pydoc.py

#! /usr/bin/python3.8
"""COPY OF pydoc.py FROM THE PYTHON UPSTREAM

This is /usr/lib/python3.8/pydoc.py from the

  libpython3.8-stdlib package version 3.8.4-1 on Debian

License:

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I needed to make minor changes to this tool to produce reference HTML
documentation for mrcal. The modifications are in the mrcal version control.
Broadly:

- removed the "index" links at the top-right

- remoded the "modules" section. This was mostly telling the reader about all
  the modules that the module being documented imports, which is irrelevant

- I don't list any "package contents". Those just list the submodules, which I
  don't want to do

- set all the submodule links (mrcal.submodule.function) to work as if it was
  mrcal.function. That's how the api looks to the user

- pydoc output to stdout: for easier integration into the Makefile

- I don't document builtins

- Added links to external projects I use (gp,nps,np,cv2)

- Using my css style and my preamble

- I don't swallow failures due to a broken import





Generate Python documentation in HTML or text for interactive use.

At the Python interactive prompt, calling help(thing) on a Python object
documents the object, and calling help() starts up an interactive
help session.

Or, at the shell command line outside of Python:

Run "pydoc <name>" to show documentation on something.  <name> may be
the name of a function, module, package, or a dotted reference to a
class or function within a module or module in a package.  If the
argument contains a path segment delimiter (e.g. slash on Unix,
backslash on Windows) it is treated as the path to a Python source file.

Run "pydoc -k <keyword>" to search for a keyword in the synopsis lines
of all available modules.

Run "pydoc -n <hostname>" to start an HTTP server with the given
hostname (default: localhost) on the local machine.

Run "pydoc -p <port>" to start an HTTP server on the given port on the
local machine.  Port number 0 can be used to get an arbitrary unused port.

Run "pydoc -b" to start an HTTP server on an arbitrary unused port and
open a Web browser to interactively browse documentation.  Combine with
the -n and -p options to control the hostname and port used.

Run "pydoc -w <name>" to write out the HTML documentation for a module
to a file named "<name>.html".

Module docs for core modules are assumed to be in

    /usr/share/doc/pythonX.Y/html/library

if the pythonX.Y-doc package is installed or in

    https://docs.python.org/X.Y/library/

This can be overridden by setting the PYTHONDOCS environment variable
to a different URL or to a local directory containing the Library
Reference Manual pages.

"""
__all__ = ['help']
__author__ = "Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>"
__date__ = "26 February 2001"

__credits__ = """Guido van Rossum, for an excellent programming language.
Tommy Burnette, the original creator of manpy.
Paul Prescod, for all his work on onlinehelp.
Richard Chamberlain, for the first implementation of textdoc.
"""

# Known bugs that can't be fixed here:
#   - synopsis() cannot be prevented from clobbering existing
#     loaded modules.
#   - If the __file__ attribute on a module is a relative path and
#     the current directory is changed with os.chdir(), an incorrect
#     path will be displayed.

import builtins
import importlib._bootstrap
import importlib._bootstrap_external
import importlib.machinery
import importlib.util
import inspect
import io
import os
import pkgutil
import platform
import re
import sys
import sysconfig
import time
import tokenize
import urllib.parse
import warnings
from collections import deque
from reprlib import Repr
from traceback import format_exception_only




extranames = \
    dict( gp         = "https://www.github.com/dkogan/gnuplotlib",
          gnuplotlib = "https://www.github.com/dkogan/gnuplotlib",
          nps        = "https://www.github.com/dkogan/numpysane",
          numpysane  = "https://www.github.com/dkogan/numpysane",
          vnlog      = "https://www.github.com/dkogan/vnlog",
          np         = "https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/index.html",
          numpy      = "https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/index.html",
          cv2        = "https://docs.opencv.org/master/")



# --------------------------------------------------------- common routines

def pathdirs():
    """Convert sys.path into a list of absolute, existing, unique paths."""
    dirs = []
    normdirs = []
    for dir in sys.path:
        dir = os.path.abspath(dir or '.')
        normdir = os.path.normcase(dir)
        if normdir not in normdirs and os.path.isdir(dir):
            dirs.append(dir)
            normdirs.append(normdir)
    return dirs

def getdoc(object):
    """Get the doc string or comments for an object."""
    result = inspect.getdoc(object) or inspect.getcomments(object)
    return result and re.sub('^ *\n', '', result.rstrip()) or ''

def splitdoc(doc):
    """Split a doc string into a synopsis line (if any) and the rest."""
    lines = doc.strip().split('\n')
    if len(lines) == 1:
        return lines[0], ''
    elif len(lines) >= 2 and not lines[1].rstrip():
        return lines[0], '\n'.join(lines[2:])
    return '', '\n'.join(lines)

def classname(object, modname):
    """Get a class name and qualify it with a module name if necessary."""
    name = object.__name__
    if object.__module__ != modname:
        name = object.__module__ + '.' + name
    return name

def isdata(object):
    """Check if an object is of a type that probably means it's data."""
    return not (inspect.ismodule(object) or inspect.isclass(object) or
                inspect.isroutine(object) or inspect.isframe(object) or
                inspect.istraceback(object) or inspect.iscode(object))

def replace(text, *pairs):
    """Do a series of global replacements on a string."""
    while pairs:
        text = pairs[1].join(text.split(pairs[0]))
        pairs = pairs[2:]
    return text

def cram(text, maxlen):
    """Omit part of a string if needed to make it fit in a maximum length."""
    if len(text) > maxlen:
        pre = max(0, (maxlen-3)//2)
        post = max(0, maxlen-3-pre)
        return text[:pre] + '...' + text[len(text)-post:]
    return text

_re_stripid = re.compile(r' at 0x[0-9a-f]{6,16}(>+)$', re.IGNORECASE)
def stripid(text):
    """Remove the hexadecimal id from a Python object representation."""
    # The behaviour of %p is implementation-dependent in terms of case.
    return _re_stripid.sub(r'\1', text)

def _is_bound_method(fn):
    """
    Returns True if fn is a bound method, regardless of whether
    fn was implemented in Python or in C.
    """
    if inspect.ismethod(fn):
        return True
    if inspect.isbuiltin(fn):
        self = getattr(fn, '__self__', None)
        return not (inspect.ismodule(self) or (self is None))
    return False


def allmethods(cl):
    methods = {}
    for key, value in inspect.getmembers(cl, inspect.isroutine):
        methods[key] = 1
    for base in cl.__bases__:
        methods.update(allmethods(base)) # all your base are belong to us
    for key in methods.keys():
        methods[key] = getattr(cl, key)
    return methods

def _split_list(s, predicate):
    """Split sequence s via predicate, and return pair ([true], [false]).

    The return value is a 2-tuple of lists,
        ([x for x in s if predicate(x)],
         [x for x in s if not predicate(x)])
    """

    yes = []
    no = []
    for x in s:
        if predicate(x):
            yes.append(x)
        else:
            no.append(x)
    return yes, no

def visiblename(name, all=None, obj=None):
    """Decide whether to show documentation on a variable."""
    # Certain special names are redundant or internal.
    # XXX Remove __initializing__?
    if name in {'__author__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__credits__',
                '__date__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__spec__',
                '__loader__', '__module__', '__name__', '__package__',
                '__path__', '__qualname__', '__slots__', '__version__'}:
        return 0
    # Private names are hidden, but special names are displayed.
    if name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__'): return 1
    # Namedtuples have public fields and methods with a single leading underscore
    if name.startswith('_') and hasattr(obj, '_fields'):
        return True
    if all is not None:
        # only document that which the programmer exported in __all__
        return name in all
    else:
        return not name.startswith('_')

def classify_class_attrs(object):
    """Wrap inspect.classify_class_attrs, with fixup for data descriptors."""
    results = []
    for (name, kind, cls, value) in inspect.classify_class_attrs(object):
        if inspect.isdatadescriptor(value):
            kind = 'data descriptor'
            if isinstance(value, property) and value.fset is None:
                kind = 'readonly property'
        results.append((name, kind, cls, value))
    return results

def sort_attributes(attrs, object):
    'Sort the attrs list in-place by _fields and then alphabetically by name'
    # This allows data descriptors to be ordered according
    # to a _fields attribute if present.
    fields = getattr(object, '_fields', [])
    try:
        field_order = {name : i-len(fields) for (i, name) in enumerate(fields)}
    except TypeError:
        field_order = {}
    keyfunc = lambda attr: (field_order.get(attr[0], 0), attr[0])
    attrs.sort(key=keyfunc)

