models.py

"""
Various complex queries that have been problematic in the past.
"""

import datetime
import pickle
import sys

from django.conf import settings
from django.db import models
from django.db.models.query import Q, ITER_CHUNK_SIZE

# Python 2.3 doesn't have sorted()
try:
    sorted
except NameError:
    from django.utils.itercompat import sorted

class DumbCategory(models.Model):
    pass

class NamedCategory(DumbCategory):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=10)

class Tag(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', blank=True, null=True,
            related_name='children')
    category = models.ForeignKey(NamedCategory, null=True, default=None)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['name']

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name

class Note(models.Model):
    note = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    misc = models.CharField(max_length=10)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['note']

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.note

class Annotation(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
    tag = models.ForeignKey(Tag)
    notes = models.ManyToManyField(Note)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name

class ExtraInfo(models.Model):
    info = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    note = models.ForeignKey(Note)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['info']

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.info

class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
    num = models.IntegerField(unique=True)
    extra = models.ForeignKey(ExtraInfo)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name

class Item(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
    created = models.DateTimeField()
    modified = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)
    tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, blank=True, null=True)
    creator = models.ForeignKey(Author)
    note = models.ForeignKey(Note)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['-note', 'name']

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name

class Report(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
    creator = models.ForeignKey(Author, to_field='num', null=True)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name

class Ranking(models.Model):
    rank = models.IntegerField()
    author = models.ForeignKey(Author)

    class Meta:
        # A complex ordering specification. Should stress the system a bit.
        ordering = ('author__extra__note', 'author__name', 'rank')

    def __unicode__(self):
        return '%d: %s' % (self.rank, self.author.name)

class Cover(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    item = models.ForeignKey(Item)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['item']

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.title

class Number(models.Model):
    num = models.IntegerField()

    def __unicode__(self):
        return unicode(self.num)

# Symmetrical m2m field with a normal field using the reverse accesor name
# ("valid").
class Valid(models.Model):
    valid = models.CharField(max_length=10)
    parent = models.ManyToManyField('self')

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['valid']

# Some funky cross-linked models for testing a couple of infinite recursion
# cases.
class X(models.Model):
    y = models.ForeignKey('Y')

class Y(models.Model):
    x1 = models.ForeignKey(X, related_name='y1')

# Some models with a cycle in the default ordering. This would be bad if we
# didn't catch the infinite loop.
class LoopX(models.Model):
    y = models.ForeignKey('LoopY')

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['y']

class LoopY(models.Model):
    x = models.ForeignKey(LoopX)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['x']

class LoopZ(models.Model):
    z = models.ForeignKey('self')

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['z']

# A model and custom default manager combination.
class CustomManager(models.Manager):
    def get_query_set(self):
        qs = super(CustomManager, self).get_query_set()
        return qs.filter(public=True, tag__name='t1')

class ManagedModel(models.Model):
    data = models.CharField(max_length=10)
    tag = models.ForeignKey(Tag)
    public = models.BooleanField(default=True)

    objects = CustomManager()
    normal_manager = models.Manager()

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.data

# An inter-related setup with multiple paths from Child to Detail.
class Detail(models.Model):
    data = models.CharField(max_length=10)

class MemberManager(models.Manager):
    def get_query_set(self):
        return super(MemberManager, self).get_query_set().select_related("details")

class Member(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
    details = models.OneToOneField(Detail, primary_key=True)

    objects = MemberManager()

class Child(models.Model):
    person = models.OneToOneField(Member, primary_key=True)
    parent = models.ForeignKey(Member, related_name="children")

# Custom primary keys interfered with ordering in the past.
class CustomPk(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=10, primary_key=True)
    extra = models.CharField(max_length=10)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['name', 'extra']

class Related(models.Model):
    custom = models.ForeignKey(CustomPk)

# An inter-related setup with a model subclass that has a nullable
# path to another model, and a return path from that model.

class Celebrity(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField("Name", max_length=20)
    greatest_fan = models.ForeignKey("Fan", null=True, unique=True)

class TvChef(Celebrity):
    pass

class Fan(models.Model):
    fan_of = models.ForeignKey(Celebrity)

# Multiple foreign keys
class LeafA(models.Model):
    data = models.CharField(max_length=10)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.data

class LeafB(models.Model):
    data = models.CharField(max_length=10)

class Join(models.Model):
    a = models.ForeignKey(LeafA)
    b = models.ForeignKey(LeafB)

class ReservedName(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
    order = models.IntegerField()

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name

# A simpler shared-foreign-key setup that can expose some problems.
class SharedConnection(models.Model):
    data = models.CharField(max_length=10)

class PointerA(models.Model):
    connection = models.ForeignKey(SharedConnection)

class PointerB(models.Model):
    connection = models.ForeignKey(SharedConnection)

# Multi-layer ordering
class SingleObject(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=10)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['name']

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name

class RelatedObject(models.Model):
    single = models.ForeignKey(SingleObject)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['single']

class Plaything(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
    others = models.ForeignKey(RelatedObject, null=True)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['others']

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name


__test__ = {'API_TESTS':"""
>>> generic = NamedCategory.objects.create(name="Generic")
>>> t1 = Tag.objects.create(name='t1', category=generic)
>>> t2 = Tag.objects.create(name='t2', parent=t1, category=generic)
>>> t3 = Tag.objects.create(name='t3', parent=t1)
>>> t4 = Tag.objects.create(name='t4', parent=t3)
>>> t5 = Tag.objects.create(name='t5', parent=t3)

