popul/population/population-structure-ageing_r.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# *Statistics coded*: Population structure and ageing\n",
    "\n",
    "Prepared by [**Isabella Marinetti**](isabella.marinetti@studio.unibo.it) ([EMOS](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/european-statistical-system/emos)).\n",
    "\n",
    "This notebook aims at reproducing the *Statistics Explained* article on [**population structure and ageing**](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Population_structure_and_ageing#The_share_of_elderly_people_continues_to_increase).\n",
    "\n",
    "The original article looks at the impact of demographic ageing within the [European Union (EU)](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:European_Union_(EU)), considering EFTA countries (Norway, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Iceland) and other potential member states, alongside with the United Kingdom. \n",
    "Consistently low birth rates and higher life expectancy are transforming the shape of the EU-27’s age pyramid; probably the most important change will be the marked transition towards a much older population structure, a development which is already apparent in several EU-27 Member States.\n",
    "\n",
    "As a result, the proportion of people of working age in the EU-27 is shrinking while the relative number of those retired is expanding. This will, in turn, lead to an increased burden on those of working age to provide for the social expenditure required by the ageing population for a range of related services. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Configuration\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Install the required packages:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#install.packages(c(\"ggplot2\", tidyr\", \"plyr\", \"repr\", \"dplyr\", \"devtools\", \"restatapi\",\"reshape2\", \"plotly\", \"forcats\", \"scales\", \"kableExtra\", \"knitr\",\"IRdisplay\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "2. Load the packages:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'ggplot2' was built under R version 3.6.3\"Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'tidyr' was built under R version 3.6.3\"Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'plyr' was built under R version 3.6.2\"Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'repr' was built under R version 3.6.3\"Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'dplyr' was built under R version 3.6.3\"\n",
      "Attaching package: 'dplyr'\n",
      "\n",
      "The following objects are masked from 'package:plyr':\n",
      "\n",
      "    arrange, count, desc, failwith, id, mutate, rename, summarise,\n",
      "    summarize\n",
      "\n",
      "The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':\n",
      "\n",
      "    filter, lag\n",
      "\n",
      "The following objects are masked from 'package:base':\n",
      "\n",
      "    intersect, setdiff, setequal, union\n",
      "\n",
      "Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'devtools' was built under R version 3.6.3\"Loading required package: usethis\n",
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      "\"package 'usethis' was built under R version 3.6.3\"Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'restatapi' was built under R version 3.6.3\"restatapi: - config file with the API version 1 loaded from GitHub (the 'current' API version number is 1).\n",
      "           - 2 from the 8 cores are used for parallel computing.\n",
      "           - 'auto' will be used for file download.\n",
      "           - the Table of contents (TOC) was not pre-loaded into the deafult cache ('.restatapi_env').\n",
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      "\"package 'reshape2' was built under R version 3.6.2\"\n",
      "Attaching package: 'reshape2'\n",
      "\n",
      "The following object is masked from 'package:tidyr':\n",
      "\n",
      "    smiths\n",
      "\n",
      "Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'plotly' was built under R version 3.6.3\"\n",
      "Attaching package: 'plotly'\n",
      "\n",
      "The following objects are masked from 'package:plyr':\n",
      "\n",
      "    arrange, mutate, rename, summarise\n",
      "\n",
      "The following object is masked from 'package:ggplot2':\n",
      "\n",
      "    last_plot\n",
      "\n",
      "The following object is masked from 'package:stats':\n",
      "\n",
      "    filter\n",
      "\n",
      "The following object is masked from 'package:graphics':\n",
      "\n",
      "    layout\n",
      "\n",
      "Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'forcats' was built under R version 3.6.3\"Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'scales' was built under R version 3.6.3\"Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'kableExtra' was built under R version 3.6.3\"\n",
      "Attaching package: 'kableExtra'\n",
      "\n",
      "The following object is masked from 'package:dplyr':\n",
      "\n",
      "    group_rows\n",
      "\n",
      "Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'knitr' was built under R version 3.6.2\"Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'IRdisplay' was built under R version 3.6.3\""
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "library(ggplot2)\n",
    "library(tidyr)\n",
    "library(plyr)\n",
    "library(repr)\n",
    "library(dplyr)\n",
    "library(devtools)\n",
    "library(restatapi)\n",
    "library(reshape2)\n",
    "library(plotly)\n",
    "library(forcats)\n",
    "library(scales)\n",
    "library(kableExtra)\n",
    "library(knitr)\n",
    "library(IRdisplay)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Past and future population ageing trends in the EU-27"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Figure 1: Population pyramids, EU-27, 2004 and 2019\n",
    "\n",
    "Before loading the dataset \"*Population on 1 January by age group and sex*\" from [_Eurostat_ API](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/json-and-unicode-web-services/getting-started/rest-request) (with the id [_demo_pjangroup_](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/DEMO_PJANGROUP)) we need to define the subset of group ages (`ageclass`) we are interested in:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ageclass <- c(\"Y_LT5\", \"Y5-9\", \"Y10-14\", \"Y15-19\", \"Y20-24\", \"Y25-29\", \"Y30-34\", \"Y35-39\", \"Y40-44\",\n",
    "              \"Y45-49\", \"Y50-54\", \"Y55-59\", \"Y60-64\", \"Y65-69\", \"Y70-74\", \"Y75-79\", \"Y80-84\", \"Y_GE85\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Choose the dataset with the R function `get_eurostat_data`, filtering the data with the information we need: `geo` entity (`\"EU27_2020\"`), `time` (*2004* and *2019*), `sex` (`\"M\"`, `\"F\"`) and the group of `age` (`ageclass`):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assign(\"dmethod\",\"curl\",envir=.restatapi_env) \n",
    "dataset1 <- get_eurostat_data(id=\"demo_pjangroup\", filters=list(geo=\"EU27_2020\", age=ageclass, sex=c(\"M\",\"F\")), \n",
    "                              date_filter=c(2004,2019))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Change the labels of the variable `age`, so that the graph will be more readable:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "levels(dataset1$age) <- list(\"<5\"=\"Y_LT5\", \"5-9\"= \"Y5-9\", \"10-14\"= \"Y10-14\", \n",
    "                             \"15-19\"=\"Y15-19\", \"20-24\"=\"Y20-24\", \"25-29\"=\"Y25-29\", \n",
    "                             \"30-34\"=\"Y30-34\", \"35-39\"=\"Y35-39\", \"40-44\"= \"Y40-44\",\n",
    "                             \"45-49\"= \"Y45-49\", \"50-54\"= \"Y50-54\", \"55-59\"= \"Y55-59\", \n",
    "                             \"60-64\"=\"Y60-64\", \"65-69\"=\"Y65-69\", \"70-74\"=\"Y70-74\", \n",
    "                             \"75-79\"=\"Y75-79\", \"80-84\"=\"Y80-84\", \"85+\" =\"Y_GE85\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Define the total amount of people for the two years, in this way it will be easier to compute the percentages:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A data.table: 6 × 6</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>unit</th><th scope=col>age</th><th scope=col>sex</th><th scope=col>geo</th><th scope=col>time</th><th scope=col>values</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NR</td><td>10-14</td><td>F</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2004</td><td>12392609</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NR</td><td>10-14</td><td>F</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2019</td><td>11322538</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NR</td><td>10-14</td><td>M</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2004</td><td>13022330</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NR</td><td>10-14</td><td>M</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2019</td><td>11947145</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NR</td><td>15-19</td><td>F</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2004</td><td>13126800</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NR</td><td>15-19</td><td>F</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2019</td><td>11227333</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.table: 6 × 6\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{llllll}\n",
       " unit & age & sex & geo & time & values\\\\\n",
       " <fct> & <fct> & <fct> & <fct> & <fct> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t NR & 10-14 & F & EU27\\_2020 & 2004 & 12392609\\\\\n",
       "\t NR & 10-14 & F & EU27\\_2020 & 2019 & 11322538\\\\\n",
       "\t NR & 10-14 & M & EU27\\_2020 & 2004 & 13022330\\\\\n",
       "\t NR & 10-14 & M & EU27\\_2020 & 2019 & 11947145\\\\\n",
       "\t NR & 15-19 & F & EU27\\_2020 & 2004 & 13126800\\\\\n",
       "\t NR & 15-19 & F & EU27\\_2020 & 2019 & 11227333\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.table: 6 × 6\n",
       "\n",
       "| unit &lt;fct&gt; | age &lt;fct&gt; | sex &lt;fct&gt; | geo &lt;fct&gt; | time &lt;fct&gt; | values &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| NR | 10-14 | F | EU27_2020 | 2004 | 12392609 |\n",
       "| NR | 10-14 | F | EU27_2020 | 2019 | 11322538 |\n",
       "| NR | 10-14 | M | EU27_2020 | 2004 | 13022330 |\n",
       "| NR | 10-14 | M | EU27_2020 | 2019 | 11947145 |\n",
       "| NR | 15-19 | F | EU27_2020 | 2004 | 13126800 |\n",
       "| NR | 15-19 | F | EU27_2020 | 2019 | 11227333 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  unit age   sex geo       time values  \n",
       "1 NR   10-14 F   EU27_2020 2004 12392609\n",
       "2 NR   10-14 F   EU27_2020 2019 11322538\n",
       "3 NR   10-14 M   EU27_2020 2004 13022330\n",
       "4 NR   10-14 M   EU27_2020 2019 11947145\n",
       "5 NR   15-19 F   EU27_2020 2004 13126800\n",
       "6 NR   15-19 F   EU27_2020 2019 11227333"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tot2019 <- sum(dataset1[time==\"2019\"]$values)\n",
    "tot2004 <- sum(dataset1[time==\"2004\"]$values)\n",
    "head(dataset1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Use of the *options* function to control the size of the graphs (in this case: `width=5` and `height=5`):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "options(repr.plot.width=5, repr.plot.height=5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Use of the function `ggplot` to create the pyramid of age graph:\n",
    "- create the space with `aes` (the variable  `age` on the x axis and `values` on the y axis, filling the bars with the two categories of `sex`: *male* and *female*),\n",
    "- add the barplots with respect of `sex` and `time`: define a subspace to compute percentages, specify a minus (`-`) before the values of males, in this way the two barplots will be mirrored, add a colour (*orange* for females and *blue* for males) and the fill term to distinguish the reference year (solid colour for *2019*, bordered colour for *2004*),\n",
    "- set the `coord_flip` function, so that the cartesian coordinates will be shown in a vertical way,\n",
    "- add the `title`, `subtitle` and `caption`,\n",
    "- specify the *theme*, in this case we choose the white background `theme_bw` with grid lines."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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SCWMG/kfTwRsRCrS+K7Qq8gloBYXkEs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\nAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "plot1 <- ggplot(dataset1, aes(x=age , y=values, fill= sex,)) + \n",
    "\n",
    "  geom_bar(data=subset(dataset1, sex == \"F\" & time==\"2019\" ),aes(y=(values)/tot2019*100), fill=\"orange\", stat = \"identity\") + \n",
    "  geom_bar(data=subset(dataset1,sex == \"M\" &time==\"2019\"),aes(y=(-values)/tot2019*100), fill=\"steelblue\", stat = \"identity\") +\n",
    "  geom_bar(data=subset(dataset1, sex == \"F\" & time==\"2004\" ),aes(y=(values)/tot2004*100),fill=\"transparent\", colour=\"#FFCC00\", size=1, stat = \"identity\") + \n",
    "  geom_bar(data=subset(dataset1,sex == \"M\" &time==\"2004\"),aes(y=(-values)/tot2004*100), fill=\"transparent\", colour=\"lightblue\", size=1, stat = \"identity\") +\n",
    "  scale_x_discrete(limits= c(\"<5\",\"5-9\", \"10-14\", \"15-19\",\"20-24\",\"25-29\",\"30-34\", \"35-39\", \"40-44\",\"45-49\",\"50-54\",\"55-59\",\"60-64\",\"65-69\",\"70-74\", \"75-79\",\"80-84\", \"85+\")) +\n",
    "  coord_flip()+\n",
    "  labs(title = \"Population pyramids, EU-27, 2004 and 2019\",\n",
    "       subtitle = \"(% of the total population)\",\n",
    "       caption = \"Solid colour: 2019 Bordered: 2004\") +\n",
    "  theme_bw()\n",
    "  \n",
    "print(plot1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Figure 2:  Population pyramids, EU-27, 2019 and 2100\n",
    "\n",
    "Load the dataset with the `R` function `get_eurostat_data`, filtering the data with the information we need: \n",
    "- first of all selecting the dataset *Population on 1st January by age, sex and type of projection* ([_proj_19np_](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/proj_19np)),\n",
    "- `geo` entity: `\"EU-27_2020\"`,\n",
    "- `time`: *2019* and *2100*,\n",
    "- `sex`: `\"M\"`, `\"F\"`,\n",
    "- finally, the *baseline* (`\"BSL\"`) projections."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assign(\"dmethod\",\"curl\",envir=.restatapi_env) \n",
    "dataset2 <- get_eurostat_data(id=\"proj_19np\", \n",
    "                              filters=list(geo=\"EU27_2020\", sex=c(\"M\",\"F\"), projection=\"BSL\"))[time %in% c(2019,2100)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Define a value for the *total* amount of population in 2019 and 2100 to compute percentages.\n",
    "- Delete the *total* amount of population from the dataset, so that it will not be visualized in the graph."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "totproj2019 <- sum(dataset2[dataset2$time==\"2019\"& dataset2$age==\"TOTAL\"]$values)\n",
    "totproj2100 <- sum(dataset2[dataset2$time==\"2100\" & dataset2$age==\"TOTAL\"]$values)\n",
    "dataset2 <- filter(dataset2, dataset2$age!=\"TOTAL\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In the dataset `age` is not divided into five year classes. The main problem is that the variable `age` is a factor with levels (\"Y1\", \"Y2\", ...), so we firstly need to take only the part of the string concerning the number of years (1, 2, 3, ...) through the function `substr`.\n",
    "\n",
    "Before applying the function, we need to rename the first and the last levels of the variable, so that they will have the same format for each year:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "levels(dataset2$age)[levels(dataset2$age)==\"Y_GE100\"] <- \"Y100\"\n",
    "levels(dataset2$age)[levels(dataset2$age)==\"Y_LT1\"] <- \"Y0\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Then we need to transform the variable `age` from a factor to a character, in this way we can apply the function `substr`:\n",
    "  - the function takes as input the variable of interest and then the specification of the *start* (the number of the first character to be returned) and the *stop*, in this case they will be *2* and *4*, because we want to extrapolate the number from 0 to 100, eliminating the \"Y\" part"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A data.table: 6 × 7</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>unit</th><th scope=col>age</th><th scope=col>sex</th><th scope=col>projection</th><th scope=col>geo</th><th scope=col>time</th><th scope=col>values</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PER</td><td>1 </td><td>F</td><td>BSL</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2019</td><td>2101911</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PER</td><td>1 </td><td>F</td><td>BSL</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2100</td><td>1838642</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PER</td><td>1 </td><td>M</td><td>BSL</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2019</td><td>2211096</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PER</td><td>1 </td><td>M</td><td>BSL</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2100</td><td>1944673</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PER</td><td>10</td><td>F</td><td>BSL</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2019</td><td>2324280</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PER</td><td>10</td><td>F</td><td>BSL</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2100</td><td>1911172</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.table: 6 × 7\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{lllllll}\n",
       " unit & age & sex & projection & geo & time & values\\\\\n",
       " <fct> & <chr> & <fct> & <fct> & <fct> & <fct> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t PER & 1  & F & BSL & EU27\\_2020 & 2019 & 2101911\\\\\n",
       "\t PER & 1  & F & BSL & EU27\\_2020 & 2100 & 1838642\\\\\n",
       "\t PER & 1  & M & BSL & EU27\\_2020 & 2019 & 2211096\\\\\n",
       "\t PER & 1  & M & BSL & EU27\\_2020 & 2100 & 1944673\\\\\n",
       "\t PER & 10 & F & BSL & EU27\\_2020 & 2019 & 2324280\\\\\n",
       "\t PER & 10 & F & BSL & EU27\\_2020 & 2100 & 1911172\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.table: 6 × 7\n",
       "\n",
       "| unit &lt;fct&gt; | age &lt;chr&gt; | sex &lt;fct&gt; | projection &lt;fct&gt; | geo &lt;fct&gt; | time &lt;fct&gt; | values &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| PER | 1  | F | BSL | EU27_2020 | 2019 | 2101911 |\n",
       "| PER | 1  | F | BSL | EU27_2020 | 2100 | 1838642 |\n",
       "| PER | 1  | M | BSL | EU27_2020 | 2019 | 2211096 |\n",
       "| PER | 1  | M | BSL | EU27_2020 | 2100 | 1944673 |\n",
       "| PER | 10 | F | BSL | EU27_2020 | 2019 | 2324280 |\n",
       "| PER | 10 | F | BSL | EU27_2020 | 2100 | 1911172 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  unit age sex projection geo       time values \n",