# ----------------------------------------------------- module manipulation

def ispackage(path):
    """Guess whether a path refers to a package directory."""
    if os.path.isdir(path):
        for ext in ('.py', '.pyc'):
            if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, '__init__' + ext)):
                return True
    return False

def source_synopsis(file):
    line = file.readline()
    while line[:1] == '#' or not line.strip():
        line = file.readline()
        if not line: break
    line = line.strip()
    if line[:4] == 'r"""': line = line[1:]
    if line[:3] == '"""':
        line = line[3:]
        if line[-1:] == '\\': line = line[:-1]
        while not line.strip():
            line = file.readline()
            if not line: break
        result = line.split('"""')[0].strip()
    else: result = None
    return result

def synopsis(filename, cache={}):
    """Get the one-line summary out of a module file."""
    mtime = os.stat(filename).st_mtime
    lastupdate, result = cache.get(filename, (None, None))
    if lastupdate is None or lastupdate < mtime:
        # Look for binary suffixes first, falling back to source.
        if filename.endswith(tuple(importlib.machinery.BYTECODE_SUFFIXES)):
            loader_cls = importlib.machinery.SourcelessFileLoader
        elif filename.endswith(tuple(importlib.machinery.EXTENSION_SUFFIXES)):
            loader_cls = importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader
        else:
            loader_cls = None
        # Now handle the choice.
        if loader_cls is None:
            # Must be a source file.
            try:
                file = tokenize.open(filename)
            except OSError:
                # module can't be opened, so skip it
                return None
            # text modules can be directly examined
            with file:
                result = source_synopsis(file)
        else:
            # Must be a binary module, which has to be imported.
            loader = loader_cls('__temp__', filename)
            # XXX We probably don't need to pass in the loader here.
            spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location('__temp__', filename,
                                                          loader=loader)
            try:
                module = importlib._bootstrap._load(spec)
            except:
                return None
            del sys.modules['__temp__']
            result = module.__doc__.splitlines()[0] if module.__doc__ else None
        # Cache the result.
        cache[filename] = (mtime, result)
    return result

def importfile(path):
    """Import a Python source file or compiled file given its path."""
    magic = importlib.util.MAGIC_NUMBER
    with open(path, 'rb') as file:
        is_bytecode = magic == file.read(len(magic))
    filename = os.path.basename(path)
    name, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
    if is_bytecode:
        loader = importlib._bootstrap_external.SourcelessFileLoader(name, path)
    else:
        loader = importlib._bootstrap_external.SourceFileLoader(name, path)
    # XXX We probably don't need to pass in the loader here.
    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(name, path, loader=loader)
    return importlib._bootstrap._load(spec)

def safeimport(path, forceload=0, cache={}):
    """Import a module; handle errors; return None if the module isn't found.

    If the module *is* found but an exception occurs, it's wrapped in an
    ErrorDuringImport exception and reraised.  Unlike __import__, if a
    package path is specified, the module at the end of the path is returned,
    not the package at the beginning.  If the optional 'forceload' argument
    is 1, we reload the module from disk (unless it's a dynamic extension)."""
    try:
        # If forceload is 1 and the module has been previously loaded from
        # disk, we always have to reload the module.  Checking the file's
        # mtime isn't good enough (e.g. the module could contain a class
        # that inherits from another module that has changed).
        if forceload and path in sys.modules:
            if path not in sys.builtin_module_names:
                # Remove the module from sys.modules and re-import to try
                # and avoid problems with partially loaded modules.
                # Also remove any submodules because they won't appear
                # in the newly loaded module's namespace if they're already
                # in sys.modules.
                subs = [m for m in sys.modules if m.startswith(path + '.')]
                for key in [path] + subs:
                    # Prevent garbage collection.
                    cache[key] = sys.modules[key]
                    del sys.modules[key]
        module = __import__(path)
    except:
        # Did the error occur before or after the module was found?
        (exc, value, tb) = info = sys.exc_info()
        if path in sys.modules:
            # An error occurred while executing the imported module.
            raise ErrorDuringImport(sys.modules[path].__file__, info)
        elif exc is SyntaxError:
            # A SyntaxError occurred before we could execute the module.
            raise ErrorDuringImport(value.filename, info)
        elif issubclass(exc, ImportError) and value.name == path:
            # No such module in the path.
            return None
        else:
            # Some other error occurred during the importing process.
            raise ErrorDuringImport(path, sys.exc_info())
    for part in path.split('.')[1:]:
        try: module = getattr(module, part)
        except AttributeError: return None
    return module

# ---------------------------------------------------- formatter base class

class Doc:

    PYTHONDOCS = os.environ.get("PYTHONDOCS",
                                "https://docs.python.org/%d.%d/library"
                                % sys.version_info[:2])

    def document(self, object, name=None, *args):
        """Generate documentation for an object."""
        args = (object, name) + args
        # 'try' clause is to attempt to handle the possibility that inspect
        # identifies something in a way that pydoc itself has issues handling;
        # think 'super' and how it is a descriptor (which raises the exception
        # by lacking a __name__ attribute) and an instance.
        try:
            if inspect.ismodule(object): return self.docmodule(*args)
            if inspect.isclass(object): return self.docclass(*args)
            if inspect.isroutine(object): return self.docroutine(*args)
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        if inspect.isdatadescriptor(object): return self.docdata(*args)
        return self.docother(*args)

    def fail(self, object, name=None, *args):
        """Raise an exception for unimplemented types."""
        message = "don't know how to document object%s of type %s" % (
            name and ' ' + repr(name), type(object).__name__)
        raise TypeError(message)

    docmodule = docclass = docroutine = docother = docproperty = docdata = fail

    def getdocloc(self, object, basedir=sysconfig.get_path('stdlib')):
        """Return the location of module docs or None"""

        try:
            file = inspect.getabsfile(object)
        except TypeError:
            file = '(built-in)'

        docloc = os.environ.get("PYTHONDOCS", self.PYTHONDOCS)

        basedir = os.path.normcase(basedir)
        if (isinstance(object, type(os)) and
            (object.__name__ in ('errno', 'exceptions', 'gc', 'imp',
                                 'marshal', 'posix', 'signal', 'sys',
                                 '_thread', 'zipimport') or
             (file.startswith(basedir) and
              not file.startswith(os.path.join(basedir, 'dist-packages')) and
              not file.startswith(os.path.join(basedir, 'site-packages')))) and
            object.__name__ not in ('xml.etree', 'test.pydoc_mod')):
            if docloc.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
                docloc = "%s/%s" % (docloc.rstrip("/"), object.__name__.lower())
            else:
                docloc = os.path.join(docloc, object.__name__.lower() + ".html")
        else:
            docloc = None
        return docloc

# -------------------------------------------- HTML documentation generator

class HTMLRepr(Repr):
    """Class for safely making an HTML representation of a Python object."""
    def __init__(self):
        Repr.__init__(self)
        self.maxlist = self.maxtuple = 20
        self.maxdict = 10
        self.maxstring = self.maxother = 100

    def escape(self, text):
        return replace(text, '&', '&amp;', '<', '&lt;', '>', '&gt;')

    def repr(self, object):
        return Repr.repr(self, object)

    def repr1(self, x, level):
        if hasattr(type(x), '__name__'):
            methodname = 'repr_' + '_'.join(type(x).__name__.split())
            if hasattr(self, methodname):
                return getattr(self, methodname)(x, level)
        return self.escape(cram(stripid(repr(x)), self.maxother))

    def repr_string(self, x, level):
        test = cram(x, self.maxstring)
        testrepr = repr(test)
        if '\\' in test and '\\' not in replace(testrepr, r'\\', ''):
            # Backslashes are only literal in the string and are never
            # needed to make any special characters, so show a raw string.
            return 'r' + testrepr[0] + self.escape(test) + testrepr[0]
        return re.sub(r'((\\[\\abfnrtv\'"]|\\[0-9]..|\\x..|\\u....)+)',
                      r'<font color="#c040c0">\1</font>',
                      self.escape(testrepr))

    repr_str = repr_string

    def repr_instance(self, x, level):
        try:
            return self.escape(cram(stripid(repr(x)), self.maxstring))
        except:
            return self.escape('<%s instance>' % x.__class__.__name__)

    repr_unicode = repr_string

class HTMLDoc(Doc):
    """Formatter class for HTML documentation."""