>>> n1 = Note.objects.create(note='n1', misc='foo')
>>> n2 = Note.objects.create(note='n2', misc='bar')
>>> n3 = Note.objects.create(note='n3', misc='foo')

>>> ann1 = Annotation.objects.create(name='a1', tag=t1)
>>> ann1.notes.add(n1)
>>> ann2 = Annotation.objects.create(name='a2', tag=t4)
>>> ann2.notes.add(n2, n3)

Create these out of order so that sorting by 'id' will be different to sorting
by 'info'. Helps detect some problems later.
>>> e2 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='e2', note=n2)
>>> e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='e1', note=n1)

>>> a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', num=1001, extra=e1)
>>> a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', num=2002, extra=e1)
>>> a3 = Author.objects.create(name='a3', num=3003, extra=e2)
>>> a4 = Author.objects.create(name='a4', num=4004, extra=e2)

>>> time1 = datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 22, 25, 0)
>>> time2 = datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 21, 0, 0)
>>> time3 = datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 20, 22, 25, 0)
>>> time4 = datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 20, 21, 0, 0)
>>> i1 = Item.objects.create(name='one', created=time1, modified=time1, creator=a1, note=n3)
>>> i1.tags = [t1, t2]
>>> i2 = Item.objects.create(name='two', created=time2, creator=a2, note=n2)
>>> i2.tags = [t1, t3]
>>> i3 = Item.objects.create(name='three', created=time3, creator=a2, note=n3)
>>> i4 = Item.objects.create(name='four', created=time4, creator=a4, note=n3)
>>> i4.tags = [t4]

>>> r1 = Report.objects.create(name='r1', creator=a1)
>>> r2 = Report.objects.create(name='r2', creator=a3)
>>> r3 = Report.objects.create(name='r3')

Ordering by 'rank' gives us rank2, rank1, rank3. Ordering by the Meta.ordering
will be rank3, rank2, rank1.
>>> rank1 = Ranking.objects.create(rank=2, author=a2)
>>> rank2 = Ranking.objects.create(rank=1, author=a3)
>>> rank3 = Ranking.objects.create(rank=3, author=a1)

>>> c1 = Cover.objects.create(title="first", item=i4)
>>> c2 = Cover.objects.create(title="second", item=i2)

>>> num1 = Number.objects.create(num=4)
>>> num2 = Number.objects.create(num=8)
>>> num3 = Number.objects.create(num=12)

Bug #1050
>>> Item.objects.filter(tags__isnull=True)
[<Item: three>]
>>> Item.objects.filter(tags__id__isnull=True)
[<Item: three>]

Bug #1801
>>> Author.objects.filter(item=i2)
[<Author: a2>]
>>> Author.objects.filter(item=i3)
[<Author: a2>]
>>> Author.objects.filter(item=i2) & Author.objects.filter(item=i3)
[<Author: a2>]

Bug #2306
Checking that no join types are "left outer" joins.
>>> query = Item.objects.filter(tags=t2).query
>>> query.LOUTER not in [x[2] for x in query.alias_map.values()]
True

>>> Item.objects.filter(Q(tags=t1)).order_by('name')
[<Item: one>, <Item: two>]
>>> Item.objects.filter(Q(tags=t1)).filter(Q(tags=t2))
[<Item: one>]
>>> Item.objects.filter(Q(tags=t1)).filter(Q(creator__name='fred')|Q(tags=t2))
[<Item: one>]

Each filter call is processed "at once" against a single table, so this is
different from the previous example as it tries to find tags that are two
things at once (rather than two tags).
>>> Item.objects.filter(Q(tags=t1) & Q(tags=t2))
[]
>>> Item.objects.filter(Q(tags=t1), Q(creator__name='fred')|Q(tags=t2))
[]

>>> qs = Author.objects.filter(ranking__rank=2, ranking__id=rank1.id)
>>> list(qs)
[<Author: a2>]
>>> qs.query.count_active_tables()
2
>>> qs = Author.objects.filter(ranking__rank=2).filter(ranking__id=rank1.id)
>>> qs.query.count_active_tables()
3

Bug #4464
>>> Item.objects.filter(tags=t1).filter(tags=t2)
[<Item: one>]
>>> Item.objects.filter(tags__in=[t1, t2]).distinct().order_by('name')
[<Item: one>, <Item: two>]
>>> Item.objects.filter(tags__in=[t1, t2]).filter(tags=t3)
[<Item: two>]

Make sure .distinct() works with slicing (this was broken in Oracle).
>>> Item.objects.filter(tags__in=[t1, t2]).order_by('name')[:3]
[<Item: one>, <Item: one>, <Item: two>]
>>> Item.objects.filter(tags__in=[t1, t2]).distinct().order_by('name')[:3]
[<Item: one>, <Item: two>]

Bug #2080, #3592
>>> Author.objects.filter(item__name='one') | Author.objects.filter(name='a3')
[<Author: a1>, <Author: a3>]
>>> Author.objects.filter(Q(item__name='one') | Q(name='a3'))
[<Author: a1>, <Author: a3>]
>>> Author.objects.filter(Q(name='a3') | Q(item__name='one'))
[<Author: a1>, <Author: a3>]
>>> Author.objects.filter(Q(item__name='three') | Q(report__name='r3'))
[<Author: a2>]

Bug #4289
A slight variation on the above theme: restricting the choices by the lookup
constraints.
>>> Number.objects.filter(num__lt=4)
[]
>>> Number.objects.filter(num__gt=8, num__lt=12)
[]
>>> Number.objects.filter(num__gt=8, num__lt=13)
[<Number: 12>]
>>> Number.objects.filter(Q(num__lt=4) | Q(num__gt=8, num__lt=12))
[]
>>> Number.objects.filter(Q(num__gt=8, num__lt=12) | Q(num__lt=4))
[]
>>> Number.objects.filter(Q(num__gt=8) & Q(num__lt=12) | Q(num__lt=4))
[]
>>> Number.objects.filter(Q(num__gt=7) & Q(num__lt=12) | Q(num__lt=4))
[<Number: 8>]

Bug #7872
Another variation on the disjunctive filtering theme.

