gen_server.ex

defmodule GenServer do
  @moduledoc """
  A behaviour module for implementing the server of a client-server relation.

  A GenServer is a process like any other Elixir process and it can be used
  to keep state, execute code asynchronously and so on. The advantage of using
  a generic server process (GenServer) implemented using this module is that it
  will have a standard set of interface functions and include functionality for
  tracing and error reporting. It will also fit into a supervision tree.

  ## Example

  The GenServer behaviour abstracts the common client-server interaction.
  Developers are only required to implement the callbacks and functionality
  they are interested in.

  Let's start with a code example and then explore the available callbacks.
  Imagine we want a GenServer that works like a stack, allowing us to push
  and pop elements:

      defmodule Stack do
        use GenServer

        # Callbacks

        @impl true
        def init(stack) do
          {:ok, stack}
        end

        @impl true
        def handle_call(:pop, _from, [head | tail]) do
          {:reply, head, tail}
        end

        @impl true
        def handle_cast({:push, element}, state) do
          {:noreply, [element | state]}
        end
      end

      # Start the server
      {:ok, pid} = GenServer.start_link(Stack, [:hello])

      # This is the client
      GenServer.call(pid, :pop)
      #=> :hello

      GenServer.cast(pid, {:push, :world})
      #=> :ok

      GenServer.call(pid, :pop)
      #=> :world

  We start our `Stack` by calling `start_link/2`, passing the module
  with the server implementation and its initial argument (a list
  representing the stack containing the element `:hello`). We can primarily
  interact with the server by sending two types of messages. **call**
  messages expect a reply from the server (and are therefore synchronous)
  while **cast** messages do not.

  Every time you do a `GenServer.call/3`, the client will send a message
  that must be handled by the `c:handle_call/3` callback in the GenServer.
  A `cast/2` message must be handled by `c:handle_cast/2`. There are 8 possible
  callbacks to be implemented when you use a `GenServer`. The only required
  callback is `c:init/1`.

  ## Client / Server APIs

  Although in the example above we have used `GenServer.start_link/3` and
  friends to directly start and communicate with the server, most of the
  time we don't call the `GenServer` functions directly. Instead, we wrap
  the calls in new functions representing the public API of the server.

  Here is a better implementation of our Stack module:

      defmodule Stack do
        use GenServer

        # Client

        def start_link(default) when is_list(default) do
          GenServer.start_link(__MODULE__, default)
        end

        def push(pid, element) do
          GenServer.cast(pid, {:push, element})
        end

        def pop(pid) do
          GenServer.call(pid, :pop)
        end

        # Server (callbacks)

        @impl true
        def init(stack) do
          {:ok, stack}
        end

        @impl true
        def handle_call(:pop, _from, [head | tail]) do
          {:reply, head, tail}
        end

        @impl true
        def handle_cast({:push, element}, state) do
          {:noreply, [element | state]}
        end
      end

  In practice, it is common to have both server and client functions in
  the same module. If the server and/or client implementations are growing
  complex, you may want to have them in different modules.

  ## How to supervise

  A `GenServer` is most commonly started under a supervision tree.
  When we invoke `use GenServer`, it automatically defines a `child_spec/1`
  function that allows us to start the `Stack` directly under a supervisor.
  To start a default stack of `[:hello]` under a supervisor, one may do:

      children = [
        {Stack, [:hello]}
      ]

      Supervisor.start_link(children, strategy: :one_for_all)

  Note you can also start it simply as `Stack`, which is the same as
  `{Stack, []}`:

      children = [
        Stack # The same as {Stack, []}
      ]

      Supervisor.start_link(children, strategy: :one_for_all)

  In both cases, `Stack.start_link/1` is always invoked.

  `use GenServer` also accepts a list of options which configures the
  child specification and therefore how it runs under a supervisor.
  The generated `child_spec/1` can be customized with the following options:

    * `:id` - the child specification identifier, defaults to the current module
    * `:restart` - when the child should be restarted, defaults to `:permanent`
    * `:shutdown` - how to shut down the child, either immediately or by giving it time to shut down

  For example:

      use GenServer, restart: :transient, shutdown: 10_000

  See the "Child specification" section in the `Supervisor` module for more
  detailed information. The `@doc` annotation immediately preceding
  `use GenServer` will be attached to the generated `child_spec/1` function.

  When stopping the GenServer, for example by returning a `{:stop, reason, new_state}`
  tuple from a callback, the exit reason is used by the supervisor to determine
  whether the GenServer needs to be restarted. See the "Exit reasons and restarts"
  section in the `Supervisor` module.

  ## Name registration

  Both `start_link/3` and `start/3` support the `GenServer` to register
  a name on start via the `:name` option. Registered names are also
  automatically cleaned up on termination. The supported values are:

    * an atom - the GenServer is registered locally (to the current node)
      with the given name using `Process.register/2`.

    * `{:global, term}` - the GenServer is registered globally with the given
      term using the functions in the [`:global` module](`:global`).

