index.dd

Ddoc

$(D_S D Programming Language,

$(SECTION3 The D programming language. Modern
convenience. Modeling power. Native efficiency.,

<div style="text-align: right; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: -35px; margin-right: 5px; position: relative; z-index: 10000">
<a href="http://forum.dlang.org/group/digitalmars.D" target="_blank" class="tip button">
    [your code here]
    <span>
        Got a brief example illustrating D? Submit your code to the digitalmars.D forum specifying "[your code here]" in the title. Upon approval it will be showcased on a random schedule on D's homepage.
    </span>
</a>
</div>
$(D_RUN_CODE
$(ARGS
----
#!/usr/bin/rdmd
// Computes average line length for standard input.
import std.stdio;

void main() {
    ulong lines = 0;
    double sumLength = 0;
    foreach (line; stdin.byLine()) {
        ++lines;
        sumLength += line.length;
    }
    writeln("Average line length: ",
        lines ? sumLength / lines : 0);
}
----
),
$(ARGS
#!/usr/bin/rdmd
// Computes average line length for standard input.
import std.stdio;

void main() {
    ulong lines = 0;
    double sumLength = 0;
    foreach (line; stdin.byLine()) {
        ++lines;
        sumLength += line.length;
    }
    writeln("Average line length: ",
        lines ? sumLength / lines : 0);
}),
$(ARGS Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Mauris tristique rutrum sem, nec convallis enim bibendum ut. Donec ac dolor tortor, sit amet consequat turpis. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce lacus dolor, sodales ac consequat eu, ultricies et leo. In commodo scelerisque urna non posuere. Sed justo ipsum, consectetur nec sodales in, faucibus ut nunc. Phasellus nunc metus, mollis eu malesuada at, scelerisque eget nulla. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Vivamus ac velit vel massa faucibus sagittis ut quis lectus. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Aliquam convallis dolor quis nunc viverra suscipit. Nam egestas pretium enim, sit amet tincidunt orci condimentum sit amet. Duis accumsan elit vehicula nisl tincidunt hendrerit. Nunc nec augue velit, ac lacinia nunc.),
$(ARGS))

D is a language with C-like syntax and static typing. It pragmatically combines
efficiency, control, and modeling power, with safety and programmer productivity.

$(SECTION3 Convenience,

$(UL

$(LI D allows writing large code fragments without redundantly specifying types,
like dynamic languages do. On the other hand, static inference deduces types and other
code properties, giving the best of both the static and the
dynamic worlds. $(EXAMPLE 1,
$(D_RUN_CODE 
$(ARGS
----
void main() {
    // Define an array of numbers, double[]. Compiler recognizes the common
    // type of all initializers.
    auto arr = [ 1, 2, 3.14, 5.1, 6 ];
    // Dictionary that maps string to int, type is spelled int[string]
    auto dictionary = [ "one" : 1, "two" : 2, "three" : 3 ];
    // Calls the min function defined below
    auto x = min(arr[0], dictionary["two"]);
}
// Type deduction works for function results. This is important for generic
// functions, such as min below, which works correctly for all comparable
// types.
auto min(T1, T2)(T1 lhs, T2 rhs) {
    return rhs < lhs ? rhs : lhs;
}
----
),
$(ARGS 
void main() {
    // Define an array of numbers, double[]. Compiler recognizes the common
    // type of all initializers.
    auto arr = [ 1, 2, 3.14, 5.1, 6 ];
    // Dictionary that maps string to int, type is spelled int[string]
    auto dictionary = [ "one" : 1, "two" : 2, "three" : 3 ];
    // Calls the min function defined below
    auto x = min(arr[0], dictionary["two"]);
}
// Type deduction works for function results. This is important for generic
// functions, such as min below, which works correctly for all comparable
// types.
auto min(T1, T2)(T1 lhs, T2 rhs) {
    return rhs < lhs ? rhs : lhs;
}),
$(ARGS), $(ARGS))

