default.go

package tunnel

import (
	"errors"
	"math/rand"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/google/uuid"
	"github.com/micro/go-micro/v2/logger"
	"github.com/micro/go-micro/v2/transport"
)

var (
	// DiscoverTime sets the time at which we fire discover messages
	DiscoverTime = 30 * time.Second
	// KeepAliveTime defines time interval we send keepalive messages to outbound links
	KeepAliveTime = 30 * time.Second
	// ReconnectTime defines time interval we periodically attempt to reconnect dead links
	ReconnectTime = 5 * time.Second
)

// tun represents a network tunnel
type tun struct {
	options Options

	sync.RWMutex

	// the unique id for this tunnel
	id string

	// tunnel token for session encryption
	token string

	// to indicate if we're connected or not
	connected bool

	// the send channel for all messages
	send chan *message

	// close channel
	closed chan bool

	// a map of sessions based on Micro-Tunnel-Channel
	sessions map[string]*session

	// outbound links
	links map[string]*link

	// listener
	listener transport.Listener
}

// create new tunnel on top of a link
func newTunnel(opts ...Option) *tun {
	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
	options := DefaultOptions()
	for _, o := range opts {
		o(&options)
	}

	return &tun{
		options:  options,
		id:       options.Id,
		token:    options.Token,
		send:     make(chan *message, 128),
		closed:   make(chan bool),
		sessions: make(map[string]*session),
		links:    make(map[string]*link),
	}
}

// Init initializes tunnel options
func (t *tun) Init(opts ...Option) error {
	t.Lock()
	for _, o := range opts {
		o(&t.options)
	}
	t.Unlock()
	return nil
}

// getSession returns a session from the internal session map.
// It does this based on the Micro-Tunnel-Channel and Micro-Tunnel-Session
func (t *tun) getSession(channel, session string) (*session, bool) {
	// get the session
	t.RLock()
	s, ok := t.sessions[channel+session]
	t.RUnlock()
	return s, ok
}

// delSession deletes a session if it exists
func (t *tun) delSession(channel, session string) {
	t.Lock()
	if s, ok := t.sessions[channel+session]; ok {
		s.Close()
	}
	delete(t.sessions, channel+session)
	t.Unlock()
}

// listChannels returns a list of listening channels
func (t *tun) listChannels() []string {
	t.RLock()

	//nolint:prealloc
	var channels []string
	for _, session := range t.sessions {
		if session.session != "listener" {
			continue
		}
		channels = append(channels, session.channel)
	}

	t.RUnlock()

	return channels
}

// newSession creates a new session and saves it
func (t *tun) newSession(channel, sessionId string) (*session, bool, error) {

	// new session
	s := &session{
		tunnel:  t.id,
		channel: channel,
		session: sessionId,
		token:   t.token,
		closed:  make(chan bool),
		recv:    make(chan *message, 128),
		send:    t.send,
		errChan: make(chan error, 1),
		key:     []byte(t.token + channel + sessionId),
	}
	gcm, err := newCipher(s.key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, false, err
	}
	s.gcm = gcm

	// save session
	t.Lock()
	_, ok := t.sessions[channel+sessionId]
	if ok {
		// session already exists
		t.Unlock()
		return nil, false, nil
	}

	t.sessions[channel+sessionId] = s
	t.Unlock()

	// return session
	return s, true, nil
}

// TODO: use tunnel id as part of the session
func (t *tun) newSessionId() string {
	return uuid.New().String()
}

// announce will send a message to the link to tell the other side of a channel mapping we have.
// This usually happens if someone calls Dial and sends a discover message but otherwise we
// periodically send these messages to asynchronously manage channel mappings.
func (t *tun) announce(channel, session string, link *link) {
	// create the "announce" response message for a discover request
	msg := &transport.Message{
		Header: map[string]string{
			"Micro-Tunnel":         "announce",
			"Micro-Tunnel-Id":      t.id,
			"Micro-Tunnel-Channel": channel,
			"Micro-Tunnel-Session": session,
			"Micro-Tunnel-Link":    link.id,
		},
	}

