naive_datetime.ex

defmodule NaiveDateTime do
  @moduledoc """
  A NaiveDateTime struct (without a time zone) and functions.

  The NaiveDateTime struct contains the fields year, month, day, hour,
  minute, second, microsecond and calendar. New naive datetimes can be
  built with the `new/2` and `new/8` functions or using the
  `~N` (see `sigil_N/2`) sigil:

      iex> ~N[2000-01-01 23:00:07]
      ~N[2000-01-01 23:00:07]

  The date and time fields in the struct can be accessed directly:

      iex> naive = ~N[2000-01-01 23:00:07]
      iex> naive.year
      2000
      iex> naive.second
      7

  We call them "naive" because this datetime representation does not
  have a time zone. This means the datetime may not actually exist in
  certain areas in the world even though it is valid.

  For example, when daylight saving changes are applied by a region,
  the clock typically moves forward or backward by one hour. This means
  certain datetimes never occur or may occur more than once. Since
  `NaiveDateTime` is not validated against a time zone, such errors
  would go unnoticed.

  Developers should avoid creating the NaiveDateTime structs directly
  and instead, rely on the functions provided by this module as well
  as the ones in third-party calendar libraries.

  ## Comparing naive date times

  Comparisons in Elixir using `==/2`, `>/2`, `</2` and similar are structural
  and based on the `NaiveDateTime` struct fields. For proper comparison
  between naive datetimes, use the `compare/2` function. The existence of the
  `compare/2` function in this module also allows using `Enum.min/2` and
  `Enum.max/2` functions to get the minimum and maximum naive datetime of an
  `Enum`. For example:

      iex> Enum.min([~N[2020-01-01 23:00:07], ~N[2000-01-01 23:00:07]], NaiveDateTime)
      ~N[2000-01-01 23:00:07]

  ## Using epochs

  The `add/3` and `diff/3` functions can be used for computing date
  times or retrieving the number of seconds between instants.
  For example, if there is an interest in computing the number of
  seconds from the Unix epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00):

      iex> NaiveDateTime.diff(~N[2010-04-17 14:00:00], ~N[1970-01-01 00:00:00])
      1271512800

      iex> NaiveDateTime.add(~N[1970-01-01 00:00:00], 1_271_512_800)
      ~N[2010-04-17 14:00:00]

  Those functions are optimized to deal with common epochs, such
  as the Unix Epoch above or the Gregorian Epoch (0000-01-01 00:00:00).
  """

  @enforce_keys [:year, :month, :day, :hour, :minute, :second]
  defstruct [
    :year,
    :month,
    :day,
    :hour,
    :minute,
    :second,
    microsecond: {0, 0},
    calendar: Calendar.ISO
  ]

  @type t :: %__MODULE__{
          year: Calendar.year(),
          month: Calendar.month(),
          day: Calendar.day(),
          calendar: Calendar.calendar(),
          hour: Calendar.hour(),
          minute: Calendar.minute(),
          second: Calendar.second(),
          microsecond: Calendar.microsecond()
        }

  @seconds_per_day 24 * 60 * 60

  @doc """
  Returns the current naive datetime in UTC.

  Prefer using `DateTime.utc_now/0` when possible as, opposite
  to `NaiveDateTime`, it will keep the time zone information.

  You can also provide a time unit to automatically truncate
  the naive datetime. This is available since v1.15.0.

  ## Examples

      iex> naive_datetime = NaiveDateTime.utc_now()
      iex> naive_datetime.year >= 2016
      true

      iex> naive_datetime = NaiveDateTime.utc_now(:second)
      iex> naive_datetime.microsecond
      {0, 0}

  """
  @doc since: "1.4.0"
  @spec utc_now(Calendar.calendar() | :native | :microsecond | :millisecond | :second) :: t
  def utc_now(calendar_or_time_unit \\ Calendar.ISO)

  def utc_now(Calendar.ISO) do
    {:ok, {year, month, day}, {hour, minute, second}, microsecond} =
      Calendar.ISO.from_unix(:os.system_time(), :native)

    %NaiveDateTime{
      year: year,
      month: month,
      day: day,
      hour: hour,
      minute: minute,
      second: second,
      microsecond: microsecond,
      calendar: Calendar.ISO
    }
  end

  def utc_now(time_unit) when time_unit in [:microsecond, :millisecond, :second, :native] do
    utc_now(time_unit, Calendar.ISO)
  end

  def utc_now(calendar) do
    calendar
    |> DateTime.utc_now()
    |> DateTime.to_naive()
  end

  @doc """
  Returns the current naive datetime in UTC, supporting a specific
  calendar and precision.

  Prefer using `DateTime.utc_now/2` when possible as, opposite
  to `NaiveDateTime`, it will keep the time zone information.

  ## Examples

      iex> naive_datetime = NaiveDateTime.utc_now(:second, Calendar.ISO)
      iex> naive_datetime.year >= 2016
      true

      iex> naive_datetime = NaiveDateTime.utc_now(:second, Calendar.ISO)
      iex> naive_datetime.microsecond
      {0, 0}

  """
  @doc since: "1.15.0"
  @spec utc_now(:native | :microsecond | :millisecond | :second, Calendar.calendar()) :: t
  def utc_now(time_unit, calendar)
      when time_unit in [:native, :microsecond, :millisecond, :second] do
    DateTime.utc_now(time_unit, calendar) |> DateTime.to_naive()
  end

  @doc """
  Returns the "local time" for the machine the Elixir program is running on.