    * `{:via, module, term}` - the GenServer is registered with the given
      mechanism and name. The `:via` option expects a module that exports
      `register_name/2`, `unregister_name/1`, `whereis_name/1` and `send/2`.
      One such example is the [`:global` module](`:global`) which uses these functions
      for keeping the list of names of processes and their associated PIDs
      that are available globally for a network of Elixir nodes. Elixir also
      ships with a local, decentralized and scalable registry called `Registry`
      for locally storing names that are generated dynamically.

  For example, we could start and register our `Stack` server locally as follows:

      # Start the server and register it locally with name MyStack
      {:ok, _} = GenServer.start_link(Stack, [:hello], name: MyStack)

      # Now messages can be sent directly to MyStack
      GenServer.call(MyStack, :pop)
      #=> :hello

  Once the server is started, the remaining functions in this module (`call/3`,
  `cast/2`, and friends) will also accept an atom, or any `{:global, ...}` or
  `{:via, ...}` tuples. In general, the following formats are supported:

    * a PID
    * an atom if the server is locally registered
    * `{atom, node}` if the server is locally registered at another node
    * `{:global, term}` if the server is globally registered
    * `{:via, module, name}` if the server is registered through an alternative
      registry

  If there is an interest to register dynamic names locally, do not use
  atoms, as atoms are never garbage-collected and therefore dynamically
  generated atoms won't be garbage-collected. For such cases, you can
  set up your own local registry by using the `Registry` module.

  ## Receiving "regular" messages

  The goal of a `GenServer` is to abstract the "receive" loop for developers,
  automatically handling system messages, supporting code change, synchronous
  calls and more. Therefore, you should never call your own "receive" inside
  the GenServer callbacks as doing so will cause the GenServer to misbehave.

  Besides the synchronous and asynchronous communication provided by `call/3`
  and `cast/2`, "regular" messages sent by functions such as `send/2`,
  `Process.send_after/4` and similar, can be handled inside the `c:handle_info/2`
  callback.

  `c:handle_info/2` can be used in many situations, such as handling monitor
  DOWN messages sent by `Process.monitor/1`. Another use case for `c:handle_info/2`
  is to perform periodic work, with the help of `Process.send_after/4`:

      defmodule MyApp.Periodically do
        use GenServer

        def start_link(_) do
          GenServer.start_link(__MODULE__, %{})
        end

        @impl true
        def init(state) do
          # Schedule work to be performed on start
          schedule_work()

          {:ok, state}
        end

        @impl true
        def handle_info(:work, state) do
          # Do the desired work here
          # ...

          # Reschedule once more
          schedule_work()

          {:noreply, state}
        end

        defp schedule_work do
          # We schedule the work to happen in 2 hours (written in milliseconds).
          # Alternatively, one might write :timer.hours(2)
          Process.send_after(self(), :work, 2 * 60 * 60 * 1000)
        end
      end

  ## Timeouts

  The return value of `c:init/1` or any of the `handle_*` callbacks may include
  a timeout value in milliseconds; if not, `:infinity` is assumed.
  The timeout can be used to detect a lull in incoming messages.

  The `timeout()` value is used as follows:

    * If the process has any message already waiting when the `timeout()` value
      is returned, the timeout is ignored and the waiting message is handled as
      usual. This means that even a timeout of `0` milliseconds is not guaranteed
      to execute (if you want to take another action immediately and unconditionally,
      use a `:continue` instruction instead).

    * If any message arrives before the specified number of milliseconds
      elapse, the timeout is cleared and that message is handled as usual.

    * Otherwise, when the specified number of milliseconds have elapsed with no
      message arriving, `handle_info/2` is called with `:timeout` as the first
      argument.

  ## When (not) to use a GenServer

  So far, we have learned that a `GenServer` can be used as a supervised process
  that handles sync and async calls. It can also handle system messages, such as
  periodic messages and monitoring events. GenServer processes may also be named.

  A GenServer, or a process in general, must be used to model runtime characteristics
  of your system. A GenServer must never be used for code organization purposes.

  In Elixir, code organization is done by modules and functions, processes are not
  necessary. For example, imagine you are implementing a calculator and you decide
  to put all the calculator operations behind a GenServer:

      def add(a, b) do
        GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:add, a, b})
      end

      def subtract(a, b) do
        GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:subtract, a, b})
      end

      def handle_call({:add, a, b}, _from, state) do
        {:reply, a + b, state}
      end

      def handle_call({:subtract, a, b}, _from, state) do
        {:reply, a - b, state}
      end

  This is an anti-pattern not only because it convolutes the calculator logic but
  also because you put the calculator logic behind a single process that will
  potentially become a bottleneck in your system, especially as the number of
  calls grow. Instead just define the functions directly:

      def add(a, b) do
        a + b
      end

      def subtract(a, b) do
        a - b
      end

  If you don't need a process, then you don't need a process. Use processes only to
  model runtime properties, such as mutable state, concurrency and failures, never
  for code organization.

  ## Debugging with the :sys module

  GenServers, as [special processes](https://www.erlang.org/doc/design_principles/spec_proc.html),
  can be debugged using the [`:sys` module](`:sys`).
  Through various hooks, this module allows developers to introspect the state of
  the process and trace system events that happen during its execution, such as
  received messages, sent replies and state changes.

