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references.bib
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@TechReport{ adams_forrester_2017,
title = {Forrester data: {Cloud} security solutions forecast, 2016
{To} 2021 (global)},
url = {https://www.tatacommunications.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Forrester-Report.pdf},
institution = {Forrester},
author = {Adams, Jennifer and Cser, Andras},
month = jul,
year = {2017}
}
@Misc{ amazon_amazon_2019,
title = {Amazon {Co}-founds {The} {Climate} {Pledge}, {Setting}
{Goal} to {Meet} the {Paris} {Agreement} 10 {Years}
{Early}},
url = {https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-co-founds-climate-pledge-setting-goal-meet-paris/},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
author = {Amazon},
month = sep,
year = {2019}
}
@Misc{ amazon_amazon_2020,
title = {Amazon {Announces} \$2 {Billion} {Climate} {Pledge} {Fund}
to {Invest} in {Companies} {Building} {Products},
{Services}, and {Technologies} to {Decarbonize} the
{Economy} and {Protect} the {Planet}},
url = {https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-announces-2-billion-climate-pledge-fund-invest-companies/},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
author = {Amazon},
month = jun,
year = {2020}
}
@Misc{ amazon_reducing_2019,
title = {Reducing {Water} in {Data} {Centers}},
url = {https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/environment/the-cloud/data-centers},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
author = {Amazon},
month = sep,
year = {2019}
}
@Article{ andrae_global_2015,
title = {On {Global} {Electricity} {Usage} of {Communication}
{Technology}: {Trends} to 2030},
volume = {6},
copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
shorttitle = {On {Global} {Electricity} {Usage} of {Communication}
{Technology}},
doi = {10.3390/challe6010117},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-07-12},
journal = {Challenges},
author = {Andrae, Anders S. G. and Edler, Tomas},
month = jun,
year = {2015},
keywords = {data centers, communication networks, consumer devices,
data traffic, electricity efficiency, electricity
intensity, electricity usage, greenhouse gases, voice
traffic},
pages = {117--157}
}
@TechReport{ bashroush_beyond_2020,
title = {Beyond {PUE}: {Tackling} {IT}’s {Wasted} {Terawatts}},
shorttitle = {Beyond {PUE}},
url = {https://uptimeinstitute.com/beyond-pue-tackling-it%E2%80%99s-wasted-terawatts},
number = {UII-34},
urldate = {2020-07-16},
institution = {Uptime Institute},
author = {Bashroush, Rabih and Lawrence, Andy},
month = jan,
year = {2020}
}
@Article{ brady_case_2013,
title = {A case study and critical assessment in calculating power
usage effectiveness for a data centre},
volume = {76},
issn = {0196-8904},
doi = {10.1016/j.enconman.2013.07.035},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
author = {Brady, Gemma A. and Kapur, Nikil and Summers, Jonathan L.
and Thompson, Harvey M.},
month = dec,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Data center, Efficiency, Metric, Power, PUE},
pages = {155--161}
}
@Misc{ brown_helping_2012,
title = {Helping the {Hooch} with water conservation at our
{Douglas} {County} data center},
url = {https://green.googleblog.com/2012/03/helping-hooch-with-water-conservation.html},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {Google Green Blog},
author = {Brown, JIm},
month = mar,
year = {2012}
}
@Article{ bullard_energy_2019,
title = {Energy {Efficiency} {Is} a {Hot} {Problem} for {Big}
{Tech}’s {Data} {Centers}},
url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-12-13/energy-efficiency-a-hot-problem-for-big-tech-data-centers},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {Bloomberg.com},
author = {Bullard, Nathaniel},
month = dec,
year = {2019}
}
@Article{ capozzoli_cooling_2015,
series = {Sustainability in {Energy} and {Buildings}: {Proceedings}
of the 7th {International} {Conference} {SEB}-15},
title = {Cooling {Systems} in {Data} {Centers}: {State} of {Art}
and {Emerging} {Technologies}},
volume = {83},
issn = {1876-6102},
shorttitle = {Cooling {Systems} in {Data} {Centers}},
doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.168},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-12-13},