# For the purposes of this regression test, it's important that there is no
# Join object releated to the LeafA we create.
>>> LeafA.objects.create(data='first')
<LeafA: first>
>>> LeafA.objects.filter(Q(data='first')|Q(join__b__data='second'))
[<LeafA: first>]

Bug #6074
Merging two empty result sets shouldn't leave a queryset with no constraints
(which would match everything).
>>> Author.objects.filter(Q(id__in=[]))
[]
>>> Author.objects.filter(Q(id__in=[])|Q(id__in=[]))
[]

Bug #1878, #2939
>>> Item.objects.values('creator').distinct().count()
3

# Create something with a duplicate 'name' so that we can test multi-column
# cases (which require some tricky SQL transformations under the covers).
>>> xx = Item(name='four', created=time1, creator=a2, note=n1)
>>> xx.save()
>>> Item.objects.exclude(name='two').values('creator', 'name').distinct().count()
4
>>> Item.objects.exclude(name='two').extra(select={'foo': '%s'}, select_params=(1,)).values('creator', 'name', 'foo').distinct().count()
4
>>> Item.objects.exclude(name='two').extra(select={'foo': '%s'}, select_params=(1,)).values('creator', 'name').distinct().count()
4
>>> xx.delete()

Bug #7323
>>> Item.objects.values('creator', 'name').count()
4

Bug #2253
>>> q1 = Item.objects.order_by('name')
>>> q2 = Item.objects.filter(id=i1.id)
>>> q1
[<Item: four>, <Item: one>, <Item: three>, <Item: two>]
>>> q2
[<Item: one>]
>>> (q1 | q2).order_by('name')
[<Item: four>, <Item: one>, <Item: three>, <Item: two>]
>>> (q1 & q2).order_by('name')
[<Item: one>]

# FIXME: This is difficult to fix and very much an edge case, so punt for now.
# # This is related to the order_by() tests, below, but the old bug exhibited
# # itself here (q2 was pulling too many tables into the combined query with the
# # new ordering, but only because we have evaluated q2 already).
# >>> len((q1 & q2).order_by('name').query.tables)
# 1

>>> q1 = Item.objects.filter(tags=t1)
>>> q2 = Item.objects.filter(note=n3, tags=t2)
>>> q3 = Item.objects.filter(creator=a4)
>>> ((q1 & q2) | q3).order_by('name')
[<Item: four>, <Item: one>]

Bugs #4088, #4306
>>> Report.objects.filter(creator=1001)
[<Report: r1>]
>>> Report.objects.filter(creator__num=1001)
[<Report: r1>]
>>> Report.objects.filter(creator__id=1001)
[]
>>> Report.objects.filter(creator__id=a1.id)
[<Report: r1>]
>>> Report.objects.filter(creator__name='a1')
[<Report: r1>]

Bug #4510
>>> Author.objects.filter(report__name='r1')
[<Author: a1>]

Bug #7378
>>> a1.report_set.all()
[<Report: r1>]

Bug #5324, #6704
>>> Item.objects.filter(tags__name='t4')
[<Item: four>]
>>> Item.objects.exclude(tags__name='t4').order_by('name').distinct()
[<Item: one>, <Item: three>, <Item: two>]
>>> Item.objects.exclude(tags__name='t4').order_by('name').distinct().reverse()
[<Item: two>, <Item: three>, <Item: one>]
>>> Author.objects.exclude(item__name='one').distinct().order_by('name')
[<Author: a2>, <Author: a3>, <Author: a4>]


# Excluding across a m2m relation when there is more than one related object
# associated was problematic.
>>> Item.objects.exclude(tags__name='t1').order_by('name')
[<Item: four>, <Item: three>]
>>> Item.objects.exclude(tags__name='t1').exclude(tags__name='t4')
[<Item: three>]

# Excluding from a relation that cannot be NULL should not use outer joins.
>>> query = Item.objects.exclude(creator__in=[a1, a2]).query
>>> query.LOUTER not in [x[2] for x in query.alias_map.values()]
True

Similarly, when one of the joins cannot possibly, ever, involve NULL values (Author -> ExtraInfo, in the following), it should never be promoted to a left outer join. So the following query should only involve one "left outer" join (Author -> Item is 0-to-many).
>>> qs = Author.objects.filter(id=a1.id).filter(Q(extra__note=n1)|Q(item__note=n3))
>>> len([x[2] for x in qs.query.alias_map.values() if x[2] == query.LOUTER and qs.query.alias_refcount[x[1]]])
1

The previous changes shouldn't affect nullable foreign key joins.
>>> Tag.objects.filter(parent__isnull=True).order_by('name')
[<Tag: t1>]
>>> Tag.objects.exclude(parent__isnull=True).order_by('name')
[<Tag: t2>, <Tag: t3>, <Tag: t4>, <Tag: t5>]
>>> Tag.objects.exclude(Q(parent__name='t1') | Q(parent__isnull=True)).order_by('name')
[<Tag: t4>, <Tag: t5>]
>>> Tag.objects.exclude(Q(parent__isnull=True) | Q(parent__name='t1')).order_by('name')
[<Tag: t4>, <Tag: t5>]
>>> Tag.objects.exclude(Q(parent__parent__isnull=True)).order_by('name')
[<Tag: t4>, <Tag: t5>]
>>> Tag.objects.filter(~Q(parent__parent__isnull=True)).order_by('name')
[<Tag: t4>, <Tag: t5>]

Bug #2091
>>> t = Tag.objects.get(name='t4')
>>> Item.objects.filter(tags__in=[t])
[<Item: four>]

Combining querysets built on different models should behave in a well-defined
fashion. We raise an error.
>>> Author.objects.all() & Tag.objects.all()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Cannot combine queries on two different base models.
>>> Author.objects.all() | Tag.objects.all()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Cannot combine queries on two different base models.

