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<li><a href="#untar_dir" id="toc-untar_dir" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#untar_dir">untar_dir</a></li>
<li><a href="#repo_details" id="toc-repo_details" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#repo_details">repo_details</a></li>
<li><a href="#run" id="toc-run" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#run">run</a></li>
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<li><a href="#save_pickle" id="toc-save_pickle" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#save_pickle">save_pickle</a></li>
<li><a href="#load_pickle" id="toc-load_pickle" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#load_pickle">load_pickle</a></li>
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<li><a href="#repr_dict" id="toc-repr_dict" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#repr_dict">repr_dict</a></li>
<li><a href="#is_listy" id="toc-is_listy" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#is_listy">is_listy</a></li>
<li><a href="#mapped" id="toc-mapped" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#mapped">mapped</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#extensions-to-pathlib.path" id="toc-extensions-to-pathlib.path" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#extensions-to-pathlib.path">Extensions to Pathlib.Path</a>
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<li><a href="#path.ls" id="toc-path.ls" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#path.ls">Path.ls</a></li>
<li><a href="#path.__repr__" id="toc-path.__repr__" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#path.__repr__">Path.__repr__</a></li>
<li><a href="#path.delete" id="toc-path.delete" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#path.delete">Path.delete</a></li>
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<main class="content" id="quarto-document-content">
<header id="title-block-header" class="quarto-title-block default">
<div class="quarto-title">
<h1 class="title">Utility functions</h1>
</div>
<div>
<div class="description">
Utility functions used in the fastai library
</div>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta">
</div>
</header>
<!-- WARNING: THIS FILE WAS AUTOGENERATED! DO NOT EDIT! -->
<section id="file-functions" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="file-functions">File Functions</h2>
<p>Utilities (other than extensions to Pathlib.Path) for dealing with IO.</p>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L25" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
<section id="walk" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="walk">walk</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> walk (path:pathlib.Path|str, symlinks:bool=True, keep_file:<built-
infunctioncallable>=<function ret_true>, keep_folder:<built-
infunctioncallable>=<function ret_true>, skip_folder:<built-
infunctioncallable>=<function ret_false>, func:<built-
infunctioncallable>=<function join>, ret_folders:bool=False)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Generator version of <code>os.walk</code>, using functions to filter files and folders</em></p>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 6%">
<col style="width: 25%">
<col style="width: 34%">
<col style="width: 34%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th></th>
<th><strong>Type</strong></th>
<th><strong>Default</strong></th>
<th><strong>Details</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>path</td>
<td>Path | str</td>
<td></td>
<td>path to start searching</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>symlinks</td>
<td>bool</td>
<td>True</td>
<td>follow symlinks?</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>keep_file</td>
<td>callable</td>
<td>ret_true</td>
<td>function that returns True for wanted files</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>keep_folder</td>
<td>callable</td>
<td>ret_true</td>
<td>function that returns True for folders to enter</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>skip_folder</td>
<td>callable</td>
<td>ret_false</td>
<td>function that returns True for folders to skip</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>func</td>
<td>callable</td>
<td>join</td>
<td>function to apply to each matched file</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ret_folders</td>
<td>bool</td>
<td>False</td>
<td>return folders, not just files</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L44" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="globtastic" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="globtastic">globtastic</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> globtastic (path:pathlib.Path|str, recursive:bool=True,
symlinks:bool=True, file_glob:str=None, file_re:str=None,
folder_re:str=None, skip_file_glob:str=None,
skip_file_re:str=None, skip_folder_re:str=None, func:<built-
infunctioncallable>=<function join>, ret_folders:bool=False)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>A more powerful <code>glob</code>, including regex matches, symlink handling, and skip parameters</em></p>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th></th>
<th><strong>Type</strong></th>
<th><strong>Default</strong></th>
<th><strong>Details</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>path</td>
<td>Path | str</td>
<td></td>
<td>path to start searching</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>recursive</td>
<td>bool</td>
<td>True</td>
<td>search subfolders</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>symlinks</td>
<td>bool</td>
<td>True</td>
<td>follow symlinks?</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>file_glob</td>
<td>str</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>Only include files matching glob</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>file_re</td>
<td>str</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>Only include files matching regex</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>folder_re</td>
<td>str</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>Only enter folders matching regex</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>skip_file_glob</td>