journal = {Energy Procedia},
author = {Capozzoli, Alfonso and Primiceri, Giulio},
month = dec,
year = {2015},
pages = {484--493}
}
@Misc{ cisco_cisco_2020,
title = {Cisco {Annual} {Internet} {Report} (2018–2023) {White}
{Paper}},
url = {https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/executive-perspectives/annual-internet-report/white-paper-c11-741490.html},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-04-10},
journal = {Cisco},
author = {Cisco},
month = mar,
year = {2020}
}
@InProceedings{ david_experimental_2012,
address = {San Jose, CA, USA},
title = {Experimental characterization of an energy efficient
chiller-less data center test facility with warm water
cooled servers},
isbn = {978-1-4673-1111-3 978-1-4673-1110-6 978-1-4673-1109-0},
doi = {10.1109/STHERM.2012.6188853},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-09},
booktitle = {2012 28th {Annual} {IEEE} {Semiconductor} {Thermal}
{Measurement} and {Management} {Symposium}
({SEMI}-{THERM})},
publisher = {IEEE},
author = {David, Milnes P. and Iyengar, Madhusudan and Parida,
Pritish and Simons, Robert and Schultz, Mark and Gaynes,
Michael and Schmidt, Roger and Chainer, Timothy},
month = mar,
year = {2012},
pages = {232--237}
}
@TechReport{ dieter_estimated_2018,
address = {Reston, VA},
type = {Report},
title = {Estimated use of water in the {United} {States} in 2015},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1441},
language = {English},
number = {1441},
author = {Dieter, Cheryl A. and Maupin, Molly A. and Caldwell,
Rodney R. and Harris, Melissa A. and Ivahnenko, Tamara I.
and Lovelace, John K. and Barber, Nancy L. and Linsey,
Kristin S.},
institution = {US Geological Survey},
year = {2018},
doi = {10.3133/cir1441},
pages = {76}
}
@Misc{ digital_realty_environmental_2019,
title = {Environmental {Performance}},
url = {https://www.digitalrealty.com/environmental-social-and-governance-report-2019-highlights/environmental-performance},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-12-12},
journal = {Digital Realty},
author = {Digital Realty},
year = {2019}
}
@Article{ ebrahimi_review_2014,
title = {A review of data center cooling technology, operating
conditions and the corresponding low-grade waste heat
recovery opportunities},
volume = {31},
issn = {1364-0321},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.007},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-12-13},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
author = {Ebrahimi, Khosrow and Jones, Gerard F. and Fleischer, Amy
S.},
month = mar,
year = {2014},
pages = {622--638}
}
@InProceedings{ ellsworth_energy_2010,
title = {Energy {Efficiency} {Analyses} and {Comparison} of {Air}
and {Water} {Cooled} {High} {Performance} {Servers}},
doi = {10.1115/InterPACK2009-89248},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-10},
booktitle = {{ASME} 2009 {InterPACK} {Conference}},
publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital
Collection},
author = {Ellsworth, Michael J. and Iyengar, Madhusudan K.},
month = dec,
year = {2010},
pages = {907--914}
}
@Article{ ellsworth_overview_2012,
title = {An {Overview} of the {IBM} {Power} 775 {Supercomputer}
{Water} {Cooling} {System}},
volume = {134},
issn = {1043-7398},
doi = {10.1115/1.4006140},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2020-11-10},
journal = {Journal of Electronic Packaging},
author = {Ellsworth, Michael J. and Goth, Gary F. and Zoodsma, Randy
J. and Arvelo, Amilcar and Campbell, Levi A. and Anderl,
William J.},
month = jun,
year = {2012}
}
@Misc{ european_commission_eu_2020,
type = {Text},
title = {{EU} taxonomy for sustainable activities},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/banking-and-finance/sustainable-finance/eu-taxonomy-sustainable-activities_en},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-10-12},
journal = {European Commission - European Commission},
author = {European Commission},
month = mar,
year = {2020}
}
@Misc{ evans_deepmind_2016,
title = {{DeepMind} {AI} {Reduces} {Google} {Data} {Centre}
{Cooling} {Bill} by 40\%},
url = {https://deepmind.com/blog/article/deepmind-ai-reduces-google-data-centre-cooling-bill-40},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {Deepmind},
author = {Evans, Richard and Gao, Jim},
month = jul,
