-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
RIA_Kenya.html
168 lines (167 loc) · 15 KB
/
RIA_Kenya.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<!-- Meta -->
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Digital Identity in Kenya | Digital Identities: Design and Uses | A project of the Centre for Internet and Society, India, supported by Omidyar Network India" />
<!-- Title + CSS + Favicon -->
<title>Digital Identities: Design and Uses</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/semantic.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/style.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/post.css">
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="img/favicon.ico" />
<!-- Font Awesome -->
<script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/4c415b9185.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Top Navigation Bar -->
<div class="green nav-top">
<div class="ui container">
<a href="index.html">Home</a> / <a href="index.html#governingID">Governing ID</a> / <a href="index.html#maps">Exploratory Research Maps</a> / <a href="index.html#blog">Blog</a> / <a href="index.html#method">Methodology</a> / <a href="index.html#africa">Digital ID in Africa</a>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="gray">
<div class="ui fluid container banner">
<div class="banner-image"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ui container">
<div class="site-title">
<h1>Digital Identities</h1>
<h2>Design and Uses</h2>
</div>
<div class="site-desc">
<p>A project of the Centre for Internet and Society, India<br/>Supported by Omidyar Network India</p>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Content -->
<div class="white">
<div class="ui container two column stackable grid">
<div class="six wide column">
</div>
<div class="ten wide column post-title">
<h2>Digital Identity in Kenya</h2>
</div>
<div class="five wide column meta">
<p><strong>November 3, 2021</strong></p>
<p><em>Research and Writing by</em> Grace Mutung'u</p>
<p><a href="RIA docs/CIS_DigitalID_RIA_Kenya_31.10.21.pdf" target="_blank">Download as PDF</a></p>
</div>
<div class="one wide column" id="empty">
</div>
<div class="ten wide column content">
<p></p>
<p>Efforts to establish or improve national identification systems in Africa have coincided with the increasing deployment of mobile technology, leading to some actors promoting digital ‘solutions’ for facilitating forms of identification and registration – often via biometric attributes. With an estimated 500 million people in Africa living without any form of legal identification (birth certificate or national ID),<sup class="superscript"><a href="#fn1">1</a></sup><a name="ref1"></a> the use of digital forms of identification has become increasingly popular because of their relative ease, low cost, and convenience compared to more analogue systems. </p>
<p>The Covid-19 pandemic has, if anything, increased appetite for digital identification platforms and technologies.<sup class="superscript"><a href="#fn2">2</a></sup><a name="ref2"></a> For example, the African Union Commission is currently working towards the development of the AU Digital ID framework for consideration by AU policy organs. Among other policy instruments, this effort draws its mandate from the Digital Transformation Strategy (DTS) for Africa (2020-2030), which emphasizes the importance of digitised legal identification mechanisms on the continent. The DTS highlights both the potential social and economic implications of digital IDs for Africans, noting that digital IDs not only support social development, but also enable meaningful participation in productive processes to generate economic growth, spur innovation, and support entrepreneurship. In respect of the latter, digital IDs are seen as critical for the successful implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).</p>
<p>With the growing appetite for digital ID in Africa and across the world, there is a need to examine their impact on human rights, the rule of law, and the people who will be included (and excluded) from related systems. More critical analyses of digital ID’s impacts in the global south, as well as the actors involved in designing and implementing it, is at least partly important because digital identity programmes create an inherent power imbalance between the State and its people because of the personal data such interventions collect; leaving residents with little ability to exert agency in its collection, storage and use. And while increasing access to legal identification might seem prima facie positive in development processes, this is not always the case. In addition to the very real challenges of living without legal identification – whether digitised or analogue – those who do have digital identity sometimes might face other challenges. Experiences depend on context, with some digital identities being developed in an attempt to segregate or even coerce people, while others are designed under the guise of national security concerns. Some have IDs that are no longer fit for purpose in a digital age,<sup class="superscript"><a href="#fn3">3</a></sup><a name="ref3"></a> while digitisation can also introduce novel risks of exacerbating inequality when analogue options are discarded (especially in African contexts with low connectivity levels).</p>