))

$(LI Automatic memory management makes for safe, simple, and robust code.
D also supports scoped resource management (aka the
$(WEB en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Acquisition_Is_Initialization, RAII) idiom)
and $(LINK2 statement.html#ScopeGuardStatement, $(D scope) statements) for
deterministic transactional code that is easy to write and read. $(EXAMPLE 2,
$(D_RUN_CODE 
$(ARGS
----
import std.stdio;

class Widget { }

void main() {
    // Automatically managed.
    auto w = new Widget;
    // Code is executed in any case upon scope exit.
    scope(exit) { writeln("Exiting main."); }
    // File is closed deterministically at scope's end.
    foreach (line; File("text.txt").byLine()) {
        writeln(line);
    }
    writeln();
}
----
),
$(ARGS
import std.stdio;

class Widget { }

void main() {
    // Automatically managed.
    auto w = new Widget;
    // Code is executed in any case upon scope exit.
    scope(exit) { writeln("Exiting main."); }
    // File is closed deterministically at scope's end.
    foreach (line; File("text.txt").byLine()) {
        writeln(line);
    }
    writeln();
}),
$(ARGS), $(ARGS))
)
)

$(LI Built-in linear and associative arrays, slices, and ranges make daily
programming simple and pleasant for tasks, both small and large. $(EXAMPLE 3,
$(D_RUN_CODE 
$(ARGS
----
#!/usr/bin/rdmd
import std.range, std.stdio;

// Compute average line length for stdin
void main() {
    ulong lines = 0, sumLength = 0;
    foreach (line; stdin.byLine()) {
        ++lines;
        sumLength += line.length;
    }
    writeln("Average line length: ",
        lines ? cast(double) sumLength / lines : 0.0);
}
----
),
$(ARGS
#!/usr/bin/rdmd
import std.range, std.stdio;

// Compute average line length for stdin
void main() {
    ulong lines = 0, sumLength = 0;
    foreach (line; stdin.byLine()) {
        ++lines;
        sumLength += line.length;
    }
    writeln("Average line length: ",
        lines ? cast(double) sumLength / lines : 0.0);
}),
$(ARGS Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Mauris tristique rutrum sem, nec convallis enim bibendum ut. Donec ac dolor tortor, sit amet consequat turpis. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce lacus dolor, sodales ac consequat eu, ultricies et leo. In commodo scelerisque urna non posuere. Sed justo ipsum, consectetur nec sodales in, faucibus ut nunc. Phasellus nunc metus, mollis eu malesuada at, scelerisque eget nulla. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Vivamus ac velit vel massa faucibus sagittis ut quis lectus. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Aliquam convallis dolor quis nunc viverra suscipit. Nam egestas pretium enim, sit amet tincidunt orci condimentum sit amet. Duis accumsan elit vehicula nisl tincidunt hendrerit. Nunc nec augue velit, ac lacinia nunc.),
$(ARGS))
))

))

$(SECTION3 Power,

$(UL

$(LI The best paradigm is to not impose something at the expense of others.
D offers classic polymorphism, value semantics, functional
style, generics, generative programming, contract programming,
and more&mdash;all harmoniously integrated. $(EXAMPLE 4,
$(D_RUN_CODE 
$(ARGS
----
// Interfaces and classes
interface Printable {
   void print(uint level)
   in { assert(level > 0); } // contract is part of the interface
}

// Interface implementation
class Widget : Printable {
   void print(uint level) 
   in{ }
   body{ }
}

// Single inheritance of state
class ExtendedWidget : Widget {
   override void print(uint level)
   in { /* weakening precondition is okay */  }
   body {
       //... level may be 0 here ...
   }
}

// Immutable data shared across threads
immutable string programName = "demo";
// Mutable data is thread-local
int perThread = 42;
// Explicitly shared data
shared int perApp = 5;