  Let's explore the basic functions from the
  [`:sys` module](`:sys`) used for debugging:

    * `:sys.get_state/2` - allows retrieval of the state of the process.
      In the case of a GenServer process, it will be the callback module state,
      as passed into the callback functions as last argument.
    * `:sys.get_status/2` - allows retrieval of the status of the process.
      This status includes the process dictionary, if the process is running
      or is suspended, the parent PID, the debugger state, and the state of
      the behaviour module, which includes the callback module state
      (as returned by `:sys.get_state/2`). It's possible to change how this
      status is represented by defining the optional `c:GenServer.format_status/2`
      callback.
    * `:sys.trace/3` - prints all the system events to `:stdio`.
    * `:sys.statistics/3` - manages collection of process statistics.
    * `:sys.no_debug/2` - turns off all debug handlers for the given process.
      It is very important to switch off debugging once we're done. Excessive
      debug handlers or those that should be turned off, but weren't, can
      seriously damage the performance of the system.
    * `:sys.suspend/2` - allows to suspend a process so that it only
      replies to system messages but no other messages. A suspended process
      can be reactivated via `:sys.resume/2`.

  Let's see how we could use those functions for debugging the stack server
  we defined earlier.

      iex> {:ok, pid} = Stack.start_link([])
      iex> :sys.statistics(pid, true) # turn on collecting process statistics
      iex> :sys.trace(pid, true) # turn on event printing
      iex> Stack.push(pid, 1)
      *DBG* <0.122.0> got cast {push,1}
      *DBG* <0.122.0> new state [1]
      :ok

      iex> :sys.get_state(pid)
      [1]

      iex> Stack.pop(pid)
      *DBG* <0.122.0> got call pop from <0.80.0>
      *DBG* <0.122.0> sent 1 to <0.80.0>, new state []
      1

      iex> :sys.statistics(pid, :get)
      {:ok,
       [
         start_time: {{2016, 7, 16}, {12, 29, 41}},
         current_time: {{2016, 7, 16}, {12, 29, 50}},
         reductions: 117,
         messages_in: 2,
         messages_out: 0
       ]}

      iex> :sys.no_debug(pid) # turn off all debug handlers
      :ok

      iex> :sys.get_status(pid)
      {:status, #PID<0.122.0>, {:module, :gen_server},
       [
         [
           "$initial_call": {Stack, :init, 1},            # process dictionary
           "$ancestors": [#PID<0.80.0>, #PID<0.51.0>]
         ],
         :running,                                        # :running | :suspended
         #PID<0.80.0>,                                    # parent
         [],                                              # debugger state
         [
           header: 'Status for generic server <0.122.0>', # module status
           data: [
             {'Status', :running},
             {'Parent', #PID<0.80.0>},
             {'Logged events', []}
           ],
           data: [{'State', [1]}]
         ]
       ]}

  ## Learn more

  If you wish to find out more about GenServers, the Elixir Getting Started
  guide provides a tutorial-like introduction. The documentation and links
  in Erlang can also provide extra insight.

    * [GenServer - Elixir's Getting Started Guide](https://elixir-lang.org/getting-started/mix-otp/genserver.html)
    * [`:gen_server` module documentation](`:gen_server`)
    * [gen_server Behaviour - OTP Design Principles](https://www.erlang.org/doc/design_principles/gen_server_concepts.html)
    * [Clients and Servers - Learn You Some Erlang for Great Good!](http://learnyousomeerlang.com/clients-and-servers)

  """

  @doc """
  Invoked when the server is started. `start_link/3` or `start/3` will
  block until it returns.

  `init_arg` is the argument term (second argument) passed to `start_link/3`.

  Returning `{:ok, state}` will cause `start_link/3` to return
  `{:ok, pid}` and the process to enter its loop.

  Returning `{:ok, state, timeout}` is similar to `{:ok, state}`,
  except that it also sets a timeout. See the "Timeouts" section
  in the module documentation for more information.

  Returning `{:ok, state, :hibernate}` is similar to `{:ok, state}`
  except the process is hibernated before entering the loop. See
  `c:handle_call/3` for more information on hibernation.

  Returning `{:ok, state, {:continue, continue_arg}}` is similar to
  `{:ok, state}` except that immediately after entering the loop,
  the `c:handle_continue/2` callback will be invoked with `continue_arg`
  as the first argument and `state` as the second one.

  Returning `:ignore` will cause `start_link/3` to return `:ignore` and
  the process will exit normally without entering the loop or calling
  `c:terminate/2`. If used when part of a supervision tree the parent
  supervisor will not fail to start nor immediately try to restart the
  `GenServer`. The remainder of the supervision tree will be started
  and so the `GenServer` should not be required by other processes.
  It can be started later with `Supervisor.restart_child/2` as the child
  specification is saved in the parent supervisor. The main use cases for
  this are:

    * The `GenServer` is disabled by configuration but might be enabled later.
    * An error occurred and it will be handled by a different mechanism than the
     `Supervisor`. Likely this approach involves calling `Supervisor.restart_child/2`
      after a delay to attempt a restart.

