arrayops.jl

# This file is a part of Julia. License is MIT: https://julialang.org/license

#Array test

## basics

@test length([1, 2, 3]) == 3
@test countnz([1, 2, 3]) == 3

let a = ones(4), b = a+a, c = a-a
    @test b[1] === 2. && b[2] === 2. && b[3] === 2. && b[4] === 2.
    @test c[1] === 0. && c[2] === 0. && c[3] === 0. && c[4] === 0.
end

@test length((1,)) == 1
@test length((1,2)) == 2

@test isequal(1.+[1,2,3], [2,3,4])
@test isequal([1,2,3].+1, [2,3,4])
@test isequal(1.-[1,2,3], [0,-1,-2])
@test isequal([1,2,3].-1, [0,1,2])

@test isequal(5*[1,2,3], [5,10,15])
@test isequal([1,2,3]*5, [5,10,15])
@test isequal(1./[1,2,5], [1.0,0.5,0.2])
@test isequal([1,2,3]/5, [0.2,0.4,0.6])

@test isequal(2.%[1,2,3], [0,0,2])
@test isequal([1,2,3].%2, [1,0,1])
@test isequal(2.÷[1,2,3], [2,1,0])
@test isequal([1,2,3].÷2, [0,1,1])
@test isequal(-2.%[1,2,3], [0,0,-2])
@test isequal([-1,-2,-3].%2, [-1,0,-1])
@test isequal(-2.÷[1,2,3], [-2,-1,0])
@test isequal([-1,-2,-3].÷2, [0,-1,-1])

@test isequal(1.<<[1,2,5], [2,4,32])
@test isequal(128.>>[1,2,5], [64,32,4])
@test isequal(2.>>1, 1)
@test isequal(1.<<1, 2)
@test isequal([1,2,5].<<[1,2,5], [2,8,160])
@test isequal([10,20,50].>>[1,2,5], [5,5,1])


a = ones(2,2)
a[1,1] = 1
a[1,2] = 2
a[2,1] = 3
a[2,2] = 4
b = a'
@test a[1,1] == 1. && a[1,2] == 2. && a[2,1] == 3. && a[2,2] == 4.
@test b[1,1] == 1. && b[2,1] == 2. && b[1,2] == 3. && b[2,2] == 4.
a[[1 2 3 4]] = 0
@test a == zeros(2,2)
a[[1 2], [1 2]] = 1
@test a == ones(2,2)
a[[1 2], 1] = 0
@test a[1,1] == 0. && a[1,2] == 1. && a[2,1] == 0. && a[2,2] == 1.
a[:, [1 2]] = 2
@test a == 2ones(2,2)

a = Array{Float64}(2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
a[1,1,1,1,1] = 10
a[1,2,1,1,2] = 20
a[1,1,2,2,1] = 30

@test a[1,1,1,1,1] == 10
@test a[1,2,1,1,2] == 20
@test a[1,1,2,2,1] == 30

@test_throws ArgumentError reinterpret(Int8, a)

b = reshape(a, (32,))
@test b[1]  == 10
@test b[19] == 20
@test b[13] == 30
@test_throws DimensionMismatch reshape(b,(5,7))
@test_throws DimensionMismatch reshape(b,(35,))
@test_throws DimensionMismatch reinterpret(Int, b, (35,))
@test_throws ArgumentError reinterpret(Any, b, (32,))
@test_throws DimensionMismatch reinterpret(Complex128, b, (32,))
c = ["hello", "world"]
@test_throws ArgumentError reinterpret(Float32, c, (2,))
a = Vector(ones(5))
@test_throws ArgumentError resize!(a, -2)

b = rand(32)
a = reshape(b, (2, 2, 2, 2, 2))
@test ndims(a) == 5
@test a[2,1,2,2,1] == b[14]
@test a[2,2,2,2,2] == b[end]

a = collect(reshape(1:5, 1, 5))
# reshaping linearfast SubArrays
s = view(a, :, 2:4)
r = reshape(s, (length(s),))
@test length(r) == 3
@test r[1] == 2
@test r[3,1] == 4
@test r[Base.ReshapedIndex(CartesianIndex((1,2)))] == 3
@test parent(reshape(r, (1,3))) === r.parent === s
@test parentindexes(r) == (1:1, 1:3)
@test reshape(r, (3,)) === r
@test convert(Array{Int,1}, r) == [2,3,4]
@test_throws MethodError convert(Array{Int,2}, r)
@test convert(Array{Int}, r) == [2,3,4]
@test Base.unsafe_convert(Ptr{Int}, r) == Base.unsafe_convert(Ptr{Int}, s)

# reshaping linearslow SubArrays
s = view(a, :, [2,3,5])
r = reshape(s, length(s))
@test length(r) == 3
@test r[1] == 2
@test r[3,1] == 5
@test r[Base.ReshapedIndex(CartesianIndex((1,2)))] == 3
@test parent(reshape(r, (1,3))) === r.parent === s
@test parentindexes(r) == (1:1, 1:3)
@test reshape(r, (3,)) === r
@test convert(Array{Int,1}, r) == [2,3,5]
@test_throws MethodError convert(Array{Int,2}, r)
@test convert(Array{Int}, r) == [2,3,5]
@test_throws ErrorException Base.unsafe_convert(Ptr{Int}, r)
r[2] = -1
@test a[3] == -1
a = zeros(0, 5)  # an empty linearslow array
s = view(a, :, [2,3,5])
@test length(reshape(s, length(s))) == 0

# reshape(a, Val{N})
a = ones(Int,3,3)
s = view(a, 1:2, 1:2)
for N in (1,3)
    @test isa(reshape(a, Val{N}), Array{Int,N})
    @test isa(reshape(s, Val{N}), Base.ReshapedArray{Int,N})
end

@test reshape(1:5, (5,)) === 1:5
@test reshape(1:5, 5) === 1:5

# setindex! on a reshaped range
a = reshape(1:20, 5, 4)
for idx in ((3,), (2,2), (Base.ReshapedIndex(1),))
    try
        a[idx...] = 7
        error("wrong error")
    catch err
        @test err.msg == "indexed assignment fails for a reshaped range; consider calling collect"
    end
end

# conversion from ReshapedArray to Array (#18262)
a = Base.ReshapedArray(1:3, (3, 1), ())
@test convert(Array, a) == a
@test convert(Array{Int}, a) == a
@test convert(Array{Float64}, a) == a
@test convert(Matrix, a) == a
@test convert(Matrix{Int}, a) == a
@test convert(Matrix{Float64}, a) == a
b = Base.ReshapedArray(1:3, (3,), ())
@test convert(Array, b) == b
@test convert(Array{Int}, b) == b
@test convert(Array{Float64}, b) == b
@test convert(Vector, b) == b
@test convert(Vector{Int}, b) == b
@test convert(Vector{Float64}, b) == b

# operations with LinearFast ReshapedArray
b = collect(1:12)
a = Base.ReshapedArray(b, (4,3), ())
@test a[3,2] == 7
@test a[6] == 6
a[3,2] = -2
a[6] = -3
a[Base.ReshapedIndex(5)] = -4
@test b[5] == -4
@test b[6] == -3
@test b[7] == -2
b = reinterpret(Int, a, (3,4))
b[1] = -1
@test vec(b) == vec(a)

a = rand(1, 1, 8, 8, 1)
@test @inferred(squeeze(a, 1)) == @inferred(squeeze(a, (1,))) == reshape(a, (1, 8, 8, 1))
@test @inferred(squeeze(a, (1, 5))) == squeeze(a, (5, 1)) == reshape(a, (1, 8, 8))
@test @inferred(squeeze(a, (1, 2, 5))) == squeeze(a, (5, 2, 1)) == reshape(a, (8, 8))
@test_throws ArgumentError squeeze(a, 0)
@test_throws ArgumentError squeeze(a, (1, 1))
@test_throws ArgumentError squeeze(a, (1, 2, 1))
@test_throws ArgumentError squeeze(a, (1, 1, 2))
@test_throws ArgumentError squeeze(a, 3)
@test_throws ArgumentError squeeze(a, 4)
@test_throws ArgumentError squeeze(a, 6)

sz = (5,8,7)
A = reshape(1:prod(sz),sz...)
@test A[2:6] == [2:6;]
@test A[1:3,2,2:4] == cat(2,46:48,86:88,126:128)
@test A[:,7:-3:1,5] == [191 176 161; 192 177 162; 193 178 163; 194 179 164; 195 180 165]
@test A[:,3:9] == reshape(11:45,5,7)
rng = (2,2:3,2:2:5)
tmp = zeros(Int,map(maximum,rng)...)
tmp[rng...] = A[rng...]
@test  tmp == cat(3,zeros(Int,2,3),[0 0 0; 0 47 52],zeros(Int,2,3),[0 0 0; 0 127 132])