  WARNING: This function can cause insidious bugs. It depends on the time zone
  configuration at run time. This can changed and be set to a time zone that has
  daylight saving jumps (spring forward or fall back).

  This function can be used to display what the time is right now for the time
  zone configuration that the machine happens to have. An example would be a
  desktop program displaying a clock to the user. For any other uses it is
  probably a bad idea to use this function.

  For most cases, use `DateTime.now/2` or `DateTime.utc_now/1` instead.

  Does not include fractional seconds.

  ## Examples

      iex> naive_datetime = NaiveDateTime.local_now()
      iex> naive_datetime.year >= 2019
      true

  """
  @doc since: "1.10.0"
  @spec local_now(Calendar.calendar()) :: t
  def local_now(calendar \\ Calendar.ISO)

  def local_now(Calendar.ISO) do
    {{year, month, day}, {hour, minute, second}} = :erlang.localtime()
    {:ok, ndt} = NaiveDateTime.new(year, month, day, hour, minute, second)
    ndt
  end

  def local_now(calendar) do
    naive_datetime = local_now()

    case convert(naive_datetime, calendar) do
      {:ok, value} ->
        value

      {:error, :incompatible_calendars} ->
        raise ArgumentError,
              ~s(cannot get "local now" in target calendar #{inspect(calendar)}, ) <>
                "reason: cannot convert from Calendar.ISO to #{inspect(calendar)}."
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Builds a new ISO naive datetime.

  Expects all values to be integers. Returns `{:ok, naive_datetime}`
  if each entry fits its appropriate range, returns `{:error, reason}`
  otherwise.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
      {:ok, ~N[2000-01-01 00:00:00]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(2000, 13, 1, 0, 0, 0)
      {:error, :invalid_date}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(2000, 2, 29, 0, 0, 0)
      {:ok, ~N[2000-02-29 00:00:00]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(2000, 2, 30, 0, 0, 0)
      {:error, :invalid_date}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(2001, 2, 29, 0, 0, 0)
      {:error, :invalid_date}

      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, {0, 1})
      {:ok, ~N[2000-01-01 23:59:59.0]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, 999_999)
      {:ok, ~N[2000-01-01 23:59:59.999999]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(2000, 1, 1, 24, 59, 59, 999_999)
      {:error, :invalid_time}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(2000, 1, 1, 23, 60, 59, 999_999)
      {:error, :invalid_time}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 60, 999_999)
      {:error, :invalid_time}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, 1_000_000)
      {:error, :invalid_time}

      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, {0, 1}, Calendar.ISO)
      {:ok, ~N[2000-01-01 23:59:59.0]}

  """
  @spec new(
          Calendar.year(),
          Calendar.month(),
          Calendar.day(),
          Calendar.hour(),
          Calendar.minute(),
          Calendar.second(),
          Calendar.microsecond() | non_neg_integer,
          Calendar.calendar()
        ) :: {:ok, t} | {:error, atom}
  def new(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond \\ {0, 0}, calendar \\ Calendar.ISO)

  def new(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond, calendar)
      when is_integer(microsecond) do
    new(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, {microsecond, 6}, calendar)
  end

  def new(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond, calendar) do
    cond do
      not calendar.valid_date?(year, month, day) ->
        {:error, :invalid_date}

      not calendar.valid_time?(hour, minute, second, microsecond) ->
        {:error, :invalid_time}

      true ->
        naive_datetime = %NaiveDateTime{
          calendar: calendar,
          year: year,
          month: month,
          day: day,
          hour: hour,
          minute: minute,
          second: second,
          microsecond: microsecond
        }

        {:ok, naive_datetime}
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Builds a new ISO naive datetime.

  Expects all values to be integers. Returns `naive_datetime`
  if each entry fits its appropriate range, raises if
  time or date is invalid.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.new!(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
      ~N[2000-01-01 00:00:00]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new!(2000, 2, 29, 0, 0, 0)
      ~N[2000-02-29 00:00:00]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new!(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, {0, 1})
      ~N[2000-01-01 23:59:59.0]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new!(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, 999_999)
      ~N[2000-01-01 23:59:59.999999]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new!(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, {0, 1}, Calendar.ISO)
      ~N[2000-01-01 23:59:59.0]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.new!(2000, 1, 1, 24, 59, 59, 999_999)
      ** (ArgumentError) cannot build naive datetime, reason: :invalid_time

  """
  @doc since: "1.11.0"
  @spec new!(
          Calendar.year(),
          Calendar.month(),
          Calendar.day(),
          Calendar.hour(),
          Calendar.minute(),
          Calendar.second(),
          Calendar.microsecond() | non_neg_integer,
          Calendar.calendar()
        ) :: t
  def new!(
        year,
        month,
        day,
        hour,
        minute,
        second,
        microsecond \\ {0, 0},
        calendar \\ Calendar.ISO
      )

  def new!(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond, calendar) do
    case new(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond, calendar) do
      {:ok, naive_datetime} ->
        naive_datetime

      {:error, reason} ->
        raise ArgumentError, "cannot build naive datetime, reason: #{inspect(reason)}"
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Builds a naive datetime from date and time structs.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.new(~D[2010-01-13], ~T[23:00:07.005])
      {:ok, ~N[2010-01-13 23:00:07.005]}