  Returning `{:stop, reason}` will cause `start_link/3` to return
  `{:error, reason}` and the process to exit with reason `reason` without
  entering the loop or calling `c:terminate/2`.
  """
  @callback init(init_arg :: term) ::
              {:ok, state}
              | {:ok, state, timeout | :hibernate | {:continue, continue_arg :: term}}
              | :ignore
              | {:stop, reason :: any}
            when state: any

  @doc """
  Invoked to handle synchronous `call/3` messages. `call/3` will block until a
  reply is received (unless the call times out or nodes are disconnected).

  `request` is the request message sent by a `call/3`, `from` is a 2-tuple
  containing the caller's PID and a term that uniquely identifies the call, and
  `state` is the current state of the `GenServer`.

  Returning `{:reply, reply, new_state}` sends the response `reply` to the
  caller and continues the loop with new state `new_state`.

  Returning `{:reply, reply, new_state, timeout}` is similar to
  `{:reply, reply, new_state}` except that it also sets a timeout.
  See the "Timeouts" section in the module documentation for more information.

  Returning `{:reply, reply, new_state, :hibernate}` is similar to
  `{:reply, reply, new_state}` except the process is hibernated and will
  continue the loop once a message is in its message queue. However, if a message is
  already in the message queue, the process will continue the loop immediately.
  Hibernating a `GenServer` causes garbage collection and leaves a continuous
  heap that minimises the memory used by the process.

  Hibernating should not be used aggressively as too much time could be spent
  garbage collecting, which would delay the processing of incoming messages.
  Normally it should only be used when you are not expecting new messages to
  immediately arrive and minimising the memory of the process is shown to be
  beneficial.

  Returning `{:reply, reply, new_state, {:continue, continue_arg}}` is similar to
  `{:reply, reply, new_state}` except that `c:handle_continue/2` will be invoked
  immediately after with `continue_arg` as the first argument and
  `state` as the second one.

  Returning `{:noreply, new_state}` does not send a response to the caller and
  continues the loop with new state `new_state`. The response must be sent with
  `reply/2`.

  There are three main use cases for not replying using the return value:

    * To reply before returning from the callback because the response is known
      before calling a slow function.
    * To reply after returning from the callback because the response is not yet
      available.
    * To reply from another process, such as a task.

  When replying from another process the `GenServer` should exit if the other
  process exits without replying as the caller will be blocking awaiting a
  reply.

  Returning `{:noreply, new_state, timeout | :hibernate | {:continue, continue_arg}}`
  is similar to `{:noreply, new_state}` except a timeout, hibernation or continue
  occurs as with a `:reply` tuple.

  Returning `{:stop, reason, reply, new_state}` stops the loop and `c:terminate/2`
  is called with reason `reason` and state `new_state`. Then, the `reply` is sent
  as the response to call and the process exits with reason `reason`.

  Returning `{:stop, reason, new_state}` is similar to
  `{:stop, reason, reply, new_state}` except a reply is not sent.

  This callback is optional. If one is not implemented, the server will fail
  if a call is performed against it.
  """
  @callback handle_call(request :: term, from, state :: term) ::
              {:reply, reply, new_state}
              | {:reply, reply, new_state,
                 timeout | :hibernate | {:continue, continue_arg :: term}}
              | {:noreply, new_state}
              | {:noreply, new_state, timeout | :hibernate | {:continue, continue_arg :: term}}
              | {:stop, reason, reply, new_state}
              | {:stop, reason, new_state}
            when reply: term, new_state: term, reason: term

  @doc """
  Invoked to handle asynchronous `cast/2` messages.

  `request` is the request message sent by a `cast/2` and `state` is the current
  state of the `GenServer`.

  Returning `{:noreply, new_state}` continues the loop with new state `new_state`.

  Returning `{:noreply, new_state, timeout}` is similar to `{:noreply, new_state}`
  except that it also sets a timeout. See the "Timeouts" section in the module
  documentation for more information.

  Returning `{:noreply, new_state, :hibernate}` is similar to
  `{:noreply, new_state}` except the process is hibernated before continuing the
  loop. See `c:handle_call/3` for more information.

  Returning `{:noreply, new_state, {:continue, continue_arg}}` is similar to
  `{:noreply, new_state}` except `c:handle_continue/2` will be invoked
  immediately after with `continue_arg` as the first argument and
  `state` as the second one.

  Returning `{:stop, reason, new_state}` stops the loop and `c:terminate/2` is
  called with the reason `reason` and state `new_state`. The process exits with
  reason `reason`.

  This callback is optional. If one is not implemented, the server will fail
  if a cast is performed against it.
  """
  @callback handle_cast(request :: term, state :: term) ::
              {:noreply, new_state}
              | {:noreply, new_state, timeout | :hibernate | {:continue, continue_arg :: term}}
              | {:stop, reason :: term, new_state}
            when new_state: term

  @doc """
  Invoked to handle all other messages.

  `msg` is the message and `state` is the current state of the `GenServer`. When
  a timeout occurs the message is `:timeout`.

  Return values are the same as `c:handle_cast/2`.