@test cat([1,2],1,2,3.,4.,5.) == diagm([1,2,3.,4.,5.])
blk = [1 2;3 4]
tmp = cat([1,3],blk,blk)
@test tmp[1:2,1:2,1] == blk
@test tmp[1:2,1:2,2] == zero(blk)
@test tmp[3:4,1:2,1] == zero(blk)
@test tmp[3:4,1:2,2] == blk

x = rand(2,2)
b = x[1,:]
@test isequal(size(b), (2,))
b = x[:,1]
@test isequal(size(b), (2,))

x = rand(5,5)
b = x[2:3,2]
@test b[1] == x[2,2] && b[2] == x[3,2]

B = zeros(4,5)
B[:,3] = 1:4
@test B == [0 0 1 0 0; 0 0 2 0 0; 0 0 3 0 0; 0 0 4 0 0]
B[2,:] = 11:15
@test B == [0 0 1 0 0; 11 12 13 14 15; 0 0 3 0 0; 0 0 4 0 0]
B[[3,1],[2,4]] = [21 22; 23 24]
@test B == [0 23 1 24 0; 11 12 13 14 15; 0 21 3 22 0; 0 0 4 0 0]
B[4,[2,3]] = 7
@test B == [0 23 1 24 0; 11 12 13 14 15; 0 21 3 22 0; 0 7 7 0 0]

@test isequal(reshape(1:27, 3, 3, 3)[1,:], [1,  4,  7,  10,  13,  16,  19,  22,  25])

a = [3, 5, -7, 6]
b = [4, 6, 2, -7, 1]
ind = findin(a, b)
@test ind == [3,4]

rt = Base.return_types(setindex!, Tuple{Array{Int32, 3}, UInt8, Vector{Int}, Int16, UnitRange{Int}})
@test length(rt) == 1 && rt[1] == Array{Int32, 3}

# construction
@test typeof(Vector{Int}(3)) == Vector{Int}
@test typeof(Vector{Int}()) == Vector{Int}
@test typeof(Vector(3)) == Vector{Any}
@test typeof(Vector()) == Vector{Any}
@test typeof(Matrix{Int}(2,3)) == Matrix{Int}
@test typeof(Matrix{Int}()) == Matrix{Int}
@test typeof(Matrix(2,3)) == Matrix{Any}
@test typeof(Matrix()) == Matrix{Any}

@test size(Vector{Int}(3)) == (3,)
@test size(Vector{Int}()) == (0,)
@test size(Vector(3)) == (3,)
@test size(Vector()) == (0,)
@test size(Matrix{Int}(2,3)) == (2,3)
@test size(Matrix{Int}()) == (0,0)
@test size(Matrix(2,3)) == (2,3)
@test size(Matrix()) == (0,0)

# get
let
    A = reshape(1:24, 3, 8)
    x = get(A, 32, -12)
    @test x == -12
    x = get(A, 14, -12)
    @test x == 14
    x = get(A, (2,4), -12)
    @test x == 11
    x = get(A, (4,4), -12)
    @test x == -12
    X = get(A, -5:5, NaN32)
    @test eltype(X) == Float32
    @test Base.elsize(X) == sizeof(Float32)
    @test !isinteger(X)
    @test isnan(X) == [trues(6);falses(5)]
    @test X[7:11] == [1:5;]
    X = get(A, (2:4, 9:-2:-13), 0)
    Xv = zeros(Int, 3, 12)
    Xv[1:2, 2:5] = A[2:3, 7:-2:1]
    @test X == Xv
    X2 = get(A, Vector{Int}[[2:4;], [9:-2:-13;]], 0)
    @test X == X2
end

## arrays as dequeues
l = Any[1]
push!(l,2,3,8)
@test l[1]==1 && l[2]==2 && l[3]==3 && l[4]==8
v = pop!(l)
@test v == 8
v = pop!(l)
@test v == 3
@test length(l)==2
m = Any[]
@test_throws ArgumentError pop!(m)
@test_throws ArgumentError shift!(m)
unshift!(l,4,7,5)
@test l[1]==4 && l[2]==7 && l[3]==5 && l[4]==1 && l[5]==2
v = shift!(l)
@test v == 4
@test length(l)==4

v = [3, 7, 6]
@test_throws BoundsError insert!(v, 0, 5)
for i = 1:4
    vc = copy(v)
    @test insert!(vc, i, 5) === vc
    @test vc == [v[1:(i-1)]; 5; v[i:end]]
end
@test_throws BoundsError insert!(v, 5, 5)

# concatenation
@test isequal([ones(2,2)  2*ones(2,1)], [1. 1 2; 1 1 2])
@test isequal([ones(2,2); 2*ones(1,2)], [1. 1; 1 1; 2 2])

# typed array literals
X = Float64[1 2 3]
Y = [1. 2. 3.]
@test size(X) == size(Y)
for i = 1:3 @test X[i] === Y[i] end
X = Float64[1;2;3]
Y = [1.,2.,3.]
@test size(X) == size(Y)
for i = 1:3 @test X[i] === Y[i] end
X = Float64[1 2 3; 4 5 6]
Y = [1. 2. 3.; 4. 5. 6.]
@test size(X) == size(Y)
for i = 1:length(X) @test X[i] === Y[i] end

_array_equiv(a,b) = eltype(a) == eltype(b) && a == b
@test _array_equiv(UInt8[1:3;4], [0x1,0x2,0x3,0x4])
@test_throws MethodError UInt8[1:3]
@test_throws MethodError UInt8[1:3,]
@test_throws MethodError UInt8[1:3,4:6]
a = Array{UnitRange{Int}}(1); a[1] = 1:3
@test _array_equiv([1:3,], a)
a = Array{UnitRange{Int}}(2); a[1] = 1:3; a[2] = 4:6
@test _array_equiv([1:3,4:6], a)

# typed hvcat
let X = Float64[1 2 3; 4 5 6]
    X32 = Float32[X X; X X]
    @test eltype(X32) <: Float32
    for i=[1,3], j=[1,4]
        @test X32[i:(i+1), j:(j+2)] == X
    end
end

# "end"
X = [ i+2j for i=1:5, j=1:5 ]
@test X[end,end] == 15
@test X[end]     == 15  # linear index
@test X[2,  end] == 12
@test X[end,  2] == 9
@test X[end-1,2] == 8
Y = [2, 1, 4, 3]
@test X[Y[end],1] == 5
@test X[end,Y[end]] == 11

## find, findfirst, findnext, findlast, findprev ##
a = [0,1,2,3,0,1,2,3]
@test find(a) == [2,3,4,6,7,8]
@test find(a.==2) == [3,7]
@test find(isodd,a) == [2,4,6,8]
@test findfirst(a) == 2
@test findfirst(a.==0) == 1
@test findfirst(a.==5) == 0
@test findfirst([1,2,4,1,2,3,4], 3) == 6
@test findfirst(isodd, [2,4,6,3,9,2,0]) == 4
@test findfirst(isodd, [2,4,6,2,0]) == 0
@test findnext(a,4) == 4
@test findnext(a,5) == 6
@test findnext(a,1) == 2
@test findnext(a,1,4) == 6
@test findnext(a,5,4) == 0
@test findlast(a) == 8
@test findlast(a.==0) == 5
@test findlast(a.==5) == 0
@test findlast([1,2,4,1,2,3,4], 3) == 6
@test findlast(isodd, [2,4,6,3,9,2,0]) == 5
@test findlast(isodd, [2,4,6,2,0]) == 0
@test findprev(a,4) == 4
@test findprev(a,5) == 4
@test findprev(a,1) == 0
@test findprev(a,1,4) == 2
@test findprev(a,1,8) == 6
@test findprev(isodd, [2,4,5,3,9,2,0], 7) == 5
@test findprev(isodd, [2,4,5,3,9,2,0], 2) == 0

# find with general iterables
s = "julia"
# FIXME once 16269 is resolved
# @test find(s) == [1,2,3,4,5]
@test find(c -> c == 'l', s) == [3]
g = graphemes("日本語")
@test find(g) == [1,2,3]
@test find(isascii, g) == Int[]

## findn ##

b = findn(ones(2,2,2,2))
@test (length(b[1]) == 16)
@test (length(b[2]) == 16)
@test (length(b[3]) == 16)
@test (length(b[4]) == 16)

#hand made case
a = ([2,1,2],[1,2,2],[2,2,2])
z = zeros(2,2,2)
for i = 1:3
    z[a[1][i],a[2][i],a[3][i]] = 10
end
@test isequal(a,findn(z))

#findmin findmax indmin indmax
@test indmax([10,12,9,11]) == 2
@test indmin([10,12,9,11]) == 3
@test findmin([NaN,3.2,1.8]) == (1.8,3)
@test findmax([NaN,3.2,1.8]) == (3.2,2)
@test findmin([NaN,3.2,1.8,NaN]) == (1.8,3)
@test findmax([NaN,3.2,1.8,NaN]) == (3.2,2)
@test findmin([3.2,1.8,NaN,2.0]) == (1.8,2)
@test findmax([3.2,1.8,NaN,2.0]) == (3.2,1)

# #14085
@test findmax(4:9) == (9,6)
@test indmax(4:9) == 6
@test findmin(4:9) == (4,1)
@test indmin(4:9) == 1
@test findmax(5:-2:1) == (5,1)
@test indmax(5:-2:1) == 1
@test findmin(5:-2:1) == (1,3)
@test indmin(5:-2:1) == 3

## permutedims ##

#keeps the num of dim
p = randperm(5)
q = randperm(5)
a = rand(p...)
b = permutedims(a,q)
@test isequal(size(b), tuple(p[q]...))