	// if no channel is present we've been asked to discover all channels
	if len(channel) == 0 {
		// get the list of channels
		channels := t.listChannels()

		// if there are no channels continue
		if len(channels) == 0 {
			return
		}

		// create a list of channels as comma separated list
		channel = strings.Join(channels, ",")
		// set channels as header
		msg.Header["Micro-Tunnel-Channel"] = channel
	} else {
		// otherwise look for a single channel mapping
		// looking for existing mapping as a listener
		_, exists := t.getSession(channel, "listener")
		if !exists {
			return
		}
	}

	if logger.V(logger.TraceLevel, log) {
		log.Debugf("Tunnel sending announce for discovery of channel(s) %s", channel)
	}
	// send back the announcement
	if err := link.Send(msg); err != nil {
		if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
			log.Debugf("Tunnel failed to send announcement for channel(s) %s message: %v", channel, err)
		}
	}
}

// manage monitors outbound links and attempts to reconnect to the failed ones
func (t *tun) manage(reconnect time.Duration) {
	r := time.NewTicker(reconnect)
	defer r.Stop()

	for {
		select {
		case <-t.closed:
			return
		case <-r.C:
			t.manageLinks()
		}
	}
}

// manageLink sends channel discover requests periodically and
// keepalive messages to link
func (t *tun) manageLink(link *link) {
	keepalive := time.NewTicker(KeepAliveTime)
	defer keepalive.Stop()
	discover := time.NewTicker(DiscoverTime)
	defer discover.Stop()

	wait := func(d time.Duration) {
		// jitter
		j := rand.Int63n(int64(d.Seconds() / 2.0))
		time.Sleep(time.Duration(j) * time.Second)
	}

	for {
		select {
		case <-t.closed:
			return
		case <-link.closed:
			return
		case <-discover.C:
			// wait half the discover time
			wait(DiscoverTime)

			// send a discovery message to the link
			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel sending discover to link: %v", link.Remote())
			}
			if err := t.sendMsg("discover", link); err != nil {
				if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
					log.Debugf("Tunnel failed to send discover to link %s: %v", link.Remote(), err)
				}
			}
		case <-keepalive.C:
			// wait half the keepalive time
			wait(KeepAliveTime)

			// send keepalive message
			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel sending keepalive to link: %v", link.Remote())
			}
			if err := t.sendMsg("keepalive", link); err != nil {
				if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
					log.Debugf("Tunnel error sending keepalive to link %v: %v", link.Remote(), err)
				}
				t.delLink(link.Remote())
				return
			}
		}
	}
}

// manageLinks is a function that can be called to immediately to link setup
// it purges dead links while generating new links for any nodes not connected
func (t *tun) manageLinks() {
	delLinks := make(map[*link]string)
	connected := make(map[string]bool)

	t.RLock()

	// get list of nodes from options
	nodes := t.options.Nodes

	// check the link status and purge dead links
	for node, link := range t.links {
		// check link status
		switch link.State() {
		case "closed", "error":
			delLinks[link] = node
		default:
			connected[node] = true
		}
	}

	t.RUnlock()

	// build a list of links to connect to
	var connect []string

	for _, node := range nodes {
		// check if we're connected
		if _, ok := connected[node]; ok {
			continue
		}
		// add nodes to connect o
		connect = append(connect, node)
	}

	// delete the dead links
	if len(delLinks) > 0 {
		t.Lock()

		for link, node := range delLinks {
			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel deleting dead link for %s", node)
			}
			// check if the link exists
			l, ok := t.links[node]
			if ok {
				// close and delete
				l.Close()
				delete(t.links, node)
			}

			// if the link does not match our own
			if l != link {
				// close our link just in case
				link.Close()
			}
		}

		t.Unlock()
	}

	var wg sync.WaitGroup

	// establish new links

	for _, node := range connect {
		wg.Add(1)

		go func(node string) {
			defer wg.Done()