year = {2016}
}
@Misc{ facebook_forest_2020,
title = {Forest {City} {Data} {Center}},
url = {https://www.facebook.com/ForestCityDataCenter/app/288655784601722},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
author = {Facebook},
year = {2020}
}
@Misc{ facebook_lulea_2020,
title = {Lulea {Data} {Center}},
url = {https://www.facebook.com/LuleaDataCenter/app/115276998849912},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
author = {Facebook},
year = {2020}
}
@Misc{ facebook_prineville_2020,
title = {Prineville {Data} {Center}},
url = {https://www.facebook.com/PrinevilleDataCenter/app/399244020173259},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
author = {Facebook},
year = {2020}
}
@Article{ fitzgerald_data_2015,
chapter = {Tech},
title = {Data {Centers} and {Hidden} {Water} {Use}},
issn = {0099-9660},
url = {https://www.wsj.com/articles/data-centers-1435168386},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {Wall Street Journal},
author = {FitzGerald, Drew},
month = jun,
year = {2015}
}
@TechReport{ flexera_rightscale_2019,
title = {{RightScale} 2019 {State} of the {Cloud} {Report}},
url = {https://resources.flexera.com/web/media/documents/rightscale-2019-state-of-the-cloud-report-from-flexera.pdf},
institution = {Flexera, Inc.},
author = {Flexera},
year = {2019}
}
@Misc{ frizziero_rethinking_2016,
title = {Rethinking {Chilled} {Water} {Temps} {Bring} {Big}
{Savings} in {Data} {Center} {Cooling}},
url = {https://blog.se.com/datacenter/2016/08/17/water-temperatures-data-center-cooling/},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
journal = {Schneider Electric Blog},
author = {Frizziero, Maurizio},
month = aug,
year = {2016}
}
@Misc{ frizziero_why_2018,
title = {Why {Water} {Use} is a {Key} {Consideration} {When}
{Cooling} {Your} {Data} {Center}},
url = {https://blog.se.com/datacenter/2018/05/10/why-water-use-consideration-cooling-data-center/},
author = {Frizziero, Maurizio},
month = may,
year = {2018}
}
@TechReport{ ganeshalingam_shining_2017,
address = {Berkeley, United States},
title = {Shining a {Light} on {Small} {Data} {Centers} in the
{U}.{S}.},
url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8dh8j3kq},
language = {en},
number = {LBNL-2001025},
urldate = {2020-12-13},
institution = {Lawrence Berkeley National Lab},
author = {Ganeshalingam, M. and Shehabi, A. and Desroches, L.-B.},
month = jun,
year = {2017}
}
@TechReport{ gao_machine_2017,
title = {Machine {Learning} {Applications} for {Data} {Center}
{Optimization}},
url = {https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/42542.pdf},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
institution = {Google},
author = {Gao, Jim},
year = {2017}
}
@Misc{ google_edge_2020,
title = {Google {Edge} {Network} {Infrastructure}},
url = {https://peering.google.com/#/infrastructure},
urldate = {2020-08-05},
author = {Google},
year = {2020}
}
@Misc{ google_efficiency_2020,
title = {Efficiency – {Data} {Centers}},
url = {https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
journal = {Google Data Centers},
author = {Google},
year = {2020}
}
@TechReport{ google_environmental_2020,
title = {Environmental {Report} 2019},
url = {https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/google_2019-environmental-report.pdf},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
author = {Google},
year = {2020},
institution = {Google}
}
@Misc{ google_locations_2020,
title = {Google {Data} {Center} {Locations}},
url = {https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-12-16},
journal = {Google Data Centers},
author = {Google},
year = {2020}
}
@Misc{ google_pop_2011,
title = {Google’s {Green} {Data} {Centers}: {Network} {POP}
{Case} {Study}},
url = {https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/www.google.com/en//corporate/datacenter/dc-best-practices-google.pdf},
urldate = {2020-12-16},
author = {Google},
year = {2011}
}
@Misc{ hamburgen_modular_2012,
title = {Modular data center cooling},
url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US8320125B1/en},
number = {US8320125B1},
urldate = {2020-12-16},
author = {Hamburgen, William and Clidaras, Jimmy and Leung, Winnie
and Stiver, David W. and Beck, Jonathan D. and Carlson,
Andrew B. and Chow, Steven T. Y. and Imwalle, Gregory P.