Bug #3141
>>> Author.objects.extra(select={'foo': '1'}).count()
4
>>> Author.objects.extra(select={'foo': '%s'}, select_params=(1,)).count()
4

Bug #2400
>>> Author.objects.filter(item__isnull=True)
[<Author: a3>]
>>> Tag.objects.filter(item__isnull=True)
[<Tag: t5>]

Bug #2496
>>> Item.objects.extra(tables=['queries_author']).select_related().order_by('name')[:1]
[<Item: four>]

Bug #2076
# Ordering on related tables should be possible, even if the table is not
# otherwise involved.
>>> Item.objects.order_by('note__note', 'name')
[<Item: two>, <Item: four>, <Item: one>, <Item: three>]

# Ordering on a related field should use the remote model's default ordering as
# a final step.
>>> Author.objects.order_by('extra', '-name')
[<Author: a2>, <Author: a1>, <Author: a4>, <Author: a3>]

# Using remote model default ordering can span multiple models (in this case,
# Cover is ordered by Item's default, which uses Note's default).
>>> Cover.objects.all()
[<Cover: first>, <Cover: second>]

# If the remote model does not have a default ordering, we order by its 'id'
# field.
>>> Item.objects.order_by('creator', 'name')
[<Item: one>, <Item: three>, <Item: two>, <Item: four>]

# Cross model ordering is possible in Meta, too.
>>> Ranking.objects.all()
[<Ranking: 3: a1>, <Ranking: 2: a2>, <Ranking: 1: a3>]
>>> Ranking.objects.all().order_by('rank')
[<Ranking: 1: a3>, <Ranking: 2: a2>, <Ranking: 3: a1>]

# Ordering by a many-valued attribute (e.g. a many-to-many or reverse
# ForeignKey) is legal, but the results might not make sense. That isn't
# Django's problem. Garbage in, garbage out.
>>> Item.objects.filter(tags__isnull=False).order_by('tags', 'id')
[<Item: one>, <Item: two>, <Item: one>, <Item: two>, <Item: four>]

# If we replace the default ordering, Django adjusts the required tables
# automatically. Item normally requires a join with Note to do the default
# ordering, but that isn't needed here.
>>> qs = Item.objects.order_by('name')
>>> list(qs)
[<Item: four>, <Item: one>, <Item: three>, <Item: two>]
>>> len(qs.query.tables)
1

# Ordering of extra() pieces is possible, too and you can mix extra fields and
# model fields in the ordering.
>>> Ranking.objects.extra(tables=['django_site'], order_by=['-django_site.id', 'rank'])
[<Ranking: 1: a3>, <Ranking: 2: a2>, <Ranking: 3: a1>]

>>> qs = Ranking.objects.extra(select={'good': 'case when rank > 2 then 1 else 0 end'})
>>> [o.good for o in qs.extra(order_by=('-good',))] == [True, False, False]
True
>>> qs.extra(order_by=('-good', 'id'))
[<Ranking: 3: a1>, <Ranking: 2: a2>, <Ranking: 1: a3>]

# Despite having some extra aliases in the query, we can still omit them in a
# values() query.
>>> dicts = qs.values('id', 'rank').order_by('id')
>>> [sorted(d.items()) for d in dicts]
[[('id', 1), ('rank', 2)], [('id', 2), ('rank', 1)], [('id', 3), ('rank', 3)]]

Bug #7256
# An empty values() call includes all aliases, including those from an extra()
>>> dicts = qs.values().order_by('id')
>>> [sorted(d.items()) for d in dicts]
[[('author_id', 2), ('good', 0), ('id', 1), ('rank', 2)], [('author_id', 3), ('good', 0), ('id', 2), ('rank', 1)], [('author_id', 1), ('good', 1), ('id', 3), ('rank', 3)]]

Bugs #2874, #3002
>>> qs = Item.objects.select_related().order_by('note__note', 'name')
>>> list(qs)
[<Item: two>, <Item: four>, <Item: one>, <Item: three>]

# This is also a good select_related() test because there are multiple Note
# entries in the SQL. The two Note items should be different.
>>> qs[0].note, qs[0].creator.extra.note
(<Note: n2>, <Note: n1>)

Bug #3037
>>> Item.objects.filter(Q(creator__name='a3', name='two')|Q(creator__name='a4', name='four'))
[<Item: four>]

Bug #5321, #7070

Ordering columns must be included in the output columns. Note that this means
results that might otherwise be distinct are not (if there are multiple values
in the ordering cols), as in this example. This isn't a bug; it's a warning to
be careful with the selection of ordering columns.

>>> Note.objects.values('misc').distinct().order_by('note', '-misc')
[{'misc': u'foo'}, {'misc': u'bar'}, {'misc': u'foo'}]

Bug #4358
If you don't pass any fields to values(), relation fields are returned as
"foo_id" keys, not "foo". For consistency, you should be able to pass "foo_id"
in the fields list and have it work, too. We actually allow both "foo" and
"foo_id".