<td>str</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>Skip files matching glob</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>skip_file_re</td>
<td>str</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>Skip files matching regex</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>skip_folder_re</td>
<td>str</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>Skip folders matching regex,</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>func</td>
<td>callable</td>
<td>join</td>
<td>function to apply to each matched file</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ret_folders</td>
<td>bool</td>
<td>False</td>
<td>return folders, not just files</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Returns</strong></td>
<td><strong>L</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Paths to matched files</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div id="cell-6" class="cell" data-execution_count="7">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>globtastic(<span class="st">'.'</span>, skip_folder_re<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'^[_.]'</span>, folder_re<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'core'</span>, file_glob<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'*.*py*'</span>, file_re<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'c'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="7">
<pre><code>(#5) ['./fastcore/docments.py','./fastcore/dispatch.py','./fastcore/basics.py','./fastcore/docscrape.py','./fastcore/script.py']</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L76" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="maybe_open" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="maybe_open">maybe_open</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> maybe_open (f, mode='r', **kwargs)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Context manager: open <code>f</code> if it is a path (and close on exit)</em></p>
<p>This is useful for functions where you want to accept a path <em>or</em> file. <a href="https://fastcore.fast.ai/xtras.html#maybe_open"><code>maybe_open</code></a> will not close your file handle if you pass one in.</p>
<div id="cell-9" class="cell" data-execution_count="9">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> _f(fn):</span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">with</span> maybe_open(fn) <span class="im">as</span> f: <span class="cf">return</span> f.encoding</span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>fname <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'00_test.ipynb'</span></span>
<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>sys_encoding <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'cp1252'</span> <span class="cf">if</span> sys.platform <span class="op">==</span> <span class="st">'win32'</span> <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="st">'UTF-8'</span></span>
<span id="cb6-6"><a href="#cb6-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(_f(fname), sys_encoding)</span>
<span id="cb6-7"><a href="#cb6-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">with</span> <span class="bu">open</span>(fname) <span class="im">as</span> fh: test_eq(_f(fh), sys_encoding)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>For example, we can use this to reimplement <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/imghdr.html#imghdr.what"><code>imghdr.what</code></a> from the Python standard library, which is <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.9/Lib/imghdr.py#L11">written in Python 3.9</a> as:</p>
<div id="cell-11" class="cell" data-execution_count="10">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> fastcore <span class="im">import</span> imghdr</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="cell-12" class="cell" data-execution_count="11">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> what(<span class="bu">file</span>, h<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">None</span>):</span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> f <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">None</span></span>
<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">try</span>:</span>
<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> h <span class="kw">is</span> <span class="va">None</span>:</span>
<span id="cb8-5"><a href="#cb8-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="bu">isinstance</span>(<span class="bu">file</span>, (<span class="bu">str</span>,os.PathLike)):</span>
<span id="cb8-6"><a href="#cb8-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> f <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bu">open</span>(<span class="bu">file</span>, <span class="st">'rb'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb8-7"><a href="#cb8-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> h <span class="op">=</span> f.read(<span class="dv">32</span>)</span>
<span id="cb8-8"><a href="#cb8-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
<span id="cb8-9"><a href="#cb8-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> location <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bu">file</span>.tell()</span>
<span id="cb8-10"><a href="#cb8-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> h <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bu">file</span>.read(<span class="dv">32</span>)</span>
<span id="cb8-11"><a href="#cb8-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">file</span>.seek(location)</span>
<span id="cb8-12"><a href="#cb8-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">for</span> tf <span class="kw">in</span> imghdr.tests:</span>
<span id="cb8-13"><a href="#cb8-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> res <span class="op">=</span> tf(h, f)</span>
<span id="cb8-14"><a href="#cb8-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> res: <span class="cf">return</span> res</span>
<span id="cb8-15"><a href="#cb8-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">finally</span>:</span>
<span id="cb8-16"><a href="#cb8-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> f: f.close()</span>