  This callback is optional. If one is not implemented, the received message
  will be logged.
  """
  @callback handle_info(msg :: :timeout | term, state :: term) ::
              {:noreply, new_state}
              | {:noreply, new_state, timeout | :hibernate | {:continue, continue_arg :: term}}
              | {:stop, reason :: term, new_state}
            when new_state: term

  @doc """
  Invoked to handle continue instructions.

  It is useful for performing work after initialization or for splitting the work
  in a callback in multiple steps, updating the process state along the way.

  Return values are the same as `c:handle_cast/2`.

  This callback is optional. If one is not implemented, the server will fail
  if a continue instruction is used.
  """
  @callback handle_continue(continue_arg, state :: term) ::
              {:noreply, new_state}
              | {:noreply, new_state, timeout | :hibernate | {:continue, continue_arg}}
              | {:stop, reason :: term, new_state}
            when new_state: term, continue_arg: term

  @doc """
  Invoked when the server is about to exit. It should do any cleanup required.

  `reason` is exit reason and `state` is the current state of the `GenServer`.
  The return value is ignored.

  `c:terminate/2` is useful for cleanup that requires access to the
  `GenServer`'s state. However, it is **not guaranteed** that `c:terminate/2`
  is called when a `GenServer` exits. Therefore, important cleanup should be
  done using process links and/or monitors. A monitoring process will receive the
  same exit `reason` that would be passed to `c:terminate/2`.

  `c:terminate/2` is called if:

    * the `GenServer` traps exits (using `Process.flag/2`) *and* the parent
    process (the one which called `start_link/1`) sends an exit signal

    * a callback (except `c:init/1`) does one of the following:

      * returns a `:stop` tuple

      * raises (via `raise/2`) or exits (via `exit/1`)

      * returns an invalid value

  If part of a supervision tree, a `GenServer` will receive an exit signal from
  its parent process (its supervisor) when the tree is shutting down. The exit
  signal is based on the shutdown strategy in the child's specification, where
  this value can be:

    * `:brutal_kill`: the `GenServer` is killed and so `c:terminate/2` is not called.

    * a timeout value, where the supervisor will send the exit signal `:shutdown` and
      the `GenServer` will have the duration of the timeout to terminate.
      If after duration of this timeout the process is still alive, it will be killed
      immediately.

  For a more in-depth explanation, please read the "Shutdown values (:shutdown)"
  section in the `Supervisor` module.

  If the `GenServer` receives an exit signal (that is not `:normal`) from any
  process when it is not trapping exits it will exit abruptly with the same
  reason and so not call `c:terminate/2`. Note that a process does *NOT* trap
  exits by default and an exit signal is sent when a linked process exits or its
  node is disconnected.

  `c:terminate/2` is only called after the `GenServer` finishes processing all
  messages which arrived in its mailbox prior to the exit signal. If it
  receives a `:kill` signal before it finishes processing those,
  `c:terminate/2` will not be called. If `c:terminate/2` is called, any
  messages received after the exit signal will still be in the mailbox.

  There is no cleanup needed when the `GenServer` controls a `port` (for example,
  `:gen_tcp.socket`) or `t:File.io_device/0`, because these will be closed on
  receiving a `GenServer`'s exit signal and do not need to be closed manually
  in `c:terminate/2`.

  If `reason` is neither `:normal`, `:shutdown`, nor `{:shutdown, term}` an error is
  logged.

  This callback is optional.
  """
  @callback terminate(reason, state :: term) :: term
            when reason: :normal | :shutdown | {:shutdown, term} | term

  @doc """
  Invoked to change the state of the `GenServer` when a different version of a
  module is loaded (hot code swapping) and the state's term structure should be
  changed.

  `old_vsn` is the previous version of the module (defined by the `@vsn`
  attribute) when upgrading. When downgrading the previous version is wrapped in
  a 2-tuple with first element `:down`. `state` is the current state of the
  `GenServer` and `extra` is any extra data required to change the state.

  Returning `{:ok, new_state}` changes the state to `new_state` and the code
  change is successful.

  Returning `{:error, reason}` fails the code change with reason `reason` and
  the state remains as the previous state.

  If `c:code_change/3` raises the code change fails and the loop will continue
  with its previous state. Therefore this callback does not usually contain side effects.

  This callback is optional.
  """
  @callback code_change(old_vsn, state :: term, extra :: term) ::
              {:ok, new_state :: term}
              | {:error, reason :: term}
            when old_vsn: term | {:down, term}

  @doc """
  Invoked in some cases to retrieve a formatted version of the `GenServer` status:

    * one of `:sys.get_status/1` or `:sys.get_status/2` is invoked to get the
      status of the `GenServer`; in such cases, `reason` is `:normal`

    * the `GenServer` terminates abnormally and logs an error; in such cases,
      `reason` is `:terminate`

  This callback can be useful to control the *appearance* of the status of the
  `GenServer`. For example, it can be used to return a compact representation of
  the `GenServer`'s state to avoid having large state terms printed.