# The *_id version is returned by default.
>>> 'note_id' in ExtraInfo.objects.values()[0]
True

# You can also pass it in explicitly.
>>> ExtraInfo.objects.values('note_id')
[{'note_id': 1}, {'note_id': 2}]

# ...or use the field name.
>>> ExtraInfo.objects.values('note')
[{'note': 1}, {'note': 2}]

Bug #5261
>>> Note.objects.exclude(Q())
[<Note: n1>, <Note: n2>, <Note: n3>]

Bug #3045, #3288
Once upon a time, select_related() with circular relations would loop
infinitely if you forgot to specify "depth". Now we set an arbitrary default
upper bound.
>>> X.objects.all()
[]
>>> X.objects.select_related()
[]

Bug #3739
The all() method on querysets returns a copy of the queryset.
>>> q1 = Item.objects.order_by('name')
>>> id(q1) == id(q1.all())
False

Bug #2902
Parameters can be given to extra_select, *if* you use a SortedDict.

(First we need to know which order the keys fall in "naturally" on your system,
so we can put things in the wrong way around from normal. A normal dict would
thus fail.)
>>> from django.utils.datastructures import SortedDict
>>> s = [('a', '%s'), ('b', '%s')]
>>> params = ['one', 'two']
>>> if {'a': 1, 'b': 2}.keys() == ['a', 'b']:
...     s.reverse()
...     params.reverse()

# This slightly odd comparison works around the fact that PostgreSQL will
# return 'one' and 'two' as strings, not Unicode objects. It's a side-effect of
# using constants here and not a real concern.
>>> d = Item.objects.extra(select=SortedDict(s), select_params=params).values('a', 'b')[0]
>>> d == {'a': u'one', 'b': u'two'}
True

# Order by the number of tags attached to an item.
>>> l = Item.objects.extra(select={'count': 'select count(*) from queries_item_tags where queries_item_tags.item_id = queries_item.id'}).order_by('-count')
>>> [o.count for o in l]
[2, 2, 1, 0]

Bug #6154
Multiple filter statements are joined using "AND" all the time.

>>> Author.objects.filter(id=a1.id).filter(Q(extra__note=n1)|Q(item__note=n3))
[<Author: a1>]
>>> Author.objects.filter(Q(extra__note=n1)|Q(item__note=n3)).filter(id=a1.id)
[<Author: a1>]

Bug #6981
>>> Tag.objects.select_related('parent').order_by('name')
[<Tag: t1>, <Tag: t2>, <Tag: t3>, <Tag: t4>, <Tag: t5>]

Bug #9926
>>> Tag.objects.select_related("parent", "category").order_by('name')
[<Tag: t1>, <Tag: t2>, <Tag: t3>, <Tag: t4>, <Tag: t5>]
>>> Tag.objects.select_related('parent', "parent__category").order_by('name')
[<Tag: t1>, <Tag: t2>, <Tag: t3>, <Tag: t4>, <Tag: t5>]

Bug #6180, #6203 -- dates with limits and/or counts
>>> Item.objects.count()
4
>>> Item.objects.dates('created', 'month').count()
1
>>> Item.objects.dates('created', 'day').count()
2
>>> len(Item.objects.dates('created', 'day'))
2
>>> Item.objects.dates('created', 'day')[0]
datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 0, 0)

Bug #7087 -- dates with extra select columns
>>> Item.objects.dates('created', 'day').extra(select={'a': 1})
[datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 20, 0, 0)]

Bug #7155 -- nullable dates
>>> Item.objects.dates('modified', 'day')
[datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 0, 0)]

Test that parallel iterators work.

>>> qs = Tag.objects.all()
>>> i1, i2 = iter(qs), iter(qs)
>>> i1.next(), i1.next()
(<Tag: t1>, <Tag: t2>)
>>> i2.next(), i2.next(), i2.next()
(<Tag: t1>, <Tag: t2>, <Tag: t3>)
>>> i1.next()
<Tag: t3>

>>> qs = X.objects.all()
>>> bool(qs)
False
>>> bool(qs)
False

We can do slicing beyond what is currently in the result cache, too.

## FIXME!! This next test causes really weird PostgreSQL behaviour, but it's
## only apparent much later when the full test suite runs. I don't understand
## what's going on here yet.
##
## # We need to mess with the implementation internals a bit here to decrease the
## # cache fill size so that we don't read all the results at once.
## >>> from django.db.models import query
## >>> query.ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = 2
## >>> qs = Tag.objects.all()
##
## # Fill the cache with the first chunk.
## >>> bool(qs)
## True
## >>> len(qs._result_cache)
## 2
##
## # Query beyond the end of the cache and check that it is filled out as required.
## >>> qs[4]
## <Tag: t5>
## >>> len(qs._result_cache)
## 5
##
## # But querying beyond the end of the result set will fail.
## >>> qs[100]
## Traceback (most recent call last):
## ...
## IndexError: ...

Bug #7045 -- extra tables used to crash SQL construction on the second use.
>>> qs = Ranking.objects.extra(tables=['django_site'])
>>> s = qs.query.as_sql()
>>> s = qs.query.as_sql()   # test passes if this doesn't raise an exception.