and Michael, Amir M.},
month = nov,
year = {2012}
}
@Misc{ hamilton_data_2014,
title = {Data {Center} {Cooling} {Done} {Differently} –
{Perspectives}},
url = {https://perspectives.mvdirona.com/2014/08/data-center-cooling-done-differently/},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
author = {Hamilton, James},
month = aug,
year = {2014}
}
@Misc{ heslin_ignore_2016,
title = {Ignore {Data} {Center} {Water} {Consumption} at {Your}
{Own} {Peril}},
url = {https://journal.uptimeinstitute.com/dont-ignore-water-consumption/},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
journal = {Uptime Institute Blog},
author = {Heslin, Kevin},
month = jun,
year = {2016}
}
@Misc{ iea_electricity_2019,
title = {Electricity generation by fuel and scenario, 2018-2040},
url = {https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/electricity-generation-by-fuel-and-scenario-2018-2040},
language = {en-GB},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
journal = {IEA},
author = {IEA},
month = nov,
year = {2019}
}
@TechReport{ irena_renewable_2015,
title = {Renewable {Energy} in the {Water}, {Energy} and {Food}
{Nexus}},
url = {https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2015/IRENA_Water_Energy_Food_Nexus_2015.pdf},
author = {IRENA},
year = {2015},
institution = {IRENA}
}
@Misc{ iso_isoiec_nodate,
title = {{ISO}/{IEC} 30134-2:2016},
shorttitle = {{ISO}/{IEC} 30134-2},
url = {https://www.iso.org/standard/63451.html},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-01},
year = {2016},
journal = {ISO},
author = {{ISO}}
}
@InProceedings{ iyengar_reducing_2010,
title = {Reducing energy usage in data centers through control of
{Room} {Air} {Conditioning} units},
doi = {10.1109/ITHERM.2010.5501418},
booktitle = {2010 12th {IEEE} {Intersociety} {Conference} on {Thermal}
and {Thermomechanical} {Phenomena} in {Electronic}
{Systems}},
author = {Iyengar, M. and Schmidt, R. and Caricari, J.},
month = jun,
year = {2010},
pages = {1--11}
}
@Misc{ joppa_progress_2020,
title = {Progress on our goal to be carbon negative by 2030},
url = {https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2020/07/21/carbon-negative-transform-to-net-zero/},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {Microsoft on the Issues},
author = {Joppa, Lucas},
month = jul,
year = {2020}
}
@Misc{ judge_google_2019,
title = {Google to invest \$670m to build a second data center in
{Hamina}, {Finland}},
url = {https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/google-invest-670m-to-build-second-facility-hamina-finland-/},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
author = {Judge, Peter},
month = may,
year = {2019}
}
@Misc{ kamiya_data_2020,
title = {Data {Centres} and {Data} {Transmission} {Networks} –
{Analysis}},
url = {https://www.iea.org/reports/data-centres-and-data-transmission-networks},
language = {en-GB},
urldate = {2020-06-25},
journal = {IEA},
author = {Kamiya, George},
month = jun,
year = {2020}
}
@Article{ kummu_how_2011,
title = {How {Close} {Do} {We} {Live} to {Water}? {A} {Global}
{Analysis} of {Population} {Distance} to {Freshwater}
{Bodies}},
volume = {6},
issn = {1932-6203},
shorttitle = {How {Close} {Do} {We} {Live} to {Water}?},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0020578},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
author = {Kummu, Matti and Moel, Hans de and Ward, Philip J. and
Varis, Olli},
month = jun,
year = {2011},
pages = {e20578}
}
@Misc{ lawrence_data_2020,
title = {Data center {PUEs} flat since 2013},
url = {https://journal.uptimeinstitute.com/data-center-pues-flat-since-2013/},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2020-05-06},
journal = {Uptime Institute Blog},
author = {Lawrence, Andy},
month = apr,
year = {2020}
}
@Article{ lee_regional_2018,
title = {Regional water consumption for hydro and thermal
electricity generation in the {United} {States}},
volume = {210},
doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.025},
language = {en},
journal = {Applied Energy},
author = {Lee, Uisung and Han, Jeongwoo and Elgowainy, Amgad and
Wang, Michael},
year = {2018},
pages = {12}
}
@Article{ levy_where_2012,
title = {Where {Servers} {Meet} {Saunas}: {A} {Visit} to {Google}'s
{Finland} {Data} {Center}},