    # ------------------------------------------- HTML formatting utilities

    _repr_instance = HTMLRepr()
    repr = _repr_instance.repr
    escape = _repr_instance.escape

    def page(self, title, contents):
        """Format an HTML page."""

        with open("doc/mrcal-preamble-GENERATED.html", "r") as f:
            preamble = f.read()

        return '''\
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<html><head><title>Python: %s</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mrcal.css"/>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#f0f0f8">
%s
%s
</body></html>''' % (title, preamble, contents)

    def heading(self, title, fgcol, bgcol, extras=''):
        """Format a page heading."""
        return '''
<table width="100%%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="heading">
<tr bgcolor="%s">
<td valign=bottom>&nbsp;<br>
<font color="%s" face="helvetica, arial">&nbsp;<br>%s</font></td
><td align=right valign=bottom
><font color="%s" face="helvetica, arial">%s</font></td></tr></table>
    ''' % (bgcol, fgcol, title, fgcol, extras or '&nbsp;')

    def section(self, title, fgcol, bgcol, contents, width=6,
                prelude='', marginalia=None, gap='&nbsp;'):
        """Format a section with a heading."""
        if marginalia is None:
            marginalia = '<tt>' + '&nbsp;' * width + '</tt>'
        result = '''<p>
<table width="100%%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="section">
<tr bgcolor="%s">
<td colspan=3 valign=bottom>&nbsp;<br>
<font color="%s" face="helvetica, arial">%s</font></td></tr>
    ''' % (bgcol, fgcol, title)
        if prelude:
            result = result + '''
<tr bgcolor="%s"><td rowspan=2>%s</td>
<td colspan=2>%s</td></tr>
<tr><td>%s</td>''' % (bgcol, marginalia, prelude, gap)
        else:
            result = result + '''
<tr><td bgcolor="%s">%s</td><td>%s</td>''' % (bgcol, marginalia, gap)

        return result + '\n<td width="100%%">%s</td></tr></table>' % contents

    def bigsection(self, title, *args):
        """Format a section with a big heading."""
        title = '<big><strong>%s</strong></big>' % title
        return self.section(title, *args)

    def preformat(self, text):
        """Format literal preformatted text."""
        text = self.escape(text.expandtabs())
        return replace(text, '\n\n', '\n \n', '\n\n', '\n \n',
                             ' ', '&nbsp;', '\n', '<br>\n')

    def multicolumn(self, list, format, cols=4):
        """Format a list of items into a multi-column list."""
        result = ''
        rows = (len(list)+cols-1)//cols
        for col in range(cols):
            result = result + '<td width="%d%%" valign=top>' % (100//cols)
            for i in range(rows*col, rows*col+rows):
                if i < len(list):
                    result = result + format(list[i]) + '<br>\n'
            result = result + '</td>'
        return '<table width="100%%" summary="list"><tr>%s</tr></table>' % result

    def grey(self, text): return '<font color="#909090">%s</font>' % text

    def namelink(self, name, *dicts):
        """Make a link for an identifier, given name-to-URL mappings."""
        for dict in dicts:
            if name in dict:
                if re.match('builtins\.', dict[name]):
                    return name
                return '<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (dict[name], name)
        return name

    def classlink(self, object, modname):
        """Make a link for a class."""
        name, module = object.__name__, sys.modules.get(object.__module__)
        if hasattr(module, name) and getattr(module, name) is object and not re.match('builtins\.',classname(object, modname)):

            def strip_submodule(m):
                s = "[a-zA-Z0-9_]+"
                return re.sub(rf"({s})\.{s}\.({s})", r"\1.\2", m)

            return '<a href="#%s">%s</a>' % (
                name,
                strip_submodule(classname(object, modname)))
        return classname(object, modname)

    def modulelink(self, object):
        """Make a link for a module."""
        return '<a href="%s.html">%s</a>' % (object.__name__, object.__name__)

    def modpkglink(self, modpkginfo):
        """Make a link for a module or package to display in an index."""
        name, path, ispackage, shadowed = modpkginfo
        if shadowed:
            return self.grey(name)
        if path:
            url = '%s.%s.html' % (path, name)
        else:
            url = '%s.html' % name
        if ispackage:
            text = '<strong>%s</strong>&nbsp;(package)' % name
        else:
            text = name
        return '<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, text)

    def filelink(self, url, path):
        """Make a link to source file."""
        return '<a href="file:%s">%s</a>' % (url, path)

    def markup(self, text, escape=None, funcs={}, classes={}, methods={}):
        """Mark up some plain text, given a context of symbols to look for.
        Each context dictionary maps object names to anchor names."""
        escape = escape or self.escape
        results = []
        here = 0
        pattern = re.compile(r'\b((http|ftp)://\S+[\w/]|'
                                r'RFC[- ]?(\d+)|'
                                r'PEP[- ]?(\d+)|'
                                r'(self\.)?(\w+))')
        while True:
            match = pattern.search(text, here)
            if not match: break
            start, end = match.span()
            results.append(escape(text[here:start]))

            all, scheme, rfc, pep, selfdot, name = match.groups()
            if scheme:
                url = escape(all).replace('"', '&quot;')
                results.append('<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, url))
            elif rfc:
                url = 'http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc%d.txt' % int(rfc)
                results.append('<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, escape(all)))
            elif pep:
                url = 'http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-%04d/' % int(pep)
                results.append('<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, escape(all)))
            elif selfdot:
                # Create a link for methods like 'self.method(...)'
                # and use <strong> for attributes like 'self.attr'
                if text[end:end+1] == '(':
                    results.append('self.' + self.namelink(name, methods, extranames))
                else:
                    results.append('self.<strong>%s</strong>' % name)
            elif text[end:end+1] == '(':
                results.append(self.namelink(name, methods, funcs, classes, extranames))
            else:
                results.append(self.namelink(name, classes, extranames))
            here = end
        results.append(escape(text[here:]))
        return ''.join(results)

    # ---------------------------------------------- type-specific routines

    def formattree(self, tree, modname, parent=None):
        """Produce HTML for a class tree as given by inspect.getclasstree()."""
        result = ''
        for entry in tree:
            if type(entry) is type(()):
                c, bases = entry
                result = result + '<dt><font face="helvetica, arial">'
                result = result + self.classlink(c, modname)
                if bases and bases != (parent,):
                    parents = []
                    for base in bases:
                        parents.append(self.classlink(base, modname))
                    result = result + '(' + ', '.join(parents) + ')'
                result = result + '\n</font></dt>'
            elif type(entry) is type([]):
                result = result + '<dd>\n%s</dd>\n' % self.formattree(
                    entry, modname, c)
        return '<dl>\n%s</dl>\n' % result