<p>On the other hand, digital identity systems, like all ICTs, are actively designed and shaped and therefore not inevitably detrimental from a developmental, human rights, and/or inclusion perspective.<sup class="superscript"><a href="#fn4">4</a></sup><a name="ref4"></a> If digital identities are conceived and designed with concepts like human rights, developmental goals, sustainability, and safety at the forefront, they might hold more of a transformative impact for the continent (if other inequalities are addressed alongside their implementation). It is therefore crucial to continue critically examining the design, development, and implementation of these evolving systems, along with whether policymakers are doing enough (from a governance perspective) to ensure the positive outcomes of engagement with these technologies, while mitigating the risks that accompany many digital identities on the continent.</p>
<h3>The Project</h3>
<p>With this background in mind, Research ICT Africa (RIA) and the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) partnered in 2020 and 2021 to investigate, map and report on aspects related to the state of digital identity in ten countries in Africa. The project looked at local (and digitised, in full or partially) foundational ID systems in Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.</p>
<p>The research took place within parameters set by an <a href="https://digitalid.design/evaluation-framework-02.html" target="_blank">Evaluation Framework for Digital Identities</a> (the ‘Framework’), which was developed by CIS with the purpose of assessing the alignment of digital identity systems for compliance with international rights and data protection norms. By using this Framework, the selected country partners evaluated certain aspects of the existing governance and implementation mechanisms of digital identity in their respective and unique contexts.</p>
<p>The Framework introduces a series of questions against which digital identity may be tested, aiming to address the various rights and freedoms that are potentially impacted by the state use of a biometric digital identity program. More detail about the Framework can be found in Annex II.</p>
<p>This report is one of the ten country case studies RIA and CIS commissioned in this project. Besides being an independent case study, the findings from this report were also used to inform a comparative report put together by the RIA and CIS teams to analyse the similarities, differences, and other aspects across the ten case studies – including key recommendations for policymakers, researchers, civil society actors, and other stakeholders – has been produced.</p>
<p>An important limitation of the research is that the country case studies were conducted using the analytical lenses provided by the Framework, partly with the aim of assessing whether the Framework is relevant in African contexts, and might therefore not cover all aspects pertaining to digital identity in the context concerned. We elaborate on this limitation – which we feel significant in the contextually rich and diverse African context – in the comparative report.</p>
<h3>Case Study</h3>
<p class="img-link"><a href="RIA docs/CIS_DigitalID_RIA_Kenya_31.10.21.pdf" target="_blank"><img src="img/RIA_Kenya.png" alt="Cover page of Kenya case study" /></a></p>
<h3>Acknowledgements</h3>
<p>This report was made possible by the support received from Omidyar Network. The case study was conducted by Grace Mutung'u with the support of the Research ICT Africa and Centre for Internet and Society teams.</p>
</div>
<div class="sixteen wide column">
<div class="break"></div>
</div>
<div class="six wide column" id="empty">
</div>
<div class="ten wide column content">
<h3>Notes</h3>
<p> </p>
<table class="footnote">
<tr>
<td class="number">1</td>
<td class="reference"><a name="fn1"></a> World Bank, n.d. <span class="internal-nav"><a href="#ref1">↑</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="number">2</td>
<td class="reference"><a name="fn2"></a> Martin, Schoemaker, Weitzberg & Cheesman, 2021. <span class="internal-nav"><a href="#ref2">↑</em></a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="number">3</td>