<span id="cb8-17"><a href="#cb8-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">return</span> <span class="va">None</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here’s an example of the use of this function:</p>
<div id="cell-14" class="cell" data-execution_count="12">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>fname <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'images/puppy.jpg'</span></span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>what(fname)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="12">
<pre><code>'jpeg'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>With <a href="https://fastcore.fast.ai/xtras.html#maybe_open"><code>maybe_open</code></a>, <code>Self</code>, and <a href="https://fastcore.fast.ai/foundation.html#l.map_first"><code>L.map_first</code></a>, we can rewrite this in a much more concise and (in our opinion) clear way:</p>
<div id="cell-16" class="cell" data-execution_count="13">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> what(<span class="bu">file</span>, h<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">None</span>):</span>
<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> h <span class="kw">is</span> <span class="va">None</span>:</span>
<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">with</span> maybe_open(<span class="bu">file</span>, <span class="st">'rb'</span>) <span class="im">as</span> f: h <span class="op">=</span> f.peek(<span class="dv">32</span>)</span>
<span id="cb11-4"><a href="#cb11-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">return</span> L(imghdr.tests).map_first(Self(h,<span class="bu">file</span>))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>…and we can check that it still works:</p>
<div id="cell-18" class="cell" data-execution_count="14">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(what(fname), <span class="st">'jpeg'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>…along with the version passing a file handle:</p>
<div id="cell-20" class="cell" data-execution_count="15">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">with</span> <span class="bu">open</span>(fname,<span class="st">'rb'</span>) <span class="im">as</span> f: test_eq(what(f), <span class="st">'jpeg'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>…along with the <code>h</code> parameter version:</p>
<div id="cell-22" class="cell" data-execution_count="16">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">with</span> <span class="bu">open</span>(fname,<span class="st">'rb'</span>) <span class="im">as</span> f: test_eq(what(<span class="va">None</span>, h<span class="op">=</span>f.read(<span class="dv">32</span>)), <span class="st">'jpeg'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L83" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="mkdir" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="mkdir">mkdir</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> mkdir (path, exist_ok=False, parents=False, overwrite=False, **kwargs)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Creates and returns a directory defined by <code>path</code>, optionally removing previous existing directory if <code>overwrite</code> is <code>True</code></em></p>
<div id="cell-24" class="cell" data-execution_count="18">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb16"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">with</span> tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() <span class="im">as</span> d:</span>
<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> path <span class="op">=</span> Path(os.path.join(d, <span class="st">'new_dir'</span>))</span>
<span id="cb16-3"><a href="#cb16-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> new_dir <span class="op">=</span> mkdir(path)</span>
<span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">assert</span> new_dir.exists()</span>
<span id="cb16-5"><a href="#cb16-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> test_eq(new_dir, path)</span>
<span id="cb16-6"><a href="#cb16-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb16-7"><a href="#cb16-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># test overwrite</span></span>
<span id="cb16-8"><a href="#cb16-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">with</span> <span class="bu">open</span>(new_dir<span class="op">/</span><span class="st">'test.txt'</span>, <span class="st">'w'</span>) <span class="im">as</span> f: f.writelines(<span class="st">'test'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb16-9"><a href="#cb16-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> test_eq(<span class="bu">len</span>(<span class="bu">list</span>(walk(new_dir))), <span class="dv">1</span>) <span class="co"># assert file is present</span></span>
<span id="cb16-10"><a href="#cb16-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> new_dir <span class="op">=</span> mkdir(new_dir, overwrite<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">True</span>)</span>
<span id="cb16-11"><a href="#cb16-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> test_eq(<span class="bu">len</span>(<span class="bu">list</span>(walk(new_dir))), <span class="dv">0</span>) <span class="co"># assert file was deleted</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L92" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="image_size" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="image_size">image_size</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> image_size (fn)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Tuple of (w,h) for png, gif, or jpg; <code>None</code> otherwise</em></p>
<div id="cell-26" class="cell" data-execution_count="20">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb18"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(image_size(fname), (<span class="dv">1200</span>,<span class="dv">803</span>))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L117" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="bunzip" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="bunzip">bunzip</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> bunzip (fn)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>bunzip <code>fn</code>, raising exception if output already exists</em></p>