#hand made case
y = zeros(1,2,3)
for i = 1:6
    y[i]=i
end

z = zeros(3,1,2)
for i = 1:3
    z[i] = i*2-1
    z[i+3] = i*2
end

#permutes correctly
@test isequal(z,permutedims(y,[3,1,2]))
@test isequal(z,permutedims(y,(3,1,2)))

# of a subarray
a = rand(5,5)
s = view(a,2:3,2:3)
p = permutedims(s, [2,1])
@test p[1,1]==a[2,2] && p[1,2]==a[3,2]
@test p[2,1]==a[2,3] && p[2,2]==a[3,3]

# of a non-strided subarray
a = reshape(1:60, 3, 4, 5)
s = view(a,:,[1,2,4],[1,5])
c = convert(Array, s)
for p in ([1,2,3], [1,3,2], [2,1,3], [2,3,1], [3,1,2], [3,2,1])
    @test permutedims(s, p) == permutedims(c, p)
    @test Base.PermutedDimsArrays.PermutedDimsArray(s, p) == permutedims(c, p)
end
@test_throws ArgumentError permutedims(a, (1,1,1))
@test_throws ArgumentError permutedims(s, (1,1,1))
@test_throws ArgumentError Base.PermutedDimsArrays.PermutedDimsArray(a, (1,1,1))
@test_throws ArgumentError Base.PermutedDimsArrays.PermutedDimsArray(s, (1,1,1))
cptr = Base.PermutedDimsArrays.PermutedDimsArray(c, (3,2,1))
@test pointer(cptr) == pointer(c)
@test_throws ArgumentError pointer(cptr, 2)
@test strides(cptr) == (9,3,1)
ap = Base.PermutedDimsArrays.PermutedDimsArray(collect(a), (2,1,3))
@test strides(ap) == (3,1,12)

## ipermutedims ##

tensors = Any[rand(1,2,3,4),rand(2,2,2,2),rand(5,6,5,6),rand(1,1,1,1)]
for i = tensors
    perm = randperm(4)
    @test isequal(i,ipermutedims(permutedims(i,perm),perm))
    @test isequal(i,permutedims(ipermutedims(i,perm),perm))
end

## circshift

@test circshift(1:5, -1) == circshift(1:5, 4) == circshift(1:5, -6) == [2,3,4,5,1]
@test circshift(1:5, 1) == circshift(1:5, -4) == circshift(1:5, 6)  == [5,1,2,3,4]
a = [1:5;]
@test_throws ArgumentError Base.circshift!(a, a, 1)
b = copy(a)
@test Base.circshift!(b, a, 1) == [5,1,2,3,4]

## unique across dim ##

# All rows and columns unique
A = ones(10, 10)
A[diagind(A)] = shuffle!([1:10;])
@test unique(A, 1) == A
@test unique(A, 2) == A

# 10 repeats of each row
B = A[shuffle!(repmat(1:10, 10)), :]
C = unique(B, 1)
@test sortrows(C) == sortrows(A)
@test unique(B, 2) == B
@test unique(B.', 2).' == C

# Along third dimension
D = cat(3, B, B)
@test unique(D, 1) == cat(3, C, C)
@test unique(D, 3) == cat(3, B)

# With hash collisions
immutable HashCollision
    x::Float64
end
Base.hash(::HashCollision, h::UInt) = h
@test map(x->x.x, unique(map(HashCollision, B), 1)) == C

## large matrices transpose ##

for i = 1 : 3
    a = rand(200, 300)
    @test isequal(a', permutedims(a, [2, 1]))
end

let
    local A, A1, A2, A3, v, v2, cv, cv2, c, R, T
    A = ones(Int,2,3,4)
    A1 = reshape(repmat([1,2],1,12),2,3,4)
    A2 = reshape(repmat([1 2 3],2,4),2,3,4)
    A3 = reshape(repmat([1 2 3 4],6,1),2,3,4)
    @test isequal(cumsum(A),A1)
    @test isequal(cumsum(A,1),A1)
    @test isequal(cumsum(A,2),A2)
    @test isequal(cumsum(A,3),A3)

    R = repeat([1, 2])
    @test R == [1, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner=1)
    @test R == [1, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], outer=1)
    @test R == [1, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner=(1,))
    @test R == [1, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], outer=(1,))
    @test R == [1, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner=[1])
    @test R == [1, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], outer=[1])
    @test R == [1, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner=1, outer=1)
    @test R == [1, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner=(1,), outer=(1,))
    @test R == [1, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner=[1], outer=[1])
    @test R == [1, 2]

    R = repeat([1, 2], inner=2)
    @test R == [1, 1, 2, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], outer=2)
    @test R == [1, 2, 1, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner=(2,))
    @test R == [1, 1, 2, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], outer=(2,))
    @test R == [1, 2, 1, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner=[2])
    @test R == [1, 1, 2, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], outer=[2])
    @test R == [1, 2, 1, 2]

    R = repeat([1, 2], inner=2, outer=2)
    @test R == [1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner=(2,), outer=(2,))
    @test R == [1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner=[2], outer=[2])
    @test R == [1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2]

    R = repeat([1, 2], inner = (1, 1), outer = (1, 1))
    @test R == [1, 2]''
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner = (2, 1), outer = (1, 1))
    @test R == [1, 1, 2, 2]''
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner = (1, 2), outer = (1, 1))
    @test R == [1 1; 2 2]
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner = (1, 1), outer = (2, 1))
    @test R == [1, 2, 1, 2]''
    R = repeat([1, 2], inner = (1, 1), outer = (1, 2))
    @test R == [1 1; 2 2]

    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (1, 1), outer = (1, 1))
    @test R == [1 2;
                  3 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (1, 1), outer = (2, 1))
    @test R == [1 2;
                  3 4;
                  1 2;
                  3 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (1, 1), outer = (1, 2))
    @test R == [1 2 1 2;
                  3 4 3 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (1, 1), outer = (2, 2))
    @test R == [1 2 1 2;
                  3 4 3 4;
                  1 2 1 2;
                  3 4 3 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (2, 1), outer = (1, 1))
    @test R == [1 2;
                  1 2;
                  3 4;
                  3 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (2, 1), outer = (2, 1))
    @test R == [1 2;
                  1 2;
                  3 4;
                  3 4;
                  1 2;
                  1 2;
                  3 4;
                  3 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (2, 1), outer = (1, 2))
    @test R == [1 2 1 2;
                  1 2 1 2;
                  3 4 3 4;
                  3 4 3 4;]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (2, 1), outer = (2, 2))
    @test R == [1 2 1 2;
                  1 2 1 2;
                  3 4 3 4;
                  3 4 3 4;
                  1 2 1 2;
                  1 2 1 2;
                  3 4 3 4;
                  3 4 3 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (1, 2), outer = (1, 1))
    @test R == [1 1 2 2;
                  3 3 4 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (1, 2), outer = (2, 1))
    @test R == [1 1 2 2;
                  3 3 4 4;
                  1 1 2 2;
                  3 3 4 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (1, 2), outer = (1, 2))
    @test R == [1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2;
                  3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (1, 2), outer = (2, 2))
    @test R == [1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2;
                  3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4;
                  1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2;
                  3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (2, 2), outer = [1, 1])
    @test R == [1 1 2 2;
                  1 1 2 2;
                  3 3 4 4;
                  3 3 4 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (2, 2), outer = (2, 1))
    @test R == [1 1 2 2;
                  1 1 2 2;
                  3 3 4 4;
                  3 3 4 4;
                  1 1 2 2;
                  1 1 2 2;
                  3 3 4 4;
                  3 3 4 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (2, 2), outer = (1, 2))
    @test R == [1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2;
                  1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2;
                  3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4;
                  3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4]
    R = repeat([1 2;
                3 4], inner = (2, 2), outer = (2, 2))
    @test R == [1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2;
                  1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2;
                  3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4;
                  3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4;
                  1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2;
                  1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2;
                  3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4;
                  3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4]
    @test_throws ArgumentError repeat([1 2;
                                       3 4], inner=2, outer=(2, 2))
    @test_throws ArgumentError repeat([1 2;
                                       3 4], inner=(2, 2), outer=2)
    @test_throws ArgumentError repeat([1 2;
                                       3 4], inner=(2,), outer=(2, 2))
    @test_throws ArgumentError repeat([1 2;
                                       3 4], inner=(2, 2), outer=(2,))