  """
  @spec new(Date.t(), Time.t()) :: {:ok, t}
  def new(date, time)

  def new(%Date{calendar: calendar} = date, %Time{calendar: calendar} = time) do
    %{year: year, month: month, day: day} = date
    %{hour: hour, minute: minute, second: second, microsecond: microsecond} = time

    naive_datetime = %NaiveDateTime{
      calendar: calendar,
      year: year,
      month: month,
      day: day,
      hour: hour,
      minute: minute,
      second: second,
      microsecond: microsecond
    }

    {:ok, naive_datetime}
  end

  @doc """
  Builds a naive datetime from date and time structs.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.new!(~D[2010-01-13], ~T[23:00:07.005])
      ~N[2010-01-13 23:00:07.005]

  """
  @doc since: "1.11.0"
  @spec new!(Date.t(), Time.t()) :: t
  def new!(date, time)

  def new!(%Date{calendar: calendar} = date, %Time{calendar: calendar} = time) do
    {:ok, naive_datetime} = new(date, time)
    naive_datetime
  end

  @doc """
  Adds a specified amount of time to a `NaiveDateTime`.

  Accepts an `amount_to_add` in any `unit`. `unit` can be `:day`,
  `:hour`, `:minute`, `:second` or any subsecond precision from
  `t:System.time_unit/0`. It defaults to `:second`. Negative values
  will move backwards in time.

  This function always consider the unit to be computed according
  to the `Calendar.ISO`.

  ## Examples

  It uses seconds by default:

      # adds seconds by default
      iex> NaiveDateTime.add(~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10], 2)
      ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:12]

      # accepts negative offsets
      iex> NaiveDateTime.add(~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10], -2)
      ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:08]

  It can also work with subsecond precisions:

      iex> NaiveDateTime.add(~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10], 2_000, :millisecond)
      ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:12.000]

  As well as days/hours/minutes:

      iex> NaiveDateTime.add(~N[2015-02-28 00:29:10], 2, :day)
      ~N[2015-03-02 00:29:10]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.add(~N[2015-02-28 00:29:10], 36, :hour)
      ~N[2015-03-01 12:29:10]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.add(~N[2015-02-28 00:29:10], 60, :minute)
      ~N[2015-02-28 01:29:10]

  This operation merges the precision of the naive date time with the given unit:

      iex> result = NaiveDateTime.add(~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10], 21, :millisecond)
      ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10.021]
      iex> result.microsecond
      {21000, 3}

  Operations on top of gregorian seconds or the Unix epoch are optimized:

      # from Gregorian seconds
      iex> NaiveDateTime.add(~N[0000-01-01 00:00:00], 63_579_428_950)
      ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10]

  Passing a `DateTime` automatically converts it to `NaiveDateTime`,
  discarding the time zone information:

      iex> dt = %DateTime{year: 2000, month: 2, day: 29, zone_abbr: "CET",
      ...>                hour: 23, minute: 0, second: 7, microsecond: {0, 0},
      ...>                utc_offset: 3600, std_offset: 0, time_zone: "Europe/Warsaw"}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.add(dt, 21, :second)
      ~N[2000-02-29 23:00:28]

  """
  @doc since: "1.4.0"
  @spec add(Calendar.naive_datetime(), integer, :day | :hour | :minute | System.time_unit()) :: t
  def add(naive_datetime, amount_to_add, unit \\ :second)

  def add(naive_datetime, amount_to_add, :day) when is_integer(amount_to_add) do
    add(naive_datetime, amount_to_add * 86400, :second)
  end

  def add(naive_datetime, amount_to_add, :hour) when is_integer(amount_to_add) do
    add(naive_datetime, amount_to_add * 3600, :second)
  end

  def add(naive_datetime, amount_to_add, :minute) when is_integer(amount_to_add) do
    add(naive_datetime, amount_to_add * 60, :second)
  end

  def add(
        %{microsecond: {_, precision}, calendar: calendar} = naive_datetime,
        amount_to_add,
        unit
      )
      when is_integer(amount_to_add) do
    ppd = System.convert_time_unit(86400, :second, unit)
    precision = max(Calendar.ISO.time_unit_to_precision(unit), precision)

    naive_datetime
    |> to_iso_days()
    |> Calendar.ISO.add_day_fraction_to_iso_days(amount_to_add, ppd)
    |> from_iso_days(calendar, precision)
  end

  @doc """
  Subtracts `naive_datetime2` from `naive_datetime1`.

  The answer can be returned in any `:day`, `:hour`, `:minute`, or any `unit`
  available from `t:System.time_unit/0`. The unit is measured according to
  `Calendar.ISO` and defaults to `:second`.