    def docmodule(self, object, name=None, mod=None, *ignored):
        """Produce HTML documentation for a module object."""
        name = object.__name__ # ignore the passed-in name
        try:
            all = object.__all__
        except AttributeError:
            all = None
        parts = name.split('.')
        links = []
        for i in range(len(parts)-1):
            links.append(
                '<a href="%s.html"><font color="#ffffff">%s</font></a>' %
                ('.'.join(parts[:i+1]), parts[i]))
        linkedname = '.'.join(links + parts[-1:])
        head = '<big><big><strong>%s</strong></big></big>' % linkedname
        try:
            path = inspect.getabsfile(object)
            url = urllib.parse.quote(path)
            filelink = self.filelink(url, path)
        except TypeError:
            filelink = '(built-in)'
        info = []
        if hasattr(object, '__version__'):
            version = str(object.__version__)
            if version[:11] == '$' + 'Revision: ' and version[-1:] == '$':
                version = version[11:-1].strip()
            info.append('version %s' % self.escape(version))
        if hasattr(object, '__date__'):
            info.append(self.escape(str(object.__date__)))
        if info:
            head = head + ' (%s)' % ', '.join(info)
        docloc = self.getdocloc(object)
        if docloc is not None:
            docloc = '<br><a href="%(docloc)s">Module Reference</a>' % locals()
        else:
            docloc = ''
        result = self.heading(
            head, '#ffffff', '#7799ee')

        modules = None

        classes, cdict = [], {}
        for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.isclass):
            # if __all__ exists, believe it.  Otherwise use old heuristic.
            if True:
                if visiblename(key, all, object):
                    classes.append((key, value))
                    cdict[key] = cdict[value] = '#' + key
        for key, value in classes:
            for base in value.__bases__:
                if base == builtins.object:
                    continue
                key, modname = base.__name__, base.__module__
                module = sys.modules.get(modname)
                if modname != name and module and hasattr(module, key):
                    if getattr(module, key) is base:
                        if not key in cdict:
                            cdict[key] = cdict[base] = modname + '.html#' + key
        funcs, fdict = [], {}
        for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.isroutine):
            # if __all__ exists, believe it.  Otherwise use old heuristic.
            if True:
                if visiblename(key, all, object):
                    funcs.append((key, value))
                    fdict[key] = '#-' + key
                    if inspect.isfunction(value): fdict[value] = fdict[key]
        data = []
        for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, isdata):
            if visiblename(key, all, object):
                data.append((key, value))

        doc = self.markup(getdoc(object), self.preformat, fdict, cdict)
        doc = doc and '<tt>%s</tt>' % doc
        result = result + '<p>%s</p>\n' % doc

        if modules:
            contents = self.multicolumn(
                modules, lambda t: self.modulelink(t[1]))
            result = result + self.bigsection(
                'Modules', '#ffffff', '#aa55cc', contents)

        if classes:
            classlist = [value for (key, value) in classes]
            contents = [
                self.formattree(inspect.getclasstree(classlist, 1), name)]
            for key, value in classes:
                contents.append(self.document(value, key, name, fdict, cdict))
            result = result + self.bigsection(
                'Classes', '#ffffff', '#ee77aa', ' '.join(contents))
        if funcs:
            contents = []
            for key, value in funcs:
                contents.append(self.document(value, key, name, fdict, cdict))
            result = result + self.bigsection(
                'Functions', '#ffffff', '#eeaa77', ' '.join(contents))
        if data:
            contents = []
            for key, value in data:
                contents.append(self.document(value, key))
            result = result + self.bigsection(
                'Data', '#ffffff', '#55aa55', '<br>\n'.join(contents))
        if hasattr(object, '__author__'):
            contents = self.markup(str(object.__author__), self.preformat)
            result = result + self.bigsection(
                'Author', '#ffffff', '#7799ee', contents)
        if hasattr(object, '__credits__'):
            contents = self.markup(str(object.__credits__), self.preformat)
            result = result + self.bigsection(
                'Credits', '#ffffff', '#7799ee', contents)

        return result

    def docclass(self, object, name=None, mod=None, funcs={}, classes={},
                 *ignored):
        """Produce HTML documentation for a class object."""
        realname = object.__name__
        name = name or realname
        bases = object.__bases__

        contents = []
        push = contents.append

        # Cute little class to pump out a horizontal rule between sections.
        class HorizontalRule:
            def __init__(self):
                self.needone = 0
            def maybe(self):
                if self.needone:
                    push('<hr>\n')
                self.needone = 1
        hr = HorizontalRule()

        # List the mro, if non-trivial.
        mro = deque(inspect.getmro(object))
        if len(mro) > 2:
            hr.maybe()
            push('<dl><dt>Method resolution order:</dt>\n')
            for base in mro:
                push('<dd>%s</dd>\n' % self.classlink(base,
                                                      object.__module__))
            push('</dl>\n')

        def spill(msg, attrs, predicate):
            ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
            if ok:
                hr.maybe()
                push(msg)
                for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
                    try:
                        value = getattr(object, name)
                    except Exception:
                        # Some descriptors may meet a failure in their __get__.
                        # (bug #1785)
                        push(self.docdata(value, name, mod))
                    else:
                        push(self.document(value, name, mod,
                                        funcs, classes, mdict, object))
                    push('\n')
            return attrs

        def spilldescriptors(msg, attrs, predicate):
            ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
            if ok:
                hr.maybe()
                push(msg)
                for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
                    push(self.docdata(value, name, mod))
            return attrs

        def spilldata(msg, attrs, predicate):
            ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
            if ok:
                hr.maybe()
                push(msg)
                for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
                    base = self.docother(getattr(object, name), name, mod)
                    if callable(value) or inspect.isdatadescriptor(value):
                        doc = getattr(value, "__doc__", None)
                    else:
                        doc = None
                    if doc is None:
                        push('<dl><dt>%s</dl>\n' % base)
                    else:
                        doc = self.markup(getdoc(value), self.preformat,
                                          funcs, classes, mdict)
                        doc = '<dd><tt>%s</tt>' % doc
                        push('<dl><dt>%s%s</dl>\n' % (base, doc))
                    push('\n')
            return attrs

        attrs = [(name, kind, cls, value)
                 for name, kind, cls, value in classify_class_attrs(object)
                 if visiblename(name, obj=object)]

        mdict = {}
        for key, kind, homecls, value in attrs:
            mdict[key] = anchor = '#' + name + '-' + key
            try:
                value = getattr(object, name)
            except Exception:
                # Some descriptors may meet a failure in their __get__.
                # (bug #1785)
                pass
            try:
                # The value may not be hashable (e.g., a data attr with
                # a dict or list value).
                mdict[value] = anchor
            except TypeError:
                pass

        while attrs:
            if mro:
                thisclass = mro.popleft()
            else:
                thisclass = attrs[0][2]
            attrs, inherited = _split_list(attrs, lambda t: t[2] is thisclass)

            if object is not builtins.object and thisclass is builtins.object:
                attrs = inherited
                continue
            elif thisclass is object:
                tag = 'defined here'
            else:
                tag = 'inherited from %s' % self.classlink(thisclass,
                                                           object.__module__)
            tag += ':<br>\n'

            sort_attributes(attrs, object)

            # Pump out the attrs, segregated by kind.
            attrs = spill('Methods %s' % tag, attrs,
                          lambda t: t[1] == 'method')
            attrs = spill('Class methods %s' % tag, attrs,
                          lambda t: t[1] == 'class method')
            attrs = spill('Static methods %s' % tag, attrs,
                          lambda t: t[1] == 'static method')
            attrs = spilldescriptors("Readonly properties %s" % tag, attrs,
                                     lambda t: t[1] == 'readonly property')
            attrs = spilldescriptors('Data descriptors %s' % tag, attrs,
                                     lambda t: t[1] == 'data descriptor')
            attrs = spilldata('Data and other attributes %s' % tag, attrs,
                              lambda t: t[1] == 'data')
            assert attrs == []
            attrs = inherited

        contents = ''.join(contents)

        if name == realname:
            title = '<a name="%s">class <strong>%s</strong></a>' % (
                name, realname)
        else:
            title = '<strong>%s</strong> = <a name="%s">class %s</a>' % (
                name, name, realname)
        if bases:
            parents = []
            for base in bases:
                parents.append(self.classlink(base, object.__module__))
            title = title + '(%s)' % ', '.join(parents)

