VerificationError: Document loader unable to load URL

[UBgood]

So I have the following code:

import {Ed25519VerificationKey2018} from
  '@digitalbazaar/ed25519-verification-key-2018';
import {Ed25519Signature2018, suiteContext} from
  '@digitalbazaar/ed25519-signature-2018';

import vc from '@digitalbazaar/vc';
// generate key-pair
const keyPair = await Ed25519VerificationKey2018.generate({
  controller: "did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv"});
const suite = new Ed25519Signature2018({key: keyPair});
console.log("\nSuite: \n");
console.log(suite);

//generate signed VC
const credential = {
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/2018/credentials/v1",
    "https://www.w3.org/2018/credentials/examples/v1"
  ],
  "id": "https://example.com/credentials/1872",
  "type": ["VerifiableCredential", "AlumniCredential"],
  "issuer": "did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv",
  "issuanceDate": "2010-01-01T19:23:24Z",
  "credentialSubject": {
    "id": "did:example:ebfeb1f712ebc6f1c276e12ec21",
    "alumniOf": "Example University"
  },
};


const documentLoader = vc.defaultDocumentLoader;



const signedVC = await vc.issue({credential, suite, documentLoader});
console.log("\nSigned VC: \n");
console.log(signedVC);

const id = 'ebc6f1c2';
const holder = 'did:ex:12345';

//generate verifiable presentation

const presentation = vc.createPresentation({
  signedVC, id, holder
});

console.log("\nPresentation: \n");
console.log(presentation);

// generate signed verifiable presentation

const challenge = 'mychallengeword'
const vp = await vc.signPresentation({
  presentation, suite, challenge, documentLoader
});
console.log("\nSigned Presentation: \n");
console.log(vp);

// verify verifiable presentation

const result = await vc.verify({presentation, challenge, suite, documentLoader});
console.log("\nVerification of Presentation: \n");
console.log(result);

// verify verifiable credential

const result1 = await vc.verifyCredential({credential, suite, documentLoader});
console.log("\nVerification of Credential: \n");
console.log(result1);

Which gives me the following output:

Suite: 

Ed25519Signature2018 {
  type: 'Ed25519Signature2018',
  LDKeyClass: [class Ed25519VerificationKey2018 extends LDKeyPair] {
    suite: 'Ed25519VerificationKey2018',
    SUITE_CONTEXT: 'https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2018/v1'
  },
  contextUrl: 'https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2018/v1',
  proof: undefined,
  verificationMethod: 'did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MksNeXbSML9ffpQ9Xmt1kbtZUgPBJ6k54Mgw2gSfBbktaH',
  key: Ed25519VerificationKey2018 {
    id: 'did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MksNeXbSML9ffpQ9Xmt1kbtZUgPBJ6k54Mgw2gSfBbktaH',
    controller: 'did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv',
    revoked: undefined,
    type: 'Ed25519VerificationKey2018',
    publicKeyBase58: 'DvPV1C6tp8BMHeh5CSnm3TvgZc2FLBozzv7kcPDaqfnu',
    privateKeyBase58: '44zxPK9Mw4QFf95HfhrwYmMJp3ZkWMXu6DGVEBSxBpBdP7cE5e1sPUshLwGKBqE8rZasFQXr2pqebe5cxVnm6gPo'
  },
  signer: {
    sign: [AsyncFunction: sign],
    id: 'did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MksNeXbSML9ffpQ9Xmt1kbtZUgPBJ6k54Mgw2gSfBbktaH'
  },
  verifier: {
    verify: [AsyncFunction: verify],
    id: 'did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MksNeXbSML9ffpQ9Xmt1kbtZUgPBJ6k54Mgw2gSfBbktaH'
  },
  useNativeCanonize: undefined,
  _hashCache: null,
  alg: 'EdDSA',
  requiredKeyType: 'Ed25519VerificationKey2018'
}

Signed VC: 