    A = reshape(1:8, 2, 2, 2)
    R = repeat(A, inner = (1, 1, 2), outer = (1, 1, 1))
    T = reshape([1:4; 1:4; 5:8; 5:8], 2, 2, 4)
    @test R == T
    A = Array{Int}(2, 2, 2)
    A[:, :, 1] = [1 2;
                  3 4]
    A[:, :, 2] = [5 6;
                  7 8]
    R = repeat(A, inner = (2, 2, 2), outer = (2, 2, 2))
    @test R[1, 1, 1] == 1
    @test R[2, 2, 2] == 1
    @test R[3, 3, 3] == 8
    @test R[4, 4, 4] == 8
    @test R[5, 5, 5] == 1
    @test R[6, 6, 6] == 1
    @test R[7, 7, 7] == 8
    @test R[8, 8, 8] == 8

    R = repeat(1:2)
    @test R == [1, 2]
    R = repeat(1:2, inner=1)
    @test R == [1, 2]
    R = repeat(1:2, inner=2)
    @test R == [1, 1, 2, 2]
    R = repeat(1:2, outer=1)
    @test R == [1, 2]
    R = repeat(1:2, outer=2)
    @test R == [1, 2, 1, 2]
    R = repeat(1:2, inner=(3,), outer=(2,))
    @test R == [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]

    A = rand(4,4)
    for s in Any[A[1:2:4, 1:2:4], view(A, 1:2:4, 1:2:4)]
        c = cumsum(s, 1)
        @test c[1,1] == A[1,1]
        @test c[2,1] == A[1,1]+A[3,1]
        @test c[1,2] == A[1,3]
        @test c[2,2] == A[1,3]+A[3,3]

        c = cumsum(s, 2)
        @test c[1,1] == A[1,1]
        @test c[2,1] == A[3,1]
        @test c[1,2] == A[1,1]+A[1,3]
        @test c[2,2] == A[3,1]+A[3,3]
    end

    v   = [1,1e100,1,-1e100]*1000
    v2  = [1,-1e100,1,1e100]*1000

    cv  = [1,1e100,1e100,2]*1000
    cv2 = [1,-1e100,-1e100,2]*1000

    @test isequal(cumsum_kbn(v), cv)
    @test isequal(cumsum_kbn(v2), cv2)

    A = [v reverse(v) v2 reverse(v2)]

    c = cumsum_kbn(A, 1)

    @test isequal(c[:,1], cv)
    @test isequal(c[:,3], cv2)
    @test isequal(c[4,:], [2.0, 2.0, 2.0, 2.0]*1000)

    c = cumsum_kbn(A, 2)

    @test isequal(c[1,:], cv2)
    @test isequal(c[3,:], cv)
    @test isequal(c[:,4], [2.0,2.0,2.0,2.0]*1000)
end

@test (1:5)[[true,false,true,false,true]] == [1,3,5]
@test [1:5;][[true,false,true,false,true]] == [1,3,5]
@test_throws BoundsError (1:5)[[true,false,true,false]]
@test_throws BoundsError (1:5)[[true,false,true,false,true,false]]
@test_throws BoundsError [1:5;][[true,false,true,false]]
@test_throws BoundsError [1:5;][[true,false,true,false,true,false]]
a = [1:5;]
a[[true,false,true,false,true]] = 6
@test a == [6,2,6,4,6]
a[[true,false,true,false,true]] = [7,8,9]
@test a == [7,2,8,4,9]
@test_throws DimensionMismatch (a[[true,false,true,false,true]] = [7,8,9,10])
A = reshape(1:15, 3, 5)
@test A[[true, false, true], [false, false, true, true, false]] == [7 10; 9 12]
@test_throws BoundsError A[[true, false], [false, false, true, true, false]]
@test_throws BoundsError A[[true, false, true], [false, true, true, false]]
@test_throws BoundsError A[[true, false, true, true], [false, false, true, true, false]]
@test_throws BoundsError A[[true, false, true], [false, false, true, true, false, true]]
A = ones(Int, 3, 5)
@test_throws DimensionMismatch A[2,[true, false, true, true, false]] = 2:5
A[2,[true, false, true, true, false]] = 2:4
@test A == [1 1 1 1 1; 2 1 3 4 1; 1 1 1 1 1]
@test_throws DimensionMismatch A[[true,false,true], 5] = [19]
@test_throws DimensionMismatch A[[true,false,true], 5] = 19:21
A[[true,false,true], 5] = 7
@test A == [1 1 1 1 7; 2 1 3 4 1; 1 1 1 1 7]

B = cat(3, 1, 2, 3)
@test B[:,:,[true, false, true]] == reshape([1,3], 1, 1, 2)  # issue #5454

# issue #2342
@test isequal(cumsum([1 2 3]), [1 2 3])

# set-like operations
@test isequal(union([1,2,3], [4,3,4]), [1,2,3,4])
@test isequal(union(['e','c','a'], ['b','a','d']), ['e','c','a','b','d'])
@test isequal(union([1,2,3], [4,3], [5]), [1,2,3,4,5])
@test isequal(union([1,2,3]), [1,2,3])
@test isequal(union([1,2,3], Int64[]), Int64[1,2,3])
@test isequal(union([1,2,3], Float64[]), Float64[1.0,2,3])
@test isequal(union(Int64[], [1,2,3]), Int64[1,2,3])
@test isequal(union(Int64[]), Int64[])
@test isequal(intersect([1,2,3], [4,3,4]), [3])
@test isequal(intersect(['e','c','a'], ['b','a','d']), ['a'])
@test isequal(intersect([1,2,3], [3,1], [2,1,3]), [1,3])
@test isequal(intersect([1,2,3]), [1,2,3])
@test isequal(intersect([1,2,3], Int64[]), Int64[])
@test isequal(intersect([1,2,3], Float64[]), Float64[])
@test isequal(intersect(Int64[], [1,2,3]), Int64[])
@test isequal(intersect(Int64[]), Int64[])
@test isequal(setdiff([1,2,3,4], [2,5,4]), [1,3])
@test isequal(setdiff([1,2,3,4], [7,8,9]), [1,2,3,4])
@test isequal(setdiff([1,2,3,4], Int64[]), Int64[1,2,3,4])
@test isequal(setdiff([1,2,3,4], [1,2,3,4,5]), Int64[])
@test isequal(symdiff([1,2,3], [4,3,4]), [1,2,4])
@test isequal(symdiff(['e','c','a'], ['b','a','d']), ['e','c','b','d'])
@test isequal(symdiff([1,2,3], [4,3], [5]), [1,2,4,5])
@test isequal(symdiff([1,2,3,4,5], [1,2,3], [3,4]), [3,5])
@test isequal(symdiff([1,2,3]), [1,2,3])
@test isequal(symdiff([1,2,3], Int64[]), Int64[1,2,3])
@test isequal(symdiff([1,2,3], Float64[]), Float64[1.0,2,3])
@test isequal(symdiff(Int64[], [1,2,3]), Int64[1,2,3])
@test isequal(symdiff(Int64[]), Int64[])

# mapslices
let
    local a,h,i
    a = rand(5,5)
    s = mapslices(sort, a, [1])
    S = mapslices(sort, a, [2])
    for i = 1:5
        @test s[:,i] == sort(a[:,i])
        @test vec(S[i,:]) == sort(vec(a[i,:]))
    end

    # issue #3613
    b = mapslices(sum, ones(2,3,4), [1,2])
    @test size(b) === (1,1,4)
    @test all(b.==6)

    # issue #5141
    ## Update Removed the version that removes the dimensions when dims==1:ndims(A)
    c1 = mapslices(x-> maximum(-x), a, [])
    @test c1 == -a

    # other types than Number
    @test mapslices(prod,["1" "2"; "3" "4"],1) == ["13" "24"]
    @test mapslices(prod,["1"],1) == ["1"]

    # issue #5177

    c = ones(2,3,4)
    m1 = mapslices(x-> ones(2,3), c, [1,2])
    m2 = mapslices(x-> ones(2,4), c, [1,3])
    m3 = mapslices(x-> ones(3,4), c, [2,3])
    @test size(m1) == size(m2) == size(m3) == size(c)

    n1 = mapslices(x-> ones(6), c, [1,2])
    n2 = mapslices(x-> ones(6), c, [1,3])
    n3 = mapslices(x-> ones(6), c, [2,3])
    n1a = mapslices(x-> ones(1,6), c, [1,2])
    n2a = mapslices(x-> ones(1,6), c, [1,3])
    n3a = mapslices(x-> ones(1,6), c, [2,3])
    @test size(n1a) == (1,6,4) && size(n2a) == (1,3,6)  && size(n3a) == (2,1,6)
    @test size(n1) == (6,1,4) && size(n2) == (6,3,1)  && size(n3) == (2,6,1)

