base.ex

defmodule Base do
  import Bitwise

  @moduledoc """
  This module provides data encoding and decoding functions
  according to [RFC 4648](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648).

  This document defines the commonly used base 16, base 32, and base
  64 encoding schemes.

  ## Base 16 alphabet

  | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding |
  |------:|:---------|------:|:---------|------:|:---------|------:|:---------|
  |     0 | 0        |     4 | 4        |     8 | 8        |    12 | C        |
  |     1 | 1        |     5 | 5        |     9 | 9        |    13 | D        |
  |     2 | 2        |     6 | 6        |    10 | A        |    14 | E        |
  |     3 | 3        |     7 | 7        |    11 | B        |    15 | F        |

  ## Base 32 alphabet

  | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding |
  |------:|:---------|------:|:---------|------:|:---------|------:|:---------|
  |     0 | A        |     9 | J        |    18 | S        |    27 | 3        |
  |     1 | B        |    10 | K        |    19 | T        |    28 | 4        |
  |     2 | C        |    11 | L        |    20 | U        |    29 | 5        |
  |     3 | D        |    12 | M        |    21 | V        |    30 | 6        |
  |     4 | E        |    13 | N        |    22 | W        |    31 | 7        |
  |     5 | F        |    14 | O        |    23 | X        |       |          |
  |     6 | G        |    15 | P        |    24 | Y        | (pad) | =        |
  |     7 | H        |    16 | Q        |    25 | Z        |       |          |
  |     8 | I        |    17 | R        |    26 | 2        |       |          |


  ## Base 32 (extended hex) alphabet

  | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding |
  |------:|:---------|------:|:---------|------:|:---------|------:|:---------|
  |     0 | 0        |     9 | 9        |    18 | I        |    27 | R        |
  |     1 | 1        |    10 | A        |    19 | J        |    28 | S        |
  |     2 | 2        |    11 | B        |    20 | K        |    29 | T        |
  |     3 | 3        |    12 | C        |    21 | L        |    30 | U        |
  |     4 | 4        |    13 | D        |    22 | M        |    31 | V        |
  |     5 | 5        |    14 | E        |    23 | N        |       |          |
  |     6 | 6        |    15 | F        |    24 | O        | (pad) | =        |
  |     7 | 7        |    16 | G        |    25 | P        |       |          |
  |     8 | 8        |    17 | H        |    26 | Q        |       |          |

  ## Base 64 alphabet

  | Value |  Encoding | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding |
  |------:|:----------|------:|:---------|------:|:---------|------:|:---------|
  |     0 | A         |    17 | R        |    34 | i        |    51 | z        |
  |     1 | B         |    18 | S        |    35 | j        |    52 | 0        |
  |     2 | C         |    19 | T        |    36 | k        |    53 | 1        |
  |     3 | D         |    20 | U        |    37 | l        |    54 | 2        |
  |     4 | E         |    21 | V        |    38 | m        |    55 | 3        |
  |     5 | F         |    22 | W        |    39 | n        |    56 | 4        |
  |     6 | G         |    23 | X        |    40 | o        |    57 | 5        |
  |     7 | H         |    24 | Y        |    41 | p        |    58 | 6        |
  |     8 | I         |    25 | Z        |    42 | q        |    59 | 7        |
  |     9 | J         |    26 | a        |    43 | r        |    60 | 8        |
  |    10 | K         |    27 | b        |    44 | s        |    61 | 9        |
  |    11 | L         |    28 | c        |    45 | t        |    62 | +        |
  |    12 | M         |    29 | d        |    46 | u        |    63 | /        |
  |    13 | N         |    30 | e        |    47 | v        |       |          |
  |    14 | O         |    31 | f        |    48 | w        | (pad) | =        |
  |    15 | P         |    32 | g        |    49 | x        |       |          |
  |    16 | Q         |    33 | h        |    50 | y        |       |          |