<div id="cell-28" class="cell" data-execution_count="22">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb20"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>f <span class="op">=</span> Path(<span class="st">'files/test.txt'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb20-2"><a href="#cb20-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> f.exists(): f.unlink()</span>
<span id="cb20-3"><a href="#cb20-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>bunzip(<span class="st">'files/test.txt.bz2'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb20-4"><a href="#cb20-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>t <span class="op">=</span> f.<span class="bu">open</span>().readlines()</span>
<span id="cb20-5"><a href="#cb20-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(<span class="bu">len</span>(t),<span class="dv">1</span>)</span>
<span id="cb20-6"><a href="#cb20-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(t[<span class="dv">0</span>], <span class="st">'test</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="st">'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb20-7"><a href="#cb20-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>f.unlink()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L128" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="loads" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="loads">loads</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> loads (s, **kw)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Same as <code>json.loads</code>, but handles <code>None</code></em></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L136" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="loads_multi" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="loads_multi">loads_multi</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> loads_multi (s:str)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Generator of >=0 decoded json dicts, possibly with non-json ignored text at start and end</em></p>
<div id="cell-31" class="cell" data-execution_count="25">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb23"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb23-1"><a href="#cb23-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tst <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"""</span></span>
<span id="cb23-2"><a href="#cb23-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st"># ignored</span></span>
<span id="cb23-3"><a href="#cb23-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st">{ "a":1 }</span></span>
<span id="cb23-4"><a href="#cb23-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st">hello</span></span>
<span id="cb23-5"><a href="#cb23-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st">{</span></span>
<span id="cb23-6"><a href="#cb23-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st">"b":2</span></span>
<span id="cb23-7"><a href="#cb23-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st">}</span></span>
<span id="cb23-8"><a href="#cb23-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st">"""</span></span>
<span id="cb23-9"><a href="#cb23-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb23-10"><a href="#cb23-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(<span class="bu">list</span>(loads_multi(tst)), [{<span class="st">'a'</span>: <span class="dv">1</span>}, {<span class="st">'b'</span>: <span class="dv">2</span>}])</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L148" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="dumps" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="dumps">dumps</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> dumps (obj, **kw)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Same as <code>json.dumps</code>, but uses <code>ujson</code> if available</em></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L163" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="untar_dir" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="untar_dir">untar_dir</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> untar_dir (fname, dest, rename=False, overwrite=False)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>untar <code>file</code> into <code>dest</code>, creating a directory if the root contains more than one item</em></p>
<div id="cell-34" class="cell" data-execution_count="29">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb26"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb26-1"><a href="#cb26-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> test_untar(foldername, rename<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">False</span>, <span class="op">**</span>kwargs):</span>
<span id="cb26-2"><a href="#cb26-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">with</span> tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() <span class="im">as</span> d:</span>
<span id="cb26-3"><a href="#cb26-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> nm <span class="op">=</span> os.path.join(d, <span class="st">'a'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb26-4"><a href="#cb26-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> shutil.make_archive(nm, <span class="st">'gztar'</span>, <span class="op">**</span>kwargs)</span>
<span id="cb26-5"><a href="#cb26-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">with</span> tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() <span class="im">as</span> d2:</span>
<span id="cb26-6"><a href="#cb26-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> d2 <span class="op">=</span> Path(d2)</span>
<span id="cb26-7"><a href="#cb26-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> untar_dir(nm<span class="op">+</span><span class="st">'.tar.gz'</span>, d2, rename<span class="op">=</span>rename)</span>
<span id="cb26-8"><a href="#cb26-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> test_eq(d2.ls(), [d2<span class="op">/</span>foldername])</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>If the contents of <code>fname</code> contain just one file or directory, it is placed directly in <code>dest</code>:</p>