       "1 PER  1   F   BSL        EU27_2020 2019 2101911\n",
       "2 PER  1   F   BSL        EU27_2020 2100 1838642\n",
       "3 PER  1   M   BSL        EU27_2020 2019 2211096\n",
       "4 PER  1   M   BSL        EU27_2020 2100 1944673\n",
       "5 PER  10  F   BSL        EU27_2020 2019 2324280\n",
       "6 PER  10  F   BSL        EU27_2020 2100 1911172"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataset2$age <- as.character(dataset2$age)\n",
    "dataset2$age <- substr(dataset2$age, 2,4)\n",
    "head(dataset2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Trasform the variable `age` into a numeric one"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dataset2$age <- as.numeric(dataset2$age)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Order the dataset with respect to the numeric variable `age`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dataset2 <- dataset2[order(dataset2$age), ]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Only after these steps we can divide the vector of numbers into five years classes:\n",
    "  \n",
    "  - using the function `cut` we can divide the variable `age` into a specified number of `breaks`, defining also their `labels` and considering the right interval open:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dataset2$age <- cut(dataset2$age, breaks=c(0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,80,85,Inf), \n",
    "                   labels=c(\"<5\",\"05-9\",\"10-14\",\"15-19\",\"20-24\",\"25-29\",\"30-34\",\"35-39\",\"40-44\",\"45-49\",\n",
    "                            \"50-54\",\"55-59\",\"60-64\",\"65-69\",\"70-74\",\"75-79\",\"80-84\",\"85+\"), right=FALSE)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "  - group the values for each age class with the function `group_by` in the new variable `value_tot`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "`summarise()` regrouping output by 'age', 'sex' (override with `.groups` argument)\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A grouped_df: 6 × 4</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>age</th><th scope=col>sex</th><th scope=col>time</th><th scope=col>value_tot</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td><span style=white-space:pre-wrap>&lt;5  </span></td><td>F</td><td>2019</td><td>10571075</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td><span style=white-space:pre-wrap>&lt;5  </span></td><td>F</td><td>2100</td><td> 9235374</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td><span style=white-space:pre-wrap>&lt;5  </span></td><td>M</td><td>2019</td><td>11126001</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td><span style=white-space:pre-wrap>&lt;5  </span></td><td>M</td><td>2100</td><td> 9749771</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>05-9</td><td>F</td><td>2019</td><td>11118011</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>05-9</td><td>F</td><td>2100</td><td> 9440604</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A grouped\\_df: 6 × 4\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{llll}\n",
       " age & sex & time & value\\_tot\\\\\n",
       " <fct> & <fct> & <fct> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t <5   & F & 2019 & 10571075\\\\\n",
       "\t <5   & F & 2100 &  9235374\\\\\n",
       "\t <5   & M & 2019 & 11126001\\\\\n",
       "\t <5   & M & 2100 &  9749771\\\\\n",
       "\t 05-9 & F & 2019 & 11118011\\\\\n",
       "\t 05-9 & F & 2100 &  9440604\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A grouped_df: 6 × 4\n",
       "\n",
       "| age &lt;fct&gt; | sex &lt;fct&gt; | time &lt;fct&gt; | value_tot &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| &lt;5   | F | 2019 | 10571075 |\n",
       "| &lt;5   | F | 2100 |  9235374 |\n",
       "| &lt;5   | M | 2019 | 11126001 |\n",
       "| &lt;5   | M | 2100 |  9749771 |\n",
       "| 05-9 | F | 2019 | 11118011 |\n",
       "| 05-9 | F | 2100 |  9440604 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  age  sex time value_tot\n",
       "1 <5   F   2019 10571075 \n",
       "2 <5   F   2100  9235374 \n",
       "3 <5   M   2019 11126001 \n",
       "4 <5   M   2100  9749771 \n",
       "5 05-9 F   2019 11118011 \n",
       "6 05-9 F   2100  9440604 "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data <- dataset2 %>%\n",
    "        group_by(age,sex,time) %>%\n",
    "        summarise(value_tot=sum(values))\n",
    "head(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Plot the pyramid of age using the function `ggplot`:\n",
    "  - create the space with `aes` (the variable  `age` on the x axis and `values_tot` on the y axis, filling the bars with the two categories of `sex`: *male* and *female*),\n",
    "  - add the barplots with respect of `sex` and `time`: define a subspace to compute percentages, specify a minus (`-`) before the values of males, in this way yhe two barplots will be mirrored, add a colour (*orange* for females and *blue* for males) and the fill term to distinguish the reference year (solid colour for *2100*, bordered colour for *2019*),\n",
    "  - add the `title`, `subtitle` and `caption`,\n",
    "  - set the `coord_flip` function, so that the cartesian coordinates will be shown in a vertical way,\n",
    "  - specify the *theme*, in this case we choose the white background `theme_bw` with grid lines."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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oVYiDU+WybWcF41nWLJjStUfKjhhS8hVv+R//Y0orDnQbFWveddQYsVn6tyEbla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\nERALREAsEOH/CVEO9Ec+HeMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "plot2 <- ggplot(data, aes(x=age , y=value_tot, fill= sex)) + \n",
    "\n",
    "  geom_bar(data=subset(data, sex == \"F\" & time==\"2100\" ),aes(y=(value_tot)/totproj2100*100), fill=\"orange\", stat = \"identity\") + \n",
    "  geom_bar(data=subset(data,sex == \"M\" &time==\"2100\"),aes(y=(-value_tot)/totproj2100*100), fill=\"steelblue\", stat = \"identity\") +\n",
    "  geom_bar(data=subset(data, sex == \"F\" & time==\"2019\" ),aes(y=(value_tot)/totproj2019*100),fill=\"transparent\", colour=\"#FFCC00\", size=1, stat = \"identity\") + \n",
    "  geom_bar(data=subset(data,sex == \"M\" &time==\"2019\"),aes(y=(-value_tot)/totproj2019*100), fill=\"transparent\", colour=\"lightblue\", size=1, stat = \"identity\") +\n",
    "  ylab(\"\")+\n",
    "  labs(title = \"Population pyramids, EU-27, 2019 and 2100\",\n",
    "       subtitle = \"(% of the total population)\",\n",
    "       caption = \"Solid colour: 2100 Bordered: 2019\")+\n",
    "  coord_flip()+\n",
    "  theme_bw()\n",
    "\n",
    "print(plot2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Figure 3: Population structure by major age groups, EU-27, 2019-2100\n",
    "\n",
    "Load the dataset with the R function `get_eurostat_data`, filtering the data with the information we need: \n",
    "  - first of all selecting the dataset \"*Demographic balances and indicators by type of projection*\" ([_proj_19ndbi_](https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=proj_19ndbi&lang=fr)),\n",
    "  - geopolitical entity (`\"EU-27_2020\"`),\n",
    "  - time (from *2019* to *2100*, by ten years),\n",
    "  - baseline (`\"BSL\"`) projections,\n",
    "  - and the demographic indicator (`indic_de`) with the indicators relevant for the analysis: proportion of population aged 0-14 (`\"PC_Y0_14\"`), proportion of population aged 15-64 (`\"PC_Y15_64\"`), proportion of population aged 65 years and more (`\"PC_Y65_MAX\"`), proportion of population aged 80 years and more (`\"PC_Y80_MAX\"`)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assign(\"dmethod\",\"curl\",envir=.restatapi_env) \n",
    "dataset3 <- get_eurostat_data(id=\"proj_19ndbi\", filters=list(geo=\"EU27_2020\", projection=\"BSL\", indic_de=c(\"PC_Y0_14\", \"PC_Y15_64\",\"PC_Y65_MAX\",\"PC_Y80_MAX\")))[time %in% c(2019, 2030,2040,2050,2060,2070,2080,2090,2100)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Problem: in the variable `indic_de` the level \"65+\" considers also the values for the level \"85+\", there is an overlapping of percentages, we need to create a new level \"65-79\". \n",
    "To overcome this problem we need to define a vector (`years`) to be used in the for loop that will subtract the value of \"80+\" (`\"PC_Y80_MAX\"`) from the category \"65+\" (`\"PC_Y65_MAX\"`) when the years coincide:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "years <-c(\"2019\",\"2030\",\"2040\",\"2050\",\"2060\",\"2070\",\"2080\",\"2090\",\"2100\")\n",
    "\n",
    "for(i in 1:length(years)){\n",
    "    year <-years[i]\n",
    "    dataset3[dataset3$time==year & dataset3$indic_de==\"PC_Y65_MAX\", 5]<-dataset3[dataset3$time==year & dataset3$indic_de==\"PC_Y65_MAX\", 5] \n",
    "                                                                      - dataset3[dataset3$time==year & dataset3$indic_de==\"PC_Y80_MAX\", 5]\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Rename the levels of the variable `indic_de` to provide a better visualization of the graph:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A data.table: 6 × 5</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>projection</th><th scope=col>indic_de</th><th scope=col>geo</th><th scope=col>time</th><th scope=col>values</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSL</td><td>0-14</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2019</td><td>15.2</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSL</td><td>0-14</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2030</td><td>14.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSL</td><td>0-14</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2040</td><td>13.6</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSL</td><td>0-14</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2050</td><td>13.7</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSL</td><td>0-14</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2060</td><td>13.6</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSL</td><td>0-14</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2070</td><td>13.6</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.table: 6 × 5\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{lllll}\n",
       " projection & indic\\_de & geo & time & values\\\\\n",
       " <fct> & <fct> & <fct> & <fct> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t BSL & 0-14 & EU27\\_2020 & 2019 & 15.2\\\\\n",
       "\t BSL & 0-14 & EU27\\_2020 & 2030 & 14.0\\\\\n",
       "\t BSL & 0-14 & EU27\\_2020 & 2040 & 13.6\\\\\n",
       "\t BSL & 0-14 & EU27\\_2020 & 2050 & 13.7\\\\\n",
       "\t BSL & 0-14 & EU27\\_2020 & 2060 & 13.6\\\\\n",
       "\t BSL & 0-14 & EU27\\_2020 & 2070 & 13.6\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.table: 6 × 5\n",
       "\n",
       "| projection &lt;fct&gt; | indic_de &lt;fct&gt; | geo &lt;fct&gt; | time &lt;fct&gt; | values &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| BSL | 0-14 | EU27_2020 | 2019 | 15.2 |\n",
       "| BSL | 0-14 | EU27_2020 | 2030 | 14.0 |\n",
       "| BSL | 0-14 | EU27_2020 | 2040 | 13.6 |\n",
       "| BSL | 0-14 | EU27_2020 | 2050 | 13.7 |\n",
       "| BSL | 0-14 | EU27_2020 | 2060 | 13.6 |\n",
       "| BSL | 0-14 | EU27_2020 | 2070 | 13.6 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  projection indic_de geo       time values\n",
       "1 BSL        0-14     EU27_2020 2019 15.2  \n",
       "2 BSL        0-14     EU27_2020 2030 14.0  \n",
       "3 BSL        0-14     EU27_2020 2040 13.6  \n",
       "4 BSL        0-14     EU27_2020 2050 13.7  \n",
       "5 BSL        0-14     EU27_2020 2060 13.6  \n",
       "6 BSL        0-14     EU27_2020 2070 13.6  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "levels(dataset3$indic_de) <- list(\"0-14\"=\"PC_Y0_14\", \"15-64\"= \"PC_Y15_64\", \"65-79\"= \"PC_Y65_MAX\", \"80+\"=\"PC_Y80_MAX\")\n",
    "head(dataset3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Modify the visualization options:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "options(repr.plot.width=7, repr.plot.height=6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Compute the stack barplot using the function `ggplot`:\n",
    "  - create the space with *aes* (the variable  `time` on the x axis and `values` on the y axis, filling the bars with the categories of `indic_de`: *0-14*, *15-64*, *65-79*, *80+*), \n",
    "  - add the barplots: define a space where the stacked bars have the youngest years (*0-14*) at the bottom and the eldest (*80+*) at the top, \n",
    "  - define the function `scale_fill_manual` to fill the stacked bar with specific colours with respect to the variable `indic_de`,\n",
    "  - add the title and subtitle, \n",
    "  - specify the *theme*, in this case we choose the white background with grid lines."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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VQgkno9W5VBJBWIpF7PVmUQSQUiqdez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\nYII=",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "plot3 <- ggplot(dataset3, aes(x=time,y=values, fill=indic_de))+\n",
    "         geom_bar(aes(x=time, y=values, fill = fct_rev(indic_de)),position=position_fill(reverse=F), stat=\"identity\")+\n",
    "         scale_fill_manual(name=\"\",values=c( \"cornflowerblue\",\"steelblue\", \"#FFCC00\",\"orange\"))+   \n",
    "         labs(title = \"Population structure by major age groups, EU-27, 2019-2100\",\n",
    "              subtitle = \"(% of the total population)\")+\n",
    "         theme_bw()\n",
    "\n",
    "print(plot3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Figure 4: Projected total-age and old-age dependency ratio, EU-27, 2019-2100\n",
    "\n",
    "We use the same dataset as before (*Demographic balances and indicators by type of projection*, _proj_19ndbi_), but this time we need to consider different demographic indicators (`indic_de`): \n",
    "- `\"DEPRATIO1\"`, the total-age dependency ratio (population aged 0-14 and population 65 and more over the population 15-64 years),\n",
    "- `\"OLDDEP1\"`, the old-age dependency ratio (population 65 and over to population 15-64 years).\n",
    "\n",
    "Moreover, we take the time axis from *2019* to *2100* by five years."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assign(\"dmethod\",\"curl\",envir=.restatapi_env) \n",
    "dataset4 <- get_eurostat_data(id=\"proj_19ndbi\", filters=list(geo=\"EU27_2020\", projection=\"BSL\", indic_de=c(\"OLDDEP1\",\"DEPRATIO1\")))[time %in% c(2019,2020, 2025, 2030,2035,2040,2045,2050,2055,2060,2065,2070,2075,2080,2085,2090,2095,2100)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Before plotting the graph we need to change the years from *characters* to *numeric* values (this is important for graphical visualization)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A data.table: 6 × 5</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>projection</th><th scope=col>indic_de</th><th scope=col>geo</th><th scope=col>time</th><th scope=col>values</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSL</td><td>DEPRATIO1</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2019</td><td>54.9</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSL</td><td>DEPRATIO1</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2020</td><td>55.5</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSL</td><td>DEPRATIO1</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2025</td><td>58.3</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSL</td><td>DEPRATIO1</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2030</td><td>61.8</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSL</td><td>DEPRATIO1</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2035</td><td>65.8</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSL</td><td>DEPRATIO1</td><td>EU27_2020</td><td>2040</td><td>69.8</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.table: 6 × 5\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{lllll}\n",
       " projection & indic\\_de & geo & time & values\\\\\n",
       " <fct> & <fct> & <fct> & <dbl> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t BSL & DEPRATIO1 & EU27\\_2020 & 2019 & 54.9\\\\\n",
       "\t BSL & DEPRATIO1 & EU27\\_2020 & 2020 & 55.5\\\\\n",
       "\t BSL & DEPRATIO1 & EU27\\_2020 & 2025 & 58.3\\\\\n",
       "\t BSL & DEPRATIO1 & EU27\\_2020 & 2030 & 61.8\\\\\n",
       "\t BSL & DEPRATIO1 & EU27\\_2020 & 2035 & 65.8\\\\\n",
       "\t BSL & DEPRATIO1 & EU27\\_2020 & 2040 & 69.8\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.table: 6 × 5\n",
       "\n",
       "| projection &lt;fct&gt; | indic_de &lt;fct&gt; | geo &lt;fct&gt; | time &lt;dbl&gt; | values &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| BSL | DEPRATIO1 | EU27_2020 | 2019 | 54.9 |\n",
       "| BSL | DEPRATIO1 | EU27_2020 | 2020 | 55.5 |\n",
       "| BSL | DEPRATIO1 | EU27_2020 | 2025 | 58.3 |\n",
       "| BSL | DEPRATIO1 | EU27_2020 | 2030 | 61.8 |\n",
       "| BSL | DEPRATIO1 | EU27_2020 | 2035 | 65.8 |\n",
       "| BSL | DEPRATIO1 | EU27_2020 | 2040 | 69.8 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  projection indic_de  geo       time values\n",
       "1 BSL        DEPRATIO1 EU27_2020 2019 54.9  \n",
       "2 BSL        DEPRATIO1 EU27_2020 2020 55.5  \n",
       "3 BSL        DEPRATIO1 EU27_2020 2025 58.3  \n",
       "4 BSL        DEPRATIO1 EU27_2020 2030 61.8  \n",
       "5 BSL        DEPRATIO1 EU27_2020 2035 65.8  \n",
       "6 BSL        DEPRATIO1 EU27_2020 2040 69.8  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataset4$time <- as.numeric(as.character(dataset4$time))\n",
    "head(dataset4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "And we modify the visualization options:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "options(repr.plot.width=10, repr.plot.height=5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Compute the line graph using the function `ggplot`:\n",
    "- create the space with `aes` (the variable  `time` on the x axis and `values` on the y axis, grouping the values by the variable `indic_de`, \n",
    "- add the lines with a thickness (`size`) equal to 1,\n",
    "- define the function `scale_colour_manual` to colour the lines with respect to the categories of the variable `indic_de`,\n",
    "- add the title,\n",
    "- add the `scale_y_continuous` and `scale_x_continuous` to specify the length of the y and x axis,\n",
    "- add a title for the y axis,\n",
    "- indicate the position of the legend, \n",
    "- specify the *theme*, in this case we choose the white background with grid lines."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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YNPTD93UGfHn6jO3WAYVeDgEy1VQK2N8h7W3FVXSowl7BkINk2S8XlhmSG3mtG1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\nkGSCsAghyQRhEUKSCcIihCST/wcMrDOjM+/KbwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "plot4 <- ggplot(data=dataset4, aes(x=time, y=values, group=factor(indic_de), color=factor(indic_de))) + \n",