  ## Base 64 (URL and filename safe) alphabet

  | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding | Value | Encoding |
  |------:|:---------|------:|:---------|------:|:---------|------:|:---------|
  |     0 | A        |    17 | R        |    34 | i        |    51 | z        |
  |     1 | B        |    18 | S        |    35 | j        |    52 | 0        |
  |     2 | C        |    19 | T        |    36 | k        |    53 | 1        |
  |     3 | D        |    20 | U        |    37 | l        |    54 | 2        |
  |     4 | E        |    21 | V        |    38 | m        |    55 | 3        |
  |     5 | F        |    22 | W        |    39 | n        |    56 | 4        |
  |     6 | G        |    23 | X        |    40 | o        |    57 | 5        |
  |     7 | H        |    24 | Y        |    41 | p        |    58 | 6        |
  |     8 | I        |    25 | Z        |    42 | q        |    59 | 7        |
  |     9 | J        |    26 | a        |    43 | r        |    60 | 8        |
  |    10 | K        |    27 | b        |    44 | s        |    61 | 9        |
  |    11 | L        |    28 | c        |    45 | t        |    62 | -        |
  |    12 | M        |    29 | d        |    46 | u        |    63 | _        |
  |    13 | N        |    30 | e        |    47 | v        |       |          |
  |    14 | O        |    31 | f        |    48 | w        | (pad) | =        |
  |    15 | P        |    32 | g        |    49 | x        |       |          |
  |    16 | Q        |    33 | h        |    50 | y        |       |          |

  """

  b16_alphabet = '0123456789ABCDEF'
  b64_alphabet = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/'
  b64url_alphabet = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_'
  b32_alphabet = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ234567'
  b32hex_alphabet = '0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV'

  defmacrop encode_pair(alphabet, case, value) do
    quote do
      case unquote(value) do
        unquote(encode_pair_clauses(alphabet, case))
      end
    end
  end

  defp encode_pair_clauses(alphabet, case) when case in [:sensitive, :upper] do
    shift = shift(alphabet)

    alphabet
    |> Enum.with_index()
    |> encode_clauses(shift)
  end

  defp encode_pair_clauses(alphabet, :lower) do
    shift = shift(alphabet)

    alphabet
    |> Stream.map(fn c -> if c in ?A..?Z, do: c - ?A + ?a, else: c end)
    |> Enum.with_index()
    |> encode_clauses(shift)
  end

  defp shift(alphabet) do
    alphabet
    |> length()
    |> :math.log2()
    |> round()
  end

  defp encode_clauses(alphabet, shift) do
    for {encoding1, value1} <- alphabet,
        {encoding2, value2} <- alphabet do
      encoding = bsl(encoding1, 8) + encoding2
      value = bsl(value1, shift) + value2
      [clause] = quote(do: (unquote(value) -> unquote(encoding)))
      clause
    end
  end

  defmacrop decode_char(alphabet, case, encoding) do
    quote do
      case unquote(encoding) do
        unquote(decode_char_clauses(alphabet, case))
      end
    end
  end

  defp decode_char_clauses(alphabet, case) when case in [:sensitive, :upper] do
    clauses =
      alphabet
      |> Enum.with_index()
      |> decode_clauses()

    clauses ++ bad_digit_clause()
  end

  defp decode_char_clauses(alphabet, :lower) do
    {uppers, rest} =
      alphabet
      |> Stream.with_index()
      |> Enum.split_with(fn {encoding, _} -> encoding in ?A..?Z end)

    lowers = Enum.map(uppers, fn {encoding, value} -> {encoding - ?A + ?a, value} end)

    if length(uppers) > length(rest) do
      decode_mixed_clauses(lowers, rest)
    else
      decode_mixed_clauses(rest, lowers)
    end
  end

  defp decode_char_clauses(alphabet, :mixed) when length(alphabet) == 16 do
    alphabet = Enum.with_index(alphabet)

    lowers =
      alphabet
      |> Stream.filter(fn {encoding, _} -> encoding in ?A..?Z end)
      |> Enum.map(fn {encoding, value} -> {encoding - ?A + ?a, value} end)

    decode_mixed_clauses(alphabet, lowers)
  end

  defp decode_char_clauses(alphabet, :mixed) when length(alphabet) == 32 do
    clauses =
      alphabet
      |> Stream.with_index()
      |> Enum.flat_map(fn {encoding, value} = pair ->
        if encoding in ?A..?Z do
          [pair, {encoding - ?A + ?a, value}]
        else
          [pair]
        end
      end)
      |> decode_clauses()

    clauses ++ bad_digit_clause()
  end

  defp decode_mixed_clauses(first, second) do
    first_clauses = decode_clauses(first)
    second_clauses = decode_clauses(second) ++ bad_digit_clause()