{
  '@context': [
    'https://www.w3.org/2018/credentials/v1',
    'https://www.w3.org/2018/credentials/examples/v1'
  ],
  id: 'https://example.com/credentials/1872',
  type: [ 'VerifiableCredential', 'AlumniCredential' ],
  issuer: 'did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv',
  issuanceDate: '2010-01-01T19:23:24Z',
  credentialSubject: {
    id: 'did:example:ebfeb1f712ebc6f1c276e12ec21',
    alumniOf: 'Example University'
  },
  proof: {
    type: 'Ed25519Signature2018',
    created: '2022-06-29T08:15:27Z',
    verificationMethod: 'did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MksNeXbSML9ffpQ9Xmt1kbtZUgPBJ6k54Mgw2gSfBbktaH',
    proofPurpose: 'assertionMethod',
    jws: 'eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSIsImI2NCI6ZmFsc2UsImNyaXQiOlsiYjY0Il19..4rHeafCjBK6rhyeGw326hthenbH7_nmFbab04UbnznQkUEC4Sq4nw1kZ9yiRI84gXikfxdxm55G3Mdc-do0wAw'
  }
}

Presentation: 

{
  '@context': [ 'https://www.w3.org/2018/credentials/v1' ],
  type: [ 'VerifiablePresentation' ],
  id: 'ebc6f1c2',
  holder: 'did:ex:12345'
}

Signed Presentation: 

{
  '@context': [ 'https://www.w3.org/2018/credentials/v1' ],
  type: [ 'VerifiablePresentation' ],
  id: 'ebc6f1c2',
  holder: 'did:ex:12345',
  proof: {
    type: 'Ed25519Signature2018',
    created: '2022-06-29T08:15:27Z',
    verificationMethod: 'did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MksNeXbSML9ffpQ9Xmt1kbtZUgPBJ6k54Mgw2gSfBbktaH',
    proofPurpose: 'authentication',
    challenge: 'mychallengeword',
    jws: 'eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSIsImI2NCI6ZmFsc2UsImNyaXQiOlsiYjY0Il19..xak3utrxEnje3YzlJWrirIDQlsCmMqhVkgfbkUPbhV-G1T2HdoWfJ5gcIo1Fy58nBxZKX6tF-qu7vhujiMUeDg'
  }
}

Verification of Presentation: 

{
  presentationResult: {
    verified: false,
    results: [ [Object] ],
    error: VerificationError: Verification error(s).
        at Object.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/jsonld-signatures.js:125:22)
        at async _verifyPresentation (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/vc.js:440:30)
        at async file:///home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/issueVC.mjs:116:16 {
      errors: [Array]
    }
  },
  verified: false,
  credentialResults: undefined,
  error: VerificationError: Verification error(s).
      at Object.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/jsonld-signatures.js:125:22)
      at async _verifyPresentation (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/vc.js:440:30)
      at async file:///home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/issueVC.mjs:116:16 {
    errors: [
      Error: Document loader unable to load URL "did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv".
          at documentLoader (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/documentLoader.js:18:9)
          at /home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/documentLoader.js:48:12
          at /home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/documentLoader.js:48:12
          at AuthenticationProofPurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/purposes/ControllerProofPurpose.js:94:32)
    ]
  }
}

Verification of Credential: 

{
  verified: false,
  results: [
    {
      proof: [Object],
      verified: false,
      verificationMethod: [Object],
      error: Error: Document loader unable to load URL "did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv".
          at documentLoader (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/documentLoader.js:18:9)
          at /home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/documentLoader.js:48:12
          at /home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/documentLoader.js:48:12
          at CredentialIssuancePurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/purposes/ControllerProofPurpose.js:94:32)
          at async CredentialIssuancePurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/CredentialIssuancePurpose.js:53:22)
          at async /home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:270:27
          at async Promise.all (index 0)
          at async _verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:256:3)
          at async ProofSet.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:152:23)
          at async Object.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/jsonld-signatures.js:114:18),
      purposeResult: [Object]
    }
  ],
  error: VerificationError: Verification error(s).
      at Object.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/jsonld-signatures.js:125:22)
      at async _verifyCredential (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/vc.js:275:18)
      at async file:///home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/issueVC.mjs:122:17 {
    errors: [
      Error: Document loader unable to load URL "did:key:z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv#z6MkuBLrjSGt1PPADAvuv6rmvj4FfSAfffJotC6K8ZEorYmv".
          at documentLoader (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/documentLoader.js:18:9)
          at /home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/documentLoader.js:48:12
          at /home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/documentLoader.js:48:12
          at CredentialIssuancePurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/purposes/ControllerProofPurpose.js:94:32)
          at async CredentialIssuancePurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/CredentialIssuancePurpose.js:53:22)
          at async /home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:270:27
          at async Promise.all (index 0)
          at async _verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:256:3)
          at async ProofSet.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:152:23)
          at async Object.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/privacy-preserving-identities/issuing/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/jsonld-signatures.js:114:18)
    ]
  }
}