Bug #7098 -- Make sure semi-deprecated ordering by related models syntax still
works.
>>> Item.objects.values('note__note').order_by('queries_note.note', 'id')
[{'note__note': u'n2'}, {'note__note': u'n3'}, {'note__note': u'n3'}, {'note__note': u'n3'}]

Bug #7096 -- Make sure exclude() with multiple conditions continues to work.
>>> Tag.objects.filter(parent=t1, name='t3').order_by('name')
[<Tag: t3>]
>>> Tag.objects.exclude(parent=t1, name='t3').order_by('name')
[<Tag: t1>, <Tag: t2>, <Tag: t4>, <Tag: t5>]
>>> Item.objects.exclude(tags__name='t1', name='one').order_by('name').distinct()
[<Item: four>, <Item: three>, <Item: two>]
>>> Item.objects.filter(name__in=['three', 'four']).exclude(tags__name='t1').order_by('name')
[<Item: four>, <Item: three>]

More twisted cases, involving nested negations.
>>> Item.objects.exclude(~Q(tags__name='t1', name='one'))
[<Item: one>]
>>> Item.objects.filter(~Q(tags__name='t1', name='one'), name='two')
[<Item: two>]
>>> Item.objects.exclude(~Q(tags__name='t1', name='one'), name='two')
[<Item: four>, <Item: one>, <Item: three>]

Bug #7095
Updates that are filtered on the model being updated are somewhat tricky
in MySQL. This exercises that case.
>>> mm = ManagedModel.objects.create(data='mm1', tag=t1, public=True)
>>> ManagedModel.objects.update(data='mm')
1

A values() or values_list() query across joined models must use outer joins
appropriately.
>>> Report.objects.values_list("creator__extra__info", flat=True).order_by("name")
[u'e1', u'e2', <NONE_OR_EMPTY_UNICODE>]

Similarly for select_related(), joins beyond an initial nullable join must
use outer joins so that all results are included.
>>> Report.objects.select_related("creator", "creator__extra").order_by("name")
[<Report: r1>, <Report: r2>, <Report: r3>]

When there are multiple paths to a table from another table, we have to be
careful not to accidentally reuse an inappropriate join when using
select_related(). We used to return the parent's Detail record here by mistake.

>>> d1 = Detail.objects.create(data="d1")
>>> d2 = Detail.objects.create(data="d2")
>>> m1 = Member.objects.create(name="m1", details=d1)
>>> m2 = Member.objects.create(name="m2", details=d2)
>>> c1 = Child.objects.create(person=m2, parent=m1)
>>> obj = m1.children.select_related("person__details")[0]
>>> obj.person.details.data
u'd2'

Bug #7076 -- excluding shouldn't eliminate NULL entries.
>>> Item.objects.exclude(modified=time1).order_by('name')
[<Item: four>, <Item: three>, <Item: two>]
>>> Tag.objects.exclude(parent__name=t1.name)
[<Tag: t1>, <Tag: t4>, <Tag: t5>]

Bug #7181 -- ordering by related tables should accomodate nullable fields (this
test is a little tricky, since NULL ordering is database dependent. Instead, we
just count the number of results).
>>> len(Tag.objects.order_by('parent__name'))
5

Bug #7107 -- this shouldn't create an infinite loop.
>>> Valid.objects.all()
[]

Empty querysets can be merged with others.
>>> Note.objects.none() | Note.objects.all()
[<Note: n1>, <Note: n2>, <Note: n3>]
>>> Note.objects.all() | Note.objects.none()
[<Note: n1>, <Note: n2>, <Note: n3>]
>>> Note.objects.none() & Note.objects.all()
[]
>>> Note.objects.all() & Note.objects.none()
[]

Bug #7204, #7506 -- make sure querysets with related fields can be pickled. If
this doesn't crash, it's a Good Thing.
>>> out = pickle.dumps(Item.objects.all())

We should also be able to pickle things that use select_related(). The only
tricky thing here is to ensure that we do the related selections properly after
unpickling.
>>> qs = Item.objects.select_related()
>>> query = qs.query.as_sql()[0]
>>> query2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs.query))
>>> query2.as_sql()[0] == query
True

Check pickling of deferred-loading querysets
>>> qs = Item.objects.defer('name', 'creator')
>>> q2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs))
>>> list(qs) == list(q2)
True
>>> q3 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL))
>>> list(qs) == list(q3)
True

Bug #7277
>>> n1.annotation_set.filter(Q(tag=t5) | Q(tag__children=t5) | Q(tag__children__children=t5))
[<Annotation: a1>]

Bug #7371
>>> Related.objects.order_by('custom')
[]

Bug #7448, #7707 -- Complex objects should be converted to strings before being
used in lookups.
>>> Item.objects.filter(created__in=[time1, time2])
[<Item: one>, <Item: two>]

Bug #7698, #10202 -- People like to slice with '0' as the high-water mark.
>>> Item.objects.all()[0:0]
[]
>>> Item.objects.all()[0:0][:10]
[]
>>> Item.objects.all()[:0].count()
0
>>> Item.objects.all()[:0].latest('created')
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
AssertionError: Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.

Bug #7411 - saving to db must work even with partially read result set in
another cursor.

>>> for num in range(2 * ITER_CHUNK_SIZE + 1):
...     _ = Number.objects.create(num=num)

>>> for i, obj in enumerate(Number.objects.all()):
...     obj.save()
...     if i > 10: break

Bug #7759 -- count should work with a partially read result set.
>>> count = Number.objects.count()
>>> qs = Number.objects.all()
>>> for obj in qs:
...     qs.count() == count
...     break
True

Bug #7791 -- there were "issues" when ordering and distinct-ing on fields
related via ForeignKeys.
>>> len(Note.objects.order_by('extrainfo__info').distinct())
3

Bug #7778 - Model subclasses could not be deleted if a nullable foreign key
relates to a model that relates back.