    join_clause =
      quote do
        encoding ->
          case encoding do
            unquote(second_clauses)
          end
      end

    first_clauses ++ join_clause
  end

  defp decode_clauses(alphabet) do
    for {encoding, value} <- alphabet do
      [clause] = quote(do: (unquote(encoding) -> unquote(value)))
      clause
    end
  end

  defp bad_digit_clause() do
    quote do
      c ->
        raise ArgumentError,
              "non-alphabet digit found: #{inspect(<<c>>, binaries: :as_strings)} (byte #{c})"
    end
  end

  defp maybe_pad(body, "", _, _), do: body
  defp maybe_pad(body, tail, false, _), do: body <> tail

  defp maybe_pad(body, tail, _, group_size) do
    case group_size - rem(byte_size(tail), group_size) do
      ^group_size -> body <> tail
      6 -> body <> tail <> "======"
      5 -> body <> tail <> "====="
      4 -> body <> tail <> "===="
      3 -> body <> tail <> "==="
      2 -> body <> tail <> "=="
      1 -> body <> tail <> "="
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Encodes a binary string into a base 16 encoded string.

  ## Options

  The accepted options are:

    * `:case` - specifies the character case to use when encoding

  The values for `:case` can be:

    * `:upper` - uses upper case characters (default)
    * `:lower` - uses lower case characters

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.encode16("foobar")
      "666F6F626172"

      iex> Base.encode16("foobar", case: :lower)
      "666f6f626172"

  """
  @spec encode16(binary, keyword) :: binary
  def encode16(data, opts \\ []) when is_binary(data) do
    case = Keyword.get(opts, :case, :upper)
    do_encode16(case, data)
  end

  @doc """
  Decodes a base 16 encoded string into a binary string.

  ## Options

  The accepted options are:

    * `:case` - specifies the character case to accept when decoding

  The values for `:case` can be:

    * `:upper` - only allows upper case characters (default)
    * `:lower` - only allows lower case characters
    * `:mixed` - allows mixed case characters

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.decode16("666F6F626172")
      {:ok, "foobar"}

      iex> Base.decode16("666f6f626172", case: :lower)
      {:ok, "foobar"}

      iex> Base.decode16("666f6F626172", case: :mixed)
      {:ok, "foobar"}

  """
  @spec decode16(binary, keyword) :: {:ok, binary} | :error
  def decode16(string, opts \\ []) do
    {:ok, decode16!(string, opts)}
  rescue
    ArgumentError -> :error
  end

  @doc """
  Decodes a base 16 encoded string into a binary string.

  ## Options

  The accepted options are:

    * `:case` - specifies the character case to accept when decoding

  The values for `:case` can be:

    * `:upper` - only allows upper case characters (default)
    * `:lower` - only allows lower case characters
    * `:mixed` - allows mixed case characters

  An `ArgumentError` exception is raised if the padding is incorrect or
  a non-alphabet character is present in the string.

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.decode16!("666F6F626172")
      "foobar"

      iex> Base.decode16!("666f6f626172", case: :lower)
      "foobar"

      iex> Base.decode16!("666f6F626172", case: :mixed)
      "foobar"

  """
  @spec decode16!(binary, keyword) :: binary
  def decode16!(string, opts \\ [])

  def decode16!(string, opts) when is_binary(string) and rem(byte_size(string), 2) == 0 do
    case = Keyword.get(opts, :case, :upper)
    do_decode16(case, string)
  end

  def decode16!(string, _opts) when is_binary(string) do
    raise ArgumentError, "odd-length string"
  end

  @doc """
  Encodes a binary string into a base 64 encoded string.

  Accepts `padding: false` option which will omit padding from
  the output string.

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.encode64("foobar")
      "Zm9vYmFy"

      iex> Base.encode64("foob")
      "Zm9vYg=="

      iex> Base.encode64("foob", padding: false)
      "Zm9vYg"

  """
  @spec encode64(binary, keyword) :: binary
  def encode64(data, opts \\ []) when is_binary(data) do
    pad? = Keyword.get(opts, :padding, true)
    do_encode64(data, pad?)
  end

  @doc """
  Decodes a base 64 encoded string into a binary string.

  Accepts `ignore: :whitespace` option which will ignore all the
  whitespace characters in the input string.

  Accepts `padding: false` option which will ignore padding from
  the input string.