I am looking for a way to make the verification successful but couldn't find anything useful. It would be great if someone could guide me to what I should do regarding this. I have tried the did-method-key library but I think that is not directly related to the verifiable credentials implementation. Maybe this has something to do with the jsonld-signatures library but I'm not entirely sure about it. I tried to create a custom documentLoader but my code didn't run as expected

Here is the code for the custom document loader:

import pkg from 'jsonld-signatures';
const extendContextLoader =pkg;
//const vc = require('@digitalbazaar/vc');
// @digitalbazaar/vc exports its own secure documentLoader.
const {defaultDocumentLoader} = vc;
// a valid json-ld @context.
import myCustomContext from './myCustomContext.json' assert {type: "json"};

const documentLoader = extendContextLoader(async url => {
  if(url === 'did:test:context:foo') {
    return {
      contextUrl: null,
      documentUrl: url,
      document: myCustomContext
    };
  }
  return defaultDocumentLoader(url);
});

This doesn't work since it says that extendContextLoader is not a method.

[JSAssassin]

Hi @UBgood, It looks like you'll need a documentLoader that can load the urls that start with did:key: so you probably need to do something like this - https://github.com/digitalbazaar/vc-status-list/blob/main/tests/20-main.spec.js#L37-L52 using didKeyDriver when creating your custom documentLoader . It also looks like you aren't destructuring extendContextLoader from jsonld-signatures and that's why it is complaining that it isn't a method. You'll have to debug but hopefully this is helpful.

[aljones15]

There is a package we maintain with a documentLoader that can handle some did:key:z formats:

https://www.npmjs.com/package/@digitalbazaar/security-document-loader

It looks like your did:key is base58 so it should be able to handle the did:key that you are using.

p.s. that loader might assume you're using the 2020 version of the keys and not the 2018. You might consider the 2020 versions of ed25519.

[UBgood]

Thanks for the answers. I have tried to use the examples in the links provided by both @JSAssassin and @aljones15 . I came up with some changes and a try-catch block. But it still leads to a similar error.
Here is the new code:

/**
 * Verifiable Credentials and Verfiable Presentation using vc-js library
 */
 import {Ed25519VerificationKey2020} from
  '@digitalbazaar/ed25519-verification-key-2020';
 import {Ed25519Signature2020} from
  '@digitalbazaar/ed25519-signature-2020';
import {defaultDocumentLoader} from '@digitalbazaar/vc';

import * as vc from '@digitalbazaar/vc';

// cannot import extendContextLoader like
// import {extendContextLoader} from 'jsonld-signatures'; --> throw error
// SyntaxError: Named export 'extendContextLoader' not found. The requested module 'jsonld-signatures' is a CommonJS module, which may not support all module.exports as named exports.
// CommonJS modules can always be imported via the default export, for example using:
// thus import as follow
import pkg from 'jsonld-signatures';
const {extendContextLoader} = pkg;

import fetch from 'node-fetch';

// create an unsigned credential
const unsignedCredential = {
    '@context': [
      'https://www.w3.org/2018/credentials/v1',
      'https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2020/v1',
      {
        AlumniCredential: 'https://schema.org#AlumniCredential',
        alumniOf: 'https://schema.org#alumniOf'
      }
    ],
    id: 'http://example.edu/credentials/1872',
    type: [ 'VerifiableCredential', 'AlumniCredential' ],
    issuer: 'https://example.edu/issuers/565049',
    issuanceDate: '2010-01-01T19:23:24Z',
    credentialSubject: {
      id: 'https://example.edu/students/alice',
      alumniOf: 'Example University'
    }
};