// Structs have value semantics
struct BigNum {
    // intercept copying
    this(this) { }
    // intercept destructor
    ~this() { }
}

void main()
{
    // ...
}
----
),
$(ARGS
// Interfaces and classes
interface Printable {
   void print(uint level)
   in { assert(level > 0); } // contract is part of the interface
}

// Interface implementation
class Widget : Printable {
   void print(uint level)    
   in{ }
   body{ }
}

// Single inheritance of state
class ExtendedWidget : Widget {
   override void print(uint level)
   in { /* weakening precondition is okay */  }
   body {
       //... level may be 0 here ...
   }
}

// Immutable data shared across threads
immutable string programName = "demo";
// Mutable data is thread-local
int perThread = 42;
// Explicitly shared data
shared int perApp = 5;

// Structs have value semantics
struct BigNum {
    // intercept copying
    this(this) { }
    // intercept destructor
    ~this() { }
}

void main()
{
    // ...
}),
$(ARGS), $(ARGS))
))

$(LI D offers an innovative approach to concurrency, featuring true
immutable data, message passing, no sharing by default, and
controlled mutable sharing across threads. $(WEBX
informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1609144, Read more).)

$(LI From simple scripts to large projects, D has the breadth
to scale with any application's needs: unit testing,
information hiding, refined modularity, fast compilation, precise
interfaces. $(WEBX drdobbs.com/high-performance-computing/217801225,
Read more).)

))

$(SECTION3 Efficiency,

$(UL

$(LI D compiles naturally to efficient native code.)

$(LI D is designed such that most "obvious" code is fast $(I and)
safe. On occasion a function might need to escape the confines of type
safety for ultimate speed and control. For such rare cases D offers
native pointers, type casts, access to any C function without any
intervening translation, and even inline assembly code. $(EXAMPLE 5,
$(D_RUN_CODE 
$(ARGS
----
import core.stdc.stdlib;

void livingDangerously() {
    // Access to C's malloc and free primitives
    auto buf = malloc(1024 * 1024);
    scope(exit) free(buf); // free automatically upon scope exit
    // Interprets memory as an array of floats
    auto floats = cast(float[]) buf[0 .. 1024 * 1024];
    // Even stack allocation is possible
    auto moreBuf = alloca(4096 * 100);
    //...
}

// Using inline asm for extra speed on x86
uint checked_multiply(uint x, uint y) {
    uint result;
    version (D_InlineAsm_X86) {
        // Inline assembler "sees" D variables.
        asm {
            mov     EAX,x        ;
            mul     EAX,y        ;
            mov     result,EAX   ;
            jc      Loverflow    ;
        }
        return result;
    } else {
        result = x * y;
        if (!y || x <= uint.max / y)
           return result;
   }
Loverflow:
   throw new Exception("multiply overflow");
}

void main()
{
    // ...
}
----
),
$(ARGS
import core.stdc.stdlib;

void livingDangerously() {
    // Access to C's malloc and free primitives
    auto buf = malloc(1024 * 1024);
    scope(exit) free(buf); // free automatically upon scope exit
    // Interprets memory as an array of floats
    auto floats = cast(float[]) buf[0 .. 1024 * 1024];
    // Even stack allocation is possible
    auto moreBuf = alloca(4096 * 100);
    //...
}

// Using inline asm for extra speed on x86
uint checked_multiply(uint x, uint y) {
    uint result;
    version (D_InlineAsm_X86) {
        // Inline assembler "sees" D variables.
        asm {
            mov     EAX,x        ;
            mul     EAX,y        ;
            mov     result,EAX   ;
            jc      Loverflow    ;
        }
        return result;
    } else {
        result = x * y;
        if (!y || x <= uint.max / y)
           return result;
   }
Loverflow:
   throw new Exception("multiply overflow");
}

void main()
{
    // ...
}),
$(ARGS), $(ARGS))

))

$(LI The $(D @safe), $(D @trusted), and $(D @system) modular
attributes allow the programmer to best decide the safety-efficiency
tradeoffs of an application, and have the compiler check for
consistency. $(LINK2 safed.html, Read more.))