  `pdict_and_state` is a two-elements list `[pdict, state]` where `pdict` is a
  list of `{key, value}` tuples representing the current process dictionary of
  the `GenServer` and `state` is the current state of the `GenServer`.
  """
  @callback format_status(reason, pdict_and_state :: list) :: term
            when reason: :normal | :terminate

  @optional_callbacks code_change: 3,
                      terminate: 2,
                      handle_info: 2,
                      handle_cast: 2,
                      handle_call: 3,
                      format_status: 2,
                      handle_continue: 2

  @typedoc "Return values of `start*` functions"
  @type on_start :: {:ok, pid} | :ignore | {:error, {:already_started, pid} | term}

  @typedoc "The GenServer name"
  @type name :: atom | {:global, term} | {:via, module, term}

  @typedoc "Options used by the `start*` functions"
  @type options :: [option]

  @typedoc "Option values used by the `start*` functions"
  @type option ::
          {:debug, debug}
          | {:name, name}
          | {:timeout, timeout}
          | {:spawn_opt, [Process.spawn_opt()]}
          | {:hibernate_after, timeout}

  @typedoc "Debug options supported by the `start*` functions"
  @type debug :: [:trace | :log | :statistics | {:log_to_file, Path.t()}]

  @typedoc """
  The server reference.

  This is either a plain PID or a value representing a registered name.
  See the "Name registration" section of this document for more information.
  """
  @type server :: pid | name | {atom, node}

  @typedoc """
  Tuple describing the client of a call request.

  `pid` is the PID of the caller and `tag` is a unique term used to identify the
  call.
  """
  @type from :: {pid, tag :: term}

  @doc false
  defmacro __using__(opts) do
    quote location: :keep, bind_quoted: [opts: opts] do
      @behaviour GenServer

      unless Module.has_attribute?(__MODULE__, :doc) do
        @doc """
        Returns a specification to start this module under a supervisor.

        See `Supervisor`.
        """
      end

      def child_spec(init_arg) do
        default = %{
          id: __MODULE__,
          start: {__MODULE__, :start_link, [init_arg]}
        }

        Supervisor.child_spec(default, unquote(Macro.escape(opts)))
      end

      defoverridable child_spec: 1

      # TODO: Remove this on v2.0
      @before_compile GenServer

      @doc false
      def handle_call(msg, _from, state) do
        proc =
          case Process.info(self(), :registered_name) do
            {_, []} -> self()
            {_, name} -> name
          end

        # We do this to trick Dialyzer to not complain about non-local returns.
        case :erlang.phash2(1, 1) do
          0 ->
            raise "attempted to call GenServer #{inspect(proc)} but no handle_call/3 clause was provided"

          1 ->
            {:stop, {:bad_call, msg}, state}
        end
      end

      @doc false
      def handle_info(msg, state) do
        proc =
          case Process.info(self(), :registered_name) do
            {_, []} -> self()
            {_, name} -> name
          end

        :logger.error(
          %{
            label: {GenServer, :no_handle_info},
            report: %{
              module: __MODULE__,
              message: msg,
              name: proc
            }
          },
          %{
            domain: [:otp, :elixir],
            error_logger: %{tag: :error_msg},
            report_cb: &GenServer.format_report/1
          }
        )

        {:noreply, state}
      end

      @doc false
      def handle_cast(msg, state) do
        proc =
          case Process.info(self(), :registered_name) do
            {_, []} -> self()
            {_, name} -> name
          end

        # We do this to trick Dialyzer to not complain about non-local returns.
        case :erlang.phash2(1, 1) do
          0 ->
            raise "attempted to cast GenServer #{inspect(proc)} but no handle_cast/2 clause was provided"

          1 ->
            {:stop, {:bad_cast, msg}, state}
        end
      end

      @doc false
      def terminate(_reason, _state) do
        :ok
      end

      @doc false
      def code_change(_old, state, _extra) do
        {:ok, state}
      end

      defoverridable code_change: 3, terminate: 2, handle_info: 2, handle_cast: 2, handle_call: 3
    end
  end

  defmacro __before_compile__(env) do
    unless Module.defines?(env.module, {:init, 1}) do
      message = """
      function init/1 required by behaviour GenServer is not implemented \
      (in module #{inspect(env.module)}).

      We will inject a default implementation for now:

          def init(init_arg) do
            {:ok, init_arg}
          end

      You can copy the implementation above or define your own that converts \
      the arguments given to GenServer.start_link/3 to the server state.
      """

      IO.warn(message, env)

      quote do
        @doc false
        def init(init_arg) do
          {:ok, init_arg}
        end

        defoverridable init: 1
      end
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Starts a `GenServer` process linked to the current process.

  This is often used to start the `GenServer` as part of a supervision tree.

  Once the server is started, the `c:init/1` function of the given `module` is
  called with `init_arg` as its argument to initialize the server. To ensure a
  synchronized start-up procedure, this function does not return until `c:init/1`
  has returned.

  Note that a `GenServer` started with `start_link/3` is linked to the
  parent process and will exit in case of crashes from the parent. The GenServer
  will also exit due to the `:normal` reasons in case it is configured to trap
  exits in the `c:init/1` callback.