// create the keypair to sign the credential
const controller = 'https://w3id.org/security#controller';
const keyPair = await Ed25519VerificationKey2020.from({
  type: 'Ed25519VerificationKey2020',
  controller,
  id: controller + '#z6MknCCLeeHBUaHu4aHSVLDCYQW9gjVJ7a63FpMvtuVMy53T',
  publicKeyMultibase: 'z6MknCCLeeHBUaHu4aHSVLDCYQW9gjVJ7a63FpMvtuVMy53T',
  privateKeyMultibase: 'zrv2EET2WWZ8T1Jbg4fEH5cQxhbUS22XxdweypUbjWVzv1YD6VqYu' +
    'W6LH7heQCNYQCuoKaDwvv2qCWz3uBzG2xesqmf'
});

// extend document loader
const documentLoader = extendContextLoader(async url => {
    if(url.startsWith('https://w3id.org/')) {
      let doc = await downloadPage(url)
      return {
        contextUrl: null,
        documentUrl: url,
        document: doc
      };
    }
    return defaultDocumentLoader(url);
});

// workaround for error
// jsonld.InvalidUrl: Dereferencing a URL did not result in a valid JSON-LD object
// details: {
//    code: 'loading remote context failed',
//    url: 'https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2020/v1'
// reference: https://github.com/digitalbazaar/jsonld-signatures/issues/108
async function downloadPage(url) {
  try {
    const response = await fetch(url);
    const doc = await response.json();
    return doc;
  } catch (error) {
    console.log('url download error', url, error);
  }
}

const suite = new Ed25519Signature2020({key: keyPair});
//suite.date = '2010-01-01T19:23:24Z';

// issue Verfiable Credential using jsonld signature library
// sign creds using jsonld-signature library
// const signedCredential = await jsigs.sign(unsignedCredential, {
//   suite,
//   purpose: new AssertionProofPurpose(),
//   documentLoader
// });

// issue VC 
const signedVC = await vc.issue({credential:unsignedCredential, suite, documentLoader});
console.log('verifable credentials', JSON.stringify(signedVC, null, 2));

// verify vc signature

const result = await vc.verifyCredential({credential:signedVC, suite, documentLoader});
console.log("\nVerification of VC: \n");
console.log(JSON.stringify(result, null, 2));
// issue verifiable presentation
// verify vp signature

Which gives me the following error:

verifable credentials {
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/2018/credentials/v1",
    "https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2020/v1",
    {
      "AlumniCredential": "https://schema.org#AlumniCredential",
      "alumniOf": "https://schema.org#alumniOf"
    }
  ],
  "id": "http://example.edu/credentials/1872",
  "type": [
    "VerifiableCredential",
    "AlumniCredential"
  ],
  "issuer": "https://example.edu/issuers/565049",
  "issuanceDate": "2010-01-01T19:23:24Z",
  "credentialSubject": {
    "id": "https://example.edu/students/alice",
    "alumniOf": "Example University"
  },
  "proof": {
    "type": "Ed25519Signature2020",
    "created": "2022-07-12T09:17:49Z",
    "verificationMethod": "https://w3id.org/security#controller#z6MknCCLeeHBUaHu4aHSVLDCYQW9gjVJ7a63FpMvtuVMy53T",
    "proofPurpose": "assertionMethod",
    "proofValue": "z5aWfTGzxEdSrBh6L9NhPZnostuWRqmCLUMDoxzvv89puzv1yxo6eUDXevDWADmDBwn5SP1z78wT8zLFiAq7g4Bik"
  }
}
url download error https://w3id.org/security#controller SyntaxError: Unexpected token < in JSON at position 0
    at JSON.parse (<anonymous>)
    at Response.json (file:///home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/node-fetch/src/body.js:120:15)
    at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:95:5)
    at async downloadPage (file:///home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/index.mjs:75:17)
    at async file:///home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/index.mjs:56:17
    at async CredentialIssuancePurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/purposes/ControllerProofPurpose.js:94:26)
    at async CredentialIssuancePurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/CredentialIssuancePurpose.js:53:22)
    at async /home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:270:27
    at async Promise.all (index 0)
    at async _verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:256:3)

Verification of VC: 

