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ABCsofwebscraping.html
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ABCsofwebscraping.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>ABCs of Web-Scraping</title>
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" />
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" />
<!-- web fonts -->
<style type="text/css">
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=News+Cycle:400,700');
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic');
</style>
<!-- reveal.js -->
<style type="text/css" >
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0;transform-origin:0 0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,100%,0) rotateX(-90deg);-moz-transform:translate3d(0,100%,0) rotateX(-90deg);-ms-transform:translate3d(0,100%,0) rotateX(-90deg);transform:translate3d(0,100%,0) rotateX(-90deg)}.reveal.page .slides{-webkit-perspective-origin:0 50%;-moz-perspective-origin:0 50%;-ms-perspective-origin:0 50%;perspective-origin:0 50%;-webkit-perspective:3000px;-moz-perspective:3000px;-ms-perspective:3000px;perspective:3000px}.reveal.page .slides section{padding:30px;min-height:700px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.reveal.page .slides section.past{z-index:12}.reveal.page .slides section:not(.stack):before{content:'';position:absolute;display:block;width:100%;height:100%;left:0;top:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-transform:translateZ(-20px);-moz-transform:translateZ(-20px);-ms-transform:translateZ(-20px);-o-transform:translateZ(-20px);transform:translateZ(-20px)}.reveal.page .slides section:not(.stack):after{content:'';position:absolute;display:block;width:90%;height:30px;left:5%;bottom:0;background:0;z-index:1;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 95px 25px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-transform:translateZ(-90px) rotateX(65deg)}.reveal.page .slides>section.stack{padding:0;background:0}.reveal.page .slides>section.past{-webkit-transform-origin:0 0;-moz-transform-origin:0 0;-ms-transform-origin:0 0;transform-origin:0 0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(-40%,0,0) rotateY(-80deg);-moz-transform:translate3d(-40%,0,0) rotateY(-80deg);-ms-transform:translate3d(-40%,0,0) rotateY(-80deg);transform:translate3d(-40%,0,0) rotateY(-80deg)}.reveal.page .slides>section.future{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-ms-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-moz-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transform:translate3d(0,0,0)}.reveal.page .slides>section>section.past{-webkit-transform-origin:0 0;-moz-transform-origin:0 0;-ms-transform-origin:0 0;transform-origin:0 0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,-40%,0) rotateX(80deg);-moz-transform:translate3d(0,-40%,0) rotateX(80deg);-ms-transform:translate3d(0,-40%,0) rotateX(80deg);transform:translate3d(0,-40%,0) rotateX(80deg)}.reveal.page .slides>section>section.future{-webkit-transform-origin:0 100%;-moz-transform-origin:0 100%;-ms-transform-origin:0 100%;transform-origin:0 100%;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-moz-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transform:translate3d(0,0,0)}.reveal .slides section[data-transition=fade],.reveal.fade .slides section,.reveal.fade .slides>section>section{-webkit-transform:none;-moz-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;-o-transform:none;transform:none;-webkit-transition:opacity .5s;-moz-transition:opacity .5s;-ms-transition:opacity .5s;-o-transition:opacity .5s;transition:opacity .5s}.reveal.fade.overview .slides section,.reveal.fade.overview 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section:before{display:none!important}.reveal.overview .slides section>section{opacity:1;cursor:pointer}.reveal.overview .slides section:hover{background:rgba(0,0,0,.3)}.reveal.overview .slides section.present{background:rgba(0,0,0,.3)}.reveal.overview .slides>section.stack{padding:0;background:0;overflow:visible}.reveal .pause-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;background:#000;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;z-index:100;-webkit-transition:all 1s ease;-moz-transition:all 1s ease;-ms-transition:all 1s ease;-o-transition:all 1s ease;transition:all 1s ease}.reveal.paused .pause-overlay{visibility:visible;opacity:1}.no-transforms{overflow-y:auto}.no-transforms .reveal .slides{position:relative;width:80%;height:auto!important;top:0;left:50%;margin:0;text-align:center}.no-transforms .reveal .controls,.no-transforms .reveal .progress{display:none!important}.no-transforms .reveal .slides section{display:block!important;opacity:1!important;position:relative!important;height:auto;min-height:auto;top:0;left:-50%;margin:70px 0;-webkit-transform:none;-moz-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;-o-transform:none;transform:none}.no-transforms .reveal .slides section section{left:0}.no-transition{-webkit-transition:none;-moz-transition:none;-ms-transition:none;-o-transition:none;transition:none}.reveal .state-background{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-transition:background 800ms ease;-moz-transition:background 800ms ease;-ms-transition:background 800ms ease;-o-transition:background 800ms ease;transition:background 800ms ease}.alert .reveal .state-background{background:rgba(200,50,30,.6)}.soothe .reveal .state-background{background:rgba(50,200,90,.4)}.blackout .reveal .state-background{background:rgba(0,0,0,.6)}.whiteout .reveal .state-background{background:rgba(255,255,255,.6)}.cobalt .reveal .state-background{background:rgba(22,152,213,.6)}.mint .reveal .state-background{background:rgba(22,213,75,.6)}.submerge .reveal .state-background{background:rgba(12,25,77,.6)}.lila .reveal .state-background{background:rgba(180,50,140,.6)}.sunset .reveal .state-background{background:rgba(255,122,0,.6)}.reveal.rtl .slides,.reveal.rtl .slides h1,.reveal.rtl .slides h2,.reveal.rtl .slides h3,.reveal.rtl .slides h4,.reveal.rtl .slides h5,.reveal.rtl .slides h6{direction:rtl;font-family:sans-serif}.reveal.rtl pre,.reveal.rtl code{direction:ltr}.reveal.rtl ol,.reveal.rtl ul{text-align:right}.reveal.rtl .progress span{float:right}.reveal aside.notes{display:none}.zoomed .reveal *,.zoomed .reveal :before,.zoomed .reveal :after{-webkit-transform:none!important;-moz-transform:none!important;-ms-transform:none!important;transform:none!important;-webkit-backface-visibility:visible!important;-moz-backface-visibility:visible!important;-ms-backface-visibility:visible!important;backface-visibility:visible!important}.zoomed .reveal .progress,.zoomed .reveal .controls{opacity:0}.zoomed .reveal .roll span{background:0}.zoomed .reveal .roll span:after{visibility:hidden}
</style>
<style type="text/css" >
/**
* A simple theme for reveal.js presentations, similar
* to the default theme. The accent color is darkblue.
*
* This theme is Copyright (C) 2012 Owen Versteeg, https://github.com/StereotypicalApps. It is MIT licensed.
* reveal.js is Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Hakim El Hattab, http://hakim.se
*/
/*********************************************
* GLOBAL STYLES
*********************************************/
body {
background: white;
background-color: white; }
.reveal {
font-family: "Lato", sans-serif;
font-size: 36px;
font-weight: 200;
letter-spacing: -0.02em;
color: black; }
::selection {
color: white;
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.99);
text-shadow: none; }
/*********************************************
* HEADERS
*********************************************/
.reveal h1,
.reveal h2,
.reveal h3,
.reveal h4,
.reveal h5,
.reveal h6 {
margin: 0 0 20px 0;
color: black;
font-family: "News Cycle", Impact, sans-serif;
line-height: 0.9em;
letter-spacing: 0.02em;
text-transform: none;
text-shadow: none; }
.reveal h1 {
text-shadow: 0px 0px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); }
/*********************************************
* LINKS
*********************************************/
.reveal a:not(.image) {
color: darkblue;
text-decoration: none;
-webkit-transition: color .15s ease;
-moz-transition: color .15s ease;
-ms-transition: color .15s ease;
-o-transition: color .15s ease;
transition: color .15s ease; }
.reveal a:not(.image):hover {
color: #0000f1;
text-shadow: none;
border: none; }
.reveal .roll span:after {
color: #fff;
background: #00003f; }
/*********************************************
* IMAGES
*********************************************/
.reveal section img {
margin: 15px 0px;
background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
border: 4px solid black;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
-webkit-transition: all .2s linear;
-moz-transition: all .2s linear;