    # mutating functions
    o = ones(3, 4)
    m = mapslices(x->fill!(x, 0), o, 2)
    @test m == zeros(3, 4)
    @test o == ones(3, 4)
end


# single multidimensional index
let
    a = rand(6,6)
    I = [1 4 5; 4 2 6; 5 6 3]
    a2 = a[I]
    @test size(a2) == size(I)
    for i = 1:length(a2)
        @test a2[i] == a[I[i]]
    end
    a = [1,3,5]
    b = [1 3]
    a[b] = 8
    @test a == [8,3,8]
end

# assigning an array into itself
a = [1,3,5]
b = [3,1,2]
a[b] = a
@test a == [3,5,1]
a = [3,2,1]
a[a] = [4,5,6]
@test a == [6,5,4]

# lexicographic comparison
@test lexcmp([1.0], [1]) == 0
@test lexcmp([1], [1.0]) == 0
@test lexcmp([1, 1], [1, 1]) == 0
@test lexcmp([1, 1], [2, 1]) == -1
@test lexcmp([2, 1], [1, 1]) == 1
@test lexcmp([1, 1], [1, 2]) == -1
@test lexcmp([1, 2], [1, 1]) == 1
@test lexcmp([1], [1, 1]) == -1
@test lexcmp([1, 1], [1]) == 1

# sort on arrays
let
    local a = rand(3,3)

    asr = sortrows(a)
    @test lexless(asr[1,:],asr[2,:])
    @test lexless(asr[2,:],asr[3,:])

    asc = sortcols(a)
    @test lexless(asc[:,1],asc[:,2])
    @test lexless(asc[:,2],asc[:,3])

    asr = sortrows(a, rev=true)
    @test lexless(asr[2,:],asr[1,:])
    @test lexless(asr[3,:],asr[2,:])

    asc = sortcols(a, rev=true)
    @test lexless(asc[:,2],asc[:,1])
    @test lexless(asc[:,3],asc[:,2])

    as = sort(a, 1)
    @test issorted(as[:,1])
    @test issorted(as[:,2])
    @test issorted(as[:,3])

    as = sort(a, 2)
    @test issorted(as[1,:])
    @test issorted(as[2,:])
    @test issorted(as[3,:])

    local b = rand(21,21,2)

    bs = sort(b, 1)
    for i in 1:21
        @test issorted(bs[:,i,1])
        @test issorted(bs[:,i,2])
    end

    bs = sort(b, 2)
    for i in 1:21
        @test issorted(bs[i,:,1])
        @test issorted(bs[i,:,2])
    end

    bs = sort(b, 3)
    @test all(bs[:,:,1] .<= bs[:,:,2])
end

# fill
@test fill!(Array{Float64}(1),-0.0)[1] === -0.0
A = ones(3,3)
S = view(A, 2, 1:3)
fill!(S, 2)
S = view(A, 1:2, 3)
fill!(S, 3)
@test A == [1 1 3; 2 2 3; 1 1 1]
rt = Base.return_types(fill!, Tuple{Array{Int32, 3}, UInt8})
@test length(rt) == 1 && rt[1] == Array{Int32, 3}
A = Array{Union{UInt8,Int8}}(3)
fill!(A, UInt8(3))
@test A == [0x03, 0x03, 0x03]
# Issue #9964
A = Array{Vector{Float64}}(2)
fill!(A, [1, 2])
@test A[1] == [1, 2]
@test A[1] === A[2]

# splice!
for idx in Any[1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 2:2, 1:2, 2:4, 9:8, 10:9, 9:9, 10:10,
               8:9, 9:10, 6:9, 7:10]
    for repl in Any[[], [11], [11,22], [11,22,33,44,55]]
        a = [1:10;]; acopy = copy(a)
        @test splice!(a, idx, repl) == acopy[idx]
        @test a == [acopy[1:(first(idx)-1)]; repl; acopy[(last(idx)+1):end]]
    end
end

# deleteat!
for idx in Any[1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 2:2, 1:2, 2:4, 9:8, 10:9, 9:9, 10:10,
               8:9, 9:10, 6:9, 7:10]
    a = [1:10;]; acopy = copy(a)
    @test deleteat!(a, idx) == [acopy[1:(first(idx)-1)]; acopy[(last(idx)+1):end]]
end
a = [1:10;]
@test deleteat!(a, 11:10) == [1:10;]
@test deleteat!(a, [1,3,5,7:10...]) == [2,4,6]
@test_throws BoundsError deleteat!(a, 13)
@test_throws BoundsError deleteat!(a, [1,13])
@test_throws ArgumentError deleteat!(a, [5,3])
@test_throws BoundsError deleteat!(a, 5:20)

# comprehensions
X = [ i+2j for i=1:5, j=1:5 ]
@test X[2,3] == 8
@test X[4,5] == 14
@test isequal(ones(2,3) * ones(2,3)', [3. 3.; 3. 3.])
# @test isequal([ [1,2] for i=1:2, : ], [1 2; 1 2])
# where element type is a Union. try to confuse type inference.
foo32_64(x) = (x<2) ? Int32(x) : Int64(x)
boo32_64() = [ foo32_64(i) for i=1:2 ]
let a36 = boo32_64()
    @test a36[1]==1 && a36[2]==2
end
@test isequal([1,2,3], [a for (a,b) in enumerate(2:4)])
@test isequal([2,3,4], [b for (a,b) in enumerate(2:4)])

# comprehension in let-bound function
let x⊙y = sum([x[i]*y[i] for i=1:length(x)])
    @test [1,2] ⊙ [3,4] == 11
end

@test_throws DomainError (10.^[-1])[1] == 0.1
@test (10.^[-1.])[1] == 0.1

# reverse
@test reverse([2,3,1]) == [1,3,2]
@test reverse([1:10;],1,4) == [4,3,2,1,5,6,7,8,9,10]
@test reverse([1:10;],3,6) == [1,2,6,5,4,3,7,8,9,10]
@test reverse([1:10;],6,10) == [1,2,3,4,5,10,9,8,7,6]
@test reverse(1:10,1,4) == [4,3,2,1,5,6,7,8,9,10]
@test reverse(1:10,3,6) == [1,2,6,5,4,3,7,8,9,10]
@test reverse(1:10,6,10) == [1,2,3,4,5,10,9,8,7,6]
@test reverse!([1:10;]) == [10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1]
@test reverse!([1:10;],1,4) == [4,3,2,1,5,6,7,8,9,10]
@test reverse!([1:10;],3,6) == [1,2,6,5,4,3,7,8,9,10]
@test reverse!([1:10;],6,10) == [1,2,3,4,5,10,9,8,7,6]
@test reverse!([1:10;], 11) == [1:10;]
@test_throws BoundsError reverse!([1:10;], 1, 11)
@test reverse!(Any[]) == Any[]

# flipdim
@test isequal(flipdim([2,3,1], 1), [1,3,2])
@test_throws ArgumentError flipdim([2,3,1], 2)
@test isequal(flipdim([2 3 1], 1), [2 3 1])
@test isequal(flipdim([2 3 1], 2), [1 3 2])
@test_throws ArgumentError flipdim([2,3,1], -1)
@test isequal(flipdim(1:10, 1), 10:-1:1)
@test_throws ArgumentError flipdim(1:10, 2)
@test_throws ArgumentError flipdim(1:10, -1)
@test isequal(flipdim(Array{Int}(0,0),1), Array{Int}(0,0))  # issue #5872

# isdiag, istril, istriu
@test isdiag(3)
@test istril(4)
@test istriu(5)
@test !isdiag([1 2; 3 4])
@test !istril([1 2; 3 4])
@test !istriu([1 2; 3 4])
@test isdiag([1 0; 0 4])
@test istril([1 0; 3 4])
@test istriu([1 2; 0 4])

# issue 4228
A = [[i i; i i] for i=1:2]
@test cumsum(A) == Any[[1 1; 1 1], [3 3; 3 3]]
@test cumprod(A) == Any[[1 1; 1 1], [4 4; 4 4]]

# PR #4627
A = [1,2]
@test append!(A, A) == [1,2,1,2]
@test prepend!(A, A) == [1,2,1,2,1,2,1,2]

A = [1,2]
s = Set([1,2,3])
@test sort(append!(A, s)) == [1,1,2,2,3]

# cases where shared arrays can/can't be grown
A = [1 3;2 4]
B = reshape(A, 4)
@test push!(B,5) == [1,2,3,4,5]
@test pop!(B) == 5
C = reshape(B, 1, 4)
@test_throws MethodError push!(C, 5)