{
  "verified": false,
  "results": [
    {
      "proof": {
        "@context": [
          "https://www.w3.org/2018/credentials/v1",
          "https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2020/v1",
          {
            "AlumniCredential": "https://schema.org#AlumniCredential",
            "alumniOf": "https://schema.org#alumniOf"
          }
        ],
        "type": "Ed25519Signature2020",
        "created": "2022-07-12T09:17:49Z",
        "verificationMethod": "https://w3id.org/security#controller#z6MknCCLeeHBUaHu4aHSVLDCYQW9gjVJ7a63FpMvtuVMy53T",
        "proofPurpose": "assertionMethod",
        "proofValue": "z5aWfTGzxEdSrBh6L9NhPZnostuWRqmCLUMDoxzvv89puzv1yxo6eUDXevDWADmDBwn5SP1z78wT8zLFiAq7g4Bik"
      },
      "verified": false,
      "verificationMethod": {
        "id": "https://w3id.org/security#controller#z6MknCCLeeHBUaHu4aHSVLDCYQW9gjVJ7a63FpMvtuVMy53T",
        "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2020",
        "controller": "https://w3id.org/security#controller",
        "publicKeyMultibase": "z6MknCCLeeHBUaHu4aHSVLDCYQW9gjVJ7a63FpMvtuVMy53T"
      },
      "error": {
        "name": "TypeError",
        "message": "Cannot read properties of undefined (reading '@context')",
        "stack": "TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading '@context')\n    at CredentialIssuancePurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/purposes/ControllerProofPurpose.js:96:19)\n    at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:95:5)\n    at async CredentialIssuancePurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/CredentialIssuancePurpose.js:53:22)\n    at async /home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:270:27\n    at async Promise.all (index 0)\n    at async _verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:256:3)\n    at async ProofSet.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:152:23)\n    at async Object.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/jsonld-signatures.js:114:18)\n    at async _verifyCredential (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/vc.js:275:18)\n    at async file:///home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/index.mjs:99:16"
      },
      "purposeResult": {
        "valid": false,
        "error": {
          "name": "TypeError",
          "message": "Cannot read properties of undefined (reading '@context')",
          "stack": "TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading '@context')\n    at CredentialIssuancePurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/purposes/ControllerProofPurpose.js:96:19)\n    at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:95:5)\n    at async CredentialIssuancePurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/CredentialIssuancePurpose.js:53:22)\n    at async /home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:270:27\n    at async Promise.all (index 0)\n    at async _verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:256:3)\n    at async ProofSet.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:152:23)\n    at async Object.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/jsonld-signatures.js:114:18)\n    at async _verifyCredential (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/vc.js:275:18)\n    at async file:///home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/index.mjs:99:16"
        }
      }
    }
  ],
  "error": {
    "name": "VerificationError",
    "errors": [
      {
        "name": "TypeError",
        "message": "Cannot read properties of undefined (reading '@context')",
        "stack": "TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading '@context')\n    at CredentialIssuancePurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/purposes/ControllerProofPurpose.js:96:19)\n    at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:95:5)\n    at async CredentialIssuancePurpose.validate (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/CredentialIssuancePurpose.js:53:22)\n    at async /home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:270:27\n    at async Promise.all (index 0)\n    at async _verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:256:3)\n    at async ProofSet.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/ProofSet.js:152:23)\n    at async Object.verify (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/jsonld-signatures/lib/jsonld-signatures.js:114:18)\n    at async _verifyCredential (/home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/node_modules/@digitalbazaar/vc/lib/vc.js:275:18)\n    at async file:///home/ebanush/Desktop/upb/trials/ppi-final/privacy-preserving-identities/index.mjs:99:16"
      }
    ]
  }
}

[dlongley]

From the example code above, this is not a valid verification method:

"verificationMethod": "https://w3id.org/security#controller#z6MknCCLeeHBUaHu4aHSVLDCYQW9gjVJ7a63FpMvtuVMy53T",

It's instead clearly some kind of conflation of a security vocabulary term (https://w3id.org/security#controller) and a hash fragment for what is probably a valid key. The controller var that is set when generating the keypair is wrong, it should probably be a DID instead of that security vocabulary term.

I suspect that this has already been fixed and the issue is just hanging out here -- so I'm going to close it. Feel free to re-open and re-engage if necessary.