-ms-transition: all .2s linear;
-o-transition: all .2s linear;
transition: all .2s linear; }
.reveal a:hover img {
background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
border-color: darkblue;
box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55); }
/*********************************************
* NAVIGATION CONTROLS
*********************************************/
.reveal .controls div.navigate-left,
.reveal .controls div.navigate-left.enabled {
border-right-color: darkblue; }
.reveal .controls div.navigate-right,
.reveal .controls div.navigate-right.enabled {
border-left-color: darkblue; }
.reveal .controls div.navigate-up,
.reveal .controls div.navigate-up.enabled {
border-bottom-color: darkblue; }
.reveal .controls div.navigate-down,
.reveal .controls div.navigate-down.enabled {
border-top-color: darkblue; }
.reveal .controls div.navigate-left.enabled:hover {
border-right-color: #0000f1; }
.reveal .controls div.navigate-right.enabled:hover {
border-left-color: #0000f1; }
.reveal .controls div.navigate-up.enabled:hover {
border-bottom-color: #0000f1; }
.reveal .controls div.navigate-down.enabled:hover {
border-top-color: #0000f1; }
/*********************************************
* PROGRESS BAR
*********************************************/
.reveal .progress {
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); }
.reveal .progress span {
background: darkblue;
-webkit-transition: width 800ms cubic-bezier(0.26, 0.86, 0.44, 0.985);
-moz-transition: width 800ms cubic-bezier(0.26, 0.86, 0.44, 0.985);
-ms-transition: width 800ms cubic-bezier(0.26, 0.86, 0.44, 0.985);
-o-transition: width 800ms cubic-bezier(0.26, 0.86, 0.44, 0.985);
transition: width 800ms cubic-bezier(0.26, 0.86, 0.44, 0.985); }
</style>
<style type="text/css">
.reveal h1 {
font-size: 2.5em;
}
.reveal h1,
.reveal h2,
.reveal h3,
.reveal h4,
.reveal h5,
.reveal h6 {
margin-bottom: .6em;
}
.reveal p,
.reveal table {
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
.reveal li {
margin-bottom: .4em;
}
.reveal ul ul,
.reveal ul ol,
.reveal ol ol,
.reveal ol ul {
margin-top: .4em;
}
.reveal .slides {
text-align: left;
}
.reveal small {
font-size: 0.85em;
}
.reveal pre {
margin-top: 0;
max-width: 95%;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
white-space: pre-wrap;
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
.reveal pre code {
display: block; padding: 0.5em;
font-size: 1.6em;
line-height: 1.1em;
background-color: white;
overflow: visible;
max-height: none;
word-wrap: normal;
}
.reveal code {
overflow: visible;
max-height: none;
}
.reveal code.r {
background-color: #F8F8F8;
}
.reveal code.cpp {
background-color: #F8F8F8;
}
.reveal section del {
text-decoration: none;
color: #AAB1BA;
}
.reveal section img {
border: none;
}
.reveal section .fieldError {
margin-bottom: 25px;
}
.reveal section .fieldError span {
color: red;
}
.prompt .reveal .state-background {
background: #C6D7DC;
}
.quiz-multichoice .reveal .state-background {
background: rgba(254,220,179,1);
}
.quiz-multichoice .reveal ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin-bottom: 30px;
}
.quiz-multichoice .reveal li {
margin-top: 15px;
}
.quiz-multichoice .reveal .quizFeedback {
margin-bottom: 30px;
}
.quiz-multichoice .reveal .quizFeedback img {
border: none;
box-shadow: none;
background: transparent;
float: left;
margin-top: -15px;
}
.quiz-multichoice .reveal .quizFeedback span {
font-size: 1.4em;
margin-left: 12px;
}
.section .reveal .state-background {
background: #96A2B6;
}
.section .reveal h1,
.section .reveal h2,
.section .reveal p {
color: white;
margin-top: 50px;
}
.sub-section .reveal .state-background {
background: #E7E8EA
}
.sub-section .reveal h2,
.sub-section .reveal p {
color: #63717B;
margin-top: 50px;
}
.reveal strong {
color: #25679E;
}
.reveal .controls {
right: -20px;
bottom: 5px;
}
.reveal .controls div.navigate-left {
top: 75px;
}
.reveal .controls div.navigate-right {
left: 54px;
top: 75px;
}
.reveal .controls div.navigate-up {
display: none;
}
.reveal .controls div.navigate-down {
display: none;
}
/*********************************************
* NAVIGATION CONTROLS
*********************************************/
.reveal .controls div.navigate-left,
.reveal .controls div.navigate-left.enabled {
border-right-color: #25679E;
}
.reveal .controls div.navigate-right,
.reveal .controls div.navigate-right.enabled {
border-left-color: #25679E;