)

))

$(XXXXSECTION2 Community,

$(P D is the center of a growing, vibrant community. Get D-related
news from the $(D digitalmars.D.announce) forum $(TAG2 span,
style="font-size:80%", $(WEB
digitalmars.com/pnews/indexing.php?server=news.digitalmars.com&group=digitalmars.D.announce,
[browse]) $(LINK2 news://news.digitalmars.com/digitalmars.D.announce,
[usenet]) $(WEB
lists.puremagic.com/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/digitalmars-d-announce,
[mailing list])). On Twitter, subscribe to D's official announcements
channel, $(WEB twitter.com/#!/D_Programming,@D_Programming), and
search for (and disseminate) news using tag $(WEB
twitter.com/#!/search/%23d_lang, #d_lang).)

$(P Learning D and have a question about the best way to do X? The $(D
digitalmars.D.learn) forum $(TAG2 span, style="font-size:80%", $(WEB
digitalmars.com/pnews/indexing.php?server=news.digitalmars.com&group=digitalmars.D.learn,
[browse]) $(LINK2 news://news.digitalmars.com/digitalmars.D.learn,
[usenet]) $(WEB
lists.puremagic.com/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/digitalmars-d-learn,
[mailing list])) is the hangout place where many D experts are ready
to help fellow hackers.)

$(P The $(D digitalmars.D) forum $(TAG2 span, style="font-size:80%",
$(WEB
digitalmars.com/pnews/indexing.php?server=news.digitalmars.com&group=digitalmars.D,
[browse]) $(LINK2 news://news.digitalmars.com/digitalmars.D, [usenet])
$(WEB lists.puremagic.com/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/digitalmars-d,
[mailing list])) is the best place to discuss anything and everything
related to D: language design ideas, suggestions, status and future,
contributions to the language and its standard library. Reach and
engage all major D contributors, including the very creator of D,
$(WEB walterbright.com, Walter Bright). For real-time conversation, use #d IRC channel on freenode.)

$(SECTION3 To contribute,

$(P Many D enthusiasts are not only using, but also contributing to
the language, its implementation, and its standard library. The main
hub of D development is $(WEB github.com/D-Programming-Language,
D-Programming-Language on github). The project has been awash in
contributions ever since creating the github repository on January 23,
2011, with an average of over 3 pull requests per day. (That doesn't
mean there's not a lot more to do!) You are welcome to fork any
subproject ($(WEB github.com/D-Programming-Language/dmd, compiler),
$(WEB github.com/D-Programming-Language/druntime, runtime), $(WEB
github.com/D-Programming-Language/phobos, standard library), $(WEB
github.com/D-Programming-Language/d-programming-language.org,
website), $(WEB github.com/D-Programming-Language/tools, tools), or
$(WEB github.com/D-Programming-Language/installer, installer)), change
it in useful ways, and propose your changes back to the community.

$(P The reference compiler $(LINK2 download.html, dmd) has inspired
work on alternate implementations that add value by using distinct
back-ends:)

$(UL

$(LI GNU D compiler $(LINK2 http://bitbucket.org/goshawk/gdc/wiki/Home, gdc).)

$(LI LLVM D Compiler $(WEB dsource.org/projects/ldc, ldc).)

)

$(P The gdc compiler is of particular interest because it taps into
gcc's extremely portable back-end and large installation base. The D
development team has signed the appropriate documents with FSF and is
pursuing integration of gdc with gcc version 4.8 starting March 2012.
$(WEB https://launchpad.net/~ibuclaw, Iain Buclaw) is leading that
effort.)