>>> num_celebs = Celebrity.objects.count()
>>> tvc = TvChef.objects.create(name="Huey")
>>> Celebrity.objects.count() == num_celebs + 1
True
>>> f1 = Fan.objects.create(fan_of=tvc)
>>> f2 = Fan.objects.create(fan_of=tvc)
>>> tvc.delete()

# The parent object should have been deleted as well.
>>> Celebrity.objects.count() == num_celebs
True

Bug #8283 -- Checking that applying filters after a disjunction works correctly.
>>> (ExtraInfo.objects.filter(note=n1)|ExtraInfo.objects.filter(info='e2')).filter(note=n1)
[<ExtraInfo: e1>]
>>> (ExtraInfo.objects.filter(info='e2')|ExtraInfo.objects.filter(note=n1)).filter(note=n1)
[<ExtraInfo: e1>]

Pickling of DateQuerySets used to fail
>>> qs = Item.objects.dates('created', 'month')
>>> _ = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs))

Bug #8683 -- raise proper error when a DateQuerySet gets passed a wrong type of field
>>> Item.objects.dates('name', 'month')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: 'name' isn't a DateField.

Bug #8597: regression tests for case-insensitive comparisons
>>> _ = Item.objects.create(name="a_b", created=datetime.datetime.now(), creator=a2, note=n1)
>>> _ = Item.objects.create(name="x%y", created=datetime.datetime.now(), creator=a2, note=n1)
>>> Item.objects.filter(name__iexact="A_b")
[<Item: a_b>]
>>> Item.objects.filter(name__iexact="x%Y")
[<Item: x%y>]
>>> Item.objects.filter(name__istartswith="A_b")
[<Item: a_b>]
>>> Item.objects.filter(name__iendswith="A_b")
[<Item: a_b>]

Bug #7302: reserved names are appropriately escaped
>>> _ = ReservedName.objects.create(name='a',order=42)
>>> _ = ReservedName.objects.create(name='b',order=37)
>>> ReservedName.objects.all().order_by('order')
[<ReservedName: b>, <ReservedName: a>]
>>> ReservedName.objects.extra(select={'stuff':'name'}, order_by=('order','stuff'))
[<ReservedName: b>, <ReservedName: a>]

Bug #8439 -- complex combinations of conjunctions, disjunctions and nullable
relations.
>>> Author.objects.filter(Q(item__note__extrainfo=e2)|Q(report=r1, name='xyz'))
[<Author: a2>]
>>> Author.objects.filter(Q(report=r1, name='xyz')|Q(item__note__extrainfo=e2))
[<Author: a2>]
>>> Annotation.objects.filter(Q(tag__parent=t1)|Q(notes__note='n1', name='a1'))
[<Annotation: a1>]
>>> xx = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='xx', note=n3)
>>> Note.objects.filter(Q(extrainfo__author=a1)|Q(extrainfo=xx))
[<Note: n1>, <Note: n3>]
>>> xx.delete()
>>> q = Note.objects.filter(Q(extrainfo__author=a1)|Q(extrainfo=xx)).query
>>> len([x[2] for x in q.alias_map.values() if x[2] == q.LOUTER and q.alias_refcount[x[1]]])
1

Make sure bump_prefix() (an internal Query method) doesn't (re-)break. It's
sufficient that this query runs without error.
>>> qs = Tag.objects.values_list('id', flat=True).order_by('id')
>>> qs.query.bump_prefix()
>>> list(qs)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Calling order_by() with no parameters removes any existing ordering on the
model. But it should still be possible to add new ordering after that.
>>> qs = Author.objects.order_by().order_by('name')
>>> 'ORDER BY' in qs.query.as_sql()[0]
True

Incorrect SQL was being generated for certain types of exclude() queries that
crossed multi-valued relations (#8921, #9188 and some pre-emptively discovered
cases).

>>> PointerA.objects.filter(connection__pointerb__id=1)
[]
>>> PointerA.objects.exclude(connection__pointerb__id=1)
[]

>>> Tag.objects.exclude(children=None)
[<Tag: t1>, <Tag: t3>]

# This example is tricky because the parent could be NULL, so only checking
# parents with annotations omits some results (tag t1, in this case).
>>> Tag.objects.exclude(parent__annotation__name="a1")
[<Tag: t1>, <Tag: t4>, <Tag: t5>]

# The annotation->tag link is single values and tag->children links is
# multi-valued. So we have to split the exclude filter in the middle and then
# optimise the inner query without losing results.
>>> Annotation.objects.exclude(tag__children__name="t2")
[<Annotation: a2>]

Nested queries are possible (although should be used with care, since they have
performance problems on backends like MySQL.

>>> Annotation.objects.filter(notes__in=Note.objects.filter(note="n1"))
[<Annotation: a1>]

Nested queries should not evaluate the inner query as part of constructing the
SQL (so we should see a nested query here, indicated by two "SELECT" calls).
>>> Annotation.objects.filter(notes__in=Note.objects.filter(note="xyzzy")).query.as_sql()[0].count('SELECT')
2

Bug #10181 -- Avoid raising an EmptyResultSet if an inner query is provably
empty (and hence, not executed).
>>> Tag.objects.filter(id__in=Tag.objects.filter(id__in=[]))
[]

Bug #9997 -- If a ValuesList or Values queryset is passed as an inner query, we
make sure it's only requesting a single value and use that as the thing to
select.
>>> Tag.objects.filter(name__in=Tag.objects.filter(parent=t1).values('name'))
[<Tag: t2>, <Tag: t3>]

# Multi-valued values() and values_list() querysets should raise errors.
>>> Tag.objects.filter(name__in=Tag.objects.filter(parent=t1).values('name', 'id'))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Cannot use a multi-field ValuesQuerySet as a filter value.
>>> Tag.objects.filter(name__in=Tag.objects.filter(parent=t1).values_list('name', 'id'))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Cannot use a multi-field ValuesListQuerySet as a filter value.