    "         geom_line(size=1) +\n",
    "         scale_color_manual(labels = c(\"total-age dependency ratio\",\"old-age dependency ratio\"), values = c( \"steelblue\",\"orange\"), name = \" \") +\n",
    "         ggtitle(\"Projected total-age and old-age dependency ratio, EU-27, 2019-2100\") +\n",
    "         scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 85), breaks = seq(0, 85, by = 5)) +\n",
    "         scale_x_continuous(limits = c(2015,2100), breaks =seq(2015, 2100, by = 5)) +\n",
    "         ylab(\"%\") +\n",
    "         theme(legend.position=\"bottom\")+\n",
    "         theme_bw() \n",
    "\n",
    "print(plot4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## The share of elderly people continues to increase"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Before loading the dataset we need to set the vector `countries` that we will use as filter while selecting data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "countries <- as.factor(c(\"EU27_2020\",\"BE\", \"BG\",\"CZ\",\"DK\", \"DE\", \"EE\",\"IE\",\"EL\",\"ES\",\"FR\",\n",
    "                          \"HR\", \"IT\",\"CY\",\"LV\",\"LT\",\"LU\",\"HU\",\"MT\",\"NL\",\"AT\",\"PL\",\"PT\",\"RO\",\n",
    "                          \"SI\",\"SK\",\"FI\",\"SE\",\"UK\",\"IS\",\"LI\",\"NO\",\"CH\",\"ME\", \"MK\", \"AL\", \"RS\",\"TR\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We load the dataset \"*Population: Structure indicators*\" ([_demo_pjanind_](https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_pjanind&lang=en)):\n",
    "  - filter the data using the vector `countries`, \n",
    "  - select from the variable `indic_de` the category: \n",
    "    + `\"PC_Y65_MAX\"` (population 65+ years old) for *Table 1* and *Figure 5*,\n",
    "    + `\"PC_Y0_14\"` (population 0-14 years old), `\"PC_Y15_24\"` (population 15-24 years old), `\"PC_Y25_49\"` (population 25-49 years old), `\"PC_Y50_64\"` (population 50-64 years old) for *Table 1*,\n",
    "    + `\"MEDAGEPOPv` (median age) for *Figure 6*,\n",
    "    + `\"YOUNGDEP1\"` (young age dependency ratio), `\"OLDDEP1\"` (old age dependency ratio), `\"DEPRATIO1\"` (total age dependency ratio), `\"PC_Y80_MAX\"` (proportion of population 80 years old or more) for *Table 2*,\n",
    "  - select the years *2009* and *2019*."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assign(\"dmethod\",\"curl\",envir=.restatapi_env) \n",
    "dataset <- get_eurostat_data(id=\"demo_pjanind\", filters=list(geo=countries, indic_de=c(\"PC_Y0_14\",\"PC_Y15_24\",\"PC_Y25_49\",\"PC_Y50_64\",\"PC_Y65_MAX\" ,\"MEDAGEPOP\", \"YOUNGDEP1\",\"OLDDEP1\",\"DEPRATIO1\",\"PC_Y80_MAX\")), date_filter=c(2009,2019))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Table 1: Population age structure by major age groups, 2009 and 2019"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Create a vector `x` to filter the dataset with the demographic indicators of interest:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x <- c(\"PC_Y0_14\",\"PC_Y15_24\",\"PC_Y25_49\",\"PC_Y50_64\",\"PC_Y65_MAX\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Create a new dataset from a subset of the one loaded from the _Eurostat_ API with respect to the vectors of demographic indicators of interest:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dataset5 <- subset(dataset, dataset$indic_de %in% x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "source": [
    "- Since we are interested in three major age groups (0-14, 15-64 and 65+), we need to sum the values of the three categories \"15-24\" (`\"PC_Y15_24\"`), \"25-49\" (`\"PC_Y25_49\"`) and \"50-64\" (`\"PC_Y50_64\"`) with a `for` loop:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "times <- c(2009,2019)\n",
    "\n",
    "for(i in 1:length(times)){\n",
    "    year <- times[i]\n",
    "    dataset5[dataset5$time==year & dataset5$indic_de==\"PC_Y15_24\", 4] <- dataset5[dataset5$time==year & dataset5$indic_de==\"PC_Y15_24\", 4]+\n",
    "                                                                         dataset5[dataset5$time==year & dataset5$indic_de==\"PC_Y25_49\", 4]+\n",
    "                                                                         dataset5[dataset5$time==year & dataset5$indic_de==\"PC_Y50_64\", 4]\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Only after that we can rename the level `\"PC_Y15_24\"` into `\"PC_Y15_64\"`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "levels(dataset5$indic_de)[levels(dataset5$indic_de)==\"PC_Y15_24\"] <- \"PC_Y15_64\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- And then delete the values for the categories `\"PC_Y25_49\"` and `\"PC_Y50_64\"`, now included in the cateogory 15-64:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A data.table: 6 × 4</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>indic_de</th><th scope=col>geo</th><th scope=col>time</th><th scope=col>values</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PC_Y0_14</td><td>AL</td><td>2009</td><td>23.3</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PC_Y0_14</td><td>AL</td><td>2019</td><td>17.2</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PC_Y0_14</td><td>AT</td><td>2009</td><td>15.1</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PC_Y0_14</td><td>AT</td><td>2019</td><td>14.4</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PC_Y0_14</td><td>BE</td><td>2009</td><td>16.9</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PC_Y0_14</td><td>BE</td><td>2019</td><td>16.9</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.table: 6 × 4\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{llll}\n",
       " indic\\_de & geo & time & values\\\\\n",
       " <fct> & <fct> & <fct> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t PC\\_Y0\\_14 & AL & 2009 & 23.3\\\\\n",
       "\t PC\\_Y0\\_14 & AL & 2019 & 17.2\\\\\n",
       "\t PC\\_Y0\\_14 & AT & 2009 & 15.1\\\\\n",
       "\t PC\\_Y0\\_14 & AT & 2019 & 14.4\\\\\n",
       "\t PC\\_Y0\\_14 & BE & 2009 & 16.9\\\\\n",
       "\t PC\\_Y0\\_14 & BE & 2019 & 16.9\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.table: 6 × 4\n",
       "\n",
       "| indic_de &lt;fct&gt; | geo &lt;fct&gt; | time &lt;fct&gt; | values &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| PC_Y0_14 | AL | 2009 | 23.3 |\n",
       "| PC_Y0_14 | AL | 2019 | 17.2 |\n",
       "| PC_Y0_14 | AT | 2009 | 15.1 |\n",
       "| PC_Y0_14 | AT | 2019 | 14.4 |\n",
       "| PC_Y0_14 | BE | 2009 | 16.9 |\n",
       "| PC_Y0_14 | BE | 2019 | 16.9 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  indic_de geo time values\n",
       "1 PC_Y0_14 AL  2009 23.3  \n",
       "2 PC_Y0_14 AL  2019 17.2  \n",
       "3 PC_Y0_14 AT  2009 15.1  \n",
       "4 PC_Y0_14 AT  2019 14.4  \n",
       "5 PC_Y0_14 BE  2009 16.9  \n",
       "6 PC_Y0_14 BE  2019 16.9  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataset5 <- dataset5[dataset5$indic_de!=\"PC_Y25_49\" & dataset5$indic_de!=\"PC_Y50_64\",]\n",
    "head(dataset5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Create vectors for each year (2009 or 2019) of the category (\"0-14\": `\"PC_Y0_14\"`, \"15-64\": `\"PC_Y15_64\"`, \"65+\": `\"PC_Y65_MAX\"`),\n",
    "- Order them with respect to the vector `countries`, previously defined."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "age0_14_2009 <- dataset5[dataset5$indic_de==\"PC_Y0_14\" & dataset5$time==\"2009\", -c(1,3)]\n",
    "age0_14_2019 <- dataset5[dataset5$indic_de==\"PC_Y0_14\" & dataset5$time==\"2019\", -c(1,3)]\n",
    "\n",
    "age0_14_2009 <- age0_14_2009[order(factor(age0_14_2009$geo, levels=unique(countries))),-1]\n",
    "age0_14_2019 <- age0_14_2019[order(factor(age0_14_2019$geo, levels=unique(countries))),-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "age15_64_2009 <- dataset5[dataset5$indic_de==\"PC_Y15_64\" & dataset5$time==\"2009\", -c(1,3)]\n",
    "age15_64_2019 <- dataset5[dataset5$indic_de==\"PC_Y15_64\" & dataset5$time==\"2019\", -c(1,3)]\n",
    "\n",
    "age15_64_2009 <- age15_64_2009[order(factor(age15_64_2009$geo, levels=unique(countries))),-1]\n",
    "age15_64_2019 <- age15_64_2019[order(factor(age15_64_2019$geo, levels=unique(countries))),-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "age65_MAX_2009 <- dataset5[dataset5$indic_de==\"PC_Y65_MAX\" & dataset5$time==\"2009\", -c(1,3)]\n",
    "age65_MAX_2019 <- dataset5[dataset5$indic_de==\"PC_Y65_MAX\" & dataset5$time==\"2019\", -c(1,3)]\n",
    "\n",
    "age65_MAX_2009 <- age65_MAX_2009[order(factor(age65_MAX_2009$geo, levels=unique(countries))),-1]\n",
    "age65_MAX_2019 <- age65_MAX_2019[order(factor(age65_MAX_2019$geo, levels=unique(countries))),-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Define the vector `cntr` with the name of the countries (not just the code) to make the table more comprehensible"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "cntr <- as.factor(c(\"EU-27\", \"Belgium\", \"Bulgaria\", \"Czechia\", \"Denmark\", \"Germany\", \"Estonia\", \"Ireland\",\n",
    "                    \"Greece\", \"Spain\", \"France\", \"Croatia\", \"Italy\", \"Cyprus\", \"Latvia\", \"Lithuania\",\n",
    "                    \"Luxembourg\", \"Hungary\", \"Malta\", \"Netherlands\", \"Austria\", \"Poland\",\"Portugal\", \"Romania\",\n",
    "                    \"Slovenia\", \"Slovakia\", \"Finland\", \"Sweden\",\"United Kingdom\", \"Iceland\", \"Liechtenstein\",\n",
    "                    \"Norway\", \"Switzerland\", \"Montenegro\", \"North Macedonia\", \"Albania\", \"Serbia\", \"Turkey\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "At this point, we can merge the different vectors and create the table with the function `cbind` and rename the columns:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A data.table: 6 × 7</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>Countries </th><th scope=col>2009</th><th scope=col>2019</th><th scope=col>2009</th><th scope=col>2019</th><th scope=col>2009</th><th scope=col>2019</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>EU-27   </td><td>15.4</td><td>15.2</td><td>67.1</td><td>64.6</td><td>17.4</td><td>20.3</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Belgium </td><td>16.9</td><td>16.9</td><td>66.0</td><td>64.2</td><td>17.1</td><td>18.9</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>13.1</td><td>14.4</td><td>68.9</td><td>64.3</td><td>18.0</td><td>21.3</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Czechia </td><td>14.2</td><td>15.9</td><td>70.9</td><td>64.6</td><td>14.9</td><td>19.6</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Denmark </td><td>18.3</td><td>16.5</td><td>65.8</td><td>63.9</td><td>15.9</td><td>19.6</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Germany </td><td>13.6</td><td>13.6</td><td>66.0</td><td>64.8</td><td>20.4</td><td>21.5</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.table: 6 × 7\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{lllllll}\n",
       " Countries  & 2009 & 2019 & 2009 & 2019 & 2009 & 2019\\\\\n",
       " <fct> & <dbl> & <dbl> & <dbl> & <dbl> & <dbl> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t EU-27    & 15.4 & 15.2 & 67.1 & 64.6 & 17.4 & 20.3\\\\\n",
       "\t Belgium  & 16.9 & 16.9 & 66.0 & 64.2 & 17.1 & 18.9\\\\\n",
       "\t Bulgaria & 13.1 & 14.4 & 68.9 & 64.3 & 18.0 & 21.3\\\\\n",
       "\t Czechia  & 14.2 & 15.9 & 70.9 & 64.6 & 14.9 & 19.6\\\\\n",
       "\t Denmark  & 18.3 & 16.5 & 65.8 & 63.9 & 15.9 & 19.6\\\\\n",
       "\t Germany  & 13.6 & 13.6 & 66.0 & 64.8 & 20.4 & 21.5\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.table: 6 × 7\n",
       "\n",
       "| Countries  &lt;fct&gt; | 2009 &lt;dbl&gt; | 2019 &lt;dbl&gt; | 2009 &lt;dbl&gt; | 2019 &lt;dbl&gt; | 2009 &lt;dbl&gt; | 2019 &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| EU-27    | 15.4 | 15.2 | 67.1 | 64.6 | 17.4 | 20.3 |\n",
       "| Belgium  | 16.9 | 16.9 | 66.0 | 64.2 | 17.1 | 18.9 |\n",
       "| Bulgaria | 13.1 | 14.4 | 68.9 | 64.3 | 18.0 | 21.3 |\n",
       "| Czechia  | 14.2 | 15.9 | 70.9 | 64.6 | 14.9 | 19.6 |\n",
       "| Denmark  | 18.3 | 16.5 | 65.8 | 63.9 | 15.9 | 19.6 |\n",
       "| Germany  | 13.6 | 13.6 | 66.0 | 64.8 | 20.4 | 21.5 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  Countries  2009 2019 2009 2019 2009 2019\n",
       "1 EU-27      15.4 15.2 67.1 64.6 17.4 20.3\n",
       "2 Belgium    16.9 16.9 66.0 64.2 17.1 18.9\n",
       "3 Bulgaria   13.1 14.4 68.9 64.3 18.0 21.3\n",
       "4 Czechia    14.2 15.9 70.9 64.6 14.9 19.6\n",
       "5 Denmark    18.3 16.5 65.8 63.9 15.9 19.6\n",
       "6 Germany    13.6 13.6 66.0 64.8 20.4 21.5"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt <- cbind(cntr, age0_14_2009, age0_14_2019, age15_64_2009,age15_64_2019, age65_MAX_2009,age65_MAX_2019 )\n",
    "colnames(dt) <- c(\"Countries \", \"2009\", \"2019\",\"2009\",\"2019\",\"2009\",\"2019\")\n",
    "head(dt)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Display the table with the function `kable`:\n",
    "  - `kable_styling`: define the layout of the table,\n",
    "  - `add_header_above`: add grouped column names,\n",
    "  - `row`/`column_spec`: add features to rows or columns,\n",
    "  - `group_rows`: define grouped rows,\n",
    "  - `display_html`: display the table below the code."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\n",
       " <thead>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th style=\"border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; background-color: bisque !important;\" colspan=\"1\"><div style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; \">-</div></th>\n",
       "<th style=\"border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; background-color: bisque !important;\" colspan=\"2\"><div style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; \">0-14 years old</div></th>\n",
       "<th style=\"border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; background-color: bisque !important;\" colspan=\"2\"><div style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; \">15-64 years old</div></th>\n",
       "<th style=\"border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; background-color: bisque !important;\" colspan=\"2\"><div style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; \">65 years old or over</div></th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <th style=\"text-align:left;background-color: bisque !important;\"> Countries  </th>\n",
       "   <th style=\"text-align:right;background-color: bisque !important;\"> 2009 </th>\n",
       "   <th style=\"text-align:right;background-color: bisque !important;\"> 2019 </th>\n",
       "   <th style=\"text-align:right;background-color: bisque !important;\"> 2009 </th>\n",
       "   <th style=\"text-align:right;background-color: bisque !important;\"> 2019 </th>\n",
       "   <th style=\"text-align:right;background-color: bisque !important;\"> 2009 </th>\n",
       "   <th style=\"text-align:right;background-color: bisque !important;\"> 2019 </th>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       " </thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;background-color: orange !important;font-weight: bold;\"> EU-27 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: orange !important;\"> 15.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: orange !important;\"> 15.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: orange !important;\"> 67.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: orange !important;\"> 64.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: orange !important;\"> 17.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: orange !important;\"> 20.3 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Belgium </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 64.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.9 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Bulgaria </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 13.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 68.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 64.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 21.3 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Czechia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 70.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 64.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 19.6 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Denmark </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 63.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 19.6 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Germany </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 13.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 13.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 64.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 21.5 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Estonia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 63.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 19.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Ireland </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 68.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 10.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.1 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Greece </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 63.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 22.0 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Spain </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 68.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 19.4 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> France </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 61.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.1 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Croatia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.6 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Italy </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 13.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 64.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 22.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Cyprus </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 69.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 12.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.1 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Latvia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 68.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 63.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.3 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Lithuania </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 19.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Luxembourg </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 68.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 69.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.4 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Hungary </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 68.