<div id="cell-36" class="cell" data-execution_count="30">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb27"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb27-1"><a href="#cb27-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># using `base_dir` in `make_archive` results in `images` directory included in file names</span></span>
<span id="cb27-2"><a href="#cb27-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_untar(<span class="st">'images'</span>, base_dir<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'images'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>If <code>rename</code> then the directory created is named based on the archive, without extension:</p>
<div id="cell-38" class="cell" data-execution_count="31">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb28"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_untar(<span class="st">'a'</span>, base_dir<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'images'</span>, rename<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">True</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>If the contents of <code>fname</code> contain multiple files and directories, a new folder in <code>dest</code> is created with the same name as <code>fname</code> (but without extension):</p>
<div id="cell-40" class="cell" data-execution_count="32">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb29"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># using `root_dir` in `make_archive` results in `images` directory *not* included in file names</span></span>
<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_untar(<span class="st">'a'</span>, root_dir<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'images'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L181" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="repo_details" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="repo_details">repo_details</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> repo_details (url)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Tuple of <code>owner,name</code> from ssh or https git repo <code>url</code></em></p>
<div id="cell-42" class="cell" data-execution_count="34">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb31"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(repo_details(<span class="st">'https://github.com/fastai/fastai.git'</span>), [<span class="st">'fastai'</span>, <span class="st">'fastai'</span>])</span>
<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(repo_details(<span class="st">'git@github.com:fastai/nbdev.git</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="st">'</span>), [<span class="st">'fastai'</span>, <span class="st">'nbdev'</span>])</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L188" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="run" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="run">run</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> run (cmd, *rest, same_in_win=False, ignore_ex=False, as_bytes=False,
stderr=False)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Pass <code>cmd</code> (splitting with <code>shlex</code> if string) to <code>subprocess.run</code>; return <code>stdout</code>; raise <code>IOError</code> if fails</em></p>
<p>You can pass a string (which will be split based on standard shell rules), a list, or pass args directly:</p>
<div id="cell-45" class="cell" data-execution_count="36">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb33"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb33-1"><a href="#cb33-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>run(<span class="st">'echo'</span>, same_in_win<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">True</span>)</span>
<span id="cb33-2"><a href="#cb33-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>run(<span class="st">'pip'</span>, <span class="st">'--version'</span>, same_in_win<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">True</span>)</span>
<span id="cb33-3"><a href="#cb33-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>run([<span class="st">'pip'</span>, <span class="st">'--version'</span>], same_in_win<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">True</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="36">
<pre><code>'pip 23.3.1 from /Users/jhoward/miniconda3/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pip (python 3.11)'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div id="cell-46" class="cell" data-execution_count="37">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb35"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb35-1"><a href="#cb35-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> sys.platform <span class="op">==</span> <span class="st">'win32'</span>:</span>
<span id="cb35-2"><a href="#cb35-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">assert</span> <span class="st">'ipynb'</span> <span class="kw">in</span> run(<span class="st">'cmd /c dir /p'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb35-3"><a href="#cb35-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">assert</span> <span class="st">'ipynb'</span> <span class="kw">in</span> run([<span class="st">'cmd'</span>, <span class="st">'/c'</span>, <span class="st">'dir'</span>, <span class="st">'/p'</span>])</span>
<span id="cb35-4"><a href="#cb35-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">assert</span> <span class="st">'ipynb'</span> <span class="kw">in</span> run(<span class="st">'cmd'</span>, <span class="st">'/c'</span>, <span class="st">'dir'</span>, <span class="st">'/p'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb35-5"><a href="#cb35-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
<span id="cb35-6"><a href="#cb35-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">assert</span> <span class="st">'ipynb'</span> <span class="kw">in</span> run(<span class="st">'ls -ls'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb35-7"><a href="#cb35-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">assert</span> <span class="st">'ipynb'</span> <span class="kw">in</span> run([<span class="st">'ls'</span>, <span class="st">'-l'</span>])</span>