  ## Options

    * `:name` - used for name registration as described in the "Name
      registration" section in the documentation for `GenServer`

    * `:timeout` - if present, the server is allowed to spend the given number of
      milliseconds initializing or it will be terminated and the start function
      will return `{:error, :timeout}`

    * `:debug` - if present, the corresponding function in the [`:sys` module](`:sys`) is invoked

    * `:spawn_opt` - if present, its value is passed as options to the
      underlying process as in `Process.spawn/4`

    * `:hibernate_after` - if present, the GenServer process awaits any message for
      the given number of milliseconds and if no message is received, the process goes
      into hibernation automatically (by calling `:proc_lib.hibernate/3`).

  ## Return values

  If the server is successfully created and initialized, this function returns
  `{:ok, pid}`, where `pid` is the PID of the server. If a process with the
  specified server name already exists, this function returns
  `{:error, {:already_started, pid}}` with the PID of that process.

  If the `c:init/1` callback fails with `reason`, this function returns
  `{:error, reason}`. Otherwise, if it returns `{:stop, reason}`
  or `:ignore`, the process is terminated and this function returns
  `{:error, reason}` or `:ignore`, respectively.
  """
  @spec start_link(module, any, options) :: on_start
  def start_link(module, init_arg, options \\ []) when is_atom(module) and is_list(options) do
    do_start(:link, module, init_arg, options)
  end

  @doc """
  Starts a `GenServer` process without links (outside of a supervision tree).

  See `start_link/3` for more information.
  """
  @spec start(module, any, options) :: on_start
  def start(module, init_arg, options \\ []) when is_atom(module) and is_list(options) do
    do_start(:nolink, module, init_arg, options)
  end

  defp do_start(link, module, init_arg, options) do
    case Keyword.pop(options, :name) do
      {nil, opts} ->
        :gen.start(:gen_server, link, module, init_arg, opts)

      {atom, opts} when is_atom(atom) ->
        :gen.start(:gen_server, link, {:local, atom}, module, init_arg, opts)

      {{:global, _term} = tuple, opts} ->
        :gen.start(:gen_server, link, tuple, module, init_arg, opts)

      {{:via, via_module, _term} = tuple, opts} when is_atom(via_module) ->
        :gen.start(:gen_server, link, tuple, module, init_arg, opts)

      {other, _} ->
        raise ArgumentError, """
        expected :name option to be one of the following:

          * nil
          * atom
          * {:global, term}
          * {:via, module, term}

        Got: #{inspect(other)}
        """
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Synchronously stops the server with the given `reason`.

  The `c:terminate/2` callback of the given `server` will be invoked before
  exiting. This function returns `:ok` if the server terminates with the
  given reason; if it terminates with another reason, the call exits.

  This function keeps OTP semantics regarding error reporting.
  If the reason is any other than `:normal`, `:shutdown` or
  `{:shutdown, _}`, an error report is logged.
  """
  @spec stop(server, reason :: term, timeout) :: :ok
  def stop(server, reason \\ :normal, timeout \\ :infinity) do
    case whereis(server) do
      nil ->
        exit({:noproc, {__MODULE__, :stop, [server, reason, timeout]}})

      pid when pid == self() ->
        exit({:calling_self, {__MODULE__, :stop, [server, reason, timeout]}})

      pid ->
        try do
          :proc_lib.stop(pid, reason, timeout)
        catch
          :exit, err ->
            exit({err, {__MODULE__, :stop, [server, reason, timeout]}})
        end
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Makes a synchronous call to the `server` and waits for its reply.

  The client sends the given `request` to the server and waits until a reply
  arrives or a timeout occurs. `c:handle_call/3` will be called on the server
  to handle the request.

  `server` can be any of the values described in the "Name registration"
  section of the documentation for this module.

  ## Timeouts

  `timeout` is an integer greater than zero which specifies how many
  milliseconds to wait for a reply, or the atom `:infinity` to wait
  indefinitely. The default value is `5000`. If no reply is received within
  the specified time, the function call fails and the caller exits. If the
  caller catches the failure and continues running, and the server is just late
  with the reply, it may arrive at any time later into the caller's message
  queue. The caller must in this case be prepared for this and discard any such
  garbage messages that are two-element tuples with a reference as the first
  element.
  """
  @spec call(server, term, timeout) :: term
  def call(server, request, timeout \\ 5000)
      when (is_integer(timeout) and timeout >= 0) or timeout == :infinity do
    case whereis(server) do
      nil ->
        exit({:noproc, {__MODULE__, :call, [server, request, timeout]}})

      # TODO: remove this clause when we require Erlang/OTP 25+
      pid when pid == self() ->
        exit({:calling_self, {__MODULE__, :call, [server, request, timeout]}})

      pid ->
        try do
          :gen.call(pid, :"$gen_call", request, timeout)
        catch
          :exit, reason ->
            exit({reason, {__MODULE__, :call, [server, request, timeout]}})
        else
          {:ok, res} -> res
        end
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Casts a request to the `server` without waiting for a response.

  This function always returns `:ok` regardless of whether
  the destination `server` (or node) exists. Therefore it
  is unknown whether the destination `server` successfully
  handled the request.