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 19.3 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Malta </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 13.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 70.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.7 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Netherlands </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 19.2 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Austria </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Poland </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 71.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 13.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.7 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Portugal </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 13.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 64.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 21.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Romania </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 68.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.5 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Slovenia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 69.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 19.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Slovakia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 72.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 68.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 12.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.0 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Finland </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 62.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 21.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Sweden </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 62.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 19.9 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr grouplength=\"2\"><td colspan=\"7\" style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid;\"><strong> </strong></td></tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> United Kingdom </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 63.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.4 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr grouplength=\"5\"><td colspan=\"7\" style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid;\"><strong> </strong></td></tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"2\"> Iceland </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 19.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 11.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.2 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> Liechtenstein </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 70.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 12.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.9 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> Norway </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 19.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.2 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> Switzerland </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 68.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.5 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr grouplength=\"5\"><td colspan=\"7\" style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid;\"><strong> </strong></td></tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"2\"> Montenegro </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 19.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 12.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.2 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> North Macedonia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 18.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 16.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 70.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 69.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 11.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.1 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> Albania </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 23.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 68.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 10.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.1 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> Serbia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 15.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 14.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 65.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 17.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.4 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> Turkey </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 26.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 23.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 66.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 67.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 6.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 8.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt %>%\n",
    "  kable(\"html\")%>%\n",
    "  kable_styling(c(\"striped\", \"bordered\")) %>%\n",
    "  add_header_above(c(\"-\" = 1, \"0-14 years old\" = 2, \"15-64 years old\" = 2, \"65 years old or over\" = 2), background='bisque') %>%\n",
    "  row_spec(0, background = 'bisque') %>%  \n",
    "  row_spec(1, background='orange',bold=TRUE) %>%\n",
    "  column_spec(1, bold=TRUE) %>%\n",
    "  group_rows(\" \", 29,30) %>%\n",
    "  group_rows(\" \", 30,34) %>%\n",
    "  group_rows(\" \", 34,38) %>%\n",
    "  as.character() %>%\n",
    "  display_html()\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Figure 5: Increase in the share of the population aged 65 years or over between 2009 and 2019\n",
    "\n",
    "Select the part of the dataset regarding the *population 65+ years* of the variable `indic_de`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dataset6 <- dataset[dataset$indic_de==\"PC_Y65_MAX\",]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "source": [
    "We have to plot the difference (in percentages) of the population with 65+ years between 2009 and 2019.\n",
    "We compute these differences in the percentage points with a `for` loop, assigning the resulting values to the category *2009* of the variable `time`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for(i in 1:length(countries)){\n",
    "    countries_65 <-countries[i]\n",
    "    dataset6[dataset6$geo==countries_65 & dataset6$time==2009, 4]<-dataset6[dataset6$geo==countries_65 & dataset6$time==2019, 4]-\n",
    "                                                                dataset6[dataset6$geo==countries_65 & dataset6$time==2009, 4]\n",
    "                                                                          \n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Delete the rows of the category *2019* of the variable `time` (the values of the differences are stored in the category *2009*):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A data.table: 6 × 4</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>indic_de</th><th scope=col>geo</th><th scope=col>time</th><th scope=col>values</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PC_Y65_MAX</td><td>AL</td><td>2009</td><td>3.7</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PC_Y65_MAX</td><td>AT</td><td>2009</td><td>1.4</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PC_Y65_MAX</td><td>BE</td><td>2009</td><td>1.8</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PC_Y65_MAX</td><td>BG</td><td>2009</td><td>3.3</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PC_Y65_MAX</td><td>CH</td><td>2009</td><td>1.9</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PC_Y65_MAX</td><td>CY</td><td>2009</td><td>3.6</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.table: 6 × 4\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{llll}\n",
       " indic\\_de & geo & time & values\\\\\n",
       " <fct> & <fct> & <fct> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t PC\\_Y65\\_MAX & AL & 2009 & 3.7\\\\\n",
       "\t PC\\_Y65\\_MAX & AT & 2009 & 1.4\\\\\n",
       "\t PC\\_Y65\\_MAX & BE & 2009 & 1.8\\\\\n",
       "\t PC\\_Y65\\_MAX & BG & 2009 & 3.3\\\\\n",
       "\t PC\\_Y65\\_MAX & CH & 2009 & 1.9\\\\\n",
       "\t PC\\_Y65\\_MAX & CY & 2009 & 3.6\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.table: 6 × 4\n",
       "\n",
       "| indic_de &lt;fct&gt; | geo &lt;fct&gt; | time &lt;fct&gt; | values &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| PC_Y65_MAX | AL | 2009 | 3.7 |\n",
       "| PC_Y65_MAX | AT | 2009 | 1.4 |\n",
       "| PC_Y65_MAX | BE | 2009 | 1.8 |\n",
       "| PC_Y65_MAX | BG | 2009 | 3.3 |\n",
       "| PC_Y65_MAX | CH | 2009 | 1.9 |\n",
       "| PC_Y65_MAX | CY | 2009 | 3.6 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  indic_de   geo time values\n",
       "1 PC_Y65_MAX AL  2009 3.7   \n",
       "2 PC_Y65_MAX AT  2009 1.4   \n",
       "3 PC_Y65_MAX BE  2009 1.8   \n",
       "4 PC_Y65_MAX BG  2009 3.3   \n",
       "5 PC_Y65_MAX CH  2009 1.9   \n",
       "6 PC_Y65_MAX CY  2009 3.6   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataset6 <- dataset6[dataset6$time!=2019]\n",
    "head(dataset6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Transform the dataset into a matrix, renaming the rows as the countries and deleting the variable `time` and `indic_de`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A matrix: 6 × 2 of type chr</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>geo</th><th scope=col>values</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>AL</th><td>AL</td><td>3.7</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>AT</th><td>AT</td><td>1.4</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>BE</th><td>BE</td><td>1.8</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>BG</th><td>BG</td><td>3.3</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>CH</th><td>CH</td><td>1.9</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>CY</th><td>CY</td><td>3.6</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A matrix: 6 × 2 of type chr\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       "  & geo & values\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tAL & AL & 3.7\\\\\n",
       "\tAT & AT & 1.4\\\\\n",
       "\tBE & BE & 1.8\\\\\n",
       "\tBG & BG & 3.3\\\\\n",
       "\tCH & CH & 1.9\\\\\n",
       "\tCY & CY & 3.6\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A matrix: 6 × 2 of type chr\n",
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | geo | values |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| AL | AL | 3.7 |\n",
       "| AT | AT | 1.4 |\n",
       "| BE | BE | 1.8 |\n",
       "| BG | BG | 3.3 |\n",
       "| CH | CH | 1.9 |\n",
       "| CY | CY | 3.6 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   geo values\n",
       "AL AL  3.7   \n",
       "AT AT  1.4   \n",
       "BE BE  1.8   \n",
       "BG BG  3.3   \n",
       "CH CH  1.9   \n",
       "CY CY  3.6   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataset6 <- as.matrix(dataset6[,-c(1,3)], rownames = dataset6$geo)\n",
    "head(dataset6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Order the dataset with respect to the variable `values` in decreasing order:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A matrix: 6 × 2 of type chr</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>geo</th><th scope=col>values</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>FI</th><td>FI</td><td>5.1</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>LI</th><td>LI</td><td>5.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>CZ</th><td>CZ</td><td>4.7</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>MT</th><td>MT</td><td>4.5</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>NL</th><td>NL</td><td>4.2</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>PL</th><td>PL</td><td>4.2</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A matrix: 6 × 2 of type chr\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       "  & geo & values\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tFI & FI & 5.1\\\\\n",
       "\tLI & LI & 5.0\\\\\n",
       "\tCZ & CZ & 4.7\\\\\n",
       "\tMT & MT & 4.5\\\\\n",
       "\tNL & NL & 4.2\\\\\n",
       "\tPL & PL & 4.2\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A matrix: 6 × 2 of type chr\n",
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | geo | values |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| FI | FI | 5.1 |\n",
       "| LI | LI | 5.0 |\n",
       "| CZ | CZ | 4.7 |\n",
       "| MT | MT | 4.5 |\n",
       "| NL | NL | 4.2 |\n",
       "| PL | PL | 4.2 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   geo values\n",
       "FI FI  5.1   \n",
       "LI LI  5.0   \n",
       "CZ CZ  4.7   \n",
       "MT MT  4.5   \n",
       "NL NL  4.2   \n",
       "PL PL  4.2   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data <- dataset6[order(dataset6[,2], decreasing=TRUE),]\n",
    "head(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Use the function `which` to know the index of the rows of specific countries: European Union, United Kingdom, EFTA Members, or Candidate Members"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "18"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "18"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "18"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 18"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "31"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "31"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "31"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 31"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style>\n",
       ".list-inline {list-style: none; margin:0; padding: 0}\n",
       ".list-inline>li {display: inline-block}\n",
       ".list-inline>li:not(:last-child)::after {content: \"\\00b7\"; padding: 0 .5ex}\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<ol class=list-inline><li>2</li><li>22</li><li>27</li><li>34</li></ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 22\n",
       "\\item 27\n",
       "\\item 34\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 2\n",
       "2. 22\n",
       "3. 27\n",
       "4. 34\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1]  2 22 27 34"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style>\n",
       ".list-inline {list-style: none; margin:0; padding: 0}\n",
       ".list-inline>li {display: inline-block}\n",
       ".list-inline>li:not(:last-child)::after {content: \"\\00b7\"; padding: 0 .5ex}\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<ol class=list-inline><li>9</li><li>15</li><li>24</li><li>30</li><li>33</li></ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\item 24\n",
       "\\item 30\n",
       "\\item 33\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 9\n",
       "2. 15\n",
       "3. 24\n",
       "4. 30\n",
       "5. 33\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1]  9 15 24 30 33"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "which(data %in% \"EU27_2020\")\n",
    "which(data %in% \"UK\")\n",
    "which(data %in% c(\"LI\",\"CH\",\"NO\",\"IS\"))\n",
    "which(data %in% c(\"TR\",\"RS\",\"MK\",\"ME\",\"AL\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Merge the dataset by row, creating a new matrix divided into subgroups (*EU, EU members, EFTA members, Candidate countries*), using the indexes found "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data <- rbind(data[18,], 0, data[c(-2,-9,-15,-18,-22,-24,-27,-31,-30,-33,-34),],0,data[31,],0, data[c(2,22,27,34), ], 0, data[c(9,15,24,30,33),])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Rename the rows of the \"one member\" groups"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "rownames(data)[1] <- \"EU-27\"\n",
    "rownames(data)[31] <- \"UK\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Modify the visualization options"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "options(repr.plot.width=20, repr.plot.height=10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Plot the graph with the function `barplot` (we cannot use `gglot` because we are dealing with matrices):\n",
    "  - select the dataset and apply a table `t` function, in this way the data are correctly set for the barplot,\n",
    "  - `col`: define the colour of the bars,\n",
    "  - `ylim`/`ylab`: expand and rename the y axis, \n",
    "  - `main`/`cex.main`: title of the plot (`main`) and the size of the font (`cex.main`),\n",
    "  - `names.arg`/`cex.names`: put the name of the country as the name of each bar and define their sizes,\n",