  Fractional results are not supported and are truncated.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.diff(~N[2014-10-02 00:29:12], ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10])
      2
      iex> NaiveDateTime.diff(~N[2014-10-02 00:29:12], ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10], :microsecond)
      2_000_000

      iex> NaiveDateTime.diff(~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10.042], ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10.021])
      0
      iex> NaiveDateTime.diff(~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10.042], ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10.021], :millisecond)
      21

      iex> NaiveDateTime.diff(~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10], ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:12])
      -2
      iex> NaiveDateTime.diff(~N[-0001-10-02 00:29:10], ~N[-0001-10-02 00:29:12])
      -2

  It can also compute the difference in days, hours, or minutes:

      iex> NaiveDateTime.diff(~N[2014-10-10 00:29:10], ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10], :day)
      8
      iex> NaiveDateTime.diff(~N[2014-10-02 12:29:10], ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10], :hour)
      12
      iex> NaiveDateTime.diff(~N[2014-10-02 00:39:10], ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10], :minute)
      10

  But it also rounds incomplete days to zero:

      iex> NaiveDateTime.diff(~N[2014-10-10 00:29:09], ~N[2014-10-02 00:29:10], :day)
      7

  """
  @doc since: "1.4.0"
  @spec diff(
          Calendar.naive_datetime(),
          Calendar.naive_datetime(),
          :day | :hour | :minute | System.time_unit()
        ) :: integer

  def diff(naive_datetime1, naive_datetime2, unit \\ :second)

  def diff(naive_datetime1, naive_datetime2, :day) do
    diff(naive_datetime1, naive_datetime2, :second) |> div(86400)
  end

  def diff(naive_datetime1, naive_datetime2, :hour) do
    diff(naive_datetime1, naive_datetime2, :second) |> div(3600)
  end

  def diff(naive_datetime1, naive_datetime2, :minute) do
    diff(naive_datetime1, naive_datetime2, :second) |> div(60)
  end

  def diff(
        %{calendar: calendar1} = naive_datetime1,
        %{calendar: calendar2} = naive_datetime2,
        unit
      ) do
    if not Calendar.compatible_calendars?(calendar1, calendar2) do
      raise ArgumentError,
            "cannot calculate the difference between #{inspect(naive_datetime1)} and " <>
              "#{inspect(naive_datetime2)} because their calendars are not compatible " <>
              "and thus the result would be ambiguous"
    end

    units1 = naive_datetime1 |> to_iso_days() |> Calendar.ISO.iso_days_to_unit(unit)
    units2 = naive_datetime2 |> to_iso_days() |> Calendar.ISO.iso_days_to_unit(unit)
    units1 - units2
  end

  @doc """
  Returns the given naive datetime with the microsecond field truncated to the
  given precision (`:microsecond`, `:millisecond` or `:second`).

  The given naive datetime is returned unchanged if it already has lower precision
  than the given precision.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.truncate(~N[2017-11-06 00:23:51.123456], :microsecond)
      ~N[2017-11-06 00:23:51.123456]

      iex> NaiveDateTime.truncate(~N[2017-11-06 00:23:51.123456], :millisecond)
      ~N[2017-11-06 00:23:51.123]

      iex> NaiveDateTime.truncate(~N[2017-11-06 00:23:51.123456], :second)
      ~N[2017-11-06 00:23:51]

  """
  @doc since: "1.6.0"
  @spec truncate(t(), :microsecond | :millisecond | :second) :: t()
  def truncate(%NaiveDateTime{microsecond: microsecond} = naive_datetime, precision) do
    %{naive_datetime | microsecond: Calendar.truncate(microsecond, precision)}
  end

  def truncate(
        %{
          calendar: calendar,
          year: year,
          month: month,
          day: day,
          hour: hour,
          minute: minute,
          second: second,
          microsecond: microsecond
        },
        precision
      ) do
    %NaiveDateTime{
      calendar: calendar,
      year: year,
      month: month,
      day: day,
      hour: hour,
      minute: minute,
      second: second,
      microsecond: Calendar.truncate(microsecond, precision)
    }
  end

  @doc """
  Converts a `NaiveDateTime` into a `Date`.

  Because `Date` does not hold time information,
  data will be lost during the conversion.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_date(~N[2002-01-13 23:00:07])
      ~D[2002-01-13]

  """
  @spec to_date(Calendar.naive_datetime()) :: Date.t()
  def to_date(%{
        year: year,
        month: month,
        day: day,
        calendar: calendar,
        hour: _,
        minute: _,
        second: _,
        microsecond: _
      }) do
    %Date{year: year, month: month, day: day, calendar: calendar}
  end

  @doc """
  Converts a `NaiveDateTime` into `Time`.

  Because `Time` does not hold date information,
  data will be lost during the conversion.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_time(~N[2002-01-13 23:00:07])
      ~T[23:00:07]

  """
  @spec to_time(Calendar.naive_datetime()) :: Time.t()
  def to_time(%{
        year: _,
        month: _,
        day: _,
        calendar: calendar,
        hour: hour,
        minute: minute,
        second: second,
        microsecond: microsecond
      }) do
    %Time{
      hour: hour,
      minute: minute,
      second: second,
      microsecond: microsecond,
      calendar: calendar
    }
  end

  @doc """
  Converts the given naive datetime to a string according to its calendar.

  ### Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_string(~N[2000-02-28 23:00:13])
      "2000-02-28 23:00:13"
      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_string(~N[2000-02-28 23:00:13.001])
      "2000-02-28 23:00:13.001"
      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_string(~N[-0100-12-15 03:20:31])
      "-0100-12-15 03:20:31"

  This function can also be used to convert a DateTime to a string without
  the time zone information:

      iex> dt = %DateTime{year: 2000, month: 2, day: 29, zone_abbr: "CET",
      ...>                hour: 23, minute: 0, second: 7, microsecond: {0, 0},
      ...>                utc_offset: 3600, std_offset: 0, time_zone: "Europe/Warsaw"}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_string(dt)
      "2000-02-29 23:00:07"

  """
  @spec to_string(Calendar.naive_datetime()) :: String.t()
  def to_string(%{calendar: calendar} = naive_datetime) do
    %{
      year: year,
      month: month,
      day: day,
      hour: hour,
      minute: minute,
      second: second,
      microsecond: microsecond
    } = naive_datetime

    calendar.naive_datetime_to_string(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond)
  end

  @doc """
  Parses the extended "Date and time of day" format described by
  [ISO 8601:2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601).

