This section helps you quickly use a provided reference sampler to solve arbitrary-sized problems and then shows you how to build (hybrid) workflows using provided components.
dwave-hybrid includes a reference example sampler built using the framework: Kerberos is a dimod-compatible hybrid asynchronous decomposition sampler that enables you to solve problems of arbitrary structure and size. It finds best samples by running in parallel tabu search, simulated annealing, and D-Wave subproblem sampling on problem variables that have high-energy impact.
The example below uses Kerberos to solve a large QUBO.
>>> import dimod
>>> from hybrid.reference.kerberos import KerberosSampler
>>> with open('../problems/random-chimera/8192.01.qubo') as problem:
... bqm = dimod.BinaryQuadraticModel.from_coo(problem)
>>> len(bqm)
8192
>>> solution = KerberosSampler().sample(bqm, max_iter=10, convergence=3) # doctest: +SKIP
>>> solution.first.energy # doctest: +SKIP
-4647.0As shown in the :ref:`overview` section, you build hybrid solvers by arranging components such as samplers in a workflow.
The basic components---building blocks---you use are based on the :class:`.Runnable` class: decomposers, samplers, and composers. Such components input a set of samples, a :class:`.SampleSet`, and output updated samples. A :class:`State` associated with such an iteration of a component holds the problem, samples, and optionally additional information.
The following example demonstrates a simple workflow that uses just one :class:`.Runnable`, a sampler representing the classical tabu search algorithm, to solve a problem (fully classically, without decomposition). The example solves a small problem of a triangle graph of nodes identically coupled. An initial :class:`.State` of all-zero samples is set as a starting point. The solution, new_state, is derived from a single iteration of the TabuProblemSampler :class:`.Runnable`.
>>> import dimod
>>> # Define a problem
>>> bqm = dimod.BinaryQuadraticModel.from_ising({}, {'ab': 0.5, 'bc': 0.5, 'ca': 0.5})
>>> # Set up the sampler with an initial state
>>> sampler = TabuProblemSampler(tenure=2, timeout=5)
>>> state = State.from_sample({'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'c': 0}, bqm)
>>> # Sample the problem
>>> new_state = sampler.run(state).result()
>>> print(new_state.samples) # doctest: +SKIP
a b c energy num_occ.
0 +1 -1 -1 -0.5 1
['SPIN', 1 rows, 1 samples, 3 variables]The framework provides classes for structuring workflows that use the "building-block"
components. As shown in the :ref:`overview` section, you can create a branch of :class:`Runnable`
classes; for example decomposer | sampler | composer, which delegates part
of a problem to a sampler such as the D-Wave system.
The following example shows a branch comprising a decomposer, local Tabu solver, and a composer. A 10-variable binary quadratic model is decomposed by the energy impact of its variables into a 6-variable subproblem to be sampled twice. An initial state of all -1 values is set using the utility function :meth:`~hybrid.utils.min_sample`.
>>> import dimod # Create a binary quadratic model
>>> bqm = dimod.BinaryQuadraticModel({t: 0 for t in range(10)},
... {(t, (t+1) % 10): 1 for t in range(10)},
... 0, 'SPIN')
>>> branch = (EnergyImpactDecomposer(size=6, min_gain=-10) |
... TabuSubproblemSampler(num_reads=2) |
... SplatComposer())
>>> new_state = branch.next(State.from_sample(min_sample(bqm), bqm))
>>> print(new_state.subsamples) # doctest: +SKIP
4 5 6 7 8 9 energy num_occ.
0 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -5.0 1
1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -5.0 1
['SPIN', 2 rows, 2 samples, 6 variables]Such :class:`.Branch` classes can be run in parallel using the :class:`.RacingBranches` class. From the outputs of these parallel branches, :class:`.ArgMin` selects a new current sample. And instead of a single iteration on the sample set, you can use the :class:`.Loop` to iterate a set number of times or until a convergence criteria is met.
This example of :ref:`racingBranches1` solves a binary quadratic model by iteratively producing best samples. Similar to :std:doc:`qbsolv <qbsolv:index>`, it employs both tabu search on the entire problem and a D-Wave system on subproblems. In addition to building-block components such as employed above, this example also uses infrastructure classes to manage the decomposition and parallel running of branches.
Racing Branches
The framework enables quick modification of work flows to improve solutions and performance. For example, after verifying the :ref:`racingBranches1` workflow above on its small problem, you might make a series of modifications such as the examples below to better fit it to problems with large numbers of variables.
- Configure a decomposition window that moves down a fraction of problem variables, ordered from highest to lower energy impact, and submit those subproblems to the D-Wave system while tabu searches globally. This example submits 50-variable subproblems on up to 15% of the total variables.
# Redefine the workflow: a rolling decomposition window
subproblem = hybrid.EnergyImpactDecomposer(size=50, rolling_history=0.15)
subsampler = hybrid.QPUSubproblemAutoEmbeddingSampler() | hybrid.SplatComposer()
iteration = hybrid.RacingBranches(
hybrid.InterruptableTabuSampler(),
subproblem | subsampler
) | hybrid.ArgMin()
workflow = hybrid.LoopUntilNoImprovement(iteration, convergence=3)- Instead of sequentially producing a sample per subproblem, a further modification might be to process all the subproblems in parallel and merge the returned samples. Here the :class:`~hybrid.decomposers.EnergyImpactDecomposer` is iterated until it raises a :meth:`~hybrid.exceptions.EndOfStream` exception when it reaches 15% of the variables, and then all the 50-variable subproblems are submitted to the D-Wave system.