    "  - add a `grid` to compare more easily the values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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BoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOw\nAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoT\nsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAa\nE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAA\nGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AA\nABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOw\nAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoT\nsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAa\nE7AAABoTsMYMk239TAGAMALWmOF/E51pfQDAYgSsMQIWAPBNAtYYAQsA+CYBa4yABQB8k4A1\nRsACAL5JwBojYAEA3yRgjRGwAIBvErDGCFgAwDcJWGMELADgmwSsMQIWAPBNAtYYAQsA+KaZ\n6eDX5TBc3y66xVYELADgm76bDp7+E8dXT/+145tFttiYgAUAfNOsgHUz3Nw/PNzdDL+W2GJj\nAhYA8E2zAtbFcL/79f1wucQWGxOwAIBvmhWwhuHgH9788YHvP7stCVgApQyTbf1MqWBWwPrx\nErAulthiYwIWQCmOddb0/YB1/fPX7fD78Zf3N59/l/uZTqp3IkApjnXW9P2A9fp11GG4uF9i\ni415JwKU4lhnTd8eo79/f/26vt5/q/vNp/lKwAIggGOdNflJ7mO8EwFKcayzJgFrjHciQCmO\nddYkYI3xTgQoxbHOmgSsMd6JAKU41lmTgDXGOxGgFMc6axKwxngnApTiWGdNAtYY70SAUhzr\nrEnAGuOdCFCKY501CVhjvBMBSnGssyYBa4x3IkApjnXWJGCN8U4EKMWxzpoErDHeiQClONZZ\nk4A1xjsRoBTHOmsSsMZ4JwKU4lhnTQLWGO9EgFIc66xJwBrjnQhQimOdNQlYY7wTAUpxrLMm\nAWuMdyJAKY511iRgjfFOBCjFsc6aBKwx3okApTjWWZOANcY7EaAUxzprErDGeCcClOJYZ00C\n1hjvRIBSHOusScAa450IUIpjnTUJWGO8EwFKcayzJgFrjHciQCmOddYkYI3xTgQoxbHOmtYI\nWP/99/SL8/o4/O+//57eal98PNP6fPTRRx87+zh8eZ4/fxwynq+PcR9PskLA+u/5iZ3Zx8fc\n9N/z++3LjwnP10cfffTRx08/DlPO8+f/35zwfH1M+3gaf0U4xteSAUpxrLMmAWuMdyJAKY51\n1iRgjfFOBCjFsc6aBKwx3okApTjWWZOANcY7EaAUxzprErDGeCcClOJYZ00C1hjvRIBSHOus\nScAa450IUIpjnTUJWGO8EwFKcayzJgFrjHciQCmOddYkYI3xTgQoxbHOmgSsMd6JAKU41lmT\ngDXGOxGgFMc6axKwxngnApTiWGdNAtYY70SAUhzrrEnAGnP6O3GYbMu6ADolYLEmAWvMNwKW\n9y5ALoc0axKwxghYAKU4pFmTgDVGwAIoxSHNmgSsMQIWQCkOadYkYI0RsABKcUizJgFrjIAF\nUIpDmjUJWGMELIBSHNKsScAaI2ABlOKQZk0C1hgBC6AUhzRrErDGCFgApTikWZOANUbAAijF\nIc2aBKwxAhZAKQ5p1iRgjRGwAEpxSLMmAWuMgAVQikOaNQlYYwQsgFIc0qxJwBojYAGU4pBm\nTQLWGAELoBSHNGsSsMYIWAClOKRZk4A1RsACKMUhzZoErDECFkApDmnWJGCNEbAASnFIsyYB\na4yABVCKQ5o1CVhjBCyAUhzSrEnAGiNgAZTikGZNAtYYAQugFIc0axKwxghYAKU4pFmTgDVG\nwAIoxSHNmgSsMQIWQCkOadYkYI0RsABKcUizJgFrjIAFUIpDmjUJWGMELIBSHNKsScAaI2AB\nlOKQZk0C1pg1AtYw2TY9AChEwGJNAtaYVQKWdzvAWhy5rEnAGiNgAZTiyGVNAtYYAQugFEcu\naxKwxghYAKU4clmTgDVGwAIoxZHLmgSsMQIWQCmOXNYkYI0RsABKceSyJgFrjIAFUIojlzUJ\nWGMELIBSHLmsScAaI2ABlOLIZU0C1hgBC6AURy5rErDGCFgApThyWZOANUbAAijFkcuaBKwx\nAhZAKY5c1iRgjRGwAEpx5LImAWuMgAVQiiOXNQlYYwQsgFIcuaxJwBojYAGU4shlTQLWGAEL\noBRHLmsSsMYIWAClOHJZk4A1RsACKMWRy5oErDECFkApjlzWJGCNEbAASnHksiYBa4yABVCK\nI5c1CVhjBCyAUhy5rEnAGiNgAZTiyGVNAtYYAQugFEcuaxKwxghYAKU4clmTgDVGwAIoxZHL\nmgSsMQIWQCmOXNYkYI0RsABKceSyJgFrjIAFUIojlzUJWGMELIBSHLmsScAaI2ABlOLIZU0C\n1hgBC6AURy5rErDGCFgApThyWZOANUbAAijFkcuaBKwxAhZAKY5c1iRgjRGwAEpx5LImAWuM\ngAVQiiOXNQlYYwQsgFIcuaxJwBojYAGU4shlTQLWGAELoBRHLmsSsMYIWAClOHJZk4A1RsAC\nKMWRy5oErDECFkApjlzWJGCNEbAASnHksiYBa4yABVCKI5c1CVhjIgPWMN23VwDUJGCxJgFr\nTGbAmrpgxgqAmgQs1iRgjRGwAEoRsFiTgDVGwAIoRcBiTQLWGAELoBQBizUJWGMELIBSBCzW\nJGCNEbAAShGwWJOANUbAAihFwGJNAtYYAQugFAGLNQlYYwQsgFIELNYkYI0RsABKEbBYk4A1\nRsACKEXAYk0C1hgBC6AUAYs1CVhjBCyAUgQs1iRgjRGwAEoRsFiTgDVGwAIoRcBiTQLWGAEL\noBQBizUJWGMELIBSBCzWJGCNEbAAShGwWJOANUbAAihFwGJNAtYYAQugFAGLNQlYYwQsgFIE\nLNYkYI0RsABKEbBYk4A1RsACKEXAYk0C1hgBC6AUAYs1CVhjBCyAUgQs1iRgjRGwAEoRsFiT\ngDVGwAIoRcBiTfPHaPjqIc50UgUsgFIELNYkYI0RsABKEbBY03fHaDi2xBYbE7AAShGwWNN3\nx+jPhYD19p0oYAEEE7BY07fH6P56uLrbP8JHDzE5feUSsABKEbBY04wx+j0Mvx98D5aABXAW\nBCzWNGeM7q6G63sBS8ACOAcCFmuaN0Y/h4tbAWvFFQIWwHcJWKxp5hj9vfz6e6zOdFIFLIBS\nBCzWNHuMfghYK64QsAC+S8BiTf5TOWMELIBSBCzWJGCNEbAAShGwWJOANUbAAihFwGJNAtYY\nAQugFAGLNQlYYwQsgFIELNYkYI0RsABKEbBYk4A1RsACKEXAYk0C1hgBC6AUAYs1CVhjBCyA\nUgQs1iRgjRGwAEoRsFiTgDVGwAIoRcBiTQLWGAELoBQBizUJWGMELIBSBCzWJGCNEbAAShGw\nWJOANUbAAihFwGJNAtYYAQugFAGLNQlYYwQsgFIELNYkYI0RsABKEbBYk4A1RsACKEXAYk0C\n1hgBC6AUAYs1CVhjBCyAUgQs1iRgjRGwAEoRsFiTgDVGwAIoRcBiTQLWGAELoBQBizUJWGME\nLIBSBCzWJGCNEbAAShGwWJOANUbAAihFwGJNAtaYbgPWMN3JK5Z/2QDGCFisScAa02/AWm7F\nmY4CUIOzijUJWGMErPYrznQUgBqcVaxJwBojYLVfcaajANTgrGJNAtYYAav9ijMdBaAGZxVr\nErDGCFjtV5zpKAA1OKtYk4A1RsBqv+JMRwGowVnFmgSsMQJW+xVnOgpADc4q1iRgjRGw2q84\n01EAanBWsSYBa4yA1X7FmY4CUIOzijUJWGMErPYrznQUgBqcVaxJwBojYLVfcaajANTgrGJN\nAtYYAav9ijMdBaAGZxVrErDGCFjtV5zpKAA1OKtYk4A1RsBqv+JMRwGowVnFmgSsMQJW+xVn\nOgpADc4q1iRgjRGw2q/4V/hkS77EQF+6DViO3E0IWGMErPYrZrQKYK5uT55uC9+WgDVGwGq/\nQsACNtTtydNt4dsSsMYIWO1XCFjAhro9ebotfFsC1hgBq/0KAQvYULcnT7eFb0vAGiNgtV8h\nYAEb6vbk6bbwbQlYYwSs9isELGBD3Z483Ra+LQFrjIDVfoWABWyo25On28K3JWCNEbDarxCw\ngA11e/J0W/i2BKwxAlb7FQIWsKFuT55uC9+WgDVGwGq/QsACNtTtydNt4dsSsMYIWO1XCFjA\nhro9ebotfFsC1hgBq/0KAQvYULcnT7eFb0vAGiNgtV8hYAEb6vbk6bbwbQlYYwSs9isELGBD\n3Z483Ra+LQFrjIDVfoWABWyo25On28K3tUbA+u+/p1+c18fhf//99zRxX3w8qG/S5//v3+cP\nEz//aegf1w0TP3//NtnvM0z8/H91DKfXMfXzh4dT6xg2nwMfffSxzMfJ5+GQ8XybffzOfebj\nRx9PskLA+u/5iZ3Zx8c5++957r78+LLu1M8fJn7+c854CibT9hme6xgmfv6sOqZ+/vBwah3D\ny+sx7F6PYWfCx5fX75TP33refPTRx8U/Tj4Pq50L37nPfPzg42n8FeEYf0XYfkV2q4Diuv2b\nsm4L35aANaZIaohakd0qoLhuc0a3hW9LwBpTJDVErchuFVBctzmj28K3JWCNKZIaolZktwoo\nrtuc0W3h2xKwxhRJDVErslsFFNdtzui28G0JWGOKpIaoFdmtAorrNmd0W/i2BKwxRVJD1Irs\nVgHFdZszui18WwLWmCKpIWpFdquA4rrNGd0Wvi0Ba0yR1BC1IrtVQHHd5oxuC9+WgDWmSGqI\nWpHdKqC4bnNGt4VvS8AaUyQ1RK3IbhVQXLc5o9vCtyVgjSmSGqJWZLcKKK7bnNFt4dsSsMYU\nSQ1RK7JbBRTXbc7otvBtCVhjiqSGqBXZrQKK6zZndFv4tgSsMUVSQ9SK7FYBxXWbM7otfFsC\n1pgiqSFqRXargOK6zRndFr4tAWtMkdQQtSK7VUBx3eaMbgvfloA1pkhqiFqR3SqguG5zRreF\nb+uom78uHx7uLofLP8ttcT6KpIaoFdmtAorrNmd0W/i2Drt5Ozz+08XwqGnCOtMXrEhqiFqR\n3SqguG5zRreFb+uwm1fD74e/w+XD7+FqqS3OSJHUELUiu1VAcd3mjG4L39ZhN3dfwPo73Dz9\nYpktzkiR1BC1IrtVQHHd5oxuC9/W24B1PdwKWHtFUkPUiuxWAcV1mzO6LXxbx39F+Pd2uHjw\nV4R7RVJD1IrsVgHFdZszui18W2++yX0Yfu6+gHW71BZnpEhqiFqR3SqguG5zRreFb+v4xzRc\n7L4D6+Hy93JbnI8iqSFqRXargOK6zRndFr6tFbp5pi9YkdQQtSK7VUBx3eaMbgvfloA1pkhq\niFqR3SqguG5zRreFb+vtv0W4d3Gx1BZnpEhqiFqR3SqguG5zRreFb+ujgHXnxzQ8lEkNUSuy\nWwUU123O6Lbwbb10c/9vEL66XGKLM1MkNUStyG4VUFy3OaPbwrf12s3Lw3zlv0VYJjVErQhv\n1XQtBw1YS7c5o9vCt/Xh92Att8UZqZIaklZUaxVwVrrNGd0Wvi3/FuGYblODgDX9WQHnpNuc\n0W3h2xKwxnSbGgSs6c8KOCfd5oxuC9/WUTd/Xi7xPSZn+oJ1mxoErOnPCjgn3eaMbgvf1mE3\nfy7zTbxn+oJ1mxoErOnPCjgn3eaMbgvf1mE3L4ZfS29xRrpNDQLW9GcFnJNuc0a3hW/Lv0U4\nptvUIGBNf1bAOek2Z3Rb+LYOu3k93C+9xRnpNjUIWNOfFXBOus0Z3Ra+rcNu3l1cNf0Jox9s\ncUa6TQ0C1vRnBZyTbnNGt4Vv6/ivCH2T+z/dpgYBa/qzAs5Jtzmj28K3JWCN6TY1CFjTnxVw\nTrrNGd0Wvq0VunmmL1i3qUHAmv6sgHPSbc7otvBtCVhjuk0NAtb0ZwWck25zRreFb+v1chn8\nFeGxblODgDX9WQHnpNuc0W3h2xKwxnSbGgSs6c8KOCfd5oxuC9+WvyIc021qELCmPyvgnHSb\nM7otfPrBqqgAACAASURBVFsC1phuU4OANX3FdI2mEpih25zxjSPX4TbfcW9+Xz126/r3kluc\njX5Tw3IrtArYkIA1ufBuW9XSUW+ungPp1XJbnA+pof0KrQI21G1qELA2cdibX8PF7eOH24vh\n11JbnBGpof0KrQI21G1qELA2cdiby+Hv/uPf4XKpLc6I1NB+hVYBG+o2NQhYmzjszes3q/kx\nDQ9SwxIrtArYULepQcDaxMdfwbpYaoszIjW0X6FVwIa6TQ0C1iZ8D9YYqaH9Cq0CNtRtahCw\nNuHfIhwjNbRfoVXAhrpNDQLWJo578/vaz8F6ITW0X6FVwIa6TQ0C1iZW6M2Ztl9qaL9Cq4AN\ndZsaBKxNCFhjpIb2K7QK2FC3qUHA2sQHf0X443bJLc6G1NB+hVYBG+o2NQhYm/jwm9yvl9vi\nfEgN7VdoFbChblODgLWJw97c+DENB6SG9iu0CthQt6lBwNrEYW8u/KdyDkgN7VdoFbChblOD\ngLWJw974T+Uckhrar9CqYbKHb68ARnSbGgSsTRz/FeHLV7CafhPWmbZfami/Qqscc7Chbt9O\nTp5NHPXm5/57sP5c+EnuD1LDEiu0yjEHG+r27eTk2cTxXxEu8jcOZ9p+qaH9Cq1yzMGGun07\nOXk2IWCNkRrar9AqxxxsqNu3k5NnEyv05kzbLzW0X6FVjjnYULdvJyfPJgSsMVJD+xVa5ZiD\nDXX7dnLybELAGiM1tF+hVY452FC3bycnzyYErDFSQ/sVWuWYgw11+3Zy8mxCwBojNbRfoVWO\nOdhQt28nJ88mBKwxUkP7FVrlmIMNdft2cvJsQsAaIzW0X6FVjjnYULdvJyfPJgSsMVJD+xVa\n5ZiDDXX7dnLybOK4N7fXu58ven234BZnQ2pov0KrHHOwoW7fTk6eTRz15urpB7gPF00T1pm2\nX2pov0KrHHOwoW7fTk6eTRz25tdwdb8LWL+GH0ttcUakhvYrtMoxBxvq9u3k5NnEYW8uhvuH\n/X+CsN1/h/DtFmdEami/Qqscc7Chbt9OTp5NHPZm/9eDAtYzqaH9Cq1yzMGGun07OXk2cdib\ny+evYP0dLpfa4oxIDe1XaJVjDjbU7dvJybOJD74H6/Zi+LXUFmdEami/Qqscc7Chbt9OTp5N\nHPXmenhytdwW50NqaL9CqxxzsKFu305Onk0c92b3c7CG699LbnE2pIb2K7TKMQcb6vbt5OTZ\nxAq9OdP2Sw3tV2iVYw421O3bycmzCQFrjNTQfoVWOeZgQ92+nZw8mzjszfDP1c0yW5wRqaH9\nCq1yzMGGun07OXk2MRKwhuFikS3OiNTQfoVWOeZgQ92+nZw8mzjqzY+L28f/vb0Y/jxcD82+\nhnWm7Zca2q/QKsccbKjbt5OTZxOHvbkZ/u4//h2uHu7b/bDRM22/1NB+hVY55mBD3b6dnDyb\nOP4rwoNfTPzP5fy6GC6/+LGkZ9p+qaH9Cq1yzMGGun07OXk2cdibi9evYF18HbD+Xg8Xvx5+\nTvjBpGfafqmh/QqtcszBhrp9Ozl5NnH8V4Qv34N18/D7i9T0d5+sboYf9w9315//p3XOtP1S\nQ/sVWuWYgw11+3Zy8mziqDdX//5TOcMX/z3CH7tvgr95+ncNv/h+rTNtv9TQfoVWOeZgQ92+\nnZw8mzjuzdN/Kmf3Zazh5xfr9guH64N/OP7jA42e6sqkhvYrtMoxBxvq9u3k5NnEd3vzFJt+\nP32Z6/MfmnWm7Zca2q/QKsccbKjbt5OTZxPf7c2P3XdfPbn/8fnPzDrT9ksN7VdolWMONtTt\n28nJs4kPe/Pn+st19xcHP9Th85/6fqbtlxrar9AqxxxsqNu3k5NnE0e9uTnl26ZuXmLVxRc/\n8/1M2y81tF+hVY452FC3bycnzyYOe/MvX90utcUZkRrar9AqxxxsqNu3k5NnE4e9uRh+P1wN\nd3dXw5+ltjgjUkP7FVrlmIMNdft2cvJs4rA3u78Z/Dnc7v9bhAttcUakhvYrtMoxBxvq9u3k\n5NnE24B1u/sBo21/dNWZtl9qaL9CqxxzsKFu305Onk0c9uZ6+P1wN1w+/BGwHqSGJVZolWMO\nNtTt28nJs4nD3tzugtX+P5fzY6ktzojU0H6FVjnmYEPdvp2cPJs46s3P3T/9GD7/uaHztjgf\nUkP7FVrlmIMNdft2cvJsYoXenGn7pYb2K7TKMQcb6vbt5OTZhIA1Rmpov0KrHHOwoW7fTk6e\nTbz9twj3Lj7/b9/M2OKMSA3tV2iVYw421O3bycmziY8C1p1/i/BBalhihVY55mBD3b6dnDyb\neOnN7XDocoktzozU0H6FVjnmYEPdvp2cPJt47c3lYb5K/0/lDNN9f48VBlJqWG5FVOHrtmr5\nNwecp25Tg4C1iQ+/B2u5LVo95NSXfsZrLzW0X6FVka2CXnT75nCObOI8/y1CAes8V2hVZKug\nF92+OZwjmxCwZu8hNWhV+xUCFrTX7ZvDObKJo978vFzimzMErHYrojJAdmqIKjy7VdCLbt8c\nzpFNHPbm5zLf/SpgtVsRlQGyU0NU4dmtgl50++ZwjmzisDcXw6+lt2j1kFNfegEraoVWRbYK\netHtm8M5sonD3vi3CL+1h9SgVe1XCFjQXrdvDufIJg57cz3cL71Fq4ec+tILWFErtCqyVdCL\nbt8czpFNHPbm7uKq6U8Y/WCLVg859aUXsKJWaFVkq6AX3b45nCObOP4rQt/k/o09pAatar9C\nwIL2un1zOEc2IWDN3kNq0Kr2KwQsaK/bN4dzZBMr9EbAarciKgNkp4aowrNbBb3o9s3hHNmE\ngDV7D6lBq9qvELCgvW7fHM6RTRz35vZ697eD13cLbtHmIae+9AJW1AqtimwV9KLbN4dzZBNH\nvbl6+var4aJpwhKw2q2IygDZqSGq8OxWQS+6fXM4RzZx2Jtfw9X9LmD9Gn4stUWrh5z60gtY\nUSu0KrNV0538NoIk3aYGAWsTh725GO6ffpq7f4vwlD2kBq1qvyK7VXCeuk0NAtYmDnuz/+tB\nAevUPbKvwqgVWlWkVXCeuk0NAtYmDntz+fwVrL/D5VJbtHrIqS+9gBW1QquKtArOU7epQcDa\nxAffg3V7MfxaaotWDzn1pRewolZoVZFWwXnqNjUIWJs46s3183eyXi23RaOHnPrSC1hRK7Sq\nSKvgPHWbGgSsTRz3ZvdzsIbr30tu0eYhp770AlbUCq0q0io4T92mBgFrEyv0RsBqtyIqA1RL\nDVErslsF56nb1CBgbULAmr1H9lUYtUKrirQKzlO3qUHA2sRRb+5vLh7/9+LmfrktGj3k1Jde\nwIpaoVVFWgXnqdvUIGBt4rA3dxfPPwXLfyrnlD2yr8KoFVpVpFVwnrpNDQLWJg57czX82H3t\n6v5muF5qi1YPOfWlF7CiVmhVkVbBeeo2NQhYmzjszesPcPeT3E/ZI/sqjFqhVUVaBeep29Qg\nYG3isDe7/xbhzr2Adcoe2Vdh1AqtKtIqOE/dpgYBaxOHvbkZrv48fvhzNdwstUWrh5z60gtY\nUSu0qkir4Dx1mxoErE0c9ebKT3L/xh7ZV2HUCq0q0io4T92mBgFrE8e9+b37Se5XTf9LhAJW\nyxVRGaBaaohaEd6q6U55z8HCuk0NAtYmVuiNgNVuRVQGKJcaklZUaxUk6DY1CFibOOzNddNv\nvfpwi1YPOfWlF7CiVmhVt62CBN2mBgFrE4e9WejL+QJWuxVRGUBq0KrpzwoCdJsaBKxNHPbm\ncmj738j5YItWDzn1pRewolZoVbetggTdpgYBaxOHvbm/3v+YhiW3aPWQU196AStqhVZ12ypI\n0G1qELA2cfxXhIv8qz8CVrsVURlAatCq6c8KAnSbGgSsTQhYs/eodhVKDQkrqrUKEnSbGgSs\nTazQGwGr3YqoDCA1aNX0ZwUBuk0NAtYmBKzZe1S7CqWGhBXVWgUJuk0NAtYmjntze73728Hr\nuwW3aPOQU196AStqhVZ12ypI0G1qELA2cdSbq6dvvxoumiYsAavdiqgMIDVo1fRnBQG6TQ0C\n1iYOe/NruLrfBaxfw4+ltmj1kFNfegEraoVWddsqSNBtahCwNnHYm4vh/umnufu3CE/Zo9pV\nKDUkrKjWKkjQbWoQsDZx2Jv9Xw8KWKfuUe0qlBoSVlRrFSToNjUIWJs47M3l81ew/g6XS23R\n6iGnvvQCVtQKreq2VZCg29QgYG3ig+/Bur0Yfi21RauHnPrSC1hRK7Sq21ZBgm5Tg4C1iaPe\nXD//HPer5bZo9JBTX3oBK2qFVvXbqukmvkHhdN94O9UY3FVOnhqtaum40t3PwRqufy+5RZuH\nnPrSC1hRK7RKqyavgPa6/UJO5MlT3wqVCljtVmRehVrVfoVWQXvdpobIk6c+AWv2Hq5CrWq/\nQqugvW5TQ+TJU99xpb93f0X443bJLdo85NQXUsCKWqFVWjV5BbTXbWqIPHnqO6r06vk70K6X\n26LRQ059IQWsqBVapVWTV0B73aaGyJOnvsNKb4aL3Rev/JiG0/ZwFWpV+xVaBe11mxoiT576\nDiu9GP7uP/pBoyft4SrUqvYrtAra6zY1RJ489R1W+vrTKfynck7Zw1WoVe1XaBW0121qiDx5\n6jv+K8KXr2A1/SYsAavdisyrUKvar9AqaK/b1BB58tR3VOnP/fdg/bnwk9xP2cNVqFXtV2gV\ntNdtaog8eeo7/ivCRX6avYDVbkXmVahV7VdoFbTXbWqIPHnqE7Bm7+Eq1Kr2K7QK2us2NUSe\nPPWtUKmA1W5F5lWoVe1XaBW0121qiDx56hOwZu/hKtSq9iu0CtrrNjVEnjz1CViz93AValX7\nFVoF7XWbGiJPnvoErNl7uAq1qv0KrRome/j2Cnqzxtspcg4jT576BKzZe7gKtar9Cq1yvtNe\n5NupSOHegO8JWLP3cBVqVfsVWuV8p73It1ORwr0B3xOwZu/hKtSq9iu0yvlOe5FvpyKFewO+\nJ2DN3sNVqFXtV2iV8532It9ORQr3BnxPwJq9h6tQq9qv0CrnO+1Fvp2KFO4N+J6ANXsPV6FW\ntV+hVc532ot8OxUp3BvwPQFr9h6uQq1qv0KrnO+0F/l2KlK4N+B7AtbsPVyFWtV+hVY532kv\n8u1UpHBvwPcErNl7uAq1qv0KrXK+017k26lI4d6A7wlYs/dwFWpV+xVa5Xynvci3U5HCvQHf\nE7Bm7+Eq1Kr2K7TK+U57kW+nIoV7A74nYM3ew1WoVe1XaJXznfYi305FCvcGfE/Amr2Hq1Cr\n2q/QKuc77UW+nYoU7g34noA1ew9XoVa1X6FVznfai3w7FSncG/C9NQLWf/89/aLdx6cX8r//\n/vflx+Hb+wyTHn83LP/WTfr8/32jjuH5eQ1T696t2O8zTPz8f3UMp9cx9fOHh1PreH39Jtcx\nnPr6zajj9DkcJn7+6+u3yhxO/fxyc+hjbx9PPkeqzGHkfbb+69/g40lWCFj/PT+xhh+fz/f/\n/vflx+Hb+wyTHv/p48u6Uz9/ch3D8/Mapta9Px+eDpQV6pj6+cPDqXW8vn6T6xhWeP2GU1+/\n1zqGU1+/VeZw6udXm8NhZ9rHl9dv6ucPw3/fO3d8XPTjyefIKufhCh8j77Pt5+H0j6fxV4Sz\n9/CXOVrVfoVWFSmcKJFTVaRwf0X4noA1ew9XoVa1X6FVRQonSuRUFSlcwHpPwJq9h6tQq9qv\n0KoihRMlcqqKFC5gvSdgzd7DVahV7VdoVZHCiRI5VUUKF7DeE7Bm7+Eq1Kr2K7SqSOFEiZyq\nIoULWO8JWLP3cBVqVfsVWlWkcKJETlWRwgWs9wSs2Xu4CrWq/QqtKlI4USKnqkjhAtZ7Atbs\nPVyFWtV+hVYVKZwokVNVpHAB6z0Ba/YerkKtar9Cq4oUTpTIqSpSuID1noA1ew9XoVa1X6FV\nRQonSuRUFSlcwHpPwJq9h6tQq9qv0KoihRMlcqqKFC5gvSdgzd7DVahV7VdoVZHCiRI5VUUK\nF7DeE7Bm7+Eq1Kr2K7SqSOFEiZyqIoULWO8JWLP3cBVqVfsVWlWkcKJETlWRwgWs9wSs2Xu4\nCrWq/QqtKlI4USKnqkjhAtZ7AtbsPVyFWtV+hVYVKZwokVNVpHAB6z0Ba/YerkKtar9Cq4oU\nzmTDdN/f4+TXT8BabsUar/i2BKzZe7gKtar9Cq0qUjiTFTnWM2ekyMlzbgSs2XtkD2TUCq3S\nqvYrsgtnsiLHeuaMFDl5zo2ANXuP7IGMWqFVWtV+RXbhTFbkWM+ckSInz7kRsGbvkT2QUSu0\nSqvar8gunMmKHOuZM1Lk5Dk3AtbsPbIHMmqFVmlV+xXZhTNZkWM9c0aKnDznRsCavUf2QEat\n0Cqtar8iu3AmK3KsZ85IkZPn3AhYs/fIHsioFVqlVe1XZBfOZEWO9cwZKXLynBsBa/Ye2QMZ\ntUKrtKr9iuzCmazIsZ45I0VOnnMjYM3eI3sgo1ZolVa1X5FdOJMVOdYzZ6TIyXNuBKzZe2QP\nZNQKrdKq9iuyC2eyIsd65owUOXnOjYA1e4/sgYxaoVVa1X5FduFMVuRYz5yRIifPuRGwZu+R\nPZBRK7RKq9qvyC6cyYoc65kzUuTkOTcC1uw9sgcyaoVWaVX7FdmFM1mRYz1zRoqcPOdGwJq9\nR/ZARq3QKq1qvyK7cCYrcqxnzkiRk+fcCFiz98geyKgVWqVV7VdkF85kRY71zBkpcvKcGwFr\n9h7ZAxm1Qqu0qv2K7MKZrMixnjkjRU6ecyNgzd4jeyCjVmiVVrVfkV04kxU51jNnpMjJc24E\nrNl7ZA9k1Aqt0qr2K7ILZ7Iix3rmjBQ5ec6NgDV7j+yBjFqhVVrVfkV24UxW5FjPnJEiJ8+5\nEbBm75E9kFErtEqr2q/ILpzJihzrmTNS5OQ5NwLW7D2yBzJqhVZpVfsV2YUzWZFjPXNGipw8\n50bAmr1H9kBGrdAqrWq/IrtwJityrGfOSJGT59wIWLP3yB7IqBVapVXtV2QXzmRFjvXMGSly\n8pwbAWv2HtkDGbVCq7Sq/YrswpmsyLGeOSNFTp5zI2DN3iN7IKNWaJVWtV+RXTiTFTnWM2ek\nyMlzbgSs2XtkD2TUCq3SqvYrsgtnsiLHeuaMFDl5zo2ANXuP7IGMWqFVWtV+RXbhTFbkWM+c\nkSInz7kRsGbvkT2QUSu0Sqvar8gunMmKHOuZM1Lk5Dk3AtbsPbIHMmqFVmlV+xXZhTNZkWM9\nc0aKnDznRsCavUf2QEat0Cqtar8iu3AmK3KsZ85IkZPn3AhYs/fIHsioFVqlVe1XZBfOZEWO\n9cwZKXLynBsBa/Ye2QMZtUKrtKr9ivDCp3voXJFjPTM1FDl5zo2ANXuP7IGMWqFVWtV+RbXC\nu1XkWM98xYucPOdGwJq9R/ZARq3QKq1qv6Ja4d0qcqxnvuJFTp5zI2DN3iN7IKNWaJVWtV9R\nrfBuFTnWM1/xIifPuRGwZu+RPZBRK7RKq9qvqFZ4t4oc65mveJGT59wIWLP3yB7IqBVapVXt\nV1QrvFtFjvXMV7zIyXNuBKzZe2QPZNQKrdKq9iuqFd6tIsd65ite5OQ5NwLW7D2yBzJqhVZp\nVfsV1QrvVpFjPfMVL3LynBsBa/Ye2QMZtUKrtKr9imqFd6vIsZ75ihc5ec6NgDV7j+yBjFqh\nVVrVfkW1wrtV5FjPfMWLnDznRsCavUf2QEat0Cqtar+iWuHdKnKsZ77iRU6ecyNgzd4jeyCj\nVmiVVrVfUa3wbhU51jNf8SInz7kRsGbvkT2QUSu0Sqvar6hWeLeKHOuZr3iRk+fcfPt53/8Y\nhqvb5wf59FEErHYrMm8ErWq/Qqu6LbxbRY71zFe8yMlzbr77vO8v9v/99+unBxGwVlqReSNo\nVfsVWtVt4d0qcqxnvuJFTp5z893nfTP8ekxZvy6u9g8iYK20IvNG0Kr2K7Sq28K7VeRYz3zF\ni5w85+a7z/viaeHdxeWdgLXeiswbQavar9CqbgvvVpFjPfMVL3LynJvvPu+XTHV/dfVRwBoO\nzXh6Y7uv8LoUGcioFVqlVe1XVCu8W0WO9cxXvMrJM92KzR333WdxOdy//OrKV7BWW5F5I2hV\n+xVa1W3h3SpyrGe+4t2ePNv67rP4Nfx4/tXdcCVgrbUi80bQqvYrtKrbwrtV5FjPfMW7PXm2\n9e1ncfOaqm6/+GqcgNVuReaNoFXtV2hVt4V3q8ixnvmKd3vybOv7z+Lv9cuv7n4IWCutyLwR\ntKr9Cq3qtvBuFTnWM1/xbk+eba3wLASsdisybwStar9Cq7otvFtFjvXMV7zbk2dbAtbsPaoN\nZORVqFULrogqXMDqVpFjPfMV7/bk2ZaANXuPagMZeRVq1YIrogoXsLpV5FjPfMW7PXm2JWDN\n3qPaQEZehVq14IqowgWsbhU51jNf8W5Pnm0JWLP3qDaQkVehVi24IqpwAatbRY71zFe825Nn\nWwLW7D2qDWTkVahVC66IKlzA6laRYz3zFe/25NmWgDV7j2oDGXkVatWCK6IKF7C6VeRYz3zF\nuz15tiVgzd6j2kBGXoVateCKqMIFrG4VOdYzX/FuT55tCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKqcAGrW0WO\n9cxXvNuTZ1sC1uw9qg1k5FWoVQuuiCpcwOpWkWM98xXv9uTZloA1e49qAxl5FWrVgiuiChew\nulXkWM98xbs9ebYlYM3eo9pARl6FWrXgiqjCBaxuFTnWvzEj0yUXnvkG3JaANXuPagMZeRVq\n1YIrogoXsLpV5FjPnJFuT55tCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKqcAGrW0WO9cwZ6fbk2ZaANXuPagMZ\neRVq1YIrogoXsLpV5FjPnJFuT55tCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKqcAGrW0WO9cwZ6fbk2ZaANXuP\nagMZeRVq1YIrogoXsLpV5FjPnJFuT55tCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKqcAGrW0WO9cwZ6fbk2ZaA\nNXuPagMZeRVq1YIrogoXsLpV5FjPnJFuT55tCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKqcAGrW0WO9cwZ6fbk\n2ZaANXuPagMZeRVq1YIrogoXsLpV5FjPnJFuT55tCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKqcAGrW0WO9cwZ\n6fbk2ZaANXuPagMZeRVq1YIrogoXsLpV5FjPnJFuT55tCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKqcAGrW0WO\n9cwZ6fbk2ZaANXuPagMZeRVq1YIrogoXsLpV5FjPnJFuT55tCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKqcAGr\nW0WO9cwZ6fbk2ZaANXuPagMZeRVq1YIrogoXsLpV5FjPnJFuT55tCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKq\ncAFrmOyhliLHemZq6Pbk2ZaANXuPagMZeRVq1YIrogoXsE4vvIgix3pmauj25NmWgDV7j2oD\nGXkVatWCK6IKF7AErAUrLzJVkYVXaVVLAtbsPaoNZORVqFULrogqXMASsBasvMhURRZepVUt\nCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKqcAFLwFqw8iJTFVl4lVa1JGDN3qPaQEZehVq14IqowgUsAWvByotM\nVWThVVrVkoA1e49qAxl5FWrVgiuiChewBKwFKy8yVZGFV2lVSwLW7D2qDWTkVahVC66IKlzA\nErAWrLzIVEUWXqVVLQlYs/eoNpCRV6FWLbgiqnABS8BasPIiUxVZeJVWtSRgzd6j2kBGXoVa\nteCKqMIFLAFrwcqLTFVk4VVa1ZKANXuPagMZeRVq1YIrogoXsASsBSsvMlWRhVdpVUsC1uw9\nqg1k5FWoVQuuiCpcwBKwFqy8yFRFFl6lVS0JWLP3qDaQkVehVi24IqpwAUvAWrDyIlMVWXiV\nVrUkYM3eo9pARl6FWrXgiqjCBSwBa8HKi0xVZOFVWtWSgDV7j2oDGXkVatWCK6IKF7AErAUr\nLzJVkYVXaVVLAtbsPaoNZORVqFULrogqXMASsBasvMhURRZepVUtCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKq\ncAFLwFqw8iJTFVl4lVa1JGDN3qPaQEZehVq14IqowgUsAWvByotMVWThVVrVkoA1e49qAxl5\nFWrVgiuiChewBKwFKy8yVZGFV2lVSwLW7D2qDWTkVahVC66IKlzAErAWrLzIVEUWXqVVLQlY\ns/eoNpCRV6FWLbgiqnABS8BasPIiUxVZeJVWtSRgzd6j2kBGXoVateCKqMIFLAFrwcqLTFVk\n4VVa1ZKANXuPagMZeRVq1YIrogoXsASsBSsvMlWRhVdpVUsC1uw9qg1k5FWoVQuuiCpcwBKw\nFqy8yFRFFl6lVS0JWLP3qDaQkVehVi24IqpwAUvAWrDyIlMVWXiVVrUkYM3eo9pARl6FWrXg\niqjCBSwBa8HKi0xVZOFVWtWSgDV7j2oDGXkVatWCK6IKF7AErAUrLzJVkYVXaVVLAtbsPaoN\nZORVqFULrogqXMASsBasvMhURRZepVUtCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKqcAFLwFqw8iJTFVl4lVa1\nJGDN3qPaQEZehVq14IqowgUsAWvByotMVWThVVrVkoA1e49qAxl5FWrVgiuiChewBKwFKy8y\nVZGFV2lVSwLW7D2qDWTkVahVC66IKlzAErAWrLzIVEUWXqVVLQlYs/eoNpCRV6FWLbgiqnAB\nS8BasPIiUxVZeJVWtSRgzd6j2kBGXoVateCKqMIFLAFrwcqLTFVk4VVa1ZKANXuPagMZeRVq\n1YIrogoXsASsBSsvMlWRhVdpVUsC1uw9qg1k5FWoVQuuiCpcwBKwFqy8yFRFFl6lVS0JWLP3\nqDaQkVehVi24IqpwAUvAWrDyIlMVWXiVVrUkYM3eo9pARl6FWrXgiqjCBSwBa8HKi0xVZOFV\nWtWSgDV7j2oDGXkVatWCK6IKF7AErAUrLzJVkYVXaVVLAtbsPaoNZORVqFULrogqXMASsBas\nvMhURRZepVUtCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKqcAFLwFqw8iJTFVl4lVa1JGDN3qPaQEZehVq14Iqo\nWslHyAAAIABJREFUwgUsAWvByotMVWThVVrVkoA1e49qAxl5FWrVgiuiChewBKwFKy8yVZGF\nV2lVSwLW7D2qDWTkVahVC66IKlzAErAWrLzIVEUWXqVVLQlYs/eoNpCRV6FWLbgiqnABS8Ba\nsPIiUxVZeJVWtSRgzd6j2kBGXoVateCKqMIFLAFrwcqLTFVk4VVa1ZKANXuPagMZeRVq1YIr\nogoXsASsBSsvMlWRhVdpVUsC1uw9qg1k5FWoVQuuiCpcwBKwFqy8yFRFFl6lVS0JWLP3qDaQ\nkVehVi24IqpwAUvAWrDyIlMVWXiVVrUkYM3eo9pARl6FWrXgiqjCBSwBa8HKi0xVZOFVWtWS\ngDV7j2oDGXkVatWCK6IKF7AErAUrLzJVkYVXaVVLAtbsPaoNZORVqFULrogqXMASsBasvMhU\nRRZepVUtCViz96g2kJFXoVYtuCKqcAFLwFqw8iJTFVl4lVa1JGDN3qPaQEZehVq14IqowgUs\nAWvByotMVWThVVrVkoA1e49qAxl5FWrVgiuiChewBKwFKy8yVZGFV2lVSwLW7D2qDWTkVahV\nC66IKlzAErAWrLzIVEUWXqVVLQlYs/eoNpCRV6FWLbgiqnABS8BasPIiUxVZeJVWtSRgzd6j\n2kBGXoVateCKqMIFLAFrwcqLTFVk4VVa1ZKANXuPagMZeRVq1YIrogoXsASsBSsvMlWRhVdp\nVUsC1uw9qg1k5FWoVQuuiCpcwBKwFqy8yFRFFl6lVS0JWLP3qDaQkVehVi24IqpwAUvAWrDy\nIlMVWXiVVrUkYM3eo9pARl6FWrXgiqjCBSwBa8HKi0xVZOFVWtWSgDV7j2oDGXkVatWCK6IK\nF7AErAUrLzJVkYVXaVVLAtbsPaoNZORVqFULrogqXMASsBasvMhURRZepVUtCViz96g2kJFX\noVYtuCKqcAFLwFqw8iJTFVl4lVa1JGDN3qPaQEZehVq14IqowgUsAWvByotMVWThVVrVkoA1\ne49qAxl5FWrVgiuiChewvlH4ZA/Jihzrmamh25NnWwLW7D2qDWTkVahVC66IKlzAWmNGIhU5\n1jNTQ7cnz7YErNl7VBvIzBtBq5ZbEVW4gCVgLVhHkamKLLxKq1oSsGbvUW0gM28ErVpuRVTh\nApaAtWAdRaYqsvAqrWpJwJq9R7WBzLwRtGq5FVGFC1gC1oJ1FJmqyMKrtKolAWv2HtUGMvNG\n0KrlVkQVLmAJWAvWUWSqIguv0qqWBKzZe1QbyMwbQauWWxFVuIAlYC1YR5Gpiiy8SqtaErBm\n71FtIDNvBK1abkVU4QKWgLVgHUWmKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gcy8EbRquRVRhQtYAtaCdRSZqsjC\nq7SqJQFr9h7VBjLzRtCq5VZEFS5gCVgL1lFkqiILr9KqlgSs2XtUG8jMG0GrllsRVbiAJWAt\nWEeRqYosvEqrWhKwZu9RbSAzbwStWm5FVOECloC1YB1Fpiqy8CqtaknAmr1HtYHMvBG0arkV\nUYULWALWgnUUmarIwqu0qiUBa/Ye1QYy80bQquVWRBUuYAlYC9ZRZKoiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvI\nzBtBq5ZbEVW4gCVgLVhHkamKLLxKq1oSsGbvUW0gM28ErVpuRVThApaAtWAdRaYqsvAqrWpJ\nwJq9R7WBzLwRtGq5FVGFC1gC1oJ1FJmqyMKrtKolAWv2HtUGMvNG0KrlVkQVLmAJWAvWUWSq\nIguv0qqWBKzZe1QbyMwbQauWWxFVuIAlYC1YR5Gpiiy8SqtaErBm71FtIDNvBK1abkVU4QKW\ngLVgHUWmKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gcy8EbRquRVRhQtYAtaCdRSZqsjCq7SqJQFr9h7VBjLzRtCq\n5VZEFS5gCVgL1lFkqiILr9KqlgSs2XtUG8jMG0GrllsRVbiAJWAtWEeRqYosvEqrWhKwZu9R\nbSAzbwStWm5FVOECloC1YB1Fpiqy8CqtaknAmr1HtYHMvBG0arkVUYULWALWgnUUmarIwqu0\nqiUBa/Ye1QYy80bQquVWRBUuYAlYC9ZRZKoiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIzBtBq5ZbEVW4gCVgLVhH\nkamKLLxKq1oSsGbvUW0gM28ErVpuRVThApaAtWAdRaYqsvAqrWpJwJq9R7WBzLwRtGq5FVGF\nC1gC1oJ1FJmqyMKrtKolAWv2HtUGMvNG0KrlVkQVLmAJWAvWUWSqIguv0qqWBKzZe1QbyMwb\nQauWWxFVuIAlYC1YR5Gpiiy8SqtaWiNg/fff0y/afXzq8n///e/Lj8O39xkmPf7uhfy3btLn\n/+8bdQzPz2uYWvduxX6fYeLn/6tjOL2OqZ8/PJxax+vrN7mO4dTXb0Ydp8/hMPHzX1+/VeZw\n6udXm8MFX79V5vDb58jM83epj1PrnlHHyedI5hyeXn+391nzOT3JCgHrv+cn1vDj8+vy3/++\n/Dh8e59h0uM/fXxZd+rnT65jeH5ew9S69+fD00CuUMfUzx8eTq3j9fWbXMewwus3nPr6vdYx\nnPr6rTKHUz+/2hwu+PqtMoffPkcWOpfnfpxa94w6Tj5HMufw9Poj53Clc6Tpx9P4K8LZe1T7\nkmrm32lo1XIrogr3V4T+inDBOopMVWThVVrVkoA1e49qA5l5I2jVciuiChewBKwF6ygyVZGF\nV2lVSwLW7D2qDWTmjaBVy62IKlzAErAWrKPIVEUWXqVVLQlYs/eoNpCZN4JWLbciqnABS8Ba\nsI4iUxVZeJVWtSRgzd6j2kBm3ghatdyKqMIFLAFrwTqKTFVk4VVa1ZKANXuPagOZeSNo1XIr\nogoXsASsBesoMlWRhVdpVUsC1uw9qg1k5o2gVcutiCpcwBKwFqyjyFRFFl6lVS0JWLP3qDaQ\nmTeCVi23IqpwAUvAWrCOIlMVWXiVVrUkYM3eo9pAZt4IWrXciqjCBSwBa8E6ikxVZOFVWtWS\ngDV7j2oDmXkjaNVyK6IKF7AErAXrKDJVkYVXaVVLAtbsPaoNZOaNoFXLrYgqXMASsBaso8hU\nRRZepVUtCViz96g2kJk3glYttyKqcAFLwFqwjiJTFVl4lVa1JGDN3qPaQGbeCFq13IqowgUs\nAWvBOopMVWThVVrVkoA1e49qA5l5I2jVciuiChewBKwF6ygyVZGFV2lVSwLW7D2qDWTmjaBV\ny62IKlzAErAWrKPIVEUWXqVVLQlYs/eoNpCZN4JWLbciqnABS8BasI4iUxVZeJVWtSRgzd6j\n2kBm3ghatdyKqMIFrFVmZLKH9RQ51jNTQ7cnz7YErNl7VBvI0BthsSeVuUKrFD51QZWveRU5\n1jNTQ+RUZbaqJQFr9h7VBrLIjRBVuFZFtiqqjOwZWUORYz0zNUROVWarWhKwZu9RbSCL3AhR\nhWtVZKuiysiekTUUOdYzU0PkVGW2qiUBa/Ye1QayyI0QVbhWRbYqqozsGVlDkWM9MzVETlVm\nq1oSsGbvUW0gi9wIUYVrVWSrosrInpE1FDnWM1ND5FRltqolAWv2HtUGssiNEFW4VkW2KqqM\n7BlZQ5FjPTM1RE5VZqtaErBm71FtIIvcCFGFa1Vkq6LKyJ6RNRQ51jNTQ+RUZbaqJQFr9h7V\nBrLIjRBVuFZFtiqqjOwZWUORYz0zNUROVWarWhKwZu9RbSCL3AhRhWtVZKuiysiekTUUOdYz\nU0PkVGW2qiUBa/Ye1QayyI0QVbhWRbYqqozsGVlDkWM9MzVETlVmq1oSsGbvUW0gi9wIUYVr\nVWSrosrInpE1FDnWM1ND5FRltqolAWv2HtUGssiNEFW4VkW2KqqM7BlZQ5FjPTM1RE5VZqta\nErBm71FtIIvcCFGFa1Vkq6LKyJ6RNRQ51jNTQ+RUZbaqJQFr9h7VBrLIjRBVuFZFtiqqjOwZ\nWUORYz0zNUROVWarWvrusxiOLbHFZw+5Qpe7HcgiN0JU4VoV2aqoMrJnZA1FjvXM1BA5VZmt\naum7z+LX5wFrcvr6HgN5niu0Sqvar1C4gNV+j+ypiiy8Sqta+vaz+HtxtfQWnzzkCl3udiCL\n3AhRhWtVZKuiysiekTUUOdYzU0PkVGW2qqXvP4u/w83SW4w/5Apd7nYgi9wIUYVrVWSrosrI\nnpE1FDnWM1ND5FRltqqlGc/i1/B36S1GH3KFLnc7kEVuhKjCtSqyVVFlZM/IGooc65mpIXKq\nMlvV0grPQsBqtyLqfM++EaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2K\nbFVUGdkzsoYix3pmaoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcpsVUsC\n1uw9qg1kkRshqnCtimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZWRPSNr\nKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoNZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOyhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN3qPaQBa5\nEaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkzsoYix3pmaoic\nqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1kkRshqnCtimxV\nVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZWRPSNrKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbs\nPaoNZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOyhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN3qPaQBa5EaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhy\nrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkzsoYix3pmaoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGi\nCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1kkRshqnCtimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrM\nVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZWRPSNrKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoNZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ\n2TOyhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN3qPaQBa5EaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2q\nDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkzsoYix3pmaoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxn\npobIqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1kkRshqnCtimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrX\nqshWRZWRPSNrKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoNZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOyhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1\nJGDN3qPaQBa5EaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkz\nsoYix3pmaoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1k\nkRshqnCtimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZWRPSNrKHKsZ6aG\nyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoNZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOyhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN3qPaQBa5EaIK16rI\nVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkzsoYix3pmaoicqsxWtSRg\nzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1kkRshqnCtimxVVBnZM7KG\nIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZWRPSNrKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoNZJEb\nIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOyhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN3qPaQBa5EaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsip\nymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkzsoYix3pmaoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZF\nlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1kkRshqnCtimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3e\no9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZWRPSNrKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoNZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOyhiLH\nemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN3qPaQBa5EaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGq\ncK2KbFVUGdkzsoYix3pmaoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcps\nVUsC1uw9qg1kkRshqnCtimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZWR\nPSNrKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoNZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOyhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN3qPa\nQBa5EaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkzsoYix3pm\naoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1kkRshqnCt\nimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZWRPSNrKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVL\nAtbsPaoNZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOyhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN3qPaQBa5EaIK16rIVkWVkT0j\nayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkzsoYix3pmaoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAW\nuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1kkRshqnCtimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqI\nnKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZWRPSNrKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoNZJEbIapwrYps\nVVQZ2TOyhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN3qPaQBa5EaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW\n7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkzsoYix3pmaoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2so\ncqxnpobIqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1kkRshqnCtimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkR\nogrXqshWRZWRPSNrKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoNZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOyhiLHemZqiJyq\nzFa1JGDN3qPaQBa5EaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVU\nGdkzsoYix3pmaoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcpsVUsC1uw9\nqg1kkRshqnCtimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZWRPSNrKHKs\nZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoNZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOyhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN3qPaQBa5EaIK\n16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkzsoYix3pmaoicqsxW\ntSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1kkRshqnCtimxVVBnZ\nM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZWRPSNrKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoN\nZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOyhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN3qPaQBa5EaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGem\nhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkzsoYix3pmaoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteq\nyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1kkRshqnCtimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUk\nYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZWRPSNrKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoNZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOy\nhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN3qPaQBa5EaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSR\nGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkzsoYix3pmaoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobI\nqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1kkRshqnCtimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshW\nRZWRPSNrKHKsZ6aGyKnKbFVLAtbsPaoNZJEbIapwrYpsVVQZ2TOyhiLHemZqiJyqzFa1JGDN\n3qPaQBa5EaIK16rIVkWVkT0jayhyrGemhsipymxVSwLW7D2qDWSRGyGqcK2KbFVUGdkzsoYi\nx3pmaoicqsxWtSRgzd6j2kAWuRGiCteqyFZFlZE9I2socqxnpobIqcpsVUsC1uw9qg1kkRsh\nqnCtimxVVBnZM7KGIsd6ZmqInKrMVrUkYM3eo9pAFrkRogrXqshWRZURPiPTPXxXkWM9MzVk\nTtXUBQLWqlsYyPNcoVVa1X6FwiNbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wn\ni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2Roha\noVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCa\nvUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKn\nKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCp\nCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvI\nbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/S\nqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wn\ni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2Roha\noVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCa\nvUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKn\nKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCp\nCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvI\nbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/S\nqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wn\ni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2Roha\noVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCa\nvUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKn\nKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCp\nCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvI\nbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/S\nqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wn\ni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2Roha\noVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCa\nvUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKn\nKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCp\nCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvI\nbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/S\nqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wn\ni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2Roha\noVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCa\nvUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKn\nKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvIbm+EqBVapfCp\nCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6oiC6/SqpYErNl7VBvI\nbm+EqBVapfCpCzJbdbqoPbKnKrLwKq1qScCavUe1gez2RohaoVUKn7ogs1Wni9oje6qCgppk\nAAAQEklEQVQiC6/Sqpa+/yz+/Lwedq5v/iy1xfhDrtDlbgey2xshaoVWKXzqgsxWnS5qj+yp\niiy8Sqta+u6zuL8c/rlaZIvPHnKFLnc7kN3eCFErtErhUxdktup0UXtkT1Vk4VVa1dJ3n8XN\ncPH77/5Xd7cXw80SW3z2kCt0uduB7PZGiFqhVQqfuiCzVaeL2iN7qiILr9Kqlr77LC6Gv6+/\n/jtcLLHFZw+5Qpe7Hchub4SoFVql8KkLMlt1uqg9sqcqsvAqrWrpu89iGMb+4fl3Dnxzi093\nn2yFFac/q2+vmL4gc4VWnbpAqyYvUPiCK6YvyFyhVacuqNKqba3wFSwAgL7M+B6s27v9r778\nHiwAgL58++toVwdfi7u8b/mUAADO2/f/ovLPzf7nYF1c//zi52ABAPQl4zvBAAAKEbAAABoT\nsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAa\nE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAAGhOwAAAaE7AAABoTsAAA\nGju7gDW82v369TcPPuPX5XBxc3/4qS23fbvbiL8/LoYft8dLL8c++eL6193+F3e/ri8OS/xk\np2G4ffnFxKf0/LgXP+5el01fMOk5Pbq/uRyGq1//ntnD7TDcfLHD5f7lmrTg4bC1P4brl9+8\nHn58scnLa7d39eezHUYqGffmQe9/XT/+4/WvKYtOmKmXz5r2Srx5e3z8Xvn0OR21YMIWU5t7\nsGhqKS81nFr6n4M33eXLO+bjBe+H5PO335uXfNeqlzkeczxSEyo52mRq7RfDxZvP/7KOf2/A\nKVv8+9NpQ3W6t2O1++VXx8K8jSYfofsPX78xHt6e0BNH5PjiOOWpneZlSKY8+JtZ/7r4N/fZ\nhFfwgxVfTOLxdE88eTZQL2Dd7P/w4v7fp158+EDf3PZh0rzfPB9cd4dLf37y4E/x4Mcw+R55\nLevUgPW48G7iioMFk57T45vvYnht/9MWj79zNfEpTVlw3NrL4fl9/ms8vX4YsIbhq7fi+0o+\n8fKgf/f/dHtxVNWXTys1YB21YMIWU5u7YsB6vEhensvdp+fAmxfjy13elPr75R8/yXBvR2pC\nJUdzNbH225dnMalbL5/w8gacssUmAeurY2HmRicFrAlvjIe3J/S0EXlzcZzy1E5yO7yNf584\nnvVJp8LRfTbhFfxgxReTeDzdb96OQc4wYH3w64Pf/Dv8uN9duK9f0Lht0vQPtx31c7h4HN/7\nnwdX7P3F+Pn++IZ6+sOLy8lvquElsJ0SsPZP5Gr//yOmBayDBZPW/BiuHiu+O9ji6ot7bfe/\nj59/9TBtwXFr/w7DvsF3L9nmk02Ofn3z5Wn9vpIvy3h+0MfD68du5P5cf17J0YOeFrCmfO43\nA9bBPxy1YMIWU5t7/AwmVnPabfP6ST9fn/zNp18AOfXFOC519//Nd626+fT6PGmkDna5OXh3\nfO3HcHPw1dxpk3v0Bpz4rI5+tXzA+uJYmLvRSS/IhDfGw9sTetqIHJ1uCwasgyGZ9v9tHl7H\ncNKp8OY++/IV/HjFl9526OtjfXXlAtb1cPw79xfXDw2cFLDuXoLVj39H3fUnOe/xvbcPCH8f\nP04PWJfDvy/7nHLr3O8HfXrAel4wac0w3D+teHlSv54j0Oc7PP/1zYQFb1r78+kddTX+1cGH\nj1+7L0t5V8nnn3zw4eL1BP0xTPrrtUnP5+Cz1gpYRy2YsMXU5q4ZsF5n9/FlmTKIU7c4KvX+\n9dK8/fz/2J8wUoe7nPSyPxZ8MT02vH8DTn5WD6e+KNO9H6svjoXZG530gkx4Yzy8OaGnjcjx\n6bZgwDoYkskBa3rx7+6zL1/BD1dMKONth9p3aq64J/SVrwLW29+5Hr74S+8Z2465ebnv71+/\nD+f3Z/9v5/HNt7+Kfw2/TwhYf5++A+nk43r6irdjO/29+PIPf7/4ivjL59/u49KEBW9bu49W\nPz//Py7fDFhj/zD+yfvL/Pe/bwy7u/nsi6dnELBO2yIxYD0OyNM8/Zk+IycHrH9fJnucz/FM\nffoLfjhXExu1O2huht9Tt3n3Bpz+rB5OfVGmezdWXx0Lszc6MWBNe+yDE3raiByfbssFrMMh\nOT1gffnw7+6zL1/Bj1ZMIGC1Ny1g3b8cp38bfWfkSQHr6t1fWN199j1Cu/9TsH8rXg93JwSs\nx/+b8+f/7d3hdqo4FAbQqm1tXa1dvv/LjiJgQpGc2Oi0d+39Z3qnhEASwocgPVzmoLJ+oXt+\ngvX69HK5TDkuvi40/7DGr659AgWmTXtqsK/C1e1M35U/S57uyaLz788z59JHlVc361cGrKwJ\nAlVEG/ehAWs3PtwRSvrRKrJdfb4Myo+n6x+YVw2pZKH+jBxrqM1x+CVhMhqwxgMwvFXZT/cO\nWKVp4ccVVXZI8cA4TGbo2BDJZ7f7Bax0kIQDVn9Yh2aFyfms2INzJQKmLeQW4c+lD79dH4Fv\nw3Ta6AOsQ/rIXbHzvy+wKd2fWHf7s4ofVF2wGCfFitmh4hmQrECszOb0RZmPYfGXp0LzT2fS\neIHB29N26VODc5m079Lnhpfke7K8bL/O18iy3zarekKJPeycLFcTsNJVp00QqCLauA8NWMOt\nkEKxSWcUGzjb1ejVVz6kAp2YjqtYifPF0Go8iqIB65B3YKzMwwJWcVr4cUV146p8YBwmM3Rs\niEyPjOiRXikbJJGAlR3WkVlhcj4r9uBMiaqRGJ/WH+3fDFj74cGrz4Vv799U7VxtMwtP/sd2\nOQIcl3/trileqgLWMVy8jXNQYZPORc5CX4z7ViBYZnf6Hsjq8jWm5SfgZub3YIHR8XgvXLbM\nnDs3gQMx25NQDZvkbFueH57y7Spv0MMDVtoEgSqijfvYgHW+FbJ4i/5wc8DafE43aXHzpgdH\nqRMntQRKnPfzco/w3whYxWnhxxVVjqvigXGYzNC/KmBlgyQcsMbDOjArTM5nxR6cLxEficGZ\n53/wBwPWzM+TfvhaDafc11a37sNz6NwCn+V7Ju9P22MMe68LWMfU/1UdsG57D1Zom3of21X/\n0fhq+3R5HGS+hvSHmgKjr+LV7be+WxemxtFlTyI17LqFKwLWtX8UikTn26xxowFr+n+GJghU\nEW3cxwas88H3/a79wjYFqsh2tWZyiA6pZGW7ihLrbtHP8YmE2oAVqOJ/CFjFaeHHFdWPq+UD\nY1h2mKFvC1g1m1YhGySRgHWYHtbFWSE/nxV7cKZEZEfyFgpP64/0zwSs9Hy2GR94WrXav6qA\ndbnhvuvO/evlF6acVrg/ngZO9xHrAtaY+Gtnh2jAWv73VZ/9R+O703tNIl/e2ndnwUCBadNG\ntupb333Ev5L0GXo2pf99dy5Pn8H6BwJWerYuVBFt3McGrO4c97X4DOR0rdGANexqkt4+yx+1\nxIZUuiGf/dFRLrAfr/z32RpKNYwHYGCj/oeAVZwWflzRLVPo0oFxGIfIeYaODZF8drtX6+aD\nJBiwpod1YVbIz2fFHpwpEdmTvIUqpvXH+dMBq/8abPcI+SVg7deboZ0D090N1RY7fzt8GeT8\nIumX0tXXaYWrp+7OeF3AOh2RvylgzX2gsfjp3VDg/fJc2HKBSdPWbdXh0mylcVF3ZT/8/vTf\n9+hbiB4bsNJjJbZNkaE410zFxn1wwHrrLo2Lr92u26RsV7OviC28Tjj9oWo3wiW247lzO6m0\nUMN7/OVcyVKxQVUvX29gWrjVTQErOBSzGTo2RPLZ7V4BKx8kwYA1jPXorJCdz4o9OF+iaLIx\n5Wn98f50wBreM/SWPmm1S/rxrTSv3lRtsfPH15lsTvXvis+BnVbYv/qtMmAdZ6DfFLCe+/ZO\nvqi4X3iD/WWN68tNkOUCedPGtup7330Wn4ac2ZNyDcPDo8Mn1csvynlswJo9Vha3KW+CQBXR\nxn1wwDp9erWuuY0cD1j9rsZeclQ3pNINiZf4lniiAWsdvwuZLBUbVPXy9QamhVvdFLAiB8a4\nwn6GrnwP1ubpjq9pmImvi7KxHp0VsvNZsQfnSxRNWqg8rT/enw5Yu6eut9/TN+Tv05z83KzB\nqwLWcaycbgfvu1d5L73CPVnh6S8pvFcHrO5qJLRJ04XuErA+jh1ynD0+zunnvPj70qjvJ6Hs\nRdKLBbKmDW7VTN8Vr3Xm9qRUQ//K++OofO7e5P66/FeaHhuw5o6V5W3KmyBQRbRxHxywTm9o\nCF3j1GxSvqvJa7qvf1hdN6SSWuJ/e+Hyif1wSyp4nXbjm9xjg6pevt7ItHCjmwJW5MC4rLCf\noUNDJJ/d7hSwJoMkGrD6sR6dFbLzWbEHr5QIbll8Wn+8Pxiwku8X9H+5Kf2G0Ev69YPihWtF\ntfM/X7E5b8PpT0ptsy2+uvL9+ZZ4bcA6rPpTW9W3f4IlqgPW2CHpdP2yeLe+f5B+HyyQNW1w\nq2b67qs4W8/tyUIN/W50w+1j+FuEy6f1bFyEOnCcfGqWHn6YOVYK25Q1QaSKYOPmW3+ngJVU\nkfzhtWKBrDMWqprs6m4osPQwwGRIBToxG1eBEpfv9OzGdzssrP7w/QCMjKyZIdL6LVXZekPT\nwm2yTg8tn25d7HVv5xk6NkSy2e1OAWsySMo9no/14KyQnc+KPThTIjYSZzfxN/nbAeuwez7+\n8Lyb+/35H+2qnf/5mvfjhm26Q2ldHivdb1Z1Vy3D73e/KmB1fwy+3/Fx8fX1oNEfq5MHRhYK\nHNKmDW7VXN+9Fq915vbkeg3dSep1iPPvz6ey2+VHLrNxEerAHwWsmWOlsE1ZE0SqCDZuvvX3\nD1j9oRUqUBmwxl392h6P8/V2+XouH1KBTszGVaBE8mF5/2Ns5F4OwNi0cFkmMqhuka43Ni3c\nJOv00PLdf8oHRrLC3XD2jwyRdHa7U8CaDJJyj0/GenBWSM9nxR6cKVF1gopP64/25wIWAMBv\nJ2ABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEA\nNCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmAB\nADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZg\nAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQm\nYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0\nJmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEA\nNCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmABADQmYAEANCZgAQA0JmAB\nADQmYAEANCZgAQA09h9VFOXdWmHt3wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==",
      "text/plain": [
       "Plot with title \"Increase in the share of the population aged 65 years or over between 2009 and 2019\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "barplot(t(data[,2]), col = \"orange\", ylim=c(0,6), ylab= \"percentage points\", \n",
    "        main = \"Increase in the share of the population aged 65 years or over between 2009 and 2019\", \n",
    "        cex.main=1, names.arg=row.names(data), cex.names=1)\n",
    "\n",
    "grid(NA,5,lwd=2,col=\"lightgrey\")\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Median age is highest in Italy\n",
    " \n",
    "### Figure 6: Median age of population, 2009 and 2019\n",
    "\n",
    "Select the part of the dataset regarding the *median age* of each country and divide it into two subsets:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dt2019 <- dataset[dataset$indic_de==\"MEDAGEPOP\"&dataset$time==2019,]\n",
    "dt2009 <- dataset[dataset$indic_de==\"MEDAGEPOP\"&dataset$time==2009,]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Rename the variable `values` for the two dataset:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "names(dt2019)[4] <- \"values2019\"\n",
    "names(dt2009)[4] <- \"values2009\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- **Merge** the two dataset into a new one, with respect to the variable `geo`.\n",
    "- Delete the columns not necessary for the analysis.\n",
    "- **Order** the dataset with respect to the values of *2019*."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A data.table: 6 × 3</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>geo</th><th scope=col>values2019</th><th scope=col>values2009</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>IT</td><td>46.7</td><td>43.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>DE</td><td>46.0</td><td>43.7</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PT</td><td>45.2</td><td>40.8</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>EL</td><td>44.9</td><td>40.7</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BG</td><td>44.5</td><td>42.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>LI</td><td>44.2</td><td>40.3</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.table: 6 × 3\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{lll}\n",
       " geo & values2019 & values2009\\\\\n",
       " <fct> & <dbl> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t IT & 46.7 & 43.0\\\\\n",
       "\t DE & 46.0 & 43.7\\\\\n",
       "\t PT & 45.2 & 40.8\\\\\n",
       "\t EL & 44.9 & 40.7\\\\\n",
       "\t BG & 44.5 & 42.0\\\\\n",
       "\t LI & 44.2 & 40.3\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.table: 6 × 3\n",
       "\n",
       "| geo &lt;fct&gt; | values2019 &lt;dbl&gt; | values2009 &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| IT | 46.7 | 43.0 |\n",
       "| DE | 46.0 | 43.7 |\n",
       "| PT | 45.2 | 40.8 |\n",
       "| EL | 44.9 | 40.7 |\n",
       "| BG | 44.5 | 42.0 |\n",
       "| LI | 44.2 | 40.3 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  geo values2019 values2009\n",
       "1 IT  46.7       43.0      \n",
       "2 DE  46.0       43.7      \n",
       "3 PT  45.2       40.8      \n",
       "4 EL  44.9       40.7      \n",
       "5 BG  44.5       42.0      \n",
       "6 LI  44.2       40.3      "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data2 <- merge(x=dt2019, y=dt2009, by=\"geo\")\n",
    "data2 <- data2[,-c(2,3,5,6)]\n",
    "data2 <- data2[order(data2[,2],decreasing=T),]\n",