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.decode64("Zm9vYmFy")
      {:ok, "foobar"}

      iex> Base.decode64("Zm9vYmFy\\n", ignore: :whitespace)
      {:ok, "foobar"}

      iex> Base.decode64("Zm9vYg==")
      {:ok, "foob"}

      iex> Base.decode64("Zm9vYg", padding: false)
      {:ok, "foob"}

  """
  @spec decode64(binary, keyword) :: {:ok, binary} | :error
  def decode64(string, opts \\ []) when is_binary(string) do
    {:ok, decode64!(string, opts)}
  rescue
    ArgumentError -> :error
  end

  @doc """
  Decodes a base 64 encoded string into a binary string.

  Accepts `ignore: :whitespace` option which will ignore all the
  whitespace characters in the input string.

  Accepts `padding: false` option which will ignore padding from
  the input string.

  An `ArgumentError` exception is raised if the padding is incorrect or
  a non-alphabet character is present in the string.

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.decode64!("Zm9vYmFy")
      "foobar"

      iex> Base.decode64!("Zm9vYmFy\\n", ignore: :whitespace)
      "foobar"

      iex> Base.decode64!("Zm9vYg==")
      "foob"

      iex> Base.decode64!("Zm9vYg", padding: false)
      "foob"

  """
  @spec decode64!(binary, keyword) :: binary
  def decode64!(string, opts \\ []) when is_binary(string) do
    pad? = Keyword.get(opts, :padding, true)
    string |> remove_ignored(opts[:ignore]) |> do_decode64(pad?)
  end

  @doc """
  Encodes a binary string into a base 64 encoded string with URL and filename
  safe alphabet.

  Accepts `padding: false` option which will omit padding from
  the output string.

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.url_encode64(<<255, 127, 254, 252>>)
      "_3_-_A=="

      iex> Base.url_encode64(<<255, 127, 254, 252>>, padding: false)
      "_3_-_A"

  """
  @spec url_encode64(binary, keyword) :: binary
  def url_encode64(data, opts \\ []) when is_binary(data) do
    pad? = Keyword.get(opts, :padding, true)
    do_encode64url(data, pad?)
  end

  @doc """
  Decodes a base 64 encoded string with URL and filename safe alphabet
  into a binary string.

  Accepts `ignore: :whitespace` option which will ignore all the
  whitespace characters in the input string.

  Accepts `padding: false` option which will ignore padding from
  the input string.

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.url_decode64("_3_-_A==")
      {:ok, <<255, 127, 254, 252>>}

      iex> Base.url_decode64("_3_-_A==\\n", ignore: :whitespace)
      {:ok, <<255, 127, 254, 252>>}

      iex> Base.url_decode64("_3_-_A", padding: false)
      {:ok, <<255, 127, 254, 252>>}

  """
  @spec url_decode64(binary, keyword) :: {:ok, binary} | :error
  def url_decode64(string, opts \\ []) when is_binary(string) do
    {:ok, url_decode64!(string, opts)}
  rescue
    ArgumentError -> :error
  end

  @doc """
  Decodes a base 64 encoded string with URL and filename safe alphabet
  into a binary string.

  Accepts `ignore: :whitespace` option which will ignore all the
  whitespace characters in the input string.

  Accepts `padding: false` option which will ignore padding from
  the input string.

  An `ArgumentError` exception is raised if the padding is incorrect or
  a non-alphabet character is present in the string.

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.url_decode64!("_3_-_A==")
      <<255, 127, 254, 252>>

      iex> Base.url_decode64!("_3_-_A==\\n", ignore: :whitespace)
      <<255, 127, 254, 252>>

      iex> Base.url_decode64!("_3_-_A", padding: false)
      <<255, 127, 254, 252>>

  """
  @spec url_decode64!(binary, keyword) :: binary
  def url_decode64!(string, opts \\ []) when is_binary(string) do
    pad? = Keyword.get(opts, :padding, true)
    string |> remove_ignored(opts[:ignore]) |> do_decode64url(pad?)
  end

  @doc """
  Encodes a binary string into a base 32 encoded string.