issn = {1059-1028},
shorttitle = {Where {Servers} {Meet} {Saunas}},
url = {https://www.wired.com/2012/10/google-finland-data-center-2/},
language = {en-us},
urldate = {2020-12-13},
journal = {Wired},
author = {Levy, Steven},
month = oct,
year = {2012}
}
@InProceedings{ loh_click_2019,
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {{MMSys} 19},
title = {From {Click} to {Playback}: {A} {Dataset} to {Study} the
{Response} {Time} of {Mobile} {YouTube}},
isbn = {978-1-4503-6297-9},
doi = {10.1145/3304109.3325819},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th {ACM} {Multimedia} {Systems}
{Conference}},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Loh, Frank and Wamser, Florian and Moldovan, Christian and
Zeidler, Bernd and Hoßfeld, Tobias and Tsilimantos,
Dimitrios and Valentin, Stefan},
year = {2019},
pages = {267--272}
}
@Article{ macknick_operational_2012,
title = {Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for
electricity generating technologies: a review of existing
literature},
volume = {7},
issn = {1748-9326},
shorttitle = {Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for
electricity generating technologies},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045802},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
author = {Macknick, J. and Newmark, R. and Heath, G. and Hallett, K.
C.},
month = dec,
year = {2012},
pages = {045802}
}
@Article{ masanet_recalibrating_2020,
title = {Recalibrating global data center energy-use estimates},
volume = {367},
issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
doi = {10.1126/science.aba3758},
language = {en},
number = {6481},
urldate = {2020-03-26},
journal = {Science},
author = {Masanet, Eric and Shehabi, Arman and Lei, Nuoa and Smith,
Sarah and Koomey, Jonathan},
month = feb,
year = {2020},
pages = {984--986}
}
@Misc{ mccammon_google_2017,
title = {Google {Moves} {In} {And} {Wants} {To} {Pump} 1.5
{Million} {Gallons} {Of} {Water} {Per} {Day}},
url = {https://www.npr.org/2017/05/08/527214026/google-moves-in-and-wants-to-pump-1-5-million-gallons-of-water-per-day},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {NPR.org},
author = {McCammon, Sarah},
month = may,
year = {2017}
}
@Article{ meijer_cooling_2010,
title = {Cooling {Energy}-{Hungry} {Data} {Centers}},
volume = {328},
copyright = {Copyright © 2010, American Association for the
Advancement of Science},
issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
doi = {10.1126/science.1182769},
language = {en},
number = {5976},
urldate = {2020-11-10},
journal = {Science},
author = {Meijer, G. I.},
month = apr,
year = {2010},
pages = {318--319}
}
@TechReport{ microsoft_2019_2020,
title = {2019 {Data} {Factsheet}: {Environmental} {Indicators}},
url = {http://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RE3455q},
author = {Microsoft},
year = {2020},
institution = {Microsoft}
}
@Misc{ miller_energy_2011,
title = {Energy {Efficiency} {Guide}: {Data} {Center}
{Temperature}},
url = {https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/03/10/energy-efficiency-guide-data-center-temperature},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
journal = {Data Center Knowledge},
author = {Miller, Colleen},
month = mar,
year = {2011}
}
@Misc{ miller_googles_2009,
title = {Google's {Chiller}-less {Data} {Center}},
url = {https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2009/07/15/googles-chiller-less-data-center},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
journal = {Data Center Knowledge},
author = {Miller, Rich},
month = jul,
year = {2009}
}
@Misc{ miller_intel_2008,
title = {Intel: {Servers} {Do} {Fine} {With} {Outside} {Air}},
url = {https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2008/09/18/intel-servers-do-fine-with-outside-air},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
journal = {Data Center Knowledge},
author = {Miller, Rich},
month = sep,
year = {2008}
}
@Misc{ miller_microsofts_2009,
title = {Microsoft's {Chiller}-less {Data} {Center}},
url = {https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2009/09/24/microsofts-chiller-less-data-center},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
journal = {Data Center Knowledge},
author = {Miller, Rich},
month = sep,
year = {2009}