  Time zone offset may be included in the string but they will be
  simply discarded as such information is not included in naive date
  times.

  As specified in the standard, the separator "T" may be omitted if
  desired as there is no ambiguity within this function.

  Note leap seconds are not supported by the built-in Calendar.ISO.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23 23:50:07")
      {:ok, ~N[2015-01-23 23:50:07]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23T23:50:07")
      {:ok, ~N[2015-01-23 23:50:07]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23T23:50:07Z")
      {:ok, ~N[2015-01-23 23:50:07]}

      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23 23:50:07.0")
      {:ok, ~N[2015-01-23 23:50:07.0]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23 23:50:07,0123456")
      {:ok, ~N[2015-01-23 23:50:07.012345]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23 23:50:07.0123456")
      {:ok, ~N[2015-01-23 23:50:07.012345]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23T23:50:07.123Z")
      {:ok, ~N[2015-01-23 23:50:07.123]}

      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23P23:50:07")
      {:error, :invalid_format}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015:01:23 23-50-07")
      {:error, :invalid_format}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23 23:50:07A")
      {:error, :invalid_format}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23 23:50:61")
      {:error, :invalid_time}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-32 23:50:07")
      {:error, :invalid_date}

      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23T23:50:07.123+02:30")
      {:ok, ~N[2015-01-23 23:50:07.123]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23T23:50:07.123+00:00")
      {:ok, ~N[2015-01-23 23:50:07.123]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23T23:50:07.123-02:30")
      {:ok, ~N[2015-01-23 23:50:07.123]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23T23:50:07.123-00:00")
      {:error, :invalid_format}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23T23:50:07.123-00:60")
      {:error, :invalid_format}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601("2015-01-23T23:50:07.123-24:00")
      {:error, :invalid_format}

  """
  @spec from_iso8601(String.t(), Calendar.calendar()) :: {:ok, t} | {:error, atom}
  def from_iso8601(string, calendar \\ Calendar.ISO) do
    with {:ok, {year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond}} <-
           Calendar.ISO.parse_naive_datetime(string) do
      convert(
        %NaiveDateTime{
          year: year,
          month: month,
          day: day,
          hour: hour,
          minute: minute,
          second: second,
          microsecond: microsecond
        },
        calendar
      )
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Parses the extended "Date and time of day" format described by
  [ISO 8601:2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601).

  Raises if the format is invalid.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601!("2015-01-23T23:50:07.123Z")
      ~N[2015-01-23 23:50:07.123]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601!("2015-01-23T23:50:07,123Z")
      ~N[2015-01-23 23:50:07.123]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_iso8601!("2015-01-23P23:50:07")
      ** (ArgumentError) cannot parse "2015-01-23P23:50:07" as naive datetime, reason: :invalid_format

  """
  @spec from_iso8601!(String.t(), Calendar.calendar()) :: t
  def from_iso8601!(string, calendar \\ Calendar.ISO) do
    case from_iso8601(string, calendar) do
      {:ok, value} ->
        value

      {:error, reason} ->
        raise ArgumentError,
              "cannot parse #{inspect(string)} as naive datetime, reason: #{inspect(reason)}"
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Converts the given naive datetime to
  [ISO 8601:2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601).

  By default, `NaiveDateTime.to_iso8601/2` returns naive datetimes formatted in the "extended"
  format, for human readability. It also supports the "basic" format through passing the `:basic` option.

  Only supports converting naive datetimes which are in the ISO calendar,
  attempting to convert naive datetimes from other calendars will raise.

  ### Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_iso8601(~N[2000-02-28 23:00:13])
      "2000-02-28T23:00:13"

      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_iso8601(~N[2000-02-28 23:00:13.001])
      "2000-02-28T23:00:13.001"

      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_iso8601(~N[2000-02-28 23:00:13.001], :basic)
      "20000228T230013.001"

  This function can also be used to convert a DateTime to ISO 8601 without
  the time zone information:

      iex> dt = %DateTime{year: 2000, month: 2, day: 29, zone_abbr: "CET",
      ...>                hour: 23, minute: 0, second: 7, microsecond: {0, 0},
      ...>                utc_offset: 3600, std_offset: 0, time_zone: "Europe/Warsaw"}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_iso8601(dt)
      "2000-02-29T23:00:07"

  """
  @spec to_iso8601(Calendar.naive_datetime(), :basic | :extended) :: String.t()
  def to_iso8601(naive_datetime, format \\ :extended)

  def to_iso8601(%{calendar: Calendar.ISO} = naive_datetime, format)
      when format in [:basic, :extended] do
    %{
      year: year,
      month: month,
      day: day,
      hour: hour,
      minute: minute,
      second: second,
      microsecond: microsecond
    } = naive_datetime

    Calendar.ISO.date_to_string(year, month, day, format) <>
      "T" <> Calendar.ISO.time_to_string(hour, minute, second, microsecond, format)
  end

  def to_iso8601(%{calendar: _} = naive_datetime, format) when format in [:basic, :extended] do
    naive_datetime
    |> convert!(Calendar.ISO)
    |> to_iso8601(format)
  end

  @doc """
  Converts a `NaiveDateTime` struct to an Erlang datetime tuple.