<td class="reference"><a name="fn3"></a> African Union Commission, 2021. <span class="internal-nav"><a href="#ref3">↑</em></a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="number">4</td>
<td class="reference"><a name="fn4"></a> Lievrouw, 2014; Parikka, 2012; Freedman, 2002; Wacjman, 2000; Williams, 1985. <span class="internal-nav"><a href="#ref4">↑</em></a></span></td>
</tr>
<td class="number">5</td>
<td class="reference"> Breckenridge, K. (2014). Biometric State: The Global Politics of Identification and Surveillance in South Africa, 1850 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </em></a></span></td>
</tr>
<td class="number">6</td>
<td class="reference"> World Bank. (2019) G20 Digital Identity Onboarding. Available <a href="https://www.gpfi.org/sites/gpfi/files/documents/G20_Digital_Identity_Onboarding.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>. </em></a></span></td>
</tr>
<td class="number">7</td>
<td class="reference"> GSMA. (2019) Digital Identity Country Report: Malawi. Available <a href="https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Digital-Identity-Country-Report.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>. </em></a></span></td>
</tr>
<td class="number">8</td>
<td class="reference"> Weitzberg, K.; Cheesman, M.; Martin, A. & Schoemaker, E. (2021) Between surveillance and recognition: Rethinking digital identity in aid. Big Data & Society, January-June: 1-7. </em></a></span></td>
</tr>
<td class="number">9</td>
<td class="reference"> Martin, A.; Schoemaker, E.; Weitzberg, K. & Cheesman, M. (2021) Researching digital identity in time of crisis (workshop report). London: The Alan Turing Institute. Available <a href="https://www.turing.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-08/3c_workshop_reporttimes_of_crisis_.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>. </em></a></span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<div class="ui container four column stackable grid">
<div class="six wide column">
<h1>Digital Identities: Design and Uses</h1>
<p>This website presents research undertaken by <a href="http://cis-india.org/" target="_blank">the Centre for Internet and Society, India</a> on appropriate design choices for digital identity frameworks, and their implications for both the sustainable development agenda as well for civil, social and economic rights. This research is supported by a grant from <a href="https://www.omidyarnetwork.in/" target="_blank">Omidyar Network India</a>.</p>
<p>Designed by Pooja Saxena<br/>
Illustration by Akash Sheshadri<br/>
Created by Sumandro Chattapadhyay<br />
Built using <a href="https://semantic-ui.com/" target="_blank">Semantic UI</a> and <a href="https://web.hypothes.is/" target="_blank">Hypothes.is</a><br/>
<a href="https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Fira+Sans" target="_blank">Fira Sans</a> and <a href="https://fonts.google.com/specimen/IBM+Plex+Serif" target="_blank">IBM Plex Serif</a> by <a href="https://fonts.google.com/" target="_blank">Google Fonts</a><br/>
Social media icons by <a href="https://fontawesome.com/" target="_blank">Font Awesome</a><br/>
Hosted on <a href="https://github.com/digitalid-design/digitalid-design.github.com" target="_blank">GitHub</a></p>
<p>Copyright: <a href="http://cis-india.org/" target="_blank">CIS, India</a>, 2019<br />License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY 4.0 International</a></p>
</div>
<div class="three wide column team">
<h1>Team</h1>
<p>Akash Sheshadri</p>
<p>Amber Sinha</p>
<p>Anubha Sinha</p>
<p>Divyank Katira</p>
<p>Pooja Saxena</p>
<p>Saumyaa Naidu</p>
<p>Shruti Trikanad</p>
<p>Yesha Tshering Paul</p>
</div>
<div class="three wide column contributors">
<h1>Contributors</h1>
<p>Kushang Mishra</p>
<p>Prakriti Singh</p>
<p>Sumandro Chattapadhyay</p>
<p>Sunil Abraham</p>
<p>Vrinda Bhandari</p>
</div>
<div class="four wide column">
<div>
<a href="https://cis-india.org/" target="_blank" style="border-bottom: 0px solid"><img src="img/logo.png" alt="The Centre for Internet and Society, India" class="logo" /></a>
</div>
<div class="icons">
<a href="https://twitter.com/cis_india" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-twitter fa-lg"></i></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/cis.india/" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-instagram fa-lg"></i></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0SLNXQo9XQGUE7Enujr9Ng" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-youtube fa-lg"></i></a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Hypothesis
<script type="application/json" class="js-hypothesis-config">
{"showHighlights": false}
</script>
<script src="https://hypothes.is/embed.js" async></script> -->
</body>
</html>