A = [NaN]; B = [NaN]
@test !(A==A)
@test isequal(A,A)
@test A===A
@test !(A==B)
@test isequal(A,B)
@test A!==B

# complete testsuite for reducedim

# Inferred types
Nmax = 3 # TODO: go up to CARTESIAN_DIMS+2 (currently this exposes problems)
for N = 1:Nmax
    #indexing with (UnitRange, UnitRange, UnitRange)
    args = ntuple(d->UnitRange{Int}, N)
    @test Base.return_types(getindex, Tuple{Array{Float32, N}, args...}) == [Array{Float32, N}]
    @test Base.return_types(getindex, Tuple{BitArray{N}, args...}) == Any[BitArray{N}]
    @test Base.return_types(setindex!, Tuple{Array{Float32, N}, Array{Int, 1}, args...}) == [Array{Float32, N}]
    # Indexing with (UnitRange, UnitRange, Int)
    args = ntuple(d->d<N ? UnitRange{Int} : Int, N)
    N > 1 && @test Base.return_types(getindex, Tuple{Array{Float32, N}, args...}) == [Array{Float32, N-1}]
    N > 1 && @test Base.return_types(getindex, Tuple{BitArray{N}, args...}) == [BitArray{N-1}]
    N > 1 && @test Base.return_types(setindex!, Tuple{Array{Float32, N}, Array{Int, 1}, args...}) == [Array{Float32, N}]
end

# issue #6645 (32-bit)
let
    x = Float64[]
    for i=1:5; push!(x, 1.0); end
    @test dot(zeros(5),x) == 0.0
end

# issue #6977
@test size([]') == (1,0)

# issue #6996
@test Any[ 1 2; 3 4 ]' == Any[ 1 2; 3 4 ].'

# map with promotion (issue #6541)
@test map(join, ["z", "я"]) == ["z", "я"]

# Handle block matrices
A = [randn(2,2) for i = 1:2, j = 1:2]
@test issymmetric(A.'A)
A = [complex(randn(2,2), randn(2,2)) for i = 1:2, j = 1:2]
@test ishermitian(A'A)

# issue #7197
function i7197()
    S = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
    ind2sub(size(S), 5)
end
@test i7197() == (2,2)

# PR #8622 and general indexin test
function pr8622()
    x=[1,3,5,7]
    y=[5,4,3]
    return indexin(x,y)
end
@test pr8622() == [0,3,1,0]

#6828 - size of specific dimensions
a = Array{Float64}(10)
@test size(a) == (10,)
@test size(a, 1) == 10
@test size(a,2,1) == (1,10)
a = Array{Float64}(2,3)
@test size(a) == (2,3)
@test size(a,4,3,2,1) == (1,1,3,2)
@test size(a,1,2) == (2,3)
a = Array{Float64}(9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1)
@test size(a,1,1) == (9,9)
@test size(a,4) == 6
@test size(a,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,19,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1) == (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)

# Cartesian
function cartesian_foo()
    Base.@nexprs 2 d->(a_d_d = d)
    a_2_2
end
@test cartesian_foo() == 2

# Multidimensional iterators
for a in ([1:5;], reshape([2]))
    counter = 0
    for I in eachindex(a)
        counter += 1
    end
    @test counter == length(a)
    counter = 0
    for aa in a
        counter += 1
    end
    @test counter == length(a)
end

function mdsum(A)
    s = 0.0
    for a in A
        s += a
    end
    s
end

function mdsum2(A)
    s = 0.0
    @inbounds for I in eachindex(A)
        s += A[I]
    end
    s
end

a = [1:5;]
@test isa(Base.linearindexing(a), Base.LinearFast)
b = view(a, :)
@test isa(Base.linearindexing(b), Base.LinearFast)
@test isa(Base.linearindexing(trues(2)), Base.LinearFast)
@test isa(Base.linearindexing(BitArray{2}), Base.LinearFast)
aa = fill(99, 10)
aa[1:2:9] = a
shp = [5]
for i = 1:10
    A = reshape(a, tuple(shp...))
    @test mdsum(A) == 15
    @test mdsum2(A) == 15
    AA = reshape(aa, tuple(2, shp...))
    B = view(AA, 1:1, ntuple(i->Colon(), i)...)
    @test isa(Base.linearindexing(B), Base.IteratorsMD.LinearSlow)
    @test mdsum(B) == 15
    @test mdsum2(B) == 15
    unshift!(shp, 1)
end

a = [1:10;]
shp = [2,5]
for i = 2:10
    A = reshape(a, tuple(shp...))
    @test mdsum(A) == 55
    @test mdsum2(A) == 55
    B = view(A, ntuple(i->Colon(), i)...)
    @test mdsum(B) == 55
    @test mdsum2(B) == 55
    insert!(shp, 2, 1)
end

a = reshape([2])
@test mdsum(a) == 2
@test mdsum2(a) == 2

a = ones(0,5)
b = view(a, :, :)
@test mdsum(b) == 0
a = ones(5,0)
b = view(a, :, :)
@test mdsum(b) == 0

for a in (copy(reshape(1:60, 3, 4, 5)),
          view(copy(reshape(1:60, 3, 4, 5)), 1:3, :, :))
    @test a[CartesianIndex{3}(2,3,4)] == 44
    a[CartesianIndex{3}(2,3,3)] = -1
    @test a[CartesianIndex{3}(2,3,3)] == -1
    @test a[2,CartesianIndex{2}(3,4)] == 44
    a[1,CartesianIndex{2}(3,4)] = -2
    @test a[1,CartesianIndex{2}(3,4)] == -2
    @test a[CartesianIndex{1}(2),3,CartesianIndex{1}(4)] == 44
    a[CartesianIndex{1}(2),3,CartesianIndex{1}(3)] = -3
    @test a[CartesianIndex{1}(2),3,CartesianIndex{1}(3)] == -3
    @test a[:, :, CartesianIndex((1,))] == a[:,:,1]
    @test a[CartesianIndex((1,)), [1,2], :] == a[1,[1,2],:]
    @test a[CartesianIndex((2,)), 3:4, :] == a[2,3:4,:]
    @test a[[CartesianIndex(1,3),CartesianIndex(2,4)],3:3] == reshape([a[1,3,3]; a[2,4,3]], 2, 1)
    @test_throws BoundsError a[[CartesianIndex(1,5),CartesianIndex(2,4)],3:3]
    @test_throws BoundsError a[1:4, [CartesianIndex(1,3),CartesianIndex(2,4)]]
end

for a in (view(zeros(3, 4, 5), :, :, :),
          view(zeros(3, 4, 5), 1:3, :, :))
    a[CartesianIndex{3}(2,3,3)] = -1
    @test a[CartesianIndex{3}(2,3,3)] == -1
    a[1,CartesianIndex{2}(3,4)] = -2
    @test a[1,CartesianIndex{2}(3,4)] == -2
    a[CartesianIndex{1}(2),3,CartesianIndex{1}(3)] = -3
    @test a[CartesianIndex{1}(2),3,CartesianIndex{1}(3)] == -3
    a[[CartesianIndex(1,3),CartesianIndex(2,4)],3:3] = -4
    @test a[1,3,3] == -4
    @test a[2,4,3] == -4
end

I1 = CartesianIndex((2,3,0))
I2 = CartesianIndex((-1,5,2))
@test -I1 == CartesianIndex((-2,-3,0))
@test I1 + I2 == CartesianIndex((1,8,2))
@test I2 + I1 == CartesianIndex((1,8,2))
@test I1 - I2 == CartesianIndex((3,-2,-2))
@test I2 - I1 == CartesianIndex((-3,2,2))
@test I1 + 1 == CartesianIndex((3,4,1))
@test I1 - 2 == CartesianIndex((0,1,-2))

@test zero(CartesianIndex{2}) == CartesianIndex((0,0))
@test zero(CartesianIndex((2,3))) == CartesianIndex((0,0))
@test one(CartesianIndex{2}) == CartesianIndex((1,1))
@test one(CartesianIndex((2,3))) == CartesianIndex((1,1))

@test min(CartesianIndex((2,3)), CartesianIndex((5,2))) == CartesianIndex((2,2))
@test max(CartesianIndex((2,3)), CartesianIndex((5,2))) == CartesianIndex((5,3))

# CartesianIndex allows construction at a particular dimensionality
@test length(CartesianIndex{3}()) == 3
@test length(CartesianIndex{3}(1,2)) == 3
@test length(CartesianIndex{3}((1,2))) == 3
@test length(CartesianIndex{3}(1,2,3)) == 3
@test length(CartesianIndex{3}((1,2,3))) == 3
@test_throws ArgumentError CartesianIndex{3}(1,2,3,4)
@test_throws ArgumentError CartesianIndex{3}((1,2,3,4))