)

)
)
)




$(COMMENT

$(COMMENT $(AMAZONLINK 0321635361, <img style="float:right;
padding-left:1.5em; padding-bottom:1.5em; border-width: 0;"
src="images/tdpl.jpg" alt="The D Programming Language book" />))

$(P The K&amp;R of D  is here! Get $(AMAZONLINK 0321635361, The D
Programming  Language) by Andrei  Alexandrescu&mdash;the authoritative
source on everything D. From the book's introduction:

$(BLOCKQUOTE $(AMAZONLINK 0321635361, The D Programming Language) by
Andrei Alexandrescu, D is a language that attempts to consistently do
the right thing within the constraints it chose: system-level access
to computing resources, high performance, and syntactic similarity
with C-derived languages.  In trying to do the right thing, D
sometimes stays with tradition and does what other languages do, and
other times it breaks tradition with a fresh, innovative solution.  On
occasion that meant revisiting the very constraints that D ostensibly
embraced.  For example, large program fragments or indeed entire
programs can be written in a well-defined memory-safe subset of D,
which entails giving away a small amount of system-level access for a
large gain in program debuggability.))

$(P  D  is  a  multi-paradigm  programming language  that  combines  a
principled approach  with a  focus on practicality.   In D you  get to
harness  the power  and high  performance of  C and  C++ and  also the
safety and  programmer productivity of  modern languages such  as Ruby
and  Python.  Special  attention  is  given to  the  needs of  quality
assurance, documentation, portability, and reliability.)

$(P The D language is statically typed and compiles directly to machine code.
It&rsquo;s multiparadigm, supporting many programming styles:
imperative, object oriented, and metaprogramming. It&rsquo;s a member of the C
syntax family, and its appearance is very similar to that of C++.
Here&rsquo;s a quick list of $(LINK2 comparison.html, features).
)

$(P This site does not refer to the first edition of the language,
known as "D version 1" or "D1". Currently, D1 is in maintenance mode
and has documentation available $(LINK2
http://www.digitalmars.com/d/1.0/index.html,here). We recommend the
current edition of the D programming language (formerly known as "D2")
for new projects. )

$(P There are currently three implementations:
$(OL
    $(LI Digital Mars dmd for
    $(LINK2 dmd-windows.html, Windows),
    $(LINK2 dmd-linux.html, x86 Linux),
    $(LINK2 dmd-osx.html, Mac OS X), and
    $(LINK2 dmd-freebsd.html, x86 FreeBSD).
    )

    $(LI LLVM D Compiler $(LINK2 http://www.dsource.org/projects/ldc, ldc).
    )

$(COMMENT
    $(LI Gnu D compiler $(LINK2 http://dgcc.sourceforge.net/, gdc)
    for several platforms, including
    $(LINK2 http://gdcwin.sourceforge.net/, Windows) and
    $(LINK2 http://gdcmac.sourceforge.net/, Mac OS X)
    for D versions 1.030 and 2.014.
    )
)
    $(LI Gnu D compiler $(LINK2 http://bitbucket.org/goshawk/gdc/wiki/Home, gdc).
    )

    $(COMMENT $(LINK2 http://dnet.codeplex.com/, D.NET compiler)
    alpha for .NET for D version 2.)
)
)

$(P A large and growing collection of D source code and projects
are at $(LINK2 http://www.dsource.org, dsource).
More links to innumerable D wikis, libraries, tools, media articles,
etc. are at $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/d/dlinks.html, dlinks).
)

$(COMMENT $(P
This document is available as a
$(LINK2 http://www.prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi?LanguageSpecification/PDFArchive, pdf),
as well as in
$(LINK2 http://www.kmonos.net/alang/d/, Japanese)
and
$(LINK2 http://elderane.50webs.com/tuto/d/, Portugese)
translations.
A German book
$(LINK2 http://www.amazon.de/Programmieren-D-Einf%C3%BChrung-neue-Programmiersprache/dp/3939084697/, Programming in D: Introduction to the new Programming Language)
is available, as well as
a Japanese book
$(LINK2 http://www.gihyo.co.jp/books/syoseki-contents.php/4-7741-2208-4, D Language Perfect Guide),
and a Turkish book
$(LINK2 http://ddili.org/ders/d/, D Programlama Dili Dersleri).
))