  ## Options

  The accepted options are:

    * `:case` - specifies the character case to use when encoding
    * `:padding` - specifies whether to apply padding

  The values for `:case` can be:

    * `:upper` - uses upper case characters (default)
    * `:lower` - uses lower case characters

  The values for `:padding` can be:

    * `true` - pad the output string to the nearest multiple of 8 (default)
    * `false` - omit padding from the output string

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.encode32("foobar")
      "MZXW6YTBOI======"

      iex> Base.encode32("foobar", case: :lower)
      "mzxw6ytboi======"

      iex> Base.encode32("foobar", padding: false)
      "MZXW6YTBOI"

  """
  @spec encode32(binary, keyword) :: binary
  def encode32(data, opts \\ []) when is_binary(data) do
    case = Keyword.get(opts, :case, :upper)
    pad? = Keyword.get(opts, :padding, true)
    do_encode32(case, data, pad?)
  end

  @doc """
  Decodes a base 32 encoded string into a binary string.

  ## Options

  The accepted options are:

    * `:case` - specifies the character case to accept when decoding
    * `:padding` - specifies whether to require padding

  The values for `:case` can be:

    * `:upper` - only allows  upper case characters (default)
    * `:lower` - only allows lower case characters
    * `:mixed` - allows mixed case characters

  The values for `:padding` can be:

    * `true` - requires the input string to be padded to the nearest multiple of 8 (default)
    * `false` - ignores padding from the input string

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.decode32("MZXW6YTBOI======")
      {:ok, "foobar"}

      iex> Base.decode32("mzxw6ytboi======", case: :lower)
      {:ok, "foobar"}

      iex> Base.decode32("mzXW6ytBOi======", case: :mixed)
      {:ok, "foobar"}

      iex> Base.decode32("MZXW6YTBOI", padding: false)
      {:ok, "foobar"}

  """
  @spec decode32(binary, keyword) :: {:ok, binary} | :error
  def decode32(string, opts \\ []) do
    {:ok, decode32!(string, opts)}
  rescue
    ArgumentError -> :error
  end

  @doc """
  Decodes a base 32 encoded string into a binary string.

  An `ArgumentError` exception is raised if the padding is incorrect or
  a non-alphabet character is present in the string.

  ## Options

  The accepted options are:

    * `:case` - specifies the character case to accept when decoding
    * `:padding` - specifies whether to require padding

  The values for `:case` can be:

    * `:upper` - only allows upper case characters (default)
    * `:lower` - only allows lower case characters
    * `:mixed` - allows mixed case characters

  The values for `:padding` can be:

    * `true` - requires the input string to be padded to the nearest multiple of 8 (default)
    * `false` - ignores padding from the input string

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.decode32!("MZXW6YTBOI======")
      "foobar"

      iex> Base.decode32!("mzxw6ytboi======", case: :lower)
      "foobar"

      iex> Base.decode32!("mzXW6ytBOi======", case: :mixed)
      "foobar"

      iex> Base.decode32!("MZXW6YTBOI", padding: false)
      "foobar"

  """
  @spec decode32!(binary, keyword) :: binary
  def decode32!(string, opts \\ []) when is_binary(string) do
    case = Keyword.get(opts, :case, :upper)
    pad? = Keyword.get(opts, :padding, true)
    do_decode32(case, string, pad?)
  end

  @doc """
  Encodes a binary string into a base 32 encoded string with an
  extended hexadecimal alphabet.

  ## Options

  The accepted options are:

    * `:case` - specifies the character case to use when encoding
    * `:padding` - specifies whether to apply padding

  The values for `:case` can be:

    * `:upper` - uses upper case characters (default)
    * `:lower` - uses lower case characters

  The values for `:padding` can be:

    * `true` - pad the output string to the nearest multiple of 8 (default)
    * `false` - omit padding from the output string

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.hex_encode32("foobar")
      "CPNMUOJ1E8======"

      iex> Base.hex_encode32("foobar", case: :lower)
      "cpnmuoj1e8======"

      iex> Base.hex_encode32("foobar", padding: false)
      "CPNMUOJ1E8"

  """
  @spec hex_encode32(binary, keyword) :: binary
  def hex_encode32(data, opts \\ []) when is_binary(data) do
    case = Keyword.get(opts, :case, :upper)
    pad? = Keyword.get(opts, :padding, true)
    do_encode32hex(case, data, pad?)
  end

  @doc """
  Decodes a base 32 encoded string with extended hexadecimal alphabet
  into a binary string.