@test length(I1) == 3

@test isless(CartesianIndex((1,1)), CartesianIndex((2,1)))
@test isless(CartesianIndex((1,1)), CartesianIndex((1,2)))
@test isless(CartesianIndex((2,1)), CartesianIndex((1,2)))
@test !isless(CartesianIndex((1,2)), CartesianIndex((2,1)))

a = spzeros(2,3)
@test CartesianRange(size(a)) == eachindex(a)
a[CartesianIndex{2}(2,3)] = 5
@test a[2,3] == 5
b = view(a, 1:2, 2:3)
b[CartesianIndex{2}(1,1)] = 7
@test a[1,2] == 7
@test 2*CartesianIndex{3}(1,2,3) == CartesianIndex{3}(2,4,6)

R = CartesianRange(CartesianIndex{2}(2,3),CartesianIndex{2}(5,5))
@test eltype(R) <: CartesianIndex{2}
@test eltype(typeof(R)) <: CartesianIndex{2}
indexes = collect(R)
@test indexes[1] == CartesianIndex{2}(2,3)
@test indexes[2] == CartesianIndex{2}(3,3)
@test indexes[4] == CartesianIndex{2}(5,3)
@test indexes[5] == CartesianIndex{2}(2,4)
@test indexes[12] == CartesianIndex{2}(5,5)
@test length(indexes) == 12
@test length(R) == 12
@test ndims(R) == 2
@test in(CartesianIndex((2,3)), R)
@test in(CartesianIndex((3,3)), R)
@test in(CartesianIndex((3,5)), R)
@test in(CartesianIndex((5,5)), R)
@test !in(CartesianIndex((1,3)), R)
@test !in(CartesianIndex((3,2)), R)
@test !in(CartesianIndex((3,6)), R)
@test !in(CartesianIndex((6,5)), R)

@test CartesianRange((3:5,-7:7)) == CartesianRange(CartesianIndex{2}(3,-7),CartesianIndex{2}(5,7))
@test CartesianRange((3,-7:7)) == CartesianRange(CartesianIndex{2}(3,-7),CartesianIndex{2}(3,7))

r = 2:3
itr = eachindex(r)
state = start(itr)
@test !done(itr, state)
_, state = next(itr, state)
@test !done(itr, state)
val, state = next(itr, state)
@test done(itr, state)
@test r[val] == 3
r = sparse(collect(2:3:8))
itr = eachindex(r)
state = start(itr)
@test !done(itr, state)
_, state = next(itr, state)
_, state = next(itr, state)
@test !done(itr, state)
val, state = next(itr, state)
@test r[val] == 8
@test done(itr, state)

R = CartesianRange((1,3))
@test done(R, start(R)) == false
R = CartesianRange((0,3))
@test done(R, start(R)) == true
R = CartesianRange((3,0))
@test done(R, start(R)) == true

@test @inferred(eachindex(Base.LinearSlow(),zeros(3),zeros(2,2),zeros(2,2,2),zeros(2,2))) == CartesianRange((3,2,2))
@test @inferred(eachindex(Base.LinearFast(),zeros(3),zeros(2,2),zeros(2,2,2),zeros(2,2))) == 1:8
@test @inferred(eachindex(zeros(3),view(zeros(3,3),1:2,1:2),zeros(2,2,2),zeros(2,2))) == CartesianRange((3,2,2))
@test @inferred(eachindex(zeros(3),zeros(2,2),zeros(2,2,2),zeros(2,2))) == 1:8


#rotates

a = [1 0 0; 0 0 0]
@test rotr90(a,1) == [0 1; 0 0; 0 0]
@test rotr90(a,2) == rot180(a,1)
@test rotr90(a,3) == rotl90(a,1)
@test rotl90(a,3) == rotr90(a,1)
@test rotl90(a,1) == rotr90(a,3)
@test rotl90(a,4) == a
@test rotr90(a,4) == a
@test rot180(a,2) == a

# issue #9648
let x = fill(1.5f0, 10^7)
    @test abs(1.5f7 - cumsum(x)[end]) < 3*eps(1.5f7)
    @test cumsum(x) == cumsum!(similar(x), x)
end

# PR #10164
@test eltype(Array{Int}) == Int
@test eltype(Array{Int,1}) == Int

# PR #11080
let x = fill(0.9, 1000)
    @test prod(x) ≈ cumprod(x)[end]
end

#binary ops on bool arrays
A = Array(trues(5))
@test A + true == [2,2,2,2,2]
A = Array(trues(5))
@test A + false == [1,1,1,1,1]
A = Array(trues(5))
@test true + A == [2,2,2,2,2]
A = Array(trues(5))
@test false + A == [1,1,1,1,1]
A = Array(trues(5))
@test A - true == [0,0,0,0,0]
A = Array(trues(5))
@test A - false == [1,1,1,1,1]
A = Array(trues(5))
@test true - A == [0,0,0,0,0]
A = Array(trues(5))
@test false - A == [-1,-1,-1,-1,-1]

# simple transposes
a = ones(Complex,1,5)
b = zeros(Complex,5)
c = ones(Complex,2,5)
d = ones(Complex,6)
@test_throws DimensionMismatch transpose!(a,d)
@test_throws DimensionMismatch transpose!(d,a)
@test_throws DimensionMismatch ctranspose!(a,d)
@test_throws DimensionMismatch ctranspose!(d,a)
@test_throws DimensionMismatch transpose!(b,c)
@test_throws DimensionMismatch ctranspose!(b,c)
@test_throws DimensionMismatch transpose!(c,b)
@test_throws DimensionMismatch ctranspose!(c,b)
transpose!(b,a)
@test b == ones(Complex,5)
b = ones(Complex,5)
a = zeros(Complex,1,5)
transpose!(a,b)
@test a == ones(Complex,1,5)
b = zeros(Complex,5)
ctranspose!(b,a)
@test b == ones(Complex,5)
a = zeros(Complex,1,5)
ctranspose!(a,b)
@test a == ones(Complex,1,5)

# flipdim
a = rand(5,3)
@test flipdim(flipdim(a,2),2) == a
@test_throws ArgumentError flipdim(a,3)

# bounds checking for copy!
a = rand(5,3)
b = rand(6,7)
@test_throws BoundsError copy!(a,b)
@test_throws ArgumentError copy!(a,2:3,1:3,b,1:5,2:7)
@test_throws ArgumentError Base.copy_transpose!(a,2:3,1:3,b,1:5,2:7)

module RetTypeDecl
    using Base.Test
    import Base: +, *, .*, convert

    immutable MeterUnits{T,P} <: Number
        val::T
    end
    MeterUnits{T}(val::T, pow::Int) = MeterUnits{T,pow}(val)

    m  = MeterUnits(1.0, 1)   # 1.0 meter, i.e. units of length
    m2 = MeterUnits(1.0, 2)   # 1.0 meter^2, i.e. units of area

    (+){T,pow}(x::MeterUnits{T,pow}, y::MeterUnits{T,pow}) = MeterUnits{T,pow}(x.val+y.val)
    (*){T,pow}(x::Int, y::MeterUnits{T,pow}) = MeterUnits{typeof(x*one(T)),pow}(x*y.val)
    (*){T}(x::MeterUnits{T,1}, y::MeterUnits{T,1}) = MeterUnits{T,2}(x.val*y.val)
    (.*){T}(x::MeterUnits{T,1}, y::MeterUnits{T,1}) = MeterUnits{T,2}(x.val*y.val)
    convert{T,pow}(::Type{MeterUnits{T,pow}}, y::Real) = MeterUnits{T,pow}(convert(T,y))

    @test @inferred(m+[m,m]) == [m+m,m+m]
    @test @inferred([m,m]+m) == [m+m,m+m]
    @test @inferred(m.*[m,m]) == [m2,m2]
    @test @inferred([m,m].*m) == [m2,m2]
    @test @inferred([m 2m; m m]*[m,m]) == [3m2,2m2]
    @test @inferred([m m].*[m,m]) == [m2 m2; m2 m2]
end

# range, range ops
A = 1:5
B = 1.5:5.5
@test A + B == 2.5:2.0:10.5

# slicedim
for A in (reshape(collect(1:20), 4, 5),
          reshape(1:20, 4, 5))
    @test slicedim(A, 1, 2) == collect(2:4:20)
    @test slicedim(A, 2, 2) == collect(5:8)
    @test_throws ArgumentError slicedim(A,0,1)
    @test slicedim(A, 3, 1) == A
    @test_throws BoundsError slicedim(A, 3, 2)
end

###
### LinearSlow workout
###
immutable LinSlowMatrix{T} <: DenseArray{T,2}
    data::Matrix{T}
end

# This is the default, but just to be sure
Base.linearindexing{A<:LinSlowMatrix}(::Type{A}) = Base.LinearSlow()

Base.size(A::LinSlowMatrix) = size(A.data)

Base.getindex(A::LinSlowMatrix, i::Integer) = error("Not defined")
Base.getindex(A::LinSlowMatrix, i::Integer, j::Integer) = A.data[i,j]