			// create new link
			// if we're using quic it should be a max 10 second handshake period
			link, err := t.setupLink(node)
			if err != nil {
				if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
					log.Debugf("Tunnel failed to setup node link to %s: %v", node, err)
				}
				return
			}

			t.Lock()

			// just check nothing else was setup in the interim
			if _, ok := t.links[node]; ok {
				link.Close()
				t.Unlock()
				return
			}

			// save the link
			t.links[node] = link

			t.Unlock()
		}(node)
	}

	// wait for all threads to finish
	wg.Wait()
}

// process outgoing messages sent by all local sessions
func (t *tun) process() {
	// manage the send buffer
	// all pseudo sessions throw everything down this
	for {
		select {
		case msg := <-t.send:
			// build a list of links to send to
			var sendTo []*link
			var err error

			t.RLock()

			// build the list of links ot send to
			for _, link := range t.links {
				// get the values we need
				link.RLock()
				id := link.id
				connected := link.connected
				loopback := link.loopback
				_, exists := link.channels[msg.channel]
				link.RUnlock()

				// if the link is not connected skip it
				if !connected {
					if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
						log.Debugf("Link for node %s not connected", id)
					}
					err = ErrLinkDisconnected
					continue
				}

				// if the link was a loopback accepted connection
				// and the message is being sent outbound via
				// a dialled connection don't use this link
				if loopback && msg.outbound {
					err = ErrLinkLoopback
					continue
				}

				// if the message was being returned by the loopback listener
				// send it back up the loopback link only
				if msg.loopback && !loopback {
					err = ErrLinkRemote
					continue
				}

				// check the multicast mappings
				if msg.mode == Multicast {
					// channel mapping not found in link
					if !exists {
						continue
					}
				} else {
					// if we're picking the link check the id
					// this is where we explicitly set the link
					// in a message received via the listen method
					if len(msg.link) > 0 && id != msg.link {
						err = ErrLinkNotFound
						continue
					}
				}

				// add to link list
				sendTo = append(sendTo, link)
			}

			t.RUnlock()

			// no links to send to
			if len(sendTo) == 0 {
				if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
					log.Debugf("No links to send message type: %s channel: %s", msg.typ, msg.channel)
				}
				t.respond(msg, err)
				continue
			}

			// send the message
			go t.sendTo(sendTo, msg)
		case <-t.closed:
			return
		}
	}
}

// send response back for a message to the caller
func (t *tun) respond(msg *message, err error) {
	select {
	case msg.errChan <- err:
	default:
	}
}

// sendTo sends a message to the chosen links
func (t *tun) sendTo(links []*link, msg *message) error {
	// the function that sends the actual message
	send := func(link *link, msg *transport.Message) error {
		if err := link.Send(msg); err != nil {
			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel error sending %+v to %s: %v", msg.Header, link.Remote(), err)
			}
			t.delLink(link.Remote())
			return err
		}
		return nil
	}

	newMsg := &transport.Message{
		Header: make(map[string]string),
	}

	// set the data
	if msg.data != nil {
		for k, v := range msg.data.Header {
			newMsg.Header[k] = v
		}
		newMsg.Body = msg.data.Body
	}

	// set message head
	newMsg.Header["Micro-Tunnel"] = msg.typ
	// set the tunnel id on the outgoing message
	newMsg.Header["Micro-Tunnel-Id"] = msg.tunnel
	// set the tunnel channel on the outgoing message
	newMsg.Header["Micro-Tunnel-Channel"] = msg.channel
	// set the session id
	newMsg.Header["Micro-Tunnel-Session"] = msg.session

	// error channel for call
	errChan := make(chan error, len(links))

	// execute in parallel
	sendTo := func(l *link, m *transport.Message, errChan chan error) {
		errChan <- send(l, m)
	}