    "head(data2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Transform the dataset into a `matrix` (notice that now the matrix has *char* values):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A matrix: 6 × 3 of type chr</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>geo</th><th scope=col>values2019</th><th scope=col>values2009</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>IT</th><td>IT</td><td>46.7</td><td>43.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>DE</th><td>DE</td><td>46.0</td><td>43.7</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>PT</th><td>PT</td><td>45.2</td><td>40.8</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>EL</th><td>EL</td><td>44.9</td><td>40.7</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>BG</th><td>BG</td><td>44.5</td><td>42.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>LI</th><td>LI</td><td>44.2</td><td>40.3</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A matrix: 6 × 3 of type chr\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n",
       "  & geo & values2019 & values2009\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tIT & IT & 46.7 & 43.0\\\\\n",
       "\tDE & DE & 46.0 & 43.7\\\\\n",
       "\tPT & PT & 45.2 & 40.8\\\\\n",
       "\tEL & EL & 44.9 & 40.7\\\\\n",
       "\tBG & BG & 44.5 & 42.0\\\\\n",
       "\tLI & LI & 44.2 & 40.3\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A matrix: 6 × 3 of type chr\n",
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | geo | values2019 | values2009 |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| IT | IT | 46.7 | 43.0 |\n",
       "| DE | DE | 46.0 | 43.7 |\n",
       "| PT | PT | 45.2 | 40.8 |\n",
       "| EL | EL | 44.9 | 40.7 |\n",
       "| BG | BG | 44.5 | 42.0 |\n",
       "| LI | LI | 44.2 | 40.3 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   geo values2019 values2009\n",
       "IT IT  46.7       43.0      \n",
       "DE DE  46.0       43.7      \n",
       "PT PT  45.2       40.8      \n",
       "EL EL  44.9       40.7      \n",
       "BG BG  44.5       42.0      \n",
       "LI LI  44.2       40.3      "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data2<-as.matrix(data2, rownames=data2$geo)\n",
    "head(data2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Use the function `which` to know the index of the rows of specific countries: European Union, United Kingdom, EFTA Members, or Candidate Members."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "11"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "11"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "11"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 11"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "28"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "28"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "28"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 28"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style>\n",
       ".list-inline {list-style: none; margin:0; padding: 0}\n",
       ".list-inline>li {display: inline-block}\n",
       ".list-inline>li:not(:last-child)::after {content: \"\\00b7\"; padding: 0 .5ex}\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<ol class=list-inline><li>6</li><li>19</li><li>30</li><li>37</li></ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 19\n",
       "\\item 30\n",
       "\\item 37\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 6\n",
       "2. 19\n",
       "3. 30\n",
       "4. 37\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1]  6 19 30 37"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style>\n",
       ".list-inline {list-style: none; margin:0; padding: 0}\n",
       ".list-inline>li {display: inline-block}\n",
       ".list-inline>li:not(:last-child)::after {content: \"\\00b7\"; padding: 0 .5ex}\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<ol class=list-inline><li>12</li><li>32</li><li>33</li><li>36</li><li>38</li></ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 32\n",
       "\\item 33\n",
       "\\item 36\n",
       "\\item 38\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 12\n",
       "2. 32\n",
       "3. 33\n",
       "4. 36\n",
       "5. 38\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 12 32 33 36 38"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "which(data2 %in% \"EU27_2020\")\n",
    "which(data2 %in% \"UK\")\n",
    "which(data2 %in% c(\"LI\",\"CH\",\"NO\",\"IS\"))\n",
    "which(data2 %in% c(\"TR\",\"RS\",\"MK\",\"ME\",\"AL\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Delete from the dataset the column referring to the countries (this information is already contained in the row indexes)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data2 <- data2[,-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Change the *class* of the matrix into a numeric one:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A matrix: 6 × 2 of type dbl</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>values2019</th><th scope=col>values2009</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>IT</th><td>46.7</td><td>43.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>DE</th><td>46.0</td><td>43.7</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>PT</th><td>45.2</td><td>40.8</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>EL</th><td>44.9</td><td>40.7</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>BG</th><td>44.5</td><td>42.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>LI</th><td>44.2</td><td>40.3</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A matrix: 6 × 2 of type dbl\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       "  & values2019 & values2009\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tIT & 46.7 & 43.0\\\\\n",
       "\tDE & 46.0 & 43.7\\\\\n",
       "\tPT & 45.2 & 40.8\\\\\n",
       "\tEL & 44.9 & 40.7\\\\\n",
       "\tBG & 44.5 & 42.0\\\\\n",
       "\tLI & 44.2 & 40.3\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A matrix: 6 × 2 of type dbl\n",
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | values2019 | values2009 |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| IT | 46.7 | 43.0 |\n",
       "| DE | 46.0 | 43.7 |\n",
       "| PT | 45.2 | 40.8 |\n",
       "| EL | 44.9 | 40.7 |\n",
       "| BG | 44.5 | 42.0 |\n",
       "| LI | 44.2 | 40.3 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   values2019 values2009\n",
       "IT 46.7       43.0      \n",
       "DE 46.0       43.7      \n",
       "PT 45.2       40.8      \n",
       "EL 44.9       40.7      \n",
       "BG 44.5       42.0      \n",
       "LI 44.2       40.3      "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class(data2) <- \"numeric\"\n",
    "head(data2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Merge the dataset by row, creating a new matrix divided into subgroups (*EU, EU members, EFTA members, Candidate countries*), with respect to their indexes in the dataset"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data2 <- rbind(data2[11,], 0, data2[-c(11,28,6,19,30,37,12,32,33,36,38),],0,data2[28,],0, data2[c(6,19,30,37), ], 0, data2[c(12,32,33,36,38),])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Rename the rows of the \"one member\" groups"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "rownames(data2)[1] <- \"EU-27\"\n",
    "rownames(data2)[31] <- \"UK\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Plot the graph with the function `barplot` (we cannot use `gglot` because we are dealing with matrices):\n",
    "- select the dataset and apply a table `t` function, in this way the data are correctly set for the barplot,\n",
    "- `ylim`: expand the y axis,\n",
    "- `col`: define the colour of the bars (with respect to *2009* and *2019*,\n",
    "- `main`/`cex.main`: title of the plot (`main`) and the size of the font (`cex.main`),\n",
    "- `names.arg`/`cex.names`: put the name of the country as the name of each bar and define their sizes,\n",
    "- add a `legend` function,\n",
    "- add a `grid` to compare more easily the values."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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tnxI7EgAgELAABgBJ4XsDb5qhuSjr/b+afZJqmzG97aTyRdb39NIa8Q3gUBCwAA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Q4zOG0zJqP/MgDQSDVTIEmRhdEaQ9o4iu\n8GEz6lXo8RnDaRm1n3mQBoLBKhmCTIyuCNKeUURX+LAZ9Sr0+IzhtIzazzxIA8FglQxBJkZX\nBGnPKKIrfNiMehV6fMZwWkbtZx6kgWCwSoYgE6MrgrRnFNEVPmxGvQo9PmM4LaP2Mw/SQDBY\nJUOQidEVQdoziugKHzajXoUenzGcllH7mQdpIBiskiHIxOiKIO0ZRXSFD5tRr0KPzxhOy6j9\nzIM0EAxWyRBkYnRFkPaMIrrCh82oV6HHZwynZdR+5kEaCAarZAgyMboiSHtGEV3hw2bUq9Dj\nM4bTMmo/8yANBINVMgSZGF0RpD2jiK7wYTPqVejxGcNpGbWfeZAGgsEqGYJMjK4I0p5RRFf4\nsBn1KvT4jOG0jNrPPEgDwWCVDEEmRlcEac8ooit82Ix6FXp8xnBaRu1nHqSBYLBKhiAToyuC\ntGcU0RU+bEa9Cj0+Yzgto/YzD9JAMFglQ5CJ0RVB2jOK6AofNqNehR6fMZyWUfuZB2kgGKyS\nIcjE6Iog7RlFdIUPm1GvQo/PGE7LqP3MgzQQDFbJEGRidEWQ9owiusKHzahXocdnDKdl1H7m\nQRoIBqtkCDIxuiJIe0YRXeHDZtSr0OMzhtMyaj/zIA0Eg1UyBJkYXRGkPaOIrvBhM+pV6PEZ\nw2kZtZ95kAaCwSoZgkyMrgjSnlFEV/iwGfUq9PiM4bSM2s88SAPBYJUMQSZGVwRpzyiiK3zY\njHoVenzGcFpG7WcepIFgsEqGIBOjK4K0ZxTRFT5sRr0KPT5jOC2j9jMP0kAwWCVDkInRFUHa\nM4roCh82o16FHp8xnJZR+5kHaSAYrJIhyMToiiDtGUV0hQ+bUa9Cj88YTsuo/cyDNBAMVskQ\nZGJ0RZD2jCK6wofNqFehx2cMp2XUfuZBGggGq2QIMjG6Ikh7RhFd4cNm1KvQ4zOG0zJqP/Mg\nDQSDVTIEmRhdEaQ9o4iu8GEz6lXo8RnDaRm1n3mQBoLBKhmCTIyuCNKeUURX+LAZ9Sr0+Izh\ntIzazzxIA8FglQxBJkZXBGnPKKIrfNiMehV6fMZwWkbtZx6kgWCwSoYgE6MrgrRnFNEVPmxG\nvQo9PmM4LaP2Mw/SQDBYJUOQidEVQdoziugKHzajXoUenzGcllH7mQdpIBiskiHIxOiKIO0Z\nRXSFD5tRr0KPzxhOy6j9zIM0EAxWyRBkYnRFkPaMIrrCh82oV6HHZwynZdR+5kEaCAarZAgy\nMboiSHtGEV3hw2bUq9DjM4bTMmo/8yANBINVMgSZGF0RpD2jiK7wYTPqVejxGcNpGbWfeZAG\ngsEqGYJMjK4I0p5RRFf4sBn1KvT4jOG0jNrPPEgDwWCVDEEmRlcEac8ooit82Ix6FXp8xnBa\nRu1nHqSBYLBKhiAToyuCtGcU0RU+bEa9Cj0+Yzgto/YzD9JAMFglQ5CJ0RVB2jOK6AofNqNe\nhR6fMZyWUfuZB2kgGKySIcjE6Iog7RlFdIUPm1GvQo/PGE7LqP3MgzQQDFbJEGRidEWQ9owi\nusKHzahXocdnDKdl1H7mQRoIBqtkCDIxuiJIe0YRXeHDZtSr0OMzhtMyaj/zIA0Eg1UyBJkY\nXRGkPaOIrvBhM+pV6PEZw2kZtZ95kAaCwSoZgkyMrgjSnlFEV/iwGfUq9PiM4bSM2s88SAPB\nYJUMQSZGVwRpzyiiK3zYjHoVenzGcFpG7WcepIFgsEqGIBOjK4K0ZxTRFT5sRr0KPT5jOC2j\n9jMP0kAwWCVDkInRFUHaM4roCh82o16FHp8xnJZR+5kHaSAYrJIhyMToiiDtGUV0hQ+bUa9C\nj88YTsuo/cyDNBAMVskQZGJ0RZD2jCK6wofNqFehx2cMp2XUfuZBGggGq2QIMjG6Ikh7RhFd\n4cNm1KvQ4zOG0zJqP/MgDQSDVTIEmRhdEaQ9o4iu8GEz6lXo8RnDaRm1n3mQBoLBKhmCTIyu\nCNKeUURX+LAZ9Sr0+IzhtIzazzxIA/n3DdbPYdvc2O5/SoV4v0syMbgiSHtGEV3hw2bUq9Dj\nM4bTMmo/8yAN5F83WJd182RTJMTcLsnE4Iog7RlFdIUPm1GvQo/PGE7LqP3MgzSQf91g7ZvV\n96l9dT6umn2JEHO7JBODK4K0ZxTRFT5sRr0KPT5jOC2j9jMP0kD+dYO1ak7961OzKhFibpdk\nYnBFkPaMIrrCh82oV6HHZwynZdR+5kEayL9usJrm3ZvHTwYsDDEbPQsK1wqBBAUKFCiiKGIU\n3noV/w8fuIMFAAAAUBd/eAbreG5fZZ/BAgAAAKiLxffRNoN7ceuL5ZAAAAAAYrP8g8qfffs9\nWKvtIfM9WAAAAAB14eNJMAAAAIB/CAwWAAAAgDEYLAAAAABjMFgAAAAAxmCwAAAAAIzBYAEA\nAAAYg8ECAAAAMAaDBQAAAGAMBgsAAADAGAwWAAAAgDEYLAAAAABjMFgAAAAAxmCwAAAAAIzB\nYAEAAAAYg8ECAAAAMAaDBQAAAGAMBgsAAADAGAwWAAAAgDEYLAAAAABjMFgAAAAAxmCwAAAA\nAIzBYAEAAAAYg8ECAAAAMAaDBQAAAGBMKIPV9Nxe9z8cbPG1blb7y3BTk7DD0Jld3jdZt4NI\nR5yRrHZneZhkq/wk75tufh5vL1/b69vtV070EkwxqN/Lfn0NORcjPYXNaJDvGe5ZcIK7TX6a\ndf+zdXOc1aya1UMrmXoykenEnJbpzuFxsF9ZYp92q2Z3TIOt3249PgPtce4yOTeHZvxmVvBc\nH7f/HptmL4kxMcZZyWMrTfa2q1B4eF/zMDORkSI7qtX2qx3N7/lru1InozgTn1mya7bdD7fN\nbk5z36XsyC5hXBtuL3NH92+BZCc9WVFZXbpmZStqvPlsCV3IaBXl44wyUXBGJhSiXOkqr7yt\ndTsVloYP828ZrP29SF6em64md6QNqzZY18Dn8YglEmmYZCt5Jp7ad8dVMsb3opdgikFdHkFW\n76vJpMFqmtwCSfasMFjXtdvt+pzJi2vhuJdG2dQ/ZLBWg/2KWtp9OTTr8zDYIT+e+2H67t7O\nedFRIkqO1TD3ulTZzE1jMsR8liQJr8ve1flXdnhf8zA3kZEiO6rrv91dzq6R1yC1wRpmybp5\ntNmvGSP+3KXsyC5hwmDlju4fA4lOerqisrp0zcpW1HNzQQldSLqKRKU6yUTBGZlQSHLl2IxN\nqWQa6fJw5bCCGayJ14Mfnprd5VYb+muvo8nBlrfMfpvz5p56osrzWE6b7mpAYxpk29+32N/H\ndM3h3e2w/GznbUa6W+2gds3m3B6H9xedU1ep3SBnSPasGdahH8s+cym8a/aDC3iBUxq80Bis\n6dfvtn54I7HBOjSra626HAZG+rKaOeXpGbhdnd6O8362HygTcXJ9bDJ2d+I45bIkSXhZ+09W\noUTymoe5iegzd33f4Wq9JKtkmiRLTk3T5sq5uxibj2JvrNL9/w6zPXd0/xhIMpvkWIkM1nDN\nylbUc4+CErqQdBWJSvUoE7NnZFqRZVB5hck1Pg35BvJR/imDtW3Sn1xW218DFhis7kMohcH6\nvaSXO7IhybZvhgdm1S/vXSP6BG/hoNrrocvsBfrwRfdO0EEGe9YMqz/A10Mwe+/u97rhSlF4\nP2Sw1s3zro9g3ufOWO2eZnE7d8WRnIFL3wWOoruQL28yguf6+GpyZ2PiOGVCJQmvMViPJJHN\nZJSHgoloM3ff+pzT9f+lDNYoSw739rSZudE52OUnDVb26P4xkGA26bESGazBmhWuqOceBSV0\nIekqEpXqUSZmz8ikQjCyZ+VdaLAKJuUSXA0mR85gjX+ybUxuri4yWMe2XmkMliZDFhqsW+/4\nfj5ncd7P3eD7q8GSb681WEuHtXlUuJ/MRc739Vpu33yLY3zIYJ3uZ07anvddk7z0T9t9Z551\nGvz/ebvvuqP3PnyxwerXx0l4PT8xxqykWQm2ndqzZibdG91EZJl7bA/9V/NdzGCNs6S1Vofs\nXYCPG6z80f1jIMFs0mMlMliDNStcUc89lj+64jgvmZg9I1OKPMPKi8H6ODKDdemqw8no3uoi\ng3VpH2LQGKzid7Duy3r2JsbbGOpB7Ztd7oJz0mDl7/Ame1YN69g/FjBfqzfXQzQwYV4M1nXc\nP7/p0Zpj8/Ipz3n+wZrkDGyf6p/m/Y3gxQarXx/r7CqdOE7Sjwi/pMMarUKJZJyH+YnoM/fS\nHvptcy5msMZZcot0yd8s+rjByh/dPwYSzCY9ViKDNVizwhX13KOghC4kXUWiUj3KxOwZmVLk\nGVbehQaLjwiXM3xM7n16f3Xt0+gG1jKD1VUG0eO1t/+edc9gDfYrac4te+Hep4ahHdR1rTTr\n2Ttkz+3TQzX/8Mdozzrf97j7nBHde+yqzx5BT0uetdTKRBv/to2vN+1av9uyme+byRkQur9R\nIuazfbw+dk12lU6GyD0i9Ex42SJMV6GwGwzzUDCRkSI7qraL3f6/WmTbRZqJ8nnI3WDpZbIj\nu4QFafLHQMoronH5eid4rlnF9ZS4hC5ktIokpXqUidkzMqHI50pSefUGS9pAPsm/Z7DO3YNX\np/lfNNaEfRMqv7GoAnXbdB/MFzNYm0HnVLTCRYP6/T3efn9kNXsXOT2hzzFmGOxZZzTud5/n\nPyjr/v35GaEbg3Vtfl99YuW2f93kkP1gYnAGPmWwruQelJwIkcuS0VQEizBdhbLinuShYCKv\nivlRXf9t317S7z5osG7tNn8P4NMGS3R0/xSokMF6rlm9wcqX0IWMV5GgVI8yMXtGphWZXEkq\n70KDJWkgHySYwZp4PToPl1VXHfZWH9r/yWCJ9t8W9v4+rbZ5yppz+/UMP2UN1vgnP4fVzAeS\nE4dqLa0m3Z51wzq1reP1s7OUdbvnU/95mrzwag3W9OuZrdfXi7ulBuuU65vJGRAbrJmIs4LH\nNFaH5vm0Wz6GMEuGCS+s1MkqFFuGZx4KJjJSCIZ0bTmHqzH+/qTBukhuFkkvC5ayIHUIoDUA\nAAcvSURBVE3+GGiBwcrqkjW7wGD95kroQiZWUbZUp5mYPSMTivy4ksqrN1i/igbyKf4JgzX0\nCpv+MZOV1dwWGaxz286EBmv+fU4iNVj3Fjt8Bqu0wRralJntn5bhR/6rQifpQ27DTW7F7pL5\nip9zf611ft3BfITiBqu/IBTM+/nMx7FtmOvc9+kkZ2DgQk8lnsHq1sfx9kU5yt8izGfJMOHF\nBuvdm3m6PBRMZKSQDOl2mG6f7BYzWOMskY3s4wZLfnSXBhLMJj1WUoPVrVnhinrZ41wJXcjk\nKsqU6jQTs2dkQpEdVlp5FxksRQP5DGEN1uP3X9sHd58G67zedMc3l8QLwmoayLf8WY6PGaz2\n/9/Sb3j6k8GSHLMJg3WtYfkPjF5V4mF9tRdV85+UHfplfnjdQX5Iw8SUD0x6Dq81XjrvQzf+\n+1fY77J3AJIzkPzO09yXk757kxEM1sda9MT6xBjzEumxGm+lSatnjMxEFmXuqmkfTFlisESZ\nOMoSUYh+m3IGKx27KE2WoTFY6bGSGqxuzQpXVK9TtR0dySqSluokE7NnZFoxT1p5FxksQQP5\nLGENVvcdTl/DJ62OgzP+lX9SUxtW00DW8k8nPmawumcIu7uo89+w8ieDtX0c/cvsd9ENX9zf\nnbLPKKZ7Vg7rdvdqnfkE5KUv6QzWZGJmByY9h9dBSdtz/609m9uIjvknEpMzUP57sPr1cZ77\nevnfqeOUzZIk4csYrIk8zExkUeY+vnlxicESZWKaJbIQ/TblDFY6dlGaLENjsNJjJTZYjzWr\n/R4sSQldSLKKpKU6ycTsGZlWzDPhqqVz+RWXhg8T1mAdmzYvvoffjH8eOuqt2YFeYLAWfJP7\n+/c5ibQ5P76l+nrktu03ue/n/5LQnwzWz/X0XIvIz0byHUpDy5C9Akn3rD1WuybnNJ53Prt7\n+jqDNZWY+YGJTfKhEd+V2bXPrZ7bL+yf/Qr3NMLjDAy+d3r+UYs3b2YF6fr4ni+KE8cplyVJ\nwpcxWFN5OD+RRZl7+/Mq38sMliwTh1kiDNFvU85gpWMXpckyNAYrPVZig9WtWdmK6nWSErqQ\nZBVJS3WSidkz8kYxx6jyLjNY3m5hBTNYg99EePxZqOFvhO2Gv6iQu1GhCTt+IRij6m8Rzr+f\nifJotrkQ/aDaQ/LT/S3C3N9zHe5WO6ju9Mzc1p80WJdsFU32rBhW+2bwt67e7r7792P/a/7Z\nCMMXE4mZkUli9FushOf8t/19sBu3v5z2vPv+XjI6A8dOMNcNJhNRlIrDh8l3sx+nThynXJYk\nCS9ahGODlRdM5eH8REYK0Qm5PZci+7ssr0OXZeIgS4Qh+m1kR3YRydhFR3cZSfpmtx4eK7nB\neqxZ2Yp66gQldCHpKhKW6iQTs2dkQpHLlVHlFabW+DTkG8hHiWuwfo/b64vtcerf72/swo5f\nZMe4OQzfZdLkUwZr1f8Z9+/t6jbG3LPFw91qB9X+3flmM9+chy+6d/vsFchwz1qDNfhr7W8Y\n3Op5vNSu8dfEzMgkMfotjnKDdT3P3YFaCzJxfAYuh6tqfZi9TplMxHwqbkaPt63nvP7Uccpk\nSZLwokWoN1iTeTg7kZFCdkJW0tslE0OXZeIzS4Qh+m1kR3YZw7HLju4ikvTNbz44VgqDdeya\nv2BFDXT5ErqQ0SoSluphJmbPyIQilyujyitMrZfTkG8gnySUwQIAAACIAAYLAAAAwBgMFgAA\nAIAxGCwAAAAAYzBYAAAAAMZgsAAAAACMwWABAAAAGIPBAgAAADAGgwUAAABgDAYLAAAAwBgM\nFgAAAIAxGCwAAAAAYzBYAAAAAMZgsAAAAACMwWABAAAAGIPBAgAAADAGgwUAAABgDAYLAAAA\nwBgMFgAAAIAxGCwAAAAAYzBYAAAAAMZgsAAAAACMwWABAAAAGIPBAgAAADAGgwUAAABgDAYL\nAAAAwBgMFgAAAIAxGCwAAAAAYzBYAAAAAMZgsAAAAACMwWABAAAAGIPBAgAAADAGgwUAAABg\nDAYLAAAAwBgMFgAAAIAxGCwAAAAAYzBYAAAAAMZgsAAAAACMwWABAAAAGIPBAgAAADAGgwUA\nAABgDAYLAAAAwBgMFgAAAIAxGCwAAAAAYzBYAAAAAMZgsAAAAACMwWABAAAAGIPBAgAAADAG\ngwUAAABgDAYLAAAAwBgMFgAAAIAxGCwAAAAAYzBYAAAAAMZgsAAAAACMwWABAAAAGIPBAgAA\nADAGgwUAAABgDAYLAAAAwBgMFgAAAIAxGCwAAAAAYzBYAAAAAMZgsAAAAACMwWABAAAAGIPB\nAgAAADAGgwUAAABgDAYLAAAAwBgMFgAAAIAxGCwAAAAAYzBYAAAAAMZgsAAAAACMwWABAAAA\nGIPBAgAAADAGgwUAAABgDAYLAAAAwBgMFgAAAIAxGCwAAAAAYzBYAAAAAMZgsAAAAACMwWAB\nAAAAGPMfB9VC/doQHyoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=",
      "text/plain": [
       "Plot with title \"Median age of population, 2009 and 2019 \n",
       " (years)\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "barplot(t(data2), ylim=c(0,60), beside = T, col = c(\"lightskyblue\",\"orange\"), main = \"Median age of population, 2009 and 2019 \\n (years)\",\n",
    "        cex.main=2, names.arg=row.names(data2), cex.names=1)\n",
    "\n",
    "legend(\"topright\", legend =c(\"2019\",\"2009\"), fill = c(\"lightskyblue\",\"orange\"), bty=\"n\", box.lty=4, pt.cex=1, cex=1.5, adj=0.7)\n",
    "\n",
    "grid(NA,5,lwd=2,col=\"lightgrey\")\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Slightly more than three persons of working age for every person aged 65 or over\n",
    "\n",
    "### Table 2: Population age structure indicators, 1 January 2019\n",
    "\n",
    "Create a vector `y` to filter the dataset with the demographic indicators of interest:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "y <- c(\"YOUNGDEP1\",\"OLDDEP1\",\"DEPRATIO1\",\"PC_Y80_MAX\")                                                                "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Create a new dataset from a subset of the one loaded from the _Eurostat_ API with respect to the vectors of demographic indicators of interest:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A data.table: 6 × 4</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>indic_de</th><th scope=col>geo</th><th scope=col>time</th><th scope=col>values</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>DEPRATIO1</td><td>AL</td><td>2019</td><td>45.6</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>DEPRATIO1</td><td>AT</td><td>2019</td><td>49.9</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>DEPRATIO1</td><td>BE</td><td>2019</td><td>55.8</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>DEPRATIO1</td><td>BG</td><td>2019</td><td>55.5</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>DEPRATIO1</td><td>CH</td><td>2019</td><td>50.3</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>DEPRATIO1</td><td>CY</td><td>2019</td><td>47.6</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.table: 6 × 4\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{llll}\n",
       " indic\\_de & geo & time & values\\\\\n",
       " <fct> & <fct> & <fct> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t DEPRATIO1 & AL & 2019 & 45.6\\\\\n",
       "\t DEPRATIO1 & AT & 2019 & 49.9\\\\\n",
       "\t DEPRATIO1 & BE & 2019 & 55.8\\\\\n",
       "\t DEPRATIO1 & BG & 2019 & 55.5\\\\\n",
       "\t DEPRATIO1 & CH & 2019 & 50.3\\\\\n",
       "\t DEPRATIO1 & CY & 2019 & 47.6\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.table: 6 × 4\n",
       "\n",
       "| indic_de &lt;fct&gt; | geo &lt;fct&gt; | time &lt;fct&gt; | values &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| DEPRATIO1 | AL | 2019 | 45.6 |\n",
       "| DEPRATIO1 | AT | 2019 | 49.9 |\n",
       "| DEPRATIO1 | BE | 2019 | 55.8 |\n",
       "| DEPRATIO1 | BG | 2019 | 55.5 |\n",
       "| DEPRATIO1 | CH | 2019 | 50.3 |\n",
       "| DEPRATIO1 | CY | 2019 | 47.6 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  indic_de  geo time values\n",
