """Forward getpass to frontends

        Raises
        ------
        StdinNotImplementedError if active frontend doesn't support stdin.
        """
        if not self._allow_stdin:
            raise StdinNotImplementedError(
                "getpass was called, but this frontend does not support input requests."
            )
        if stream is not None:
            import warnings

            warnings.warn(
                "The `stream` parameter of `getpass.getpass` will have no effect when using ipykernel",
                UserWarning,
                stacklevel=2,
            )
        return self._input_request(
            prompt,
            self._parent_ident["shell"],
            self.get_parent("shell"),
            password=True,
        )

    def raw_input(self, prompt=''):
        """Forward raw_input to frontends

        Raises
        ------
        StdinNotImplementedError if active frontend doesn't support stdin.
        """
        if not self._allow_stdin:
            raise StdinNotImplementedError(
                "raw_input was called, but this frontend does not support input requests."
            )
        return self._input_request(
            str(prompt),
            self._parent_ident["shell"],
            self.get_parent("shell"),
            password=False,
        )

    def _input_request(self, prompt, ident, parent, password=False):
        # Flush output before making the request.
        sys.stderr.flush()
        sys.stdout.flush()

        # flush the stdin socket, to purge stale replies
        while True:
            try:
                self.stdin_socket.recv_multipart(zmq.NOBLOCK)
            except zmq.ZMQError as e:
                if e.errno == zmq.EAGAIN:
                    break
                else:
                    raise

        # Send the input request.
        content = json_clean(dict(prompt=prompt, password=password))
        self.session.send(self.stdin_socket, 'input_request', content, parent,
                          ident=ident)

        # Await a response.
        while True:
            try:
                # Use polling with select() so KeyboardInterrupts can get
                # through; doing a blocking recv() means stdin reads are
                # uninterruptible on Windows. We need a timeout because
                # zmq.select() is also uninterruptible, but at least this
                # way reads get noticed immediately and KeyboardInterrupts
                # get noticed fairly quickly by human response time standards.
                rlist, _, xlist = zmq.select(
                    [self.stdin_socket], [], [self.stdin_socket], 0.01
                )
                if rlist or xlist:
                    ident, reply = self.session.recv(self.stdin_socket)
                    if (ident, reply) != (None, None):
                        break
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                # re-raise KeyboardInterrupt, to truncate traceback
                raise KeyboardInterrupt("Interrupted by user") from None
            except Exception:
                self.log.warning("Invalid Message:", exc_info=True)

        try:
            value = reply["content"]["value"]
        except Exception:
            self.log.error("Bad input_reply: %s", parent)
            value = ''
        if value == '\x04':
            # EOF
            raise EOFError
        return value

    def _at_shutdown(self):
        """Actions taken at shutdown by the kernel, called by python's atexit.
        """
        if self._shutdown_message is not None:
            self.session.send(self.iopub_socket, self._shutdown_message, ident=self._topic('shutdown'))
            self.log.debug("%s", self._shutdown_message)
        self.control_stream.flush(zmq.POLLOUT)