	// send the message
	for _, link := range links {
		// send the message via the current link
		if logger.V(logger.TraceLevel, log) {
			log.Tracef("Tunnel sending %+v to %s", newMsg.Header, link.Remote())
		}

		// blast it in a go routine since its multicast/broadcast
		if msg.mode > Unicast {
			// make a copy
			m := &transport.Message{
				Header: make(map[string]string),
				Body:   make([]byte, len(newMsg.Body)),
			}
			copy(m.Body, newMsg.Body)
			for k, v := range newMsg.Header {
				m.Header[k] = v
			}

			go sendTo(link, m, errChan)

			continue
		}

		// otherwise send as unicast
		if err := send(link, newMsg); err != nil {
			// put in the error chan if it failed
			errChan <- err
			continue
		}

		// sent successfully so just return
		t.respond(msg, nil)
		return nil
	}

	// either all unicast attempts failed or we're
	// checking the multicast/broadcast attempts

	var err error

	// check all the errors
	for i := 0; i < len(links); i++ {
		err = <-errChan
		// success
		if err == nil {
			break
		}
	}

	// return error. it's non blocking
	t.respond(msg, err)
	return err
}

func (t *tun) delLink(remote string) {
	t.Lock()

	// get the link
	for id, link := range t.links {
		if link.id != remote {
			continue
		}
		// close and delete
		if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
			log.Debugf("Tunnel deleting link node: %s remote: %s", id, link.Remote())
		}
		link.Close()
		delete(t.links, id)
	}

	t.Unlock()
}

// process incoming messages
func (t *tun) listen(link *link) {
	// remove the link on exit
	defer func() {
		t.delLink(link.Remote())
	}()

	// let us know if its a loopback
	var loopback bool
	var connected bool

	// set the connected value
	link.RLock()
	connected = link.connected
	link.RUnlock()

	for {
		// process anything via the net interface
		msg := new(transport.Message)
		if err := link.Recv(msg); err != nil {
			log.Debugf("Tunnel link %s receive error: %v", link.Remote(), err)
			return
		}

		// TODO: figure out network authentication
		// for now we use tunnel token to encrypt/decrypt
		// session communication, but we will probably need
		// some sort of network authentication (token) to avoid
		// having rogue actors spamming the network

		// message type
		mtype := msg.Header["Micro-Tunnel"]
		// the tunnel id
		id := msg.Header["Micro-Tunnel-Id"]
		// the tunnel channel
		channel := msg.Header["Micro-Tunnel-Channel"]
		// the session id
		sessionId := msg.Header["Micro-Tunnel-Session"]

		// if its not connected throw away the link
		// the first message we process needs to be connect
		if !connected && mtype != "connect" {
			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel link %s not connected", link.id)
			}
			return
		}

		// this state machine block handles the only message types
		// that we know or care about; connect, close, open, accept,
		// discover, announce, session, keepalive
		switch mtype {
		case "connect":
			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel link %s received connect message", link.Remote())
			}

			link.Lock()

			// check if we're connecting to ourselves?
			if id == t.id {
				link.loopback = true
				loopback = true
			}

			// set to remote node
			link.id = link.Remote()
			// set as connected
			link.connected = true
			connected = true

			link.Unlock()

			// save the link once connected
			t.Lock()
			t.links[link.Remote()] = link
			t.Unlock()

			// send back an announcement of our channels discovery
			go t.announce("", "", link)
			// ask for the things on the other wise
			go t.sendMsg("discover", link)
			// nothing more to do
			continue
		case "close":
			// if there is no channel then we close the link
			// as its a signal from the other side to close the connection
			if len(channel) == 0 {
				if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
					log.Debugf("Tunnel link %s received close message", link.Remote())
				}
				return
			}

			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel link %s received close message for %s", link.Remote(), channel)
			}
			// the entire listener was closed by the remote side so we need to
			// remove the channel mapping for it. should we also close sessions?
			if sessionId == "listener" {
				link.delChannel(channel)
				// TODO: find all the non listener unicast sessions
				// and close them. think aboud edge cases first
				continue
			}