  `server` can be any of the values described in the "Name registration"
  section of the documentation for this module.
  """
  @spec cast(server, term) :: :ok
  def cast(server, request)

  def cast({:global, name}, request) do
    try do
      :global.send(name, cast_msg(request))
      :ok
    catch
      _, _ -> :ok
    end
  end

  def cast({:via, mod, name}, request) do
    try do
      mod.send(name, cast_msg(request))
      :ok
    catch
      _, _ -> :ok
    end
  end

  def cast({name, node}, request) when is_atom(name) and is_atom(node),
    do: do_send({name, node}, cast_msg(request))

  def cast(dest, request) when is_atom(dest) or is_pid(dest), do: do_send(dest, cast_msg(request))

  @doc """
  Casts all servers locally registered as `name` at the specified nodes.

  This function returns immediately and ignores nodes that do not exist, or where the
  server name does not exist.

  See `multi_call/4` for more information.
  """
  @spec abcast([node], name :: atom, term) :: :abcast
  def abcast(nodes \\ [node() | Node.list()], name, request)
      when is_list(nodes) and is_atom(name) do
    msg = cast_msg(request)
    _ = for node <- nodes, do: do_send({name, node}, msg)
    :abcast
  end

  defp cast_msg(req) do
    {:"$gen_cast", req}
  end

  defp do_send(dest, msg) do
    try do
      send(dest, msg)
      :ok
    catch
      _, _ -> :ok
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Calls all servers locally registered as `name` at the specified `nodes`.

  First, the `request` is sent to every node in `nodes`; then, the caller waits
  for the replies. This function returns a two-element tuple `{replies,
  bad_nodes}` where:

    * `replies` - is a list of `{node, reply}` tuples where `node` is the node
      that replied and `reply` is its reply
    * `bad_nodes` - is a list of nodes that either did not exist or where a
      server with the given `name` did not exist or did not reply

  `nodes` is a list of node names to which the request is sent. The default
  value is the list of all known nodes (including this node).

  ## Examples

  Assuming the `Stack` GenServer mentioned in the docs for the `GenServer`
  module is registered as `Stack` in the `:"foo@my-machine"` and
  `:"bar@my-machine"` nodes:

      GenServer.multi_call(Stack, :pop)
      #=> {[{:"foo@my-machine", :hello}, {:"bar@my-machine", :world}], []}

  """
  @spec multi_call([node], name :: atom, term, timeout) ::
          {replies :: [{node, term}], bad_nodes :: [node]}
  def multi_call(nodes \\ [node() | Node.list()], name, request, timeout \\ :infinity) do
    :gen_server.multi_call(nodes, name, request, timeout)
  end

  @doc """
  Replies to a client.

  This function can be used to explicitly send a reply to a client that called
  `call/3` or `multi_call/4` when the reply cannot be specified in the return
  value of `c:handle_call/3`.

  `client` must be the `from` argument (the second argument) accepted by
  `c:handle_call/3` callbacks. `reply` is an arbitrary term which will be given
  back to the client as the return value of the call.

  Note that `reply/2` can be called from any process, not just the GenServer
  that originally received the call (as long as that GenServer communicated the
  `from` argument somehow).

  This function always returns `:ok`.

  ## Examples

      def handle_call(:reply_in_one_second, from, state) do
        Process.send_after(self(), {:reply, from}, 1_000)
        {:noreply, state}
      end

      def handle_info({:reply, from}, state) do
        GenServer.reply(from, :one_second_has_passed)
        {:noreply, state}
      end

  """
  @spec reply(from, term) :: :ok
  def reply(client, reply) do
    :gen.reply(client, reply)
  end

  @doc """
  Returns the `pid` or `{name, node}` of a GenServer process, `nil` otherwise.

  To be precise, `nil` is returned whenever a `pid` or `{name, node}` cannot
  be returned. Note there is no guarantee the returned `pid` or `{name, node}`
  is alive, as a process could terminate immediately after it is looked up.

  ## Examples

  For example, to lookup a server process, monitor it and send a cast to it:

      process = GenServer.whereis(server)
      monitor = Process.monitor(process)
      GenServer.cast(process, :hello)

  """
  @spec whereis(server) :: pid | {atom, node} | nil
  def whereis(server)

  def whereis(pid) when is_pid(pid), do: pid

  def whereis(name) when is_atom(name) do
    Process.whereis(name)
  end

  def whereis({:global, name}) do
    case :global.whereis_name(name) do
      pid when is_pid(pid) -> pid
      :undefined -> nil
    end
  end

  def whereis({:via, mod, name}) do
    case apply(mod, :whereis_name, [name]) do
      pid when is_pid(pid) -> pid
      :undefined -> nil
    end
  end

  def whereis({name, local}) when is_atom(name) and local == node() do
    Process.whereis(name)
  end

  def whereis({name, node} = server) when is_atom(name) and is_atom(node) do
    server
  end

  @doc false
  def format_report(%{
        label: {GenServer, :no_handle_info},
        report: %{module: mod, message: msg, name: proc}
      }) do
    {~c"~p ~p received unexpected message in handle_info/2: ~p~n", [mod, proc, msg]}
  end
end