<span id="cb35-8"><a href="#cb35-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">assert</span> <span class="st">'ipynb'</span> <span class="kw">in</span> run(<span class="st">'ls'</span>, <span class="st">'-l'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Some commands fail in non-error situations, like <code>grep</code>. Use <code>ignore_ex</code> in those cases, which will return a tuple of stdout and returncode:</p>
<div id="cell-48" class="cell" data-execution_count="38">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb36"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb36-1"><a href="#cb36-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> sys.platform <span class="op">==</span> <span class="st">'win32'</span>:</span>
<span id="cb36-2"><a href="#cb36-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> test_eq(run(<span class="st">'cmd /c findstr asdfds 00_test.ipynb'</span>, ignore_ex<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">True</span>)[<span class="dv">0</span>], <span class="dv">1</span>)</span>
<span id="cb36-3"><a href="#cb36-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
<span id="cb36-4"><a href="#cb36-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> test_eq(run(<span class="st">'grep asdfds 00_test.ipynb'</span>, ignore_ex<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">True</span>)[<span class="dv">0</span>], <span class="dv">1</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><a href="https://fastcore.fast.ai/xtras.html#run"><code>run</code></a> automatically decodes returned bytes to a <code>str</code>. Use <code>as_bytes</code> to skip that:</p>
<div id="cell-50" class="cell" data-execution_count="39">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb37"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb37-1"><a href="#cb37-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> sys.platform <span class="op">==</span> <span class="st">'win32'</span>:</span>
<span id="cb37-2"><a href="#cb37-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> test_eq(run(<span class="st">'cmd /c echo hi'</span>), <span class="st">'hi'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb37-3"><a href="#cb37-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
<span id="cb37-4"><a href="#cb37-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> test_eq(run(<span class="st">'echo hi'</span>, as_bytes<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">True</span>), <span class="st">b'hi</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="st">'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L212" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="open_file" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="open_file">open_file</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> open_file (fn, mode='r', **kwargs)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Open a file, with optional compression if gz or bz2 suffix</em></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L223" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="save_pickle" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="save_pickle">save_pickle</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> save_pickle (fn, o)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Save a pickle file, to a file name or opened file</em></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L229" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="load_pickle" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="load_pickle">load_pickle</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> load_pickle (fn)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Load a pickle file from a file name or opened file</em></p>
<div id="cell-54" class="cell" data-execution_count="43">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb41"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb41-1"><a href="#cb41-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> suf <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="st">'.pkl'</span>,<span class="st">'.bz2'</span>,<span class="st">'.gz'</span>:</span>
<span id="cb41-2"><a href="#cb41-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># delete=False is added for Windows</span></span>
<span id="cb41-3"><a href="#cb41-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23212435/permission-denied-to-write-to-my-temporary-file</span></span>
<span id="cb41-4"><a href="#cb41-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">with</span> tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix<span class="op">=</span>suf, delete<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">False</span>) <span class="im">as</span> f:</span>
<span id="cb41-5"><a href="#cb41-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> fn <span class="op">=</span> Path(f.name)</span>
<span id="cb41-6"><a href="#cb41-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> save_pickle(fn, <span class="st">'t'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb41-7"><a href="#cb41-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> t <span class="op">=</span> load_pickle(fn)</span>
<span id="cb41-8"><a href="#cb41-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> f.close()</span>
<span id="cb41-9"><a href="#cb41-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> test_eq(t,<span class="st">'t'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L235" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="parse_env" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="parse_env">parse_env</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> parse_env (s:str=None, fn:Union[str,pathlib.Path]=None)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Parse a shell-style environment string or file</em></p>
<div id="cell-56" class="cell" data-execution_count="45">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb43"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb43-1"><a href="#cb43-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>testf <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"""# comment</span></span>
<span id="cb43-2"><a href="#cb43-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st"> # another comment</span></span>