			// assuming there's a channel and session
			// try get the dialing socket
			s, exists := t.getSession(channel, sessionId)
			if exists && !loopback {
				// only delete the session if its unicast
				// otherwise ignore close on the multicast
				if s.mode == Unicast {
					// only delete this if its unicast
					// but not if its a loopback conn
					t.delSession(channel, sessionId)
					continue
				}
			}
			// otherwise its a session mapping of sorts
		case "keepalive":
			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel link %s received keepalive", link.Remote())
			}
			// save the keepalive
			link.keepalive()
			continue
		// a new connection dialled outbound
		case "open":
			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel link %s received open %s %s", link.id, channel, sessionId)
			}
			// we just let it pass through to be processed
		// an accept returned by the listener
		case "accept":
			s, exists := t.getSession(channel, sessionId)
			// just set accepted on anything not unicast
			if exists && s.mode > Unicast {
				s.accepted = true
				continue
			}
			// if its already accepted move on
			if exists && s.accepted {
				continue
			}
			// otherwise we're going to process to accept
		// a continued session
		case "session":
			// process message
			if logger.V(logger.TraceLevel, log) {
				log.Tracef("Tunnel received %+v from %s", msg.Header, link.Remote())
			}
		// an announcement of a channel listener
		case "announce":
			if logger.V(logger.TraceLevel, log) {
				log.Tracef("Tunnel received %+v from %s", msg.Header, link.Remote())
			}
			// process the announcement
			channels := strings.Split(channel, ",")

			// update mapping in the link
			link.setChannel(channels...)

			// this was an announcement not intended for anything
			// if the dialing side sent "discover" then a session
			// id would be present. We skip in case of multicast.
			switch sessionId {
			case "listener", "multicast", "":
				continue
			}

			// get the session that asked for the discovery
			s, exists := t.getSession(channel, sessionId)
			if exists {
				// don't bother it's already discovered
				if s.discovered {
					continue
				}

				msg := &message{
					typ:     "announce",
					tunnel:  id,
					channel: channel,
					session: sessionId,
					link:    link.id,
				}

				// send the announce back to the caller
				select {
				case <-s.closed:
				case s.recv <- msg:
				}
			}
			continue
		case "discover":
			// send back an announcement
			go t.announce(channel, sessionId, link)
			continue
		default:
			// blackhole it
			continue
		}

		// strip tunnel message header
		for k := range msg.Header {
			if strings.HasPrefix(k, "Micro-Tunnel") {
				delete(msg.Header, k)
			}
		}

		// if the session id is blank there's nothing we can do
		// TODO: check this is the case, is there any reason
		// why we'd have a blank session? Is the tunnel
		// used for some other purpose?
		if len(channel) == 0 || len(sessionId) == 0 {
			continue
		}

		var s *session
		var exists bool

		// If its a loopback connection then we've enabled link direction
		// listening side is used for listening, the dialling side for dialling
		switch {
		case loopback, mtype == "open":
			s, exists = t.getSession(channel, "listener")
		// only return accept to the session
		case mtype == "accept":
			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel received accept message for channel: %s session: %s", channel, sessionId)
			}
			s, exists = t.getSession(channel, sessionId)
			if exists && s.accepted {
				continue
			}
		default:
			// get the session based on the tunnel id and session
			// this could be something we dialed in which case
			// we have a session for it otherwise its a listener
			s, exists = t.getSession(channel, sessionId)
			if !exists {
				// try get it based on just the tunnel id
				// the assumption here is that a listener
				// has no session but its set a listener session
				s, exists = t.getSession(channel, "listener")
			}
		}

		// bail if no session or listener has been found
		if !exists {
			if logger.V(logger.TraceLevel, log) {
				log.Tracef("Tunnel skipping no channel: %s session: %s exists", channel, sessionId)
			}
			// drop it, we don't care about
			// messages we don't know about
			continue
		}