Base.setindex!(A::LinSlowMatrix, v, i::Integer) = error("Not defined")
Base.setindex!(A::LinSlowMatrix, v, i::Integer, j::Integer) = A.data[i,j] = v

A = rand(3,5)
B = LinSlowMatrix(A)
S = view(A, :, :)

@test A == B
@test B == A
@test isequal(A, B)
@test isequal(B, A)

for (a,b) in zip(A, B)
    @test a == b
end
for (a,s) in zip(A, S)
    @test a == s
end

C = copy(B)
@test A == C
@test B == C

@test vec(A) == vec(B) == vec(S)
@test minimum(A) == minimum(B) == minimum(S)
@test maximum(A) == maximum(B) == maximum(S)

a, ai = findmin(A)
b, bi = findmin(B)
s, si = findmin(S)
@test a == b == s
@test ai == bi == si

a, ai = findmax(A)
b, bi = findmax(B)
s, si = findmax(S)
@test a == b == s
@test ai == bi == si

fill!(B, 2)
@test all(x->x==2, B)

iall = (1:size(A,1)).*ones(Int,size(A,2))'
jall = ones(Int,size(A,1)).*(1:size(A,2))'
i,j = findn(B)
@test vec(i) == vec(iall)
@test vec(j) == vec(jall)
fill!(S, 2)
i,j = findn(S)
@test vec(i) == vec(iall)
@test vec(j) == vec(jall)

copy!(B, A)
copy!(S, A)

@test cat(1, A, B, S) == cat(1, A, A, A)
@test cat(2, A, B, S) == cat(2, A, A, A)

@test cumsum(A, 1) == cumsum(B, 1) == cumsum(S, 1)
@test cumsum(A, 2) == cumsum(B, 2) == cumsum(S, 2)

@test mapslices(v->sort(v), A, 1) == mapslices(v->sort(v), B, 1) == mapslices(v->sort(v), S, 1)
@test mapslices(v->sort(v), A, 2) == mapslices(v->sort(v), B, 2) == mapslices(v->sort(v), S, 2)

@test flipdim(A, 1) == flipdim(B, 1) == flipdim(S, 2)
@test flipdim(A, 2) == flipdim(B, 2) == flipdim(S, 2)

@test A + 1 == B + 1 == S + 1
@test 2*A == 2*B == 2*S
@test A/3 == B/3 == S/3

# issue #13250
x13250 = zeros(3)
x13250[UInt(1):UInt(2)] = 1.0
@test x13250[1] == 1.0
@test x13250[2] == 1.0
@test x13250[3] == 0.0

immutable SquaresVector <: AbstractArray{Int, 1}
    count::Int
end
Base.size(S::SquaresVector) = (S.count,)
Base.linearindexing(::Type{SquaresVector}) = Base.LinearFast()
Base.getindex(S::SquaresVector, i::Int) = i*i
foo_squares = SquaresVector(5)
@test convert(Array{Int}, foo_squares) == [1,4,9,16,25]
@test convert(Array{Int, 1}, foo_squares) == [1,4,9,16,25]

# issue #13254
let A = zeros(Int, 2, 2), B = zeros(Float64, 2, 2)
    f1() = [1]
    f2() = [1;]
    f3() = [1;2]
    f4() = [1;2.0]
    f5() = [1 2]
    f6() = [1 2.0]
    f7() = Int[1]
    f8() = Float64[1]
    f9() = Int[1;]
    f10() = Float64[1;]
    f11() = Int[1;2]
    f12() = Float64[1;2]
    f13() = Int[1;2.0]
    f14() = Int[1 2]
    f15() = Float64[1 2]
    f16() = Int[1 2.0]
    f17() = [1:2;]
    f18() = Int[1:2;]
    f19() = Float64[1:2;]
    f20() = [1:2;1:2]
    f21() = Int[1:2;1:2]
    f22() = Float64[1:2;1:2]
    f23() = [1:2;1.0:2.0]
    f24() = Int[1:2;1.0:2.0]
    f25() = [1:2 1:2]
    f26() = Int[1:2 1:2]
    f27() = Float64[1:2 1:2]
    f28() = [1:2 1.0:2.0]
    f29() = Int[1:2 1.0:2.0]
    f30() = [A;]
    f31() = Int[A;]
    f32() = Float64[A;]
    f33() = [A;A]
    f34() = Int[A;A]
    f35() = Float64[A;A]
    f36() = [A;B]
    f37() = Int[A;B]
    f38() = [A A]
    f39() = Int[A A]
    f40() = Float64[A A]
    f41() = [A B]
    f42() = Int[A B]

    for f in [f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8, f9, f10, f11, f12, f13, f14, f15, f16,
              f17, f18, f19, f20, f21, f22, f23, f24, f25, f26, f27, f28, f29, f30,
              f31, f32, f33, f34, f35, f36, f37, f38, f39, f40, f41, f42]
        @test isleaftype(Base.return_types(f, ())[1])
    end
end

# issue #14482
@inferred map(Int8, Int[0])

# make sure @inbounds isn't used too much
type OOB_Functor{T}; a::T; end
(f::OOB_Functor)(i::Int) = f.a[i]
let f = OOB_Functor([1,2])
    @test_throws BoundsError map(f, [1,2,3,4,5])
end


# issue 15654
@test cumprod([5], 2) == [5]
@test cumprod([1 2; 3 4], 3) == [1 2; 3 4]
@test cumprod([1 2; 3 4], 1) == [1 2; 3 8]
@test cumprod([1 2; 3 4], 2) == [1 2; 3 12]

@test cumsum([5], 2) == [5]
@test cumsum([1 2; 3 4], 1) == [1 2; 4 6]
@test cumsum([1 2; 3 4], 2) == [1 3; 3 7]
@test cumsum([1 2; 3 4], 3) == [1 2; 3 4]

module TestNLoops15895

using Base.Cartesian
using Base.Test

# issue 15894
function f15894(d)
    s = zero(eltype(d))
    @nloops 1 i d begin
        s += @nref 1 d i
    end
    s
end
@test f15894(ones(Int, 100)) == 100
end

# sign, conj, ~
let A = [-10,0,3], B = [-10.0,0.0,3.0], C = [1,im,0]
    @test sign(A) == [-1,0,1]
    @test sign(B) == [-1,0,1]
    @test typeof(sign(A)) == Vector{Int}
    @test typeof(sign(B)) == Vector{Float64}

    @test conj(A) == A
    @test conj(B) == A
    @test conj(C) == [1,-im,0]
    @test typeof(conj(A)) == Vector{Int}
    @test typeof(conj(B)) == Vector{Float64}
    @test typeof(conj(C)) == Vector{Complex{Int}}

    @test ~A == [9,-1,-4]
    @test typeof(~A) == Vector{Int}
end

# issue #16247
let A = zeros(3,3)
    @test size(A[:,0x1:0x2]) == (3, 2)
    @test size(A[:,UInt(1):UInt(2)]) == (3,2)
    @test size(similar(A, UInt(3), 0x3)) == size(similar(A, (UInt(3), 0x3))) == (3,3)
end

# issue 17254
module AutoRetType

using Base.Test

immutable Foo end
for op in (:+, :*, :÷, :%, :<<, :>>, :-, :/, :\, ://, :^)
    @eval import Base.$(op)
    @eval $(op)(::Foo, ::Foo) = Foo()
end
A = fill(Foo(), 10, 10)
@test typeof(A+A) == Matrix{Foo}
@test typeof(A-A) == Matrix{Foo}
for op in (:.+, :.*, :.÷, :.%, :.<<, :.>>, :.-, :./, :.\, :.//, :.^)
    @eval @test typeof($(op)(A,A)) == Matrix{Foo}
end

end

# Test that concatenations of dense matrices/vectors yield dense matrices/vectors
let
    N = 4
    densevec = ones(N)
    densemat = diagm(ones(N))
    # Test that concatenations of homogeneous pairs of either dense matrices or dense vectors
    # (i.e., Matrix-Matrix concatenations, and Vector-Vector concatenations) yield dense arrays
    for densearray in (densevec, densemat)
        @test isa(vcat(densearray, densearray), Array)
        @test isa(hcat(densearray, densearray), Array)
        @test isa(hvcat((2,), densearray, densearray), Array)
        @test isa(cat((1,2), densearray, densearray), Array)
    end
    # Test that concatenations of heterogeneous Matrix-Vector pairs yield dense matrices
    @test isa(hcat(densemat, densevec), Array)
    @test isa(hcat(densevec, densemat), Array)
    @test isa(hvcat((2,), densemat, densevec), Array)
    @test isa(hvcat((2,), densevec, densemat), Array)
    @test isa(cat((1,2), densemat, densevec), Array)
    @test isa(cat((1,2), densevec, densemat), Array)
end