}
@Article{ moazamigoodarzi_influence_2019,
title = {Influence of cooling architecture on data center power
consumption},
volume = {183},
issn = {0360-5442},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2019.06.140},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-10},
journal = {Energy},
author = {Moazamigoodarzi, Hosein and Tsai, Peiying Jennifer and
Pal, Souvik and Ghosh, Suvojit and Puri, Ishwar K.},
month = sep,
year = {2019},
pages = {525--535}
}
@Article{ mytton_assessing_2020,
title = {Assessing the suitability of the {Greenhouse} {Gas}
{Protocol} for calculation of emissions from public cloud
computing workloads},
volume = {9},
issn = {2192-113X},
doi = {10.1186/s13677-020-00185-8},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-08-26},
journal = {Journal of Cloud Computing},
author = {Mytton, David},
month = aug,
year = {2020},
pages = {45}
}
@Misc{ mytton_fighting_2020,
title = {Fighting over who has the greenest public cloud},
url = {https://davidmytton.blog/fighting-over-who-has-the-greenest-public-cloud/},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2020-10-03},
author = {Mytton, David},
month = sep,
year = {2020}
}
@Article{ mytton_hiding_2020,
title = {Hiding greenhouse gas emissions in the cloud},
volume = {10},
copyright = {2020 Springer Nature Limited},
issn = {1758-6798},
doi = {10.1038/s41558-020-0837-6},
language = {en},
number = {8},
urldate = {2020-08-30},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
author = {Mytton, David},
month = aug,
year = {2020},
pages = {701--701}
}
@Book{ oecd_oecd_2012,
title = {{OECD} {Environmental} {Outlook} to 2050},
isbn = {978-92-64-12224-6},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264122246-en},
publisher = {OECD Publishing},
author = {OECD},
year = {2012}
}
@Article{ pan_cooling_2018,
title = {Cooling water use in thermoelectric power generation and
its associated challenges for addressing water-energy
nexus},
volume = {1},
issn = {25889125},
doi = {10.1016/j.wen.2018.04.002},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-12-11},
journal = {Water-Energy Nexus},
author = {Pan, Shu-Yuan and Snyder, Seth W. and Packman, Aaron I.
and Lin, Yupo J. and Chiang, Pen-Chi},
month = jun,
year = {2018},
pages = {26--41}
}
@TechReport{ patterson_water_2011,
title = {Water {Usage} {Effectiveness} ({WUE}): {A} {Green} {Grid}
{Data} {Center} {Sustainability} {Metric}},
url = {https://www.thegreengrid.org/en/resources/library-and-tools/238-Water-Usage-Effectiveness-(WUE):-A-Green-Grid-Data-Center-Sustainability-Metric-},
number = {WP35},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
institution = {The Green Grid},
author = {Patterson, Michael},
year = {2011}
}
@Article{ peck_quantification_2017,
title = {Quantification and regional comparison of water use for
power generation: {A} {California} {ISO} case study},
volume = {3},
issn = {2352-4847},
shorttitle = {Quantification and regional comparison of water use for
power generation},
doi = {10.1016/j.egyr.2016.11.002},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
journal = {Energy Reports},
author = {Peck, Jaron J. and Smith, Amanda D.},
month = nov,
year = {2017},
pages = {22--28}
}
@Misc{ petersen_googles_2017,
title = {Google's controversial groundwater withdrawal sparks
question of who owns {South} {Carolina} water},
url = {https://www.postandcourier.com/news/googles-controversial-groundwater-withdrawal-sparks-question-of-who-owns-south-carolina-water/article_bed9179c-1baa-11e7-983e-03d6b33a01e7.html},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {Post and Courier},
author = {Petersen, Bo},
month = apr,
year = {2017}
}
@Misc{ pichai_our_2020,
title = {Our third decade of climate action: {Realizing} a
carbon-free future},
shorttitle = {Our third decade of climate action},
url = {https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/our-third-decade-climate-action-realizing-carbon-free-future/},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {Google},
author = {Pichai, Sundar},
month = sep,
year = {2020}
}
@Misc{ roach_microsoft_2020,
title = {Microsoft finds underwater datacenters are reliable,
practical and use energy sustainably},