        decl = ''
        try:
            signature = inspect.signature(object)
        except (ValueError, TypeError):
            signature = None
        if signature:
            argspec = str(signature)
            if argspec and argspec != '()':
                decl = name + self.escape(argspec) + '\n\n'

        doc = getdoc(object)
        if decl:
            doc = decl + (doc or '')
        doc = self.markup(doc, self.preformat, funcs, classes, mdict)
        doc = doc and '<tt>%s<br>&nbsp;</tt>' % doc

        return self.section(title, '#000000', '#ffc8d8', contents, 3, doc)

    def formatvalue(self, object):
        """Format an argument default value as text."""
        return self.grey('=' + self.repr(object))

    def docroutine(self, object, name=None, mod=None,
                   funcs={}, classes={}, methods={}, cl=None):
        """Produce HTML documentation for a function or method object."""
        realname = object.__name__
        name = name or realname
        anchor = (cl and cl.__name__ or '') + '-' + name
        note = ''
        skipdocs = 0
        if _is_bound_method(object):
            imclass = object.__self__.__class__
            if cl:
                if imclass is not cl:
                    note = ' from ' + self.classlink(imclass, mod)
            else:
                if object.__self__ is not None:
                    note = ' method of %s instance' % self.classlink(
                        object.__self__.__class__, mod)
                else:
                    note = ' unbound %s method' % self.classlink(imclass,mod)

        if (inspect.iscoroutinefunction(object) or
                inspect.isasyncgenfunction(object)):
            asyncqualifier = 'async '
        else:
            asyncqualifier = ''

        if name == realname:
            title = '<a name="%s"><strong>%s</strong></a>' % (anchor, realname)
        else:
            if cl and inspect.getattr_static(cl, realname, []) is object:
                reallink = '<a href="#%s">%s</a>' % (
                    cl.__name__ + '-' + realname, realname)
                skipdocs = 1
            else:
                reallink = realname
            title = '<a name="%s"><strong>%s</strong></a> = %s' % (
                anchor, name, reallink)
        argspec = None
        if inspect.isroutine(object):
            try:
                signature = inspect.signature(object)
            except (ValueError, TypeError):
                signature = None
            if signature:
                argspec = str(signature)
                if realname == '<lambda>':
                    title = '<strong>%s</strong> <em>lambda</em> ' % name
                    # XXX lambda's won't usually have func_annotations['return']
                    # since the syntax doesn't support but it is possible.
                    # So removing parentheses isn't truly safe.
                    argspec = argspec[1:-1] # remove parentheses
        if not argspec:
            argspec = '(...)'

        decl = asyncqualifier + title + self.escape(argspec) + (note and
               self.grey('<font face="helvetica, arial">%s</font>' % note))

        if skipdocs:
            return '<dl><dt>%s</dt></dl>\n' % decl
        else:
            doc = self.markup(
                getdoc(object), self.preformat, funcs, classes, methods)
            doc = doc and '<dd><tt>%s</tt></dd>' % doc
            return '<dl><dt>%s</dt>%s</dl>\n' % (decl, doc)

    def docdata(self, object, name=None, mod=None, cl=None):
        """Produce html documentation for a data descriptor."""
        results = []
        push = results.append

        if name:
            push('<dl><dt><strong>%s</strong></dt>\n' % name)
        doc = self.markup(getdoc(object), self.preformat)
        if doc:
            push('<dd><tt>%s</tt></dd>\n' % doc)
        push('</dl>\n')

        return ''.join(results)

    docproperty = docdata

    def docother(self, object, name=None, mod=None, *ignored):
        """Produce HTML documentation for a data object."""
        lhs = name and '<strong>%s</strong> = ' % name or ''
        return lhs + self.repr(object)

    def index(self, dir, shadowed=None):
        """Generate an HTML index for a directory of modules."""
        modpkgs = []
        if shadowed is None: shadowed = {}
        for importer, name, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules([dir]):
            if any((0xD800 <= ord(ch) <= 0xDFFF) for ch in name):
                # ignore a module if its name contains a surrogate character
                continue
            modpkgs.append((name, '', ispkg, name in shadowed))
            shadowed[name] = 1

        modpkgs.sort()
        contents = self.multicolumn(modpkgs, self.modpkglink)
        return self.bigsection(dir, '#ffffff', '#ee77aa', contents)

# -------------------------------------------- text documentation generator

class TextRepr(Repr):
    """Class for safely making a text representation of a Python object."""
    def __init__(self):
        Repr.__init__(self)
        self.maxlist = self.maxtuple = 20
        self.maxdict = 10
        self.maxstring = self.maxother = 100

    def repr1(self, x, level):
        if hasattr(type(x), '__name__'):
            methodname = 'repr_' + '_'.join(type(x).__name__.split())
            if hasattr(self, methodname):
                return getattr(self, methodname)(x, level)
        return cram(stripid(repr(x)), self.maxother)

    def repr_string(self, x, level):
        test = cram(x, self.maxstring)
        testrepr = repr(test)
        if '\\' in test and '\\' not in replace(testrepr, r'\\', ''):
            # Backslashes are only literal in the string and are never
            # needed to make any special characters, so show a raw string.
            return 'r' + testrepr[0] + test + testrepr[0]
        return testrepr

    repr_str = repr_string

    def repr_instance(self, x, level):
        try:
            return cram(stripid(repr(x)), self.maxstring)
        except:
            return '<%s instance>' % x.__class__.__name__

class TextDoc(Doc):
    """Formatter class for text documentation."""

    # ------------------------------------------- text formatting utilities

    _repr_instance = TextRepr()
    repr = _repr_instance.repr

    def bold(self, text):
        """Format a string in bold by overstriking."""
        return ''.join(ch + '\b' + ch for ch in text)

    def indent(self, text, prefix='    '):
        """Indent text by prepending a given prefix to each line."""
        if not text: return ''
        lines = [prefix + line for line in text.split('\n')]
        if lines: lines[-1] = lines[-1].rstrip()
        return '\n'.join(lines)

    def section(self, title, contents):
        """Format a section with a given heading."""
        clean_contents = self.indent(contents).rstrip()
        return self.bold(title) + '\n' + clean_contents + '\n\n'

    # ---------------------------------------------- type-specific routines

    def formattree(self, tree, modname, parent=None, prefix=''):
        """Render in text a class tree as returned by inspect.getclasstree()."""
        result = ''
        for entry in tree:
            if type(entry) is type(()):
                c, bases = entry
                result = result + prefix + classname(c, modname)
                if bases and bases != (parent,):
                    parents = (classname(c, modname) for c in bases)
                    result = result + '(%s)' % ', '.join(parents)
                result = result + '\n'
            elif type(entry) is type([]):
                result = result + self.formattree(
                    entry, modname, c, prefix + '    ')
        return result

    def docmodule(self, object, name=None, mod=None):
        """Produce text documentation for a given module object."""
        name = object.__name__ # ignore the passed-in name
        synop, desc = splitdoc(getdoc(object))
        result = self.section('NAME', name + (synop and ' - ' + synop))
        all = getattr(object, '__all__', None)
        docloc = self.getdocloc(object)
        if docloc is not None:
            result = result + self.section('MODULE REFERENCE', docloc + """

The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
""")

        if desc:
            result = result + self.section('DESCRIPTION', desc)

        classes = []
        for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.isclass):
            # if __all__ exists, believe it.  Otherwise use old heuristic.
            if True:
                if visiblename(key, all, object):
                    classes.append((key, value))
        funcs = []
        for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.isroutine):
            # if __all__ exists, believe it.  Otherwise use old heuristic.
            if True:
                if visiblename(key, all, object):
                    funcs.append((key, value))
        data = []
        for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, isdata):
            if visiblename(key, all, object):
                data.append((key, value))

        modpkgs = []
        modpkgs_names = set()
        if hasattr(object, '__path__'):
            for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(object.__path__):
                modpkgs_names.add(modname)
                if ispkg:
                    modpkgs.append(modname + ' (package)')
                else:
                    modpkgs.append(modname)

            modpkgs.sort()
            result = result + self.section(
                'PACKAGE CONTENTS', '\n'.join(modpkgs))