$(COMMENT: Japanese by Kazuhiro Inaba, Portugese by Christian Hartung)

$(P This is an example D program illustrating some of the capabilities:)
----
#!/usr/bin/rdmd
/* shebang is supported */

/* Hello World in D
   To compile:
     dmd hello.d (or on Unix just make hello.d executable and run it)
   or to optimize:
     dmd -O -inline -release hello.d
*/

import std.stdio;

void main(string[] args)
{
$(V1      writefln("Hello World, Reloaded");)$(V2      writeln("Hello World, Reloaded");)

    // auto type inference and built-in foreach
    foreach (argc, argv; args)
    {
        // Object Oriented Programming
        auto cl = new CmdLin(argc, argv);
        // Improved typesafe printf
        writeln(cl.argnum, cl.suffix, " arg: ", cl.argv);
        // Automatic or explicit memory management
        delete cl;
    }

    // Nested structs and classes
    struct specs
    {
        // all members automatically initialized
        size_t count, allocated;
    }

    // Nested functions can refer to outer
    // variables like args
    specs argspecs()
    {
        specs* s = new specs;
        // no need for '->'
        s.count = args.length;         // get length of array with .length
        s.allocated = typeof(args).sizeof; // built-in native type properties
        foreach (argv; args)
            s.allocated += argv.length * typeof(argv[0]).sizeof;
        return *s;
    }

    // built-in string and common string operations
    writefln("argc = %d, " ~ "allocated = %d",
    argspecs().count, argspecs().allocated);
}

class CmdLin
{
    private size_t _argc;
    private string _argv;

public:
    this(size_t argc, string argv) // constructor
    {
        _argc = argc;
        _argv = argv;
    }

    size_t argnum()
    {
        return _argc + 1;
    }

    string argv()
    {
        return _argv;
    }

    string suffix()
    {
        string suffix = "th";
        switch (_argc)
        {
          case 0:
            suffix = "st";
            break;
          case 1:
            suffix = "nd";
            break;
          case 2:
            suffix = "rd";
            break;
          default:
        break;
        }
        return suffix;
    }
}
----

$(P $(B Notice:) We welcome feedback about the D compiler or language, but please be explicit about
any claims to intellectual property rights with a copyright or patent notice if you have such for
your contributions.  We want D to remain open and free to use, and do not wish to be caught by
someone posting a patch to the compiler, and then later claim compensation for that work.)

)

Macros:
    TITLE=Home
    WIKI=Intro
    TAG=<$1>$+</$1>
    TAG2=<$1 $2>$3</$1>
    WEB=$(LINK2 http://$1,$2)
    WEBX=$(LINK2 http://$1,$2)
    D=<span class="d_inlinecode">$0</span>
    EXAMPLE=
<script>
  document.write('$(TAG2 div, id="q$1" class="question" onclick="showHideAnswer(this);", <span class="nobr">See example.</span>)');
</script>
<noscript><span class="nobr">See example.</span></noscript>
$(TAG2 div, id="a$1" class="answer-nojs", $2)
    LAYOUT=
<div id="navigation">
  $1
  $(GOOGLE_TRANSLATE)
</div>
<div id="twitter">
<script src="http://widgets.twimg.com/j/2/widget.js"></script>
<script>
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  type : 'profile',
  rpp : 8,
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      //color : '#000000'
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    tweets : {
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  features : {
    scrollbar : true,
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}).render().setUser('D_programming').start();
</script>
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<div id="content" style="margin-right:18em;" class='hyphenate'>
  $(PAGE_TOOLS)
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