  ## Options

  The accepted options are:

    * `:case` - specifies the character case to accept when decoding
    * `:padding` - specifies whether to require padding

  The values for `:case` can be:

    * `:upper` - only allows upper case characters (default)
    * `:lower` - only allows lower case characters
    * `:mixed` - allows mixed case characters

  The values for `:padding` can be:

    * `true` - requires the input string to be padded to the nearest multiple of 8 (default)
    * `false` - ignores padding from the input string

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.hex_decode32("CPNMUOJ1E8======")
      {:ok, "foobar"}

      iex> Base.hex_decode32("cpnmuoj1e8======", case: :lower)
      {:ok, "foobar"}

      iex> Base.hex_decode32("cpnMuOJ1E8======", case: :mixed)
      {:ok, "foobar"}

      iex> Base.hex_decode32("CPNMUOJ1E8", padding: false)
      {:ok, "foobar"}

  """
  @spec hex_decode32(binary, keyword) :: {:ok, binary} | :error
  def hex_decode32(string, opts \\ []) do
    {:ok, hex_decode32!(string, opts)}
  rescue
    ArgumentError -> :error
  end

  @doc """
  Decodes a base 32 encoded string with extended hexadecimal alphabet
  into a binary string.

  An `ArgumentError` exception is raised if the padding is incorrect or
  a non-alphabet character is present in the string.

  ## Options

  The accepted options are:

    * `:case` - specifies the character case to accept when decoding
    * `:padding` - specifies whether to require padding

  The values for `:case` can be:

    * `:upper` - only allows upper case characters (default)
    * `:lower` - only allows lower case characters
    * `:mixed` - allows mixed case characters

  The values for `:padding` can be:

    * `true` - requires the input string to be padded to the nearest multiple of 8 (default)
    * `false` - ignores padding from the input string

  ## Examples

      iex> Base.hex_decode32!("CPNMUOJ1E8======")
      "foobar"

      iex> Base.hex_decode32!("cpnmuoj1e8======", case: :lower)
      "foobar"

      iex> Base.hex_decode32!("cpnMuOJ1E8======", case: :mixed)
      "foobar"

      iex> Base.hex_decode32!("CPNMUOJ1E8", padding: false)
      "foobar"

  """
  @spec hex_decode32!(binary, keyword) :: binary
  def hex_decode32!(string, opts \\ []) when is_binary(string) do
    case = Keyword.get(opts, :case, :upper)
    pad? = Keyword.get(opts, :padding, true)
    do_decode32hex(case, string, pad?)
  end

  defp remove_ignored(string, nil), do: string

  defp remove_ignored(string, :whitespace) do
    for <<char::8 <- string>>, char not in '\s\t\r\n', into: <<>>, do: <<char::8>>
  end

  enc16 = [upper: :enc16_upper, lower: :enc16_lower]

  for {case, fun} <- enc16 do
    defp unquote(fun)(char) do
      encode_pair(unquote(b16_alphabet), unquote(case), char)
    end
  end

  defp do_encode16(_, <<>>), do: <<>>

  for {case, fun} <- enc16 do
    defp do_encode16(unquote(case), data) do
      split = 8 * div(byte_size(data), 8)
      <<main::size(split)-binary, rest::binary>> = data

      main =
        for <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8, c7::8, c8::8 <- main>>, into: <<>> do
          <<
            unquote(fun)(c1)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c7)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c8)::16
          >>
        end

      case rest do
        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8, c7::8>> ->
          <<
            main::binary,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c7)::16
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8>> ->
          <<
            main::binary,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::16
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8>> ->
          <<
            main::binary,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::16
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8>> ->
          <<
            main::binary,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::16,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::16
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8>> ->
          <<main::binary, unquote(fun)(c1)::16, unquote(fun)(c2)::16, unquote(fun)(c3)::16>>

        <<c1::8, c2::8>> ->
          <<main::binary, unquote(fun)(c1)::16, unquote(fun)(c2)::16>>