		// is the session closed?
		select {
		case <-s.closed:
			// closed
			delete(t.sessions, channel)
			continue
		default:
			// otherwise process
		}
		if logger.V(logger.TraceLevel, log) {
			log.Tracef("Tunnel using channel: %s session: %s type: %s", s.channel, s.session, mtype)
		}
		// construct a new transport message
		tmsg := &transport.Message{
			Header: msg.Header,
			Body:   msg.Body,
		}

		// construct the internal message
		imsg := &message{
			tunnel:   id,
			typ:      mtype,
			channel:  channel,
			session:  sessionId,
			mode:     s.mode,
			data:     tmsg,
			link:     link.id,
			loopback: loopback,
			errChan:  make(chan error, 1),
		}

		// append to recv backlog
		// we don't block if we can't pass it on
		select {
		case s.recv <- imsg:
		default:
		}
	}
}

func (t *tun) sendMsg(method string, link *link) error {
	return link.Send(&transport.Message{
		Header: map[string]string{
			"Micro-Tunnel":    method,
			"Micro-Tunnel-Id": t.id,
		},
	})
}

// setupLink connects to node and returns link if successful
// It returns error if the link failed to be established
func (t *tun) setupLink(node string) (*link, error) {
	if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
		log.Debugf("Tunnel setting up link: %s", node)
	}
	c, err := t.options.Transport.Dial(node)
	if err != nil {
		if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
			log.Debugf("Tunnel failed to connect to %s: %v", node, err)
		}
		return nil, err
	}
	if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
		log.Debugf("Tunnel connected to %s", node)
	}
	// create a new link
	link := newLink(c)

	// set link id to remote side
	link.Lock()
	link.id = c.Remote()
	link.Unlock()

	// send the first connect message
	if err := t.sendMsg("connect", link); err != nil {
		link.Close()
		return nil, err
	}

	// we made the outbound connection
	// and sent the connect message
	link.connected = true

	// process incoming messages
	go t.listen(link)

	// manage keepalives and discovery messages
	go t.manageLink(link)

	return link, nil
}

func (t *tun) setupLinks() {
	var wg sync.WaitGroup

	for _, node := range t.options.Nodes {
		wg.Add(1)

		go func(node string) {
			defer wg.Done()

			// we're not trying to fix existing links
			if _, ok := t.links[node]; ok {
				return
			}

			// create new link
			link, err := t.setupLink(node)
			if err != nil {
				if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
					log.Debugf("Tunnel failed to setup node link to %s: %v", node, err)
				}
				return
			}

			// save the link
			t.links[node] = link
		}(node)
	}

	// wait for all threads to finish
	wg.Wait()
}

// connect the tunnel to all the nodes and listen for incoming tunnel connections
func (t *tun) connect() error {
	l, err := t.options.Transport.Listen(t.options.Address)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// save the listener
	t.listener = l

	go func() {
		// accept inbound connections
		err := l.Accept(func(sock transport.Socket) {
			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel accepted connection from %s", sock.Remote())
			}
			// create a new link
			link := newLink(sock)

			// manage the link
			go t.manageLink(link)

			// listen for inbound messages.
			// only save the link once connected.
			// we do this inside liste
			t.listen(link)
		})

		t.RLock()
		defer t.RUnlock()

		// still connected but the tunnel died
		if err != nil && t.connected {
			log.Errorf("Tunnel listener died: %v", err)
		}
	}()

	return nil
}

// Connect the tunnel
func (t *tun) Connect() error {
	t.Lock()
	defer t.Unlock()

	// already connected
	if t.connected {
		// do it immediately
		t.setupLinks()
		// setup links
		return nil
	}

	// connect the tunnel: start the listener
	if err := t.connect(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// set as connected
	t.connected = true
	// create new close channel
	t.closed = make(chan bool)

	// process outbound messages to be sent
	// process sends to all links
	go t.process()