  Only supports converting naive datetimes which are in the ISO calendar,
  attempting to convert naive datetimes from other calendars will raise.

  WARNING: Loss of precision may occur, as Erlang time tuples only store
  hour/minute/second.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_erl(~N[2000-01-01 13:30:15])
      {{2000, 1, 1}, {13, 30, 15}}

  This function can also be used to convert a DateTime to an Erlang
  datetime tuple without the time zone information:

      iex> dt = %DateTime{year: 2000, month: 2, day: 29, zone_abbr: "CET",
      ...>                hour: 23, minute: 0, second: 7, microsecond: {0, 0},
      ...>                utc_offset: 3600, std_offset: 0, time_zone: "Europe/Warsaw"}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_erl(dt)
      {{2000, 2, 29}, {23, 00, 07}}

  """
  @spec to_erl(Calendar.naive_datetime()) :: :calendar.datetime()
  def to_erl(%{calendar: _} = naive_datetime) do
    %{year: year, month: month, day: day, hour: hour, minute: minute, second: second} =
      convert!(naive_datetime, Calendar.ISO)

    {{year, month, day}, {hour, minute, second}}
  end

  @doc """
  Converts an Erlang datetime tuple to a `NaiveDateTime` struct.

  Attempting to convert an invalid ISO calendar date will produce an error tuple.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_erl({{2000, 1, 1}, {13, 30, 15}})
      {:ok, ~N[2000-01-01 13:30:15]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_erl({{2000, 1, 1}, {13, 30, 15}}, {5000, 3})
      {:ok, ~N[2000-01-01 13:30:15.005]}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_erl({{2000, 13, 1}, {13, 30, 15}})
      {:error, :invalid_date}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_erl({{2000, 13, 1}, {13, 30, 15}})
      {:error, :invalid_date}

  """
  @spec from_erl(:calendar.datetime(), Calendar.microsecond(), Calendar.calendar()) ::
          {:ok, t} | {:error, atom}
  def from_erl(tuple, microsecond \\ {0, 0}, calendar \\ Calendar.ISO)

  def from_erl({{year, month, day}, {hour, minute, second}}, microsecond, calendar) do
    with {:ok, iso_naive_dt} <- new(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond),
         do: convert(iso_naive_dt, calendar)
  end

  @doc """
  Converts an Erlang datetime tuple to a `NaiveDateTime` struct.

  Raises if the datetime is invalid.
  Attempting to convert an invalid ISO calendar date will produce an error tuple.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_erl!({{2000, 1, 1}, {13, 30, 15}})
      ~N[2000-01-01 13:30:15]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_erl!({{2000, 1, 1}, {13, 30, 15}}, {5000, 3})
      ~N[2000-01-01 13:30:15.005]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_erl!({{2000, 13, 1}, {13, 30, 15}})
      ** (ArgumentError) cannot convert {{2000, 13, 1}, {13, 30, 15}} to naive datetime, reason: :invalid_date

  """
  @spec from_erl!(:calendar.datetime(), Calendar.microsecond(), Calendar.calendar()) :: t
  def from_erl!(tuple, microsecond \\ {0, 0}, calendar \\ Calendar.ISO) do
    case from_erl(tuple, microsecond, calendar) do
      {:ok, value} ->
        value

      {:error, reason} ->
        raise ArgumentError,
              "cannot convert #{inspect(tuple)} to naive datetime, reason: #{inspect(reason)}"
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Converts a number of gregorian seconds to a `NaiveDateTime` struct.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_gregorian_seconds(1)
      ~N[0000-01-01 00:00:01]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_gregorian_seconds(63_755_511_991, {5000, 3})
      ~N[2020-05-01 00:26:31.005]
      iex> NaiveDateTime.from_gregorian_seconds(-1)
      ~N[-0001-12-31 23:59:59]

  """
  @doc since: "1.11.0"
  @spec from_gregorian_seconds(integer(), Calendar.microsecond(), Calendar.calendar()) :: t
  def from_gregorian_seconds(
        seconds,
        {microsecond, precision} \\ {0, 0},
        calendar \\ Calendar.ISO
      )
      when is_integer(seconds) do
    iso_days = Calendar.ISO.gregorian_seconds_to_iso_days(seconds, microsecond)

    {year, month, day, hour, minute, second, {microsecond, _}} =
      calendar.naive_datetime_from_iso_days(iso_days)

    %NaiveDateTime{
      calendar: calendar,
      year: year,
      month: month,
      day: day,
      hour: hour,
      minute: minute,
      second: second,
      microsecond: {microsecond, precision}
    }
  end

  @doc """
  Converts a `NaiveDateTime` struct to a number of gregorian seconds and microseconds.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_gregorian_seconds(~N[0000-01-01 00:00:01])
      {1, 0}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.to_gregorian_seconds(~N[2020-05-01 00:26:31.005])
      {63_755_511_991, 5000}

  """
  @doc since: "1.11.0"
  @spec to_gregorian_seconds(Calendar.naive_datetime()) :: {integer(), non_neg_integer()}
  def to_gregorian_seconds(%{
        calendar: calendar,
        year: year,
        month: month,
        day: day,
        hour: hour,
        minute: minute,
        second: second,
        microsecond: {microsecond, precision}
      }) do
    {days, day_fraction} =
      calendar.naive_datetime_to_iso_days(
        year,
        month,
        day,
        hour,
        minute,
        second,
        {microsecond, precision}
      )

    seconds_in_day = seconds_from_day_fraction(day_fraction)
    {days * @seconds_per_day + seconds_in_day, microsecond}
  end

  @doc """
  Compares two `NaiveDateTime` structs.