        <<c1::8>> ->
          <<main::binary, unquote(fun)(c1)::16>>

        <<>> ->
          main
      end
    end
  end

  dec16 = [upper: :dec16_upper, lower: :dec16_lower, mixed: :dec16_mixed]

  for {case, fun} <- dec16 do
    defp unquote(fun)(encoding) do
      decode_char(unquote(b16_alphabet), unquote(case), encoding)
    end
  end

  defp do_decode16(_, <<>>), do: <<>>

  for {case, fun} <- dec16 do
    defp do_decode16(unquote(case), string) do
      split = 8 * div(byte_size(string), 8)
      <<main::size(split)-binary, rest::binary>> = string

      main =
        for <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8, c7::8, c8::8 <- main>>, into: <<>> do
          <<
            unquote(fun)(c1)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c7)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c8)::4
          >>
        end

      case rest do
        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8>> ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::4
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8>> ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::4,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::4
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8>> ->
          <<main::bits, unquote(fun)(c1)::4, unquote(fun)(c2)::4>>

        <<_::8>> ->
          raise ArgumentError, "odd-length string"

        <<>> ->
          main
      end
    end
  end

  for {base, alphabet} <- ["64": b64_alphabet, "64url": b64url_alphabet] do
    pair = :"enc#{base}_pair"
    char = :"enc#{base}_char"
    do_encode = :"do_encode#{base}"

    defp unquote(pair)(value) do
      encode_pair(unquote(alphabet), :sensitive, value)
    end

    defp unquote(char)(value) do
      value
      |> unquote(pair)()
      |> band(0x00FF)
    end

    defp unquote(do_encode)(<<>>, _), do: <<>>

    defp unquote(do_encode)(data, pad?) do
      split = 6 * div(byte_size(data), 6)
      <<main::size(split)-binary, rest::binary>> = data

      main =
        for <<c1::12, c2::12, c3::12, c4::12 <- main>>, into: <<>> do
          <<
            unquote(pair)(c1)::16,
            unquote(pair)(c2)::16,
            unquote(pair)(c3)::16,
            unquote(pair)(c4)::16
          >>
        end

      tail =
        case rest do
          <<c1::12, c2::12, c3::12, c::4>> ->
            <<
              unquote(pair)(c1)::16,
              unquote(pair)(c2)::16,
              unquote(pair)(c3)::16,
              unquote(char)(bsl(c, 2))::8
            >>

          <<c1::12, c2::12, c3::8>> ->
            <<unquote(pair)(c1)::16, unquote(pair)(c2)::16, unquote(pair)(bsl(c3, 4))::16>>

          <<c1::12, c2::12>> ->
            <<unquote(pair)(c1)::16, unquote(pair)(c2)::16>>

          <<c1::12, c2::4>> ->
            <<unquote(pair)(c1)::16, unquote(char)(bsl(c2, 2))::8>>

          <<c1::8>> ->
            <<unquote(pair)(bsl(c1, 4))::16>>

          <<>> ->
            <<>>
        end

      maybe_pad(main, tail, pad?, 4)
    end
  end

  for {base, alphabet} <- ["64": b64_alphabet, "64url": b64url_alphabet] do
    fun = :"dec#{base}"
    do_decode = :"do_decode#{base}"

    defp unquote(fun)(encoding) do
      decode_char(unquote(alphabet), :sensitive, encoding)
    end

    defp unquote(do_decode)(<<>>, _), do: <<>>

    defp unquote(do_decode)(string, pad?) do
      segs = div(byte_size(string) + 7, 8) - 1
      <<main::size(segs)-binary-unit(64), rest::binary>> = string

      main =
        for <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8, c7::8, c8::8 <- main>>, into: <<>> do
          <<
            unquote(fun)(c1)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c7)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c8)::6
          >>
        end

      case rest do
        <<c1::8, c2::8, ?=, ?=>> ->
          <<main::bits, unquote(fun)(c1)::6, bsr(unquote(fun)(c2), 4)::2>>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, ?=>> ->
          <<main::bits, unquote(fun)(c1)::6, unquote(fun)(c2)::6, bsr(unquote(fun)(c3), 2)::4>>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8>> ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::6
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8, ?=, ?=>> ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::6,
            bsr(unquote(fun)(c6), 4)::2
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8, c7::8, ?=>> ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::6,
            bsr(unquote(fun)(c7), 2)::4
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8, c7::8, c8::8>> ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c7)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c8)::6
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8>> when not pad? ->
          <<main::bits, unquote(fun)(c1)::6, bsr(unquote(fun)(c2), 4)::2>>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8>> when not pad? ->
          <<main::bits, unquote(fun)(c1)::6, unquote(fun)(c2)::6, bsr(unquote(fun)(c3), 2)::4>>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8>> when not pad? ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::6,
            bsr(unquote(fun)(c6), 4)::2
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8, c7::8>> when not pad? ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::6,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::6,
            bsr(unquote(fun)(c7), 2)::4
          >>