	// call setup before managing them
	t.setupLinks()

	// manage the links
	go t.manage(ReconnectTime)

	return nil
}

func (t *tun) close() error {
	// close all the sessions
	for id, s := range t.sessions {
		s.Close()
		delete(t.sessions, id)
	}

	// close all the links
	for node, link := range t.links {
		link.Send(&transport.Message{
			Header: map[string]string{
				"Micro-Tunnel":    "close",
				"Micro-Tunnel-Id": t.id,
			},
		})
		link.Close()
		delete(t.links, node)
	}

	// close the listener
	// this appears to be blocking
	return t.listener.Close()
}

// pickLink will pick the best link based on connectivity, delay, rate and length
func (t *tun) pickLink(links []*link) *link {
	var metric float64
	var chosen *link

	// find the best link
	for i, link := range links {
		// don't use disconnected or errored links
		if link.State() != "connected" {
			continue
		}

		// skip the loopback
		if link.Loopback() {
			continue
		}

		// get the link state info
		d := float64(link.Delay())
		l := float64(link.Length())
		r := link.Rate()

		// metric = delay x length x rate
		m := d * l * r

		// first link so just and go
		if i == 0 {
			metric = m
			chosen = link
			continue
		}

		// we found a better metric
		if m < metric {
			metric = m
			chosen = link
		}
	}

	// if there's no link we're just going to mess around
	if chosen == nil {
		i := rand.Intn(len(links))
		return links[i]
	}

	// we chose the link with;
	// the lowest delay e.g least messages queued
	// the lowest rate e.g the least messages flowing
	// the lowest length e.g the smallest roundtrip time
	return chosen
}

func (t *tun) Address() string {
	t.RLock()
	defer t.RUnlock()

	if !t.connected {
		return t.options.Address
	}

	return t.listener.Addr()
}

// Close the tunnel
func (t *tun) Close() error {
	t.Lock()
	defer t.Unlock()

	if !t.connected {
		return nil
	}

	if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
		log.Debug("Tunnel closing")
	}

	select {
	case <-t.closed:
		return nil
	default:
		close(t.closed)
		t.connected = false
	}

	// send a close message
	// we don't close the link
	// just the tunnel
	return t.close()
}

// Dial an address
func (t *tun) Dial(channel string, opts ...DialOption) (Session, error) {
	// get the options
	options := DialOptions{
		Timeout: DefaultDialTimeout,
		Wait:    true,
	}

	for _, o := range opts {
		o(&options)
	}

	if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
		log.Debugf("Tunnel dialing %s", channel)
	}

	// create a new session
	c, ok, err := t.newSession(channel, t.newSessionId())
	if err != nil {
		if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
			log.Error(err)
		}
		return nil, err
	} else if !ok {
		return nil, errors.New("error dialing " + channel)
	}

	// set remote
	c.remote = channel
	// set local
	c.local = "local"
	// outbound session
	c.outbound = true
	// set the mode of connection unicast/multicast/broadcast
	c.mode = options.Mode
	// set the dial timeout
	c.dialTimeout = options.Timeout
	// set read timeout set to never
	c.readTimeout = time.Duration(-1)
	// set the link
	c.link = options.Link

	var links []*link
	// did we measure the rtt
	var measured bool

	t.RLock()

	// non multicast so we need to find the link
	for _, link := range t.links {
		// use the link specified it its available
		if len(c.link) > 0 && link.id != c.link {
			continue
		}

		// get the channel
		lastMapped := link.getChannel(channel)

		// we have at least one channel mapping
		if !lastMapped.IsZero() {
			links = append(links, link)
			c.discovered = true
		}
	}

	t.RUnlock()

	// link option was specified to pick the link
	if len(options.Link) > 0 {
		// link not found and one was specified so error out
		if len(links) == 0 {
			// delete session and return error
			t.delSession(c.channel, c.session)
			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel deleting session %s %s: %v", c.session, c.channel, ErrLinkNotFound)
			}
			return nil, ErrLinkNotFound
		}