       "1 DEPRATIO1 AL  2019 45.6  \n",
       "2 DEPRATIO1 AT  2019 49.9  \n",
       "3 DEPRATIO1 BE  2019 55.8  \n",
       "4 DEPRATIO1 BG  2019 55.5  \n",
       "5 DEPRATIO1 CH  2019 50.3  \n",
       "6 DEPRATIO1 CY  2019 47.6  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataset7 <- subset(dataset, dataset$indic_de %in% y & dataset$time==2019)\n",
    "head(dataset7)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "source": [
    "- Create vectors with the values for each year category of `indic_de` (`\"YOUNGDEP1\"`, `\"OLDDEP1\"`, `\"DEPRATIO1\"`, `\"PC_Y80_MAX\"`).\n",
    "- Order them with respect to the vector `countries` previously defined."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "young <- dataset7[dataset7$indic_de==\"YOUNGDEP1\", -c(1,3)]\n",
    "young <- young[order(factor(young$geo, levels=unique(countries))),-1]\n",
    "\n",
    "old <- dataset7[dataset7$indic_de== \"OLDDEP1\", -c(1,3)]\n",
    "old <- old[order(factor(old$geo, levels=unique(countries))),-1]\n",
    "\n",
    "tot <- dataset7[dataset7$indic_de==\"DEPRATIO1\", -c(1,3)]\n",
    "tot <- tot[order(factor(tot$geo, levels=unique(countries))),-1]\n",
    "\n",
    "eight <- dataset7[dataset7$indic_de==\"PC_Y80_MAX\", -c(1,3)]\n",
    "eight <- eight[order(factor(eight$geo, levels=unique(countries))),-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Merge the different vectors and create the table with the function `cbind`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<caption>A data.table: 6 × 5</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col></th><th scope=col>Young-age dependency ratio</th><th scope=col>Old-age dependency ratio</th><th scope=col>Total age dependency ratio</th><th scope=col>Share of population aged 80 or over</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>&lt;fct&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>EU-27   </td><td>23.5</td><td>31.4</td><td>54.9</td><td>5.8</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Belgium </td><td>26.4</td><td>29.5</td><td>55.8</td><td>5.6</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>22.3</td><td>33.2</td><td>55.5</td><td>4.8</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Czechia </td><td>24.6</td><td>30.4</td><td>55.0</td><td>4.1</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Denmark </td><td>25.8</td><td>30.6</td><td>56.4</td><td>4.5</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Germany </td><td>21.0</td><td>33.2</td><td>54.2</td><td>6.5</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.table: 6 × 5\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{lllll}\n",
       "  & Young-age dependency ratio & Old-age dependency ratio & Total age dependency ratio & Share of population aged 80 or over\\\\\n",
       " <fct> & <dbl> & <dbl> & <dbl> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t EU-27    & 23.5 & 31.4 & 54.9 & 5.8\\\\\n",
       "\t Belgium  & 26.4 & 29.5 & 55.8 & 5.6\\\\\n",
       "\t Bulgaria & 22.3 & 33.2 & 55.5 & 4.8\\\\\n",
       "\t Czechia  & 24.6 & 30.4 & 55.0 & 4.1\\\\\n",
       "\t Denmark  & 25.8 & 30.6 & 56.4 & 4.5\\\\\n",
       "\t Germany  & 21.0 & 33.2 & 54.2 & 6.5\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.table: 6 × 5\n",
       "\n",
       "| <!----> &lt;fct&gt; | Young-age dependency ratio &lt;dbl&gt; | Old-age dependency ratio &lt;dbl&gt; | Total age dependency ratio &lt;dbl&gt; | Share of population aged 80 or over &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| EU-27    | 23.5 | 31.4 | 54.9 | 5.8 |\n",
       "| Belgium  | 26.4 | 29.5 | 55.8 | 5.6 |\n",
       "| Bulgaria | 22.3 | 33.2 | 55.5 | 4.8 |\n",
       "| Czechia  | 24.6 | 30.4 | 55.0 | 4.1 |\n",
       "| Denmark  | 25.8 | 30.6 | 56.4 | 4.5 |\n",
       "| Germany  | 21.0 | 33.2 | 54.2 | 6.5 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "           Young-age dependency ratio Old-age dependency ratio\n",
       "1 EU-27    23.5                       31.4                    \n",
       "2 Belgium  26.4                       29.5                    \n",
       "3 Bulgaria 22.3                       33.2                    \n",
       "4 Czechia  24.6                       30.4                    \n",
       "5 Denmark  25.8                       30.6                    \n",
       "6 Germany  21.0                       33.2                    \n",
       "  Total age dependency ratio Share of population aged 80 or over\n",
       "1 54.9                       5.8                                \n",
       "2 55.8                       5.6                                \n",
       "3 55.5                       4.8                                \n",
       "4 55.0                       4.1                                \n",
       "5 56.4                       4.5                                \n",
       "6 54.2                       6.5                                "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt7 <- cbind(cntr,young,old,tot,eight)\n",
    "colnames(dt7) <- c(\"\", \"Young-age dependency ratio\",\"Old-age dependency ratio\",\"Total age dependency ratio\",\"Share of population aged 80 or over\")\n",
    "head(dt7)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "source": [
    "Display the table with the function `kable`:\n",
    "  - `kable_styling`: define the layout of the table,\n",
    "  - `row`/`column_spec`: add features to rows or columns,\n",
    "  - `group_rows`: define grouped rows,\n",
    "  - `display_html`: display the table below the code."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\n",
       " <thead>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <th style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;background-color: bisque !important;text-align: center;font-size: 15px;\">  </th>\n",
       "   <th style=\"text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: bisque !important;text-align: center;font-size: 15px;\"> Young-age dependency ratio </th>\n",
       "   <th style=\"text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: bisque !important;text-align: center;font-size: 15px;\"> Old-age dependency ratio </th>\n",
       "   <th style=\"text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: bisque !important;text-align: center;font-size: 15px;\"> Total age dependency ratio </th>\n",
       "   <th style=\"text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: bisque !important;text-align: center;font-size: 15px;\"> Share of population aged 80 or over </th>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       " </thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;background-color: orange !important;font-weight: bold;\"> EU-27 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;background-color: orange !important;\"> 23.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;background-color: orange !important;\"> 31.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;background-color: orange !important;\"> 54.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;background-color: orange !important;\"> 5.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Belgium </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 26.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 29.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 55.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 5.6 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Bulgaria </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 22.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 33.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 55.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 4.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Czechia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 24.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 30.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 55.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 4.1 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Denmark </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 25.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 30.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 56.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 4.5 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Germany </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 21.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 33.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 54.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 6.5 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Estonia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 25.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 31.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 56.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 5.6 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Ireland </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 31.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 21.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 53.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 3.3 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Greece </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 22.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 34.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 57.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 7.1 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Spain </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 22.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 29.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 51.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 6.1 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> France </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 29.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 32.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 61.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 6.1 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Croatia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 22.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 31.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 53.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 5.3 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Italy </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 35.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 56.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 7.2 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Cyprus </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 23.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 23.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 47.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 3.7 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Latvia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 24.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 31.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 56.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 5.6 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Lithuania </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 23.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 30.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 53.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 5.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Luxembourg </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 23.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 43.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 4.0 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Hungary </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 22.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 29.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 51.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 4.4 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Malta </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 27.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 47.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 4.2 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Netherlands </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 24.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 29.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 53.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 4.6 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Austria </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 21.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 28.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 49.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 5.0 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Poland </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 22.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 26.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 49.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 4.4 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Portugal </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 21.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 33.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 55.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 6.4 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Romania </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 23.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 28.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 52.0 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 4.7 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Slovenia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 23.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 30.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 53.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 5.3 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Slovakia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 23.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 23.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 46.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 3.3 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Finland </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 25.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 35.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 60.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 5.5 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold;\"> Sweden </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 28.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 31.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 60.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 5.1 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr grouplength=\"2\"><td colspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid;\"><strong> </strong></td></tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> United Kingdom </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 28.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 28.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 57.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 5.0 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr grouplength=\"5\"><td colspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid;\"><strong> </strong></td></tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"2\"> Iceland </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 28.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 21.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 49.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 3.5 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> Liechtenstein </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 21.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 26.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 48.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 3.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> Norway </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 26.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 26.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 53.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 4.2 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> Switzerland </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 22.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 27.8 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 50.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 5.2 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr grouplength=\"5\"><td colspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid;\"><strong> </strong></td></tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"2\"> Montenegro </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 26.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 22.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 49.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 3.3 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> North Macedonia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 23.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 43.7 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 2.5 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> Albania </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 25.1 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 20.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 45.6 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 2.7 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> Serbia </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 21.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 31.3 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 53.2 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 4.6 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:left;font-weight: bold; padding-left:  2em;\" indentlevel=\"1\"> Turkey </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 34.5 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 12.9 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 47.4 </td>\n",
       "   <td style=\"text-align:right;\"> 1.8 </td>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt7 %>%\n",
    "  kable(\"html\")%>%\n",
    "  kable_styling(c(\"striped\", \"bordered\")) %>%\n",
    "  row_spec(0, background='bisque', bold=TRUE, align=\"c\", font_size=15) %>%\n",
    "  row_spec(1, background='orange') %>%\n",
    "  column_spec(1, bold=TRUE) %>%\n",
    "  group_rows(\" \", 29,30) %>%\n",
    "  group_rows(\" \", 30,34) %>%\n",
    "  group_rows(\" \", 34,38) %>%\n",
    "  as.character()%>%\n",
    "  display_html()\n"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "R",
   "language": "R",
   "name": "ir"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": "r",
   "file_extension": ".r",
   "mimetype": "text/x-r-source",
   "name": "R",
   "pygments_lexer": "r",
   "version": "3.6.1"
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 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 4
}