        _ ->
          raise ArgumentError, "incorrect padding"
      end
    end
  end

  for {base, alphabet} <- ["32": b32_alphabet, "32hex": b32hex_alphabet],
      case <- [:upper, :lower] do
    pair = :"enc#{base}_#{case}_pair"
    char = :"enc#{base}_#{case}_char"
    do_encode = :"do_encode#{base}"

    defp unquote(pair)(value) do
      encode_pair(unquote(alphabet), unquote(case), value)
    end

    defp unquote(char)(value) do
      value
      |> unquote(pair)()
      |> band(0x00FF)
    end

    defp unquote(do_encode)(_, <<>>, _), do: <<>>

    defp unquote(do_encode)(unquote(case), data, pad?) do
      split = 5 * div(byte_size(data), 5)
      <<main::size(split)-binary, rest::binary>> = data

      main =
        for <<c1::10, c2::10, c3::10, c4::10 <- main>>, into: <<>> do
          <<
            unquote(pair)(c1)::16,
            unquote(pair)(c2)::16,
            unquote(pair)(c3)::16,
            unquote(pair)(c4)::16
          >>
        end

      tail =
        case rest do
          <<c1::10, c2::10, c3::10, c4::2>> ->
            <<
              unquote(pair)(c1)::16,
              unquote(pair)(c2)::16,
              unquote(pair)(c3)::16,
              unquote(char)(bsl(c4, 3))::8
            >>

          <<c1::10, c2::10, c3::4>> ->
            <<unquote(pair)(c1)::16, unquote(pair)(c2)::16, unquote(char)(bsl(c3, 1))::8>>

          <<c1::10, c2::6>> ->
            <<unquote(pair)(c1)::16, unquote(pair)(bsl(c2, 4))::16>>

          <<c1::8>> ->
            <<unquote(pair)(bsl(c1, 2))::16>>

          <<>> ->
            <<>>
        end

      maybe_pad(main, tail, pad?, 8)
    end
  end

  for {base, alphabet} <- ["32": b32_alphabet, "32hex": b32hex_alphabet],
      case <- [:upper, :lower, :mixed] do
    fun = :"dec#{base}_#{case}"
    do_decode = :"do_decode#{base}"

    defp unquote(fun)(encoding) do
      decode_char(unquote(alphabet), unquote(case), encoding)
    end

    defp unquote(do_decode)(_, <<>>, _), do: <<>>

    defp unquote(do_decode)(unquote(case), string, pad?) do
      segs = div(byte_size(string) + 7, 8) - 1
      <<main::size(segs)-binary-unit(64), rest::binary>> = string

      main =
        for <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8, c7::8, c8::8 <- main>>, into: <<>> do
          <<
            unquote(fun)(c1)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c7)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c8)::5
          >>
        end

      case rest do
        <<c1::8, c2::8, ?=, ?=, ?=, ?=, ?=, ?=>> ->
          <<main::bits, unquote(fun)(c1)::5, bsr(unquote(fun)(c2), 2)::3>>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, ?=, ?=, ?=, ?=>> ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::5,
            bsr(unquote(fun)(c4), 4)::1
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, ?=, ?=, ?=>> ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::5,
            bsr(unquote(fun)(c5), 1)::4
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8, c7::8, ?=>> ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::5,
            bsr(unquote(fun)(c7), 3)::2
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8, c7::8, c8::8>> ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c7)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c8)::5
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8>> when not pad? ->
          <<main::bits, unquote(fun)(c1)::5, bsr(unquote(fun)(c2), 2)::3>>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8>> when not pad? ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::5,
            bsr(unquote(fun)(c4), 4)::1
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8>> when not pad? ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::5,
            bsr(unquote(fun)(c5), 1)::4
          >>

        <<c1::8, c2::8, c3::8, c4::8, c5::8, c6::8, c7::8>> when not pad? ->
          <<
            main::bits,
            unquote(fun)(c1)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c2)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c3)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c4)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c5)::5,
            unquote(fun)(c6)::5,
            bsr(unquote(fun)(c7), 3)::2
          >>

        _ ->
          raise ArgumentError, "incorrect padding"
      end
    end
  end
end