# Redefine the workflow: parallel subproblem solving for a single sample
subproblem = hybrid.Unwind(
hybrid.EnergyImpactDecomposer(size=50, rolling_history=0.15)
)
subsampler = hybrid.Map(
hybrid.QPUSubproblemAutoEmbeddingSampler()
) | hybrid.Reduce(
hybrid.Lambda(merge_substates)
) | hybrid.SplatComposer()Change the criterion for selecting subproblems. By default, the variables are selected by maximal energy impact but selection can be better tailored to a problem's structure.
For example, for binary quadratic model representing the problem graph shown in the :ref:`eidEnergy` graphic, if you select a subproblem size of four, these nodes selected by descending energy impact are not directly connected (no shared edges, and might not represent a local structure of the problem).
Traversal by Energy Impact
Configuring a mode of traversal such as breadth-first (BFS) or priority-first selection (PFS) can capture features that represent local structures within a problem.
# Redefine the workflow: subproblem selection subproblem = hybrid.Unwind( hybrid.EnergyImpactDecomposer(size=50, rolling_history=0.15, traversal='bfs'))These two selection modes are shown in the :ref:`eidBfsPfs` graphic. BFS starts with the node with maximal energy impact, from which its graph traversal proceeds to directly connected nodes, then nodes directly connected to those, and so on, with graph traversal ordered by node index. In PFS, graph traversal selects the node with highest energy impact among unselected nodes directly connected to any already selected node.
Traversal by BFS or PFS
The next example tailors a state selector for a sampler that does some post-processing and can alert upon suspect samples. Sampler output modified by ellipses ("...") for readability is shown below for an Ising model of a triangle problem with zero biases and interactions all equal to 0.5. The first of three :class:`~hybrid.core.State` classes is flagged as problematic using the info field:
[{...,'samples': SampleSet(rec.array([([0, 1, 0], 0., 1)], ..., ['a', 'b', 'c'], {'Postprocessor': 'Excessive chain breaks'}, 'SPIN')},
{...,'samples': SampleSet(rec.array([([1, 1, 1], 1.5, 1)], ..., ['a', 'b', 'c'], {}, 'SPIN')},
{...,'samples': SampleSet(rec.array([([0, 0, 0], 0., 1)], ..., ['a', 'b', 'c'], {}, 'SPIN')}]
This code snippet defines a metric for the key argument in :class:`~hybrid.flow.ArgMin`:
def preempt(si):
if 'Postprocessor' in si.samples.info:
return(math.inf)
else:
return(si.samples.first.energy)
Using the defined key on the above input, :class:`~hybrid.flow.ArgMin` finds the state with the lowest energy (zero) excluding the flagged state (which also has energy of zero):
>>> ArgMin(key=preempt).next(states) # doctest: +SKIP
{'problem': BinaryQuadraticModel({'a': 0.0, 'b': 0.0, 'c': 0.0}, {('a', 'b'): 0.5, ('b', 'c'): 0.5, ('c', 'a'): 0.5},
0.0, Vartype.SPIN), 'samples': SampleSet(rec.array([([0, 0, 0], 0., 1)],
dtype=[('sample', 'i1', (3,)), ('energy', '<f8'), ('num_occurrences', '<i4')]), ['a', 'b', 'c'], {}, 'SPIN')}The code snippet below uses :class:`~hybrid.flow.Map` to run a tabu search on two states in parallel.
>>> Map(TabuProblemSampler()).run(States( # doctest: +SKIP
State.from_sample({'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'c': 1}, bqm1),
State.from_sample({'a': 1, 'b': 1, 'c': 0}, bqm2)))
>>> _.result() # doctest: +SKIP
[{'samples': SampleSet(rec.array([([-1, -1, 1], -0.5, 1)], dtype=[('sample', 'i1', (3,)),
('energy', '<f8'), ('num_occurrences', '<i4')]), ['a', 'b', 'c'], {}, 'SPIN'),
'problem': BinaryQuadraticModel({'a': 0.0, 'b': 0.0, 'c': 0.0}, {('a', 'b'): 0.5, ('b', 'c'): 0.5,
('c', 'a'): 0.5}, 0.0, Vartype.SPIN)},
{'samples': SampleSet(rec.array([([ 1, 1, -1], -1., 1)], dtype=[('sample', 'i1', (3,)),
('energy', '<f8'), ('num_occurrences', '<i4')]), ['a', 'b', 'c'], {}, 'SPIN'),
'problem': BinaryQuadraticModel({'a': 0.0, 'b': 0.0, 'c': 0.0}, {('a', 'b'): 1, ('b', 'c'): 1,
('c', 'a'): 1}, 0.0, Vartype.SPIN)}]You can see detailed execution information by setting the level of logging.
The package supports logging levels TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR, and CRITICAL
in ascending order of severity. By default, logging level is set to ERROR. You can
select the logging level with environment variable DWAVE_HYBRID_LOG_LEVEL.
For example, on a Windows operating system, set this environment variable to INFO level as:
set DWAVE_HYBRID_LOG_LEVEL=INFOor on a Unix-based system as:
DWAVE_HYBRID_LOG_LEVEL=INFOThe previous example above might output something like the following:
>>> print("Solution: sample={s.samples.first}".format(s=solution)) # doctest: +SKIP2018-12-10 15:18:30,634 hybrid.flow INFO Loop Iteration(iterno=0, best_state_quality=-3.0)
2018-12-10 15:18:31,511 hybrid.flow INFO Loop Iteration(iterno=1, best_state_quality=-3.0)
2018-12-10 15:18:35,889 hybrid.flow INFO Loop Iteration(iterno=2, best_state_quality=-3.0)
2018-12-10 15:18:37,377 hybrid.flow INFO Loop Iteration(iterno=3, best_state_quality=-3.0)
Solution: sample=Sample(sample={'a': 1, 'b': -1, 'c': -1}, energy=-3.0, num_occurrences=1)