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<a href="index.html">Home</a> / <a href="index.html#governingID">Governing ID</a> / <a href="index.html#maps">Exploratory Research Maps</a> / <a href="index.html#blog">Blog</a> / <a href="index.html#method">Methodology</a> / <a href="index.html#africa">Digital ID in Africa</a>
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<h1>Digital Identities</h1>
<h2>Design and Uses</h2>
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<p>A project of the Centre for Internet and Society, India<br/>Supported by Omidyar Network India</p>
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<h2>Digital Identity<br/>A Survey of Technologies</h2>
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<p><strong>November 26, 2020</strong></p>
<p><em>Conceptualisation by</em> Amber Sinha<br /><em>and</em> Divyank Katira<br/>
<em>Research and Writing by</em> Divyank Katira<br/>
<em>Editing by</em> Anubha Sinha<br /><em>and</em> Akash Sheshadri<br/>
<em>Research Assistance by</em> Jahnavi Selvakumar<br /><em>and</em> Swati Gautam</p>
<p><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf" target="_blank">Download as PDF</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p class="img-link"><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf" target="_blank"><img src="img/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_Cover.png" alt="Cover page of report on 'Digital Identity: A Survey of Technologies'" /></a></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="contents">
<h4>Contents</h4>
<h5><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=2">Introduction</a></h5>
<h5><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=3">Evaluation Criteria</a></h5>
<h5><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=4">Identification and Authentication Factors</a></h5>
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=6">Fingerprint Scanning</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=7">Facial Recognition</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=8">Iris Scan</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=9">DNA Profiling</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=10">Voice Recognition</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=11">Gait Recognition</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=12">Email Verification</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=13">SIM Verification</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=14">Web Tracking</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=15">Document Verification</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=16">Credit Agency Reference Data</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=17">SMS-based One-Time-Password (OTP)</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=18">App-based One-Time-Password (OTP)</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=19">Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=20">Password/PIN</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=21">Secret Questions</a></h7><br />
<h5><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=22">Digital Identity Artifacts</a></h5>
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=23">Microchip-based (Smart Cards)</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=24">Contactless Cards</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=25">QR Code</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=26">Biometric System-on-Card (BSoC)</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=27">Security Keys</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=28">Smartphones & Computers</a></h7><br />
<h5><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=29">Digital Id Workflows</a></h5>
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=30">Multi-factor Authentication (MFA)</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=31">Single Sign-on (SSO) / Federated Authentication</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=32">Self Sovereign Identity (SSI) / Decentralised ID</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=34">Access Control</a></h7><br />
<h5><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=35">Digital Id Standards</a></h5>
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=36">Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=37">OpenID and OpenID Connect</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=38">Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) & Verifiable Credentials</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=39">Web Authentication (WebAuthn)</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=40">Client-to-Authenticator Protocol (CTAP) & Universal 2nd Factor (U2F)</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=41">Personal Identity Verification (PIV)</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=42">OAuth</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=43">User Managed Access (UMA)</a></h7><br />
<h7><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=44">Transparency and Consent Framework (TCF) & Consent Management Platforms (CMPs)</a></h7><br />
<h5><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=45">Glossary</a></h5><br />
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<p class="intro">There is a growing trend, in both public and private sectors, to apply digital technologies to the processes of identification of individuals, authentication of their established identity, and allowing authorisation on their behalf, in the context of governance and provisioning goods and services.</p><p> Through the use of software and hardware, these digital technologies attempt to create virtual models of the complex, nuanced notions of identity in our analog real world, and allow for individuals and organisations to transact based on them. For narrowly defined tasks that are within the scope of these virtual representations, technology-assisted processes offer a higher level of efficiency and accuracy than solely human-operated ones.</p>
<p>However, these advancements also bring with them unique risks. Individuals whose identities are not adequately represented by their virtual models may face exclusion, and technical faults may impede access to essential services, particularly when the use of technology is made mandatory. Digital processes also generate, distribute, gather, and store more information about individuals than their analog counterparts. This brings risks related to the security of personal information handled by these systems and the privacy of the individuals participating in them.</p>
<p>In this survey, we evaluate technologies used to compose digital identity processes and systems with an emphasis on preventing or reducing the associated risks. It is divided into four parts:</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=4"><strong>Identification and Authentication Factors</strong></a> are the different kinds of information about individuals that are used by digital identity systems to identify them and subsequently authenticate their identity;</li>
<li><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=22"><strong>Identity Artifacts</strong></a> are physical or digital credentials assigned to individuals;</li>
<li><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=29"><strong>Digital Identity Workflows</strong></a> are common configurations adopted by digital ID systems in relation to how identification, authentication, and authorisation are carried out within them; and</li>
<li><a href="docs/CIS_DigitalID_TechSurvey_2020.11.pdf#page=35"><strong>Digital Identity Standards</strong></a> which have emerged from public and private sector entities working on these systems.</li>
</ol>
<p>These are the key considerations in designing technology-assisted processes for functional or foundational digital identity systems.</p><br />
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<h1>Digital Identities: Design and Uses</h1>
<p>This website presents research undertaken by <a href="http://cis-india.org/" target="_blank">the Centre for Internet and Society, India</a> on appropriate design choices for digital identity frameworks, and their implications for both the sustainable development agenda as well for civil, social and economic rights. This research is supported by a grant from <a href="https://www.omidyarnetwork.in/" target="_blank">Omidyar Network India</a>.</p>
<p>Designed by Pooja Saxena, Saumyaa Naidu<br/>
Illustration by Akash Sheshadri<br/>
Developed by Sumandro Chattapadhyay, Tanvi Bhakta<br />
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<p>Copyright: <a href="http://cis-india.org/" target="_blank">CIS, India</a>, 2019<br />License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY 4.0 International</a></p>
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<h1>Team</h1>
<p>Akash Sheshadri</p>
<p>Amber Sinha</p>
<p>Anubha Sinha</p>
<p>Divyank Katira</p>
<p>Pooja Saxena</p>
<p>Saumyaa Naidu</p>
<p>Shruti Trikanad</p>
<p>Yesha Tshering Paul</p>
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<h1>Contributors</h1>
<p>Aparna Chivukula</p>
<p>Kushang Mishra</p>
<p>Nikil Augustine</p>
<p>Prakriti Singh</p>
<p>Pranav MB</p>
<p>Sumandro Chattapadhyay</p>
<p>Sunil Abraham</p>
<p>Vrinda Bhandari</p>
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