		// assume discovered because we picked
		c.discovered = true

		// link asked for and found and now
		// we've been asked not to wait so return
		if !options.Wait {
			c.accepted = true
			return c, nil
		}
	}

	// discovered so set the link if not multicast
	if c.discovered && c.mode == Unicast {
		// pick a link if not specified
		if len(c.link) == 0 {
			// pickLink will pick the best link
			link := t.pickLink(links)
			// set the link
			c.link = link.id
		}
	}

	// if its not already discovered we need to attempt to do so
	if !c.discovered {
		// piggy back roundtrip
		nowRTT := time.Now()

		// attempt to discover the link
		err := c.Discover()
		if err != nil {
			t.delSession(c.channel, c.session)
			if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
				log.Debugf("Tunnel deleting session %s %s: %v", c.session, c.channel, err)
			}
			return nil, err
		}

		// set roundtrip
		d := time.Since(nowRTT)

		// set the link time
		t.RLock()
		link, ok := t.links[c.link]
		t.RUnlock()

		if ok {
			// set the rountrip time
			link.setRTT(d)
			// set measured to true
			measured = true
		}
	}

	// return early if its not unicast
	// we will not wait for "open" for multicast
	// and we will not wait it told not to
	if c.mode != Unicast || !options.Wait {
		return c, nil
	}

	// Note: we go no further for multicast or broadcast.
	// This is a unicast session so we call "open" and wait
	// for an "accept"

	// reset now in case we use it
	now := time.Now()

	// try to open the session
	if err := c.Open(); err != nil {
		// delete the session
		t.delSession(c.channel, c.session)
		if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
			log.Debugf("Tunnel deleting session %s %s: %v", c.session, c.channel, err)
		}
		return nil, err
	}

	// set time take to open
	d := time.Since(now)

	// if we haven't measured the roundtrip do it now
	if !measured {
		// set the link time
		t.RLock()
		link, ok := t.links[c.link]
		t.RUnlock()

		if ok {
			// set the rountrip time
			link.setRTT(d)
		}
	}

	return c, nil
}

// Accept a connection on the address
func (t *tun) Listen(channel string, opts ...ListenOption) (Listener, error) {
	if logger.V(logger.DebugLevel, log) {
		log.Debugf("Tunnel listening on %s", channel)
	}
	options := ListenOptions{
		// Read timeout defaults to never
		Timeout: time.Duration(-1),
	}

	for _, o := range opts {
		o(&options)
	}

	// create a new session by hashing the address
	c, ok, err := t.newSession(channel, "listener")
	if err != nil {
		if logger.V(logger.ErrorLevel, log) {
			log.Error(err)
		}
		return nil, err
	} else if !ok {
		return nil, errors.New("already listening on " + channel)
	}

	// delete function removes the session when closed
	delFunc := func() {
		t.delSession(channel, "listener")
	}

	// set remote. it will be replaced by the first message received
	c.remote = "remote"
	// set local
	c.local = channel
	// set mode
	c.mode = options.Mode
	// set the timeout
	c.readTimeout = options.Timeout

	tl := &tunListener{
		channel: channel,
		// tunnel token
		token: t.token,
		// the accept channel
		accept: make(chan *session, 128),
		// the channel to close
		closed: make(chan bool),
		// tunnel closed channel
		tunClosed: t.closed,
		// the listener session
		session: c,
		// delete session
		delFunc: delFunc,
	}

	// this kicks off the internal message processor
	// for the listener so it can create pseudo sessions
	// per session if they do not exist or pass messages
	// to the existign sessions
	go tl.process()

	// return the listener
	return tl, nil
}

func (t *tun) Links() []Link {
	t.RLock()
	links := make([]Link, 0, len(t.links))

	for _, link := range t.links {
		links = append(links, link)
	}

	t.RUnlock()

	return links
}

func (t *tun) String() string {
	return "mucp"
}