Bug #9985 -- qs.values_list(...).values(...) combinations should work.
>>> Note.objects.values_list("note", flat=True).values("id").order_by("id")
[{'id': 1}, {'id': 2}, {'id': 3}]
>>> Annotation.objects.filter(notes__in=Note.objects.filter(note="n1").values_list('note').values('id'))
[<Annotation: a1>]

Bug #10028 -- ordering by model related to nullable relations(!) should use
outer joins, so that all results are included.
>>> _ = Plaything.objects.create(name="p1")
>>> Plaything.objects.all()
[<Plaything: p1>]

Bug #10205 -- When bailing out early because of an empty "__in" filter, we need
to set things up correctly internally so that subqueries can continue properly.
>>> Tag.objects.filter(name__in=()).update(name="foo")
0

Bug #10432 (see also the Python 2.4+ tests for this, below). Testing an empty
"__in" filter with a generator as the value.
>>> def f():
...     return iter([])
>>> n_obj = Note.objects.all()[0]
>>> def g():
...     for i in [n_obj.pk]:
...         yield i
>>> Note.objects.filter(pk__in=f())
[]
>>> list(Note.objects.filter(pk__in=g())) == [n_obj]
True

Make sure that updates which only filter on sub-tables don't inadvertently
update the wrong records (bug #9848).

# Make sure that the IDs from different tables don't happen to match.
>>> Ranking.objects.filter(author__name='a1')
[<Ranking: 3: a1>]
>>> Ranking.objects.filter(author__name='a1').update(rank='4')
1
>>> r = Ranking.objects.filter(author__name='a1')[0]
>>> r.id != r.author.id
True
>>> r.rank
4
>>> r.rank = 3
>>> r.save()
>>> Ranking.objects.all()
[<Ranking: 3: a1>, <Ranking: 2: a2>, <Ranking: 1: a3>]

# Regression test for #10742:
# Queries used in an __in clause don't execute subqueries

>>> subq = Author.objects.filter(num__lt=3000)
>>> qs = Author.objects.filter(pk__in=subq)
>>> list(qs)
[<Author: a1>, <Author: a2>]

# The subquery result cache should not be populated
>>> subq._result_cache is None
True

>>> subq = Author.objects.filter(num__lt=3000)
>>> qs = Author.objects.exclude(pk__in=subq)
>>> list(qs)
[<Author: a3>, <Author: a4>]

# The subquery result cache should not be populated
>>> subq._result_cache is None
True

>>> subq = Author.objects.filter(num__lt=3000)
>>> list(Author.objects.filter(Q(pk__in=subq) & Q(name='a1')))
[<Author: a1>]

# The subquery result cache should not be populated
>>> subq._result_cache is None
True

"""}

# In Python 2.3 and the Python 2.6 beta releases, exceptions raised in __len__
# are swallowed (Python issue 1242657), so these cases return an empty list,
# rather than raising an exception. Not a lot we can do about that,
# unfortunately, due to the way Python handles list() calls internally. Thus,
# we skip the tests for Python 2.3 and 2.6.
if (2, 4) <= sys.version_info < (2, 6):
    __test__["API_TESTS"] += """
# If you're not careful, it's possible to introduce infinite loops via default
# ordering on foreign keys in a cycle. We detect that.
>>> LoopX.objects.all()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
FieldError: Infinite loop caused by ordering.

>>> LoopZ.objects.all()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
FieldError: Infinite loop caused by ordering.

# Note that this doesn't cause an infinite loop, since the default ordering on
# the Tag model is empty (and thus defaults to using "id" for the related
# field).
>>> len(Tag.objects.order_by('parent'))
5

# ... but you can still order in a non-recursive fashion amongst linked fields
# (the previous test failed because the default ordering was recursive).
>>> LoopX.objects.all().order_by('y__x__y__x__id')
[]

"""


# In Oracle, we expect a null CharField to return u'' instead of None.
if settings.DATABASE_ENGINE == "oracle":
    __test__["API_TESTS"] = __test__["API_TESTS"].replace("<NONE_OR_EMPTY_UNICODE>", "u''")
else:
    __test__["API_TESTS"] = __test__["API_TESTS"].replace("<NONE_OR_EMPTY_UNICODE>", "None")


if settings.DATABASE_ENGINE == "mysql":
    __test__["API_TESTS"] += """
When grouping without specifying ordering, we add an explicit "ORDER BY NULL"
portion in MySQL to prevent unnecessary sorting.

>>> query = Tag.objects.values_list('parent_id', flat=True).order_by().query
>>> query.group_by = ['parent_id']
>>> sql = query.as_sql()[0]
>>> fragment = "ORDER BY "
>>> pos = sql.find(fragment)
>>> sql.find(fragment, pos + 1) == -1
True
>>> sql.find("NULL", pos + len(fragment)) == pos + len(fragment)
True

"""

# Generator expressions are only in Python 2.4 and later.
if sys.version_info >= (2, 4):
    __test__["API_TESTS"] += """
Using an empty generator expression as the rvalue for an "__in" lookup is legal
(regression for #10432).
>>> Note.objects.filter(pk__in=(x for x in ()))
[]

"""