}
.reveal .controls div.navigate-up,
.reveal .controls div.navigate-up.enabled {
border-bottom-color: #25679E;
}
.reveal .controls div.navigate-down,
.reveal .controls div.navigate-down.enabled {
border-top-color: #25679E;
}
.reveal .controls div.navigate-left.enabled:hover {
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<h1>ABCs of Web-Scraping</h1><p>Eric Dunford<br/>University of Maryland, College Park</p>
<div class="slideContent" >
<p>May 19, 2016 </p>
<p>University of Iceland - R Users Group</p>
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<h3>Code</h3>
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<ul>
<li>RScripts: <a href="https://github.com/edunford/webscraping_workshop">https://github.com/edunford/webscraping_workshop</a></li>
<li>Slides: <a href="http://rpubs.com/dunforde/web_scraping">http://rpubs.com/dunforde/web_scraping</a></li>
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<h3>Overview</h3>
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<p>This tutorial will provide a basic overview of web-scraping in R. </p>
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<li>outlining the basics of HTML</li>
<li>Walking through a simple scrape of content from a <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36156865">BBC news story</a>.</li>
<li>Demonstrating how to build a functional “scraper”</li>
<li>Concluding remarks regarding legality and playing safe.</li>
<li>[Time Permitting] Show example and rendering of trade data.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section data-state="sub-section" data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h2>Scraping the Web: The Basics</h2>
<div class="slideContent" >
</div>
</section>
<section data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h3>What does it mean to "scrape" somthing off of the web?</h3>
<div class="slideContent" >
<ul>
<li class="fragment">leveraging the structure of a website to grab it's contents</li>
<li class="fragment">using a programming environment (such as R, Python, Java, etc.) to systematically
extract that content</li>
<li class="fragment">accomplishing the above in an “unobtrusive” and legal way</li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h3>Website</h3>
<div class="slideContent" >
<p>As internet consumers, we interact with the <strong>interface</strong> (or a <strong>rendered</strong> version) of a <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36156865">webpage</a>.</p>
<p>Since websites are just <strong>rendered</strong> code, every piece of that code can be tapped into.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h3>The many faces of HTML code</h3>
<div class="slideContent" >
<p>Keep in mind that there is 5 types of coding playing out simultaneously when rendering a website:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><strong>HTML</strong>: generates/creates the actual content of a website</li>
<li class="fragment"><strong>XML</strong>: used to transmit data to a webpage from a server</li>
<li class="fragment"><strong>PHP</strong>: relays information between a server and the page (think passwords)</li>
<li class="fragment"><strong>CSS</strong>: responsible for the design of the website</li>
<li class="fragment"><strong>JavaScript</strong>: handles changes and animation.</li>
</ul>
<p class="fragment">All these different pieces of code work in conjunction (so all will be simultaneously present when viewing a website).</p>
<p class="fragment">When scraping, we care primarily about <strong>CSS</strong> and <strong>XML</strong>.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h3>The Sturcture of HTML </h3>
<div class="slideContent" >
<p>HTML code is structured using <strong>tags</strong>, and information is organized hierarchcially (like a list or an array) from top to bottom. When scraping, the tags that are of most use are:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>p</strong> – paragraphs</li>
<li><strong>a href</strong> – links</li>
<li><strong>div</strong> – divisions</li>
<li><strong>h</strong> – headings</li>
<li><strong>table</strong> – tables</li>
</ul>
<p>We can examine the HTML of a website by <strong><em>inspecting</em></strong> the content within it (more below). </p>
</div>
</section>
<section data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h3>R Packages</h3>
<div class="slideContent" >