  Returns `:gt` if first is later than the second
  and `:lt` for vice versa. If the two NaiveDateTime
  are equal `:eq` is returned.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.compare(~N[2016-04-16 13:30:15], ~N[2016-04-28 16:19:25])
      :lt
      iex> NaiveDateTime.compare(~N[2016-04-16 13:30:15.1], ~N[2016-04-16 13:30:15.01])
      :gt

  This function can also be used to compare a DateTime without
  the time zone information:

      iex> dt = %DateTime{year: 2000, month: 2, day: 29, zone_abbr: "CET",
      ...>                hour: 23, minute: 0, second: 7, microsecond: {0, 0},
      ...>                utc_offset: 3600, std_offset: 0, time_zone: "Europe/Warsaw"}
      iex> NaiveDateTime.compare(dt, ~N[2000-02-29 23:00:07])
      :eq
      iex> NaiveDateTime.compare(dt, ~N[2000-01-29 23:00:07])
      :gt
      iex> NaiveDateTime.compare(dt, ~N[2000-03-29 23:00:07])
      :lt

  """
  @doc since: "1.4.0"
  @spec compare(Calendar.naive_datetime(), Calendar.naive_datetime()) :: :lt | :eq | :gt
  def compare(%{calendar: calendar1} = naive_datetime1, %{calendar: calendar2} = naive_datetime2) do
    if Calendar.compatible_calendars?(calendar1, calendar2) do
      case {to_iso_days(naive_datetime1), to_iso_days(naive_datetime2)} do
        {first, second} when first > second -> :gt
        {first, second} when first < second -> :lt
        _ -> :eq
      end
    else
      raise ArgumentError, """
      cannot compare #{inspect(naive_datetime1)} with #{inspect(naive_datetime2)}.

      This comparison would be ambiguous as their calendars have incompatible day rollover moments.
      Specify an exact time of day (using `DateTime`s) to resolve this ambiguity
      """
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Returns true if the first `NaiveDateTime` is strictly earlier than the second.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.before?(~N[2021-01-01 11:00:00], ~N[2022-02-02 11:00:00])
      true
      iex> NaiveDateTime.before?(~N[2021-01-01 11:00:00], ~N[2021-01-01 11:00:00])
      false
      iex> NaiveDateTime.before?(~N[2022-02-02 11:00:00], ~N[2021-01-01 11:00:00])
      false

  """
  @doc since: "1.15.0"
  @spec before?(Calendar.naive_datetime(), Calendar.naive_datetime()) :: boolean()
  def before?(naive_datetime1, naive_datetime2) do
    compare(naive_datetime1, naive_datetime2) == :lt
  end

  @doc """
  Returns true if the first `NaiveDateTime` is strictly later than the second.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.after?(~N[2022-02-02 11:00:00], ~N[2021-01-01 11:00:00])
      true
      iex> NaiveDateTime.after?(~N[2021-01-01 11:00:00], ~N[2021-01-01 11:00:00])
      false
      iex> NaiveDateTime.after?(~N[2021-01-01 11:00:00], ~N[2022-02-02 11:00:00])
      false

  """
  @doc since: "1.15.0"
  @spec after?(Calendar.naive_datetime(), Calendar.naive_datetime()) :: boolean()
  def after?(naive_datetime1, naive_datetime2) do
    compare(naive_datetime1, naive_datetime2) == :gt
  end

  @doc """
  Converts the given `naive_datetime` from one calendar to another.

  If it is not possible to convert unambiguously between the calendars
  (see `Calendar.compatible_calendars?/2`), an `{:error, :incompatible_calendars}` tuple
  is returned.

  ## Examples

  Imagine someone implements `Calendar.Holocene`, a calendar based on the
  Gregorian calendar that adds exactly 10,000 years to the current Gregorian
  year:

      iex> NaiveDateTime.convert(~N[2000-01-01 13:30:15], Calendar.Holocene)
      {:ok, %NaiveDateTime{calendar: Calendar.Holocene, year: 12000, month: 1, day: 1,
                           hour: 13, minute: 30, second: 15, microsecond: {0, 0}}}

  """
  @doc since: "1.5.0"
  @spec convert(Calendar.naive_datetime(), Calendar.calendar()) ::
          {:ok, t} | {:error, :incompatible_calendars}

  # Keep it multiline for proper function clause errors.
  def convert(
        %{
          calendar: calendar,
          year: year,
          month: month,
          day: day,
          hour: hour,
          minute: minute,
          second: second,
          microsecond: microsecond
        },
        calendar
      ) do
    naive_datetime = %NaiveDateTime{
      calendar: calendar,
      year: year,
      month: month,
      day: day,
      hour: hour,
      minute: minute,
      second: second,
      microsecond: microsecond
    }

    {:ok, naive_datetime}
  end

  def convert(%{calendar: ndt_calendar, microsecond: {_, precision}} = naive_datetime, calendar) do
    if Calendar.compatible_calendars?(ndt_calendar, calendar) do
      result_naive_datetime =
        naive_datetime
        |> to_iso_days
        |> from_iso_days(calendar, precision)

      {:ok, result_naive_datetime}
    else
      {:error, :incompatible_calendars}
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Converts the given `naive_datetime` from one calendar to another.