        # Detect submodules as sometimes created by C extensions
        submodules = []
        for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.ismodule):
            if value.__name__.startswith(name + '.') and key not in modpkgs_names:
                submodules.append(key)
        if submodules:
            submodules.sort()
            result = result + self.section(
                'SUBMODULES', '\n'.join(submodules))

        if classes:
            classlist = [value for key, value in classes]
            contents = [self.formattree(
                inspect.getclasstree(classlist, 1), name)]
            for key, value in classes:
                contents.append(self.document(value, key, name))
            result = result + self.section('CLASSES', '\n'.join(contents))

        if funcs:
            contents = []
            for key, value in funcs:
                contents.append(self.document(value, key, name))
            result = result + self.section('FUNCTIONS', '\n'.join(contents))

        if data:
            contents = []
            for key, value in data:
                contents.append(self.docother(value, key, name, maxlen=70))
            result = result + self.section('DATA', '\n'.join(contents))

        if hasattr(object, '__version__'):
            version = str(object.__version__)
            if version[:11] == '$' + 'Revision: ' and version[-1:] == '$':
                version = version[11:-1].strip()
            result = result + self.section('VERSION', version)
        if hasattr(object, '__date__'):
            result = result + self.section('DATE', str(object.__date__))
        if hasattr(object, '__author__'):
            result = result + self.section('AUTHOR', str(object.__author__))
        if hasattr(object, '__credits__'):
            result = result + self.section('CREDITS', str(object.__credits__))
        try:
            file = inspect.getabsfile(object)
        except TypeError:
            file = '(built-in)'
        result = result + self.section('FILE', file)
        return result

    def docclass(self, object, name=None, mod=None, *ignored):
        """Produce text documentation for a given class object."""
        realname = object.__name__
        name = name or realname
        bases = object.__bases__

        def makename(c, m=object.__module__):
            return classname(c, m)

        if name == realname:
            title = 'class ' + self.bold(realname)
        else:
            title = self.bold(name) + ' = class ' + realname
        if bases:
            parents = map(makename, bases)
            title = title + '(%s)' % ', '.join(parents)

        contents = []
        push = contents.append

        try:
            signature = inspect.signature(object)
        except (ValueError, TypeError):
            signature = None
        if signature:
            argspec = str(signature)
            if argspec and argspec != '()':
                push(name + argspec + '\n')

        doc = getdoc(object)
        if doc:
            push(doc + '\n')

        # List the mro, if non-trivial.
        mro = deque(inspect.getmro(object))
        if len(mro) > 2:
            push("Method resolution order:")
            for base in mro:
                push('    ' + makename(base))
            push('')

        # List the built-in subclasses, if any:
        subclasses = sorted(
            (str(cls.__name__) for cls in type.__subclasses__(object)
             if not cls.__name__.startswith("_") and cls.__module__ == "builtins"),
            key=str.lower
        )
        no_of_subclasses = len(subclasses)
        MAX_SUBCLASSES_TO_DISPLAY = 4
        if subclasses:
            push("Built-in subclasses:")
            for subclassname in subclasses[:MAX_SUBCLASSES_TO_DISPLAY]:
                push('    ' + subclassname)
            if no_of_subclasses > MAX_SUBCLASSES_TO_DISPLAY:
                push('    ... and ' +
                     str(no_of_subclasses - MAX_SUBCLASSES_TO_DISPLAY) +
                     ' other subclasses')
            push('')

        # Cute little class to pump out a horizontal rule between sections.
        class HorizontalRule:
            def __init__(self):
                self.needone = 0
            def maybe(self):
                if self.needone:
                    push('-' * 70)
                self.needone = 1
        hr = HorizontalRule()

        def spill(msg, attrs, predicate):
            ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
            if ok:
                hr.maybe()
                push(msg)
                for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
                    try:
                        value = getattr(object, name)
                    except Exception:
                        # Some descriptors may meet a failure in their __get__.
                        # (bug #1785)
                        push(self.docdata(value, name, mod))
                    else:
                        push(self.document(value,
                                        name, mod, object))
            return attrs

        def spilldescriptors(msg, attrs, predicate):
            ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
            if ok:
                hr.maybe()
                push(msg)
                for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
                    push(self.docdata(value, name, mod))
            return attrs

        def spilldata(msg, attrs, predicate):
            ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
            if ok:
                hr.maybe()
                push(msg)
                for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
                    if callable(value) or inspect.isdatadescriptor(value):
                        doc = getdoc(value)
                    else:
                        doc = None
                    try:
                        obj = getattr(object, name)
                    except AttributeError:
                        obj = homecls.__dict__[name]
                    push(self.docother(obj, name, mod, maxlen=70, doc=doc) +
                         '\n')
            return attrs

        attrs = [(name, kind, cls, value)
                 for name, kind, cls, value in classify_class_attrs(object)
                 if visiblename(name, obj=object)]

        while attrs:
            if mro:
                thisclass = mro.popleft()
            else:
                thisclass = attrs[0][2]
            attrs, inherited = _split_list(attrs, lambda t: t[2] is thisclass)

            if object is not builtins.object and thisclass is builtins.object:
                attrs = inherited
                continue
            elif thisclass is object:
                tag = "defined here"
            else:
                tag = "inherited from %s" % classname(thisclass,
                                                      object.__module__)

            sort_attributes(attrs, object)

            # Pump out the attrs, segregated by kind.
            attrs = spill("Methods %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
                          lambda t: t[1] == 'method')
            attrs = spill("Class methods %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
                          lambda t: t[1] == 'class method')
            attrs = spill("Static methods %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
                          lambda t: t[1] == 'static method')
            attrs = spilldescriptors("Readonly properties %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
                                     lambda t: t[1] == 'readonly property')
            attrs = spilldescriptors("Data descriptors %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
                                     lambda t: t[1] == 'data descriptor')
            attrs = spilldata("Data and other attributes %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
                              lambda t: t[1] == 'data')

            assert attrs == []
            attrs = inherited

        contents = '\n'.join(contents)
        if not contents:
            return title + '\n'
        return title + '\n' + self.indent(contents.rstrip(), ' |  ') + '\n'

    def formatvalue(self, object):
        """Format an argument default value as text."""
        return '=' + self.repr(object)

    def docroutine(self, object, name=None, mod=None, cl=None):
        """Produce text documentation for a function or method object."""
        realname = object.__name__
        name = name or realname
        note = ''
        skipdocs = 0
        if _is_bound_method(object):
            imclass = object.__self__.__class__
            if cl:
                if imclass is not cl:
                    note = ' from ' + classname(imclass, mod)
            else:
                if object.__self__ is not None:
                    note = ' method of %s instance' % classname(
                        object.__self__.__class__, mod)
                else:
                    note = ' unbound %s method' % classname(imclass,mod)

        if (inspect.iscoroutinefunction(object) or
                inspect.isasyncgenfunction(object)):
            asyncqualifier = 'async '
        else:
            asyncqualifier = ''

        if name == realname:
            title = self.bold(realname)
        else:
            if cl and inspect.getattr_static(cl, realname, []) is object:
                skipdocs = 1
            title = self.bold(name) + ' = ' + realname
        argspec = None

        if inspect.isroutine(object):
            try:
                signature = inspect.signature(object)
            except (ValueError, TypeError):
                signature = None
            if signature:
                argspec = str(signature)
                if realname == '<lambda>':
                    title = self.bold(name) + ' lambda '
                    # XXX lambda's won't usually have func_annotations['return']
                    # since the syntax doesn't support but it is possible.
                    # So removing parentheses isn't truly safe.
                    argspec = argspec[1:-1] # remove parentheses
        if not argspec:
            argspec = '(...)'
        decl = asyncqualifier + title + argspec + note

        if skipdocs:
            return decl + '\n'
        else:
            doc = getdoc(object) or ''
            return decl + '\n' + (doc and self.indent(doc).rstrip() + '\n')

    def docdata(self, object, name=None, mod=None, cl=None):
        """Produce text documentation for a data descriptor."""
        results = []
        push = results.append

        if name:
            push(self.bold(name))
            push('\n')
        doc = getdoc(object) or ''
        if doc:
            push(self.indent(doc))
            push('\n')
        return ''.join(results)

    docproperty = docdata

    def docother(self, object, name=None, mod=None, parent=None, maxlen=None, doc=None):
        """Produce text documentation for a data object."""
        repr = self.repr(object)
        if maxlen:
            line = (name and name + ' = ' or '') + repr
            chop = maxlen - len(line)
            if chop < 0: repr = repr[:chop] + '...'
        line = (name and self.bold(name) + ' = ' or '') + repr
        if doc is not None:
            line += '\n' + self.indent(str(doc))
        return line

class _PlainTextDoc(TextDoc):
    """Subclass of TextDoc which overrides string styling"""
    def bold(self, text):
        return text