<p>There are many packages that can be effectively used to download content from a website. Here I highlight a few, but new stuff is coming out all the time. </p>
<pre><code class="r">require(rvest) # New, easier to use (dplyr logic)
require(httr) # great for forms and handshakes
require(RCurl) # older but stable. Behaves well with other packages
require(XML) # older but stable. Behaves well with other packages
</code></pre>
</div>
</section>
<section data-state="sub-section" data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h2>Example 1: Scraping Content</h2>
<div class="slideContent" >
</div>
</section>
<section data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h3>BBC </h3>
<div class="slideContent" >
<p>Let's scrape content off of the following <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36156865">BBC news story</a>.</p>
<p>I will walkthrough all this on the slides, but the code for what I'm doing can be found <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/revcu8nq48ec6qd/5.19_ws.script_tutorial.R?dl=0">here</a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h3>ABCs of Webscraping</h3>
<div class="slideContent" >
<p>When scraping data online, keep the following procedure in mind:</p>
<pre><code>(A) identify what information you want
(B) examine the HTML structure and elements
(C) download website
(D) extract element (i.e. it's position)
(E) clean element
(F) store outcome
</code></pre>
</div>
</section>
<section data-state="prompt" data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h3>Use the Pipe!</h3>
<div class="slideContent" >
<p>Given how “<strong>nested</strong>” the extraction code can get, it's useful to use the pipe when constructing your code. </p>
<p>The pipe (<strong><code>%>%</code></strong>) “passes” tasks between functions seemlessly, and it makes your code easier to read and debug.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<pre><code class="r">require(magrittr) # or dplyr, rvest, etc.
# Nested
round(sd(rnorm(100,5,6)),3)
# Piped
rnorm(100,5,6) %>% sd(.) %>% round(.,3)
</code></pre>
</div>
</section>
<section data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<div class="slideContent noTitle" >
<p>Here let's shoot to extract three pieces of information from the <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36156865">BBC story</a>:</p>
<ol>
<li>Headline</li>
<li>Date</li>
<li>The actual story</li>
</ol>
</div>
</section>
<section data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h3>Download the website</h3>
<div class="slideContent" >
<pre><code class="r">url = "http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36156865"
site = read_html(url)
site
</code></pre>
<pre><code>{xml_document}
<html>
[1] <head>\n <meta charset="utf-8"/>\n <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Comp ...
[2] <body id="asset-type-sty" class="device--feature"><!--<![endif]-->\n ...
</code></pre>
<p>Here the entire information located on the website is no retained in a single object. <strong><em>Why is this useful?</em></strong></p>
</div>
</section>
<section data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h3>Extract and clean the desired element</h3>
<div class="slideContent" >
<p>Let's locate the XML code for the <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36156865">headline</a></p>
<pre><code class="r">headline.path = "//*[@id='page']/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/h1"
headline = site %>% html_node(.,xpath = headline.path)
headline
</code></pre>
<pre><code>{xml_node}
<h1>
</code></pre>
<p>Still jargon… </p>
</div>
</section>
<section data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h3>Extract and clean the desired element</h3>
<div class="slideContent" >
<p>We need to clarify what <em>kind</em> of element we are seeking to retrieve (think of this as translating the HTML).</p>
<pre><code class="r">headline = headline %>% html_text(.)
headline
</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] "Syria conflict: UN envoy calls on US and Russia to save talks"
</code></pre>
<p>Success!</p>
</div>
</section>
<section data-transition="linear" data-transition-speed="default">
<h3>Extraction takes many forms</h3>
<div class="slideContent" >
<pre><code class="r">site %>% html_node(.,xpath = headline.path) %>% html_name(.)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] "h1"