url = {https://news.microsoft.com/innovation-stories/project-natick-underwater-datacenter/},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {Innovation Stories},
author = {Roach, John},
month = sep,
year = {2020}
}
@Misc{ russinovich_inside_2020,
title = {Inside {Azure} datacenter architecture with {Mark}
{Russinovich} {\textbar} {BRK3097}},
url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-0V6bYfTpA&feature=youtu.be&t=1390},
urldate = {2020-11-10},
author = {Russinovich, Mark},
month = jan,
year = {2020}
}
@Article{ sattiraju_google_2020,
title = {Google {Data} {Centers}’ {Secret} {Cost}: {Billions} of
{Gallons} of {Water}},
shorttitle = {Google {Data} {Centers}’ {Secret} {Cost}},
url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-04-01/how-much-water-do-google-data-centers-use-billions-of-gallons},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {Bloomberg.com},
author = {Sattiraju, Nikitha},
month = apr,
year = {2020}
}
@InProceedings{ sharma_water_2009,
title = {Water efficiency management in datacenters: {Metrics} and
methodology},
shorttitle = {Water efficiency management in datacenters},
doi = {10.1109/ISSST.2009.5156773},
booktitle = {2009 {IEEE} {International} {Symposium} on {Sustainable}
{Systems} and {Technology}},
author = {Sharma, R. and Shah, A. and Bash, C. and Christian, T. and
Patel, C.},
month = may,
year = {2009},
note = {ISSN: 2378-7260},
pages = {1--6}
}
@Article{ shehabi_data_2018,
title = {Data center growth in the {United} {States}: decoupling
the demand for services from electricity use},
volume = {13},
issn = {1748-9326},
shorttitle = {Data center growth in the {United} {States}},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aaec9c},
language = {en},
number = {12},
urldate = {2020-05-07},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
author = {Shehabi, Arman and Smith, Sarah J and Masanet, Eric and
Koomey, Jonathan},
month = dec,
year = {2018},
pages = {124030}
}
@TechReport{ shehabi_united_2016,
address = {California},
title = {United {States} {Data} {Center} {Energy} {Usage}
{Report}},
url = {http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1372902/},
language = {en},
number = {LBNL-1005775},
urldate = {2020-05-05},
institution = {Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory},
author = {Shehabi, Arman and Smith, Sarah and Sartor, Dale and
Brown, Richard and Herrlin, Magnus and Koomey, Jonathan and
Masanet, Eric and Horner, Nathaniel and Azevedo, Inês and
Lintner, William},
month = jun,
year = {2016},
doi = {10.2172/1372902}
}
@Misc{ smith_microsoft_2020,
title = {Microsoft will replenish more water than it consumes by
2030},
url = {https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2020/09/21/microsoft-will-replenish-more-water-than-it-consumes-by-2030/},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {The Official Microsoft Blog},
author = {Smith, Brad},
month = sep,
year = {2020}
}
@TechReport{ torcellini_consumptive_2003,
title = {Consumptive {Water} {Use} for {U}.{S}. {Power}
{Production}},
url = {http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15005918/},
language = {en},
number = {NREL/TP-550-33905, 15005918},
urldate = {2020-11-07},
institution = {National Renewable Energy Laboratory},
author = {Torcellini, P and Long, N and Judkoff, R},
month = dec,
year = {2003},
doi = {10.2172/15005918}
}
@Misc{ uk_government_streamlined_2018,
title = {Streamlined energy and carbon reporting},
url = {https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/streamlined-energy-and-carbon-reporting},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
journal = {GOV.UK},
author = {UK Government},
year = {2018}
}
@Book{ unesco_united_2020,
address = {Paris},
title = {The {United} {Nations} world water development report
2020: water and climate change},
isbn = {978-92-3-100371-4},
url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000372985.locale=en},
publisher = {UNESCO},
author = {UNESCO},
year = {2020}
}
@TechReport{ united_nations_special_2019,
title = {Special edition: progress towards the {Sustainable}
{Development} {Goals} - {Report} of the
{Secretary}-{General}},
url = {https://undocs.org/E/2019/68},
urldate = {2020-11-08},
institution = {United Nations},
author = {United Nations},
month = jul,
year = {2019}
}
@Misc{ us_epa_green_2020,