# --------------------------------------------------------- user interfaces

def pager(text):
    """The first time this is called, determine what kind of pager to use."""
    global pager
    pager = getpager()
    pager(text)

def getpager():
    """Decide what method to use for paging through text."""
    if not hasattr(sys.stdin, "isatty"):
        return plainpager
    if not hasattr(sys.stdout, "isatty"):
        return plainpager
    if not sys.stdin.isatty() or not sys.stdout.isatty():
        return plainpager
    use_pager = os.environ.get('MANPAGER') or os.environ.get('PAGER')
    if use_pager:
        if sys.platform == 'win32': # pipes completely broken in Windows
            return lambda text: tempfilepager(plain(text), use_pager)
        elif os.environ.get('TERM') in ('dumb', 'emacs'):
            return lambda text: pipepager(plain(text), use_pager)
        else:
            return lambda text: pipepager(text, use_pager)
    if os.environ.get('TERM') in ('dumb', 'emacs'):
        return plainpager
    if sys.platform == 'win32':
        return lambda text: tempfilepager(plain(text), 'more <')
    if hasattr(os, 'system') and os.system('(pager) 2>/dev/null') == 0:
        return lambda text: pipepager(text, 'pager')
    if hasattr(os, 'system') and os.system('(less) 2>/dev/null') == 0:
        return lambda text: pipepager(text, 'less')

    import tempfile
    (fd, filename) = tempfile.mkstemp()
    os.close(fd)
    try:
        if hasattr(os, 'system') and os.system('more "%s"' % filename) == 0:
            return lambda text: pipepager(text, 'more')
        else:
            return ttypager
    finally:
        os.unlink(filename)

def plain(text):
    """Remove boldface formatting from text."""
    return re.sub('.\b', '', text)

def pipepager(text, cmd):
    """Page through text by feeding it to another program."""
    import subprocess
    proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
    try:
        with io.TextIOWrapper(proc.stdin, errors='backslashreplace') as pipe:
            try:
                pipe.write(text)
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                # We've hereby abandoned whatever text hasn't been written,
                # but the pager is still in control of the terminal.
                pass
    except OSError:
        pass # Ignore broken pipes caused by quitting the pager program.
    while True:
        try:
            proc.wait()
            break
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            # Ignore ctl-c like the pager itself does.  Otherwise the pager is
            # left running and the terminal is in raw mode and unusable.
            pass

def tempfilepager(text, cmd):
    """Page through text by invoking a program on a temporary file."""
    import tempfile
    filename = tempfile.mktemp()
    with open(filename, 'w', errors='backslashreplace') as file:
        file.write(text)
    try:
        os.system(cmd + ' "' + filename + '"')
    finally:
        os.unlink(filename)

def _escape_stdout(text):
    # Escape non-encodable characters to avoid encoding errors later
    encoding = getattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding', None) or 'utf-8'
    return text.encode(encoding, 'backslashreplace').decode(encoding)

def ttypager(text):
    """Page through text on a text terminal."""
    lines = plain(_escape_stdout(text)).split('\n')
    try:
        import tty
        fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
        old = tty.tcgetattr(fd)
        tty.setcbreak(fd)
        getchar = lambda: sys.stdin.read(1)
    except (ImportError, AttributeError, io.UnsupportedOperation):
        tty = None
        getchar = lambda: sys.stdin.readline()[:-1][:1]

    try:
        try:
            h = int(os.environ.get('LINES', 0))
        except ValueError:
            h = 0
        if h <= 1:
            h = 25
        r = inc = h - 1
        sys.stdout.write('\n'.join(lines[:inc]) + '\n')
        while lines[r:]:
            sys.stdout.write('-- more --')
            sys.stdout.flush()
            c = getchar()

            if c in ('q', 'Q'):
                sys.stdout.write('\r          \r')
                break
            elif c in ('\r', '\n'):
                sys.stdout.write('\r          \r' + lines[r] + '\n')
                r = r + 1
                continue
            if c in ('b', 'B', '\x1b'):
                r = r - inc - inc
                if r < 0: r = 0
            sys.stdout.write('\n' + '\n'.join(lines[r:r+inc]) + '\n')
            r = r + inc

    finally:
        if tty:
            tty.tcsetattr(fd, tty.TCSAFLUSH, old)

def plainpager(text):
    """Simply print unformatted text.  This is the ultimate fallback."""
    sys.stdout.write(plain(_escape_stdout(text)))

def describe(thing):
    """Produce a short description of the given thing."""
    if inspect.ismodule(thing):
        if thing.__name__ in sys.builtin_module_names:
            return 'built-in module ' + thing.__name__
        if hasattr(thing, '__path__'):
            return 'package ' + thing.__name__
        else:
            return 'module ' + thing.__name__
    if inspect.isbuiltin(thing):
        return 'built-in function ' + thing.__name__
    if inspect.isgetsetdescriptor(thing):
        return 'getset descriptor %s.%s.%s' % (
            thing.__objclass__.__module__, thing.__objclass__.__name__,
            thing.__name__)
    if inspect.ismemberdescriptor(thing):
        return 'member descriptor %s.%s.%s' % (
            thing.__objclass__.__module__, thing.__objclass__.__name__,
            thing.__name__)
    if inspect.isclass(thing):
        return 'class ' + thing.__name__
    if inspect.isfunction(thing):
        return 'function ' + thing.__name__
    if inspect.ismethod(thing):
        return 'method ' + thing.__name__
    return type(thing).__name__

def locate(path, forceload=0):
    """Locate an object by name or dotted path, importing as necessary."""
    parts = [part for part in path.split('.') if part]
    module, n = None, 0
    while n < len(parts):
        nextmodule = safeimport('.'.join(parts[:n+1]), forceload)
        if nextmodule: module, n = nextmodule, n + 1
        else: break
    if module:
        object = module
    else:
        object = builtins
    for part in parts[n:]:
        try:
            object = getattr(object, part)
        except AttributeError:
            return None
    return object

# --------------------------------------- interactive interpreter interface

text = TextDoc()
plaintext = _PlainTextDoc()
html = HTMLDoc()

def resolve(thing, forceload=0):
    """Given an object or a path to an object, get the object and its name."""
    if isinstance(thing, str):
        object = locate(thing, forceload)
        if object is None:
            raise ImportError('''\
No Python documentation found for %r.
Use help() to get the interactive help utility.
Use help(str) for help on the str class.''' % thing)
        return object, thing
    else:
        name = getattr(thing, '__name__', None)
        return thing, name if isinstance(name, str) else None

def render_doc(thing, title='Python Library Documentation: %s', forceload=0,
        renderer=None):
    """Render text documentation, given an object or a path to an object."""
    if renderer is None:
        renderer = text
    object, name = resolve(thing, forceload)
    desc = describe(object)
    module = inspect.getmodule(object)
    if name and '.' in name:
        desc += ' in ' + name[:name.rfind('.')]
    elif module and module is not object:
        desc += ' in module ' + module.__name__

    if not (inspect.ismodule(object) or
              inspect.isclass(object) or
              inspect.isroutine(object) or
              inspect.isdatadescriptor(object)):
        # If the passed object is a piece of data or an instance,
        # document its available methods instead of its value.
        object = type(object)
        desc += ' object'
    return title % desc + '\n\n' + renderer.document(object, name)

def doc(thing, title='Python Library Documentation: %s', forceload=0,
        output=None):
    """Display text documentation, given an object or a path to an object."""
    if output is None:
        pager(render_doc(thing, title, forceload))
    else:
        output.write(render_doc(thing, title, forceload, plaintext))

def writedoc(thing, forceload=0):
    """Write HTML documentation to a file in the current directory."""
    object, name = resolve(thing, forceload)
    page = html.page(describe(object), html.document(object, name))
    sys.stdout.write(page)

def writedocs(dir, pkgpath='', done=None):
    """Write out HTML documentation for all modules in a directory tree."""
    if done is None: done = {}
    for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.walk_packages([dir], pkgpath):
        writedoc(modname)
    return

class Helper:

    # These dictionaries map a topic name to either an alias, or a tuple
    # (label, seealso-items).  The "label" is the label of the corresponding
    # section in the .rst file under Doc/ and an index into the dictionary
    # in pydoc_data/topics.py.
    #
    # CAUTION: if you change one of these dictionaries, be sure to adapt the
    #          list of needed labels in Doc/tools/extensions/pyspecific.py and
    #          regenerate the pydoc_data/topics.py file by running
    #              make pydoc-topics
    #          in Doc/ and copying the output file into the Lib/ directory.

    keywords = {
        'False': '',
        'None': '',
        'True': '',
        'and': 'BOOLEAN',
        'as': 'with',
        'assert': ('assert', ''),
        'async': ('async', ''),
        'await': ('await', ''),
        'break': ('break', 'while for'),
        'class': ('class', 'CLASSES SPECIALMETHODS'),
        'continue': ('continue', 'while for'),
        'def': ('function', ''),
        'del': ('del', 'BASICMETHODS'),
        'elif': 'if',
        'else': ('else', 'while for'),
        'except': 'try',
        'finally': 'try',
        'for': ('for', 'break continue while'),
        'from': 'import',
        'global': ('global', 'nonlocal NAMESPACES'),
        'if': ('if', 'TRUTHVALUE'),
        'import': ('import', 'MODULES'),
        'in': ('in', 'SEQUENCEMETHODS'),
        'is': 'COMPARISON',
        'lambda': ('lambda', 'FUNCTIONS'),
        'nonlocal': ('nonlocal', 'global NAMESPACES'),
        'not': 'BOOLEAN',
        'or': 'BOOLEAN',
        'pass': ('pass', ''),
        'raise': ('raise', 'EXCEPTIONS'),
        'return': ('return', 'FUNCTIONS'),
        'try': ('try', 'EXCEPTIONS'),
        'while': ('while', 'break continue if TRUTHVALUE'),
        'with': ('with', 'CONTEXTMANAGERS EXCEPTIONS yield'),
        'yield': ('yield', ''),
    }
    # Either add symbols to this dictionary or to the symbols dictionary
    # directly: Whichever is easier. They are merged later.
    _strprefixes = [p + q for p in ('b', 'f', 'r', 'u') for q in ("'", '"')]
    _symbols_inverse = {
        'STRINGS' : ("'", "'''", '"', '"""', *_strprefixes),
        'OPERATORS' : ('+', '-', '*', '**', '/', '//', '%', '<<', '>>', '&',
                       '|', '^', '~', '<', '>', '<=', '>=', '==', '!=', '<>'),
        'COMPARISON' : ('<', '>', '<=', '>=', '==', '!=', '<>'),
        'UNARY' : ('-', '~'),
        'AUGMENTEDASSIGNMENT' : ('+=', '-=', '*=', '/=', '%=', '&=', '|=',
                                '^=', '<<=', '>>=', '**=', '//='),
        'BITWISE' : ('<<', '>>', '&', '|', '^', '~'),
        'COMPLEX' : ('j', 'J')
    }
    symbols = {
        '%': 'OPERATORS FORMATTING',
        '**': 'POWER',
        ',': 'TUPLES LISTS FUNCTIONS',
        '.': 'ATTRIBUTES FLOAT MODULES OBJECTS',
        '...': 'ELLIPSIS',
        ':': 'SLICINGS DICTIONARYLITERALS',
        '@': 'def class',
        '\\': 'STRINGS',
        '_': 'PRIVATENAMES',
        '__': 'PRIVATENAMES SPECIALMETHODS',
        '`': 'BACKQUOTES',
        '(': 'TUPLES FUNCTIONS CALLS',
        ')': 'TUPLES FUNCTIONS CALLS',
        '[': 'LISTS SUBSCRIPTS SLICINGS',
        ']': 'LISTS SUBSCRIPTS SLICINGS'
    }
    for topic, symbols_ in _symbols_inverse.items():
        for symbol in symbols_:
            topics = symbols.get(symbol, topic)
            if topic not in topics:
                topics = topics + ' ' + topic
            symbols[symbol] = topics

    topics = {
        'TYPES': ('types', 'STRINGS UNICODE NUMBERS SEQUENCES MAPPINGS '
                  'FUNCTIONS CLASSES MODULES FILES inspect'),
        'STRINGS': ('strings', 'str UNICODE SEQUENCES STRINGMETHODS '
                    'FORMATTING TYPES'),
        'STRINGMETHODS': ('string-methods', 'STRINGS FORMATTING'),
        'FORMATTING': ('formatstrings', 'OPERATORS'),
        'UNICODE': ('strings', 'encodings unicode SEQUENCES STRINGMETHODS '
                    'FORMATTING TYPES'),
        'NUMBERS': ('numbers', 'INTEGER FLOAT COMPLEX TYPES'),
        'INTEGER': ('integers', 'int range'),
        'FLOAT': ('floating', 'float math'),
        'COMPLEX': ('imaginary', 'complex cmath'),
        'SEQUENCES': ('typesseq', 'STRINGMETHODS FORMATTING range LISTS'),
        'MAPPINGS': 'DICTIONARIES',
        'FUNCTIONS': ('typesfunctions', 'def TYPES'),
        'METHODS': ('typesmethods', 'class def CLASSES TYPES'),
        'CODEOBJECTS': ('bltin-code-objects', 'compile FUNCTIONS TYPES'),
        'TYPEOBJECTS': ('bltin-type-objects', 'types TYPES'),
        'FRAMEOBJECTS': 'TYPES',
        'TRACEBACKS': 'TYPES',
        'NONE': ('bltin-null-object', ''),
        'ELLIPSIS': ('bltin-ellipsis-object', 'SLICINGS'),
        'SPECIALATTRIBUTES': ('specialattrs', ''),
        'CLASSES': ('types', 'class SPECIALMETHODS PRIVATENAMES'),
        'MODULES': ('typesmodules', 'import'),
        'PACKAGES': 'import',
        'EXPRESSIONS': ('operator-summary', 'lambda or and not in is BOOLEAN '
                        'COMPARISON BITWISE SHIFTING BINARY FORMATTING POWER '
                        'UNARY ATTRIBUTES SUBSCRIPTS SLICINGS CALLS TUPLES '
                        'LISTS DICTIONARIES'),
        'OPERATORS': 'EXPRESSIONS',
        'PRECEDENCE': 'EXPRESSIONS',
        'OBJECTS': ('objects', 'TYPES'),
        'SPECIALMETHODS': ('specialnames', 'BASICMETHODS ATTRIBUTEMETHODS '
                           'CALLABLEMETHODS SEQUENCEMETHODS MAPPINGMETHODS '
                           'NUMBERMETHODS CLASSES'),
        'BASICMETHODS': ('customization', 'hash repr str SPECIALMETHODS'),
        'ATTRIBUTEMETHODS': ('attribute-access', 'ATTRIBUTES SPECIALMETHODS'),
        'CALLABLEMETHODS': ('callable-types', 'CALLS SPECIALMETHODS'),
        'SEQUENCEMETHODS': ('sequence-types', 'SEQUENCES SEQUENCEMETHODS '
                             'SPECIALMETHODS'),