  If it is not possible to convert unambiguously between the calendars
  (see `Calendar.compatible_calendars?/2`), an ArgumentError is raised.

  ## Examples

  Imagine someone implements `Calendar.Holocene`, a calendar based on the
  Gregorian calendar that adds exactly 10,000 years to the current Gregorian
  year:

      iex> NaiveDateTime.convert!(~N[2000-01-01 13:30:15], Calendar.Holocene)
      %NaiveDateTime{calendar: Calendar.Holocene, year: 12000, month: 1, day: 1,
                     hour: 13, minute: 30, second: 15, microsecond: {0, 0}}

  """
  @doc since: "1.5.0"
  @spec convert!(Calendar.naive_datetime(), Calendar.calendar()) :: t
  def convert!(naive_datetime, calendar) do
    case convert(naive_datetime, calendar) do
      {:ok, value} ->
        value

      {:error, :incompatible_calendars} ->
        raise ArgumentError,
              "cannot convert #{inspect(naive_datetime)} to target calendar #{inspect(calendar)}, " <>
                "reason: #{inspect(naive_datetime.calendar)} and #{inspect(calendar)} " <>
                "have different day rollover moments, making this conversion ambiguous"
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Calculates a `NaiveDateTime` that is the first moment for the given `NaiveDateTime`.

  To calculate the beginning of day of a `DateTime`, call this function, then convert back to a `DateTime`:

      datetime
      |> NaiveDateTime.beginning_of_day()
      |> DateTime.from_naive(datetime.timezone)

  Note that the beginning of the day may not exist or be ambiguous
  in a given timezone, so you must handle those cases accordingly.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.beginning_of_day(~N[2000-01-01 23:00:07.123456])
      ~N[2000-01-01 00:00:00.000000]

  """
  @doc since: "1.15.0"
  @spec beginning_of_day(Calendar.naive_datetime()) :: t
  def beginning_of_day(%{calendar: calendar, microsecond: {_, precision}} = naive_datetime) do
    naive_datetime
    |> to_iso_days()
    |> calendar.iso_days_to_beginning_of_day()
    |> from_iso_days(calendar, precision)
  end

  @doc """
  Calculates a `NaiveDateTime` that is the last moment for the given `NaiveDateTime`.

  To calculate the end of day of a `DateTime`, call this function, then convert back to a `DateTime`:

      datetime
      |> NaiveDateTime.end_of_day()
      |> DateTime.from_naive(datetime.timezone)

  Note that the end of the day may not exist or be ambiguous
  in a given timezone, so you must handle those cases accordingly.

  ## Examples

      iex> NaiveDateTime.end_of_day(~N[2000-01-01 23:00:07.123456])
      ~N[2000-01-01 23:59:59.999999]

  """
  @doc since: "1.15.0"
  @spec end_of_day(Calendar.naive_datetime()) :: t
  def end_of_day(%{calendar: calendar, microsecond: {_, precision}} = naive_datetime) do
    end_of_day =
      naive_datetime
      |> to_iso_days()
      |> calendar.iso_days_to_end_of_day()
      |> from_iso_days(calendar, precision)

    %{microsecond: {microsecond, precision}} = end_of_day

    multiplier = 10 ** (6 - precision)

    %{end_of_day | microsecond: {div(microsecond, multiplier) * multiplier, precision}}
  end

  ## Helpers

  defp seconds_from_day_fraction({parts_in_day, @seconds_per_day}),
    do: parts_in_day

  defp seconds_from_day_fraction({parts_in_day, parts_per_day}),
    do: div(parts_in_day * @seconds_per_day, parts_per_day)

  # Keep it multiline for proper function clause errors.
  defp to_iso_days(%{
         calendar: calendar,
         year: year,
         month: month,
         day: day,
         hour: hour,
         minute: minute,
         second: second,
         microsecond: microsecond
       }) do
    calendar.naive_datetime_to_iso_days(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond)
  end

  defp from_iso_days(iso_days, calendar, precision) do
    {year, month, day, hour, minute, second, {microsecond, _}} =
      calendar.naive_datetime_from_iso_days(iso_days)

    %NaiveDateTime{
      calendar: calendar,
      year: year,
      month: month,
      day: day,
      hour: hour,
      minute: minute,
      second: second,
      microsecond: {microsecond, precision}
    }
  end

  defimpl String.Chars do
    def to_string(naive_datetime) do
      %{
        calendar: calendar,
        year: year,
        month: month,
        day: day,
        hour: hour,
        minute: minute,
        second: second,
        microsecond: microsecond
      } = naive_datetime

      calendar.naive_datetime_to_string(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond)
    end
  end

  defimpl Inspect do
    def inspect(naive_datetime, _) do
      %{
        year: year,
        month: month,
        day: day,
        hour: hour,
        minute: minute,
        second: second,
        microsecond: microsecond,
        calendar: calendar
      } = naive_datetime

      formatted =
        calendar.naive_datetime_to_string(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond)

      "~N[" <> formatted <> suffix(calendar) <> "]"
    end

    defp suffix(Calendar.ISO), do: ""
    defp suffix(calendar), do: " " <> inspect(calendar)
  end
end