<span id="cb43-3"><a href="#cb43-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st"> export FOO="bar#baz"</span></span>
<span id="cb43-4"><a href="#cb43-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st">BAR=thing # comment "ok"</span></span>
<span id="cb43-5"><a href="#cb43-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st"> baz='thong'</span></span>
<span id="cb43-6"><a href="#cb43-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st">QUX=quux</span></span>
<span id="cb43-7"><a href="#cb43-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st">export ZAP = "zip" # more comments</span></span>
<span id="cb43-8"><a href="#cb43-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st"> FOOBAR = 42 # trailing space and comment"""</span></span>
<span id="cb43-9"><a href="#cb43-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb43-10"><a href="#cb43-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>exp <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bu">dict</span>(FOO<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'bar#baz'</span>, BAR<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'thing'</span>, baz<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'thong'</span>, QUX<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'quux'</span>, ZAP<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'zip'</span>, FOOBAR<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'42'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb43-11"><a href="#cb43-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb43-12"><a href="#cb43-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(parse_env(testf), exp)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="collections" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="collections">Collections</h2>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L246" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
<section id="dict2obj" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="dict2obj">dict2obj</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> dict2obj (d, list_func=<class 'fastcore.foundation.L'>, dict_func=<class
'fastcore.basics.AttrDict'>)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Convert (possibly nested) dicts (or lists of dicts) to <a href="https://fastcore.fast.ai/basics.html#attrdict"><code>AttrDict</code></a></em></p>
<p>This is a convenience to give you “dotted” access to (possibly nested) dictionaries, e.g:</p>
<div id="cell-60" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb45"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb45-1"><a href="#cb45-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>d1 <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bu">dict</span>(a<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">1</span>, b<span class="op">=</span><span class="bu">dict</span>(c<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">2</span>,d<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">3</span>))</span>
<span id="cb45-2"><a href="#cb45-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>d2 <span class="op">=</span> dict2obj(d1)</span>
<span id="cb45-3"><a href="#cb45-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(d2.b.c, <span class="dv">2</span>)</span>
<span id="cb45-4"><a href="#cb45-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(d2.b[<span class="st">'c'</span>], <span class="dv">2</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>It can also be used on lists of dicts.</p>
<div id="cell-62" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb46"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>_list_of_dicts <span class="op">=</span> [d1, d1]</span>
<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>ds <span class="op">=</span> dict2obj(_list_of_dicts)</span>
<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(ds[<span class="dv">0</span>].b.c, <span class="dv">2</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L253" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="obj2dict" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="obj2dict">obj2dict</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> obj2dict (d)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Convert (possibly nested) AttrDicts (or lists of AttrDicts) to <code>dict</code></em></p>
<p><a href="https://fastcore.fast.ai/xtras.html#obj2dict"><code>obj2dict</code></a> can be used to reverse what is done by <a href="https://fastcore.fast.ai/xtras.html#dict2obj"><code>dict2obj</code></a>:</p>
<div id="cell-65" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb48"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb48-1"><a href="#cb48-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(obj2dict(d2), d1)</span>
<span id="cb48-2"><a href="#cb48-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(obj2dict(ds), _list_of_dicts)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L268" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="repr_dict" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="repr_dict">repr_dict</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> repr_dict (d)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Print nested dicts and lists, such as returned by <a href="https://fastcore.fast.ai/xtras.html#dict2obj"><code>dict2obj</code></a></em></p>
<div id="cell-67" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb50"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(repr_dict(d2))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- a: 1
- b:
- c: 2
- d: 3</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L273" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="is_listy" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="is_listy">is_listy</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> is_listy (x)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em><code>isinstance(x, (tuple,list,L,slice,Generator))</code></em></p>
<div id="cell-69" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb53"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb53-1"><a href="#cb53-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">assert</span> is_listy((<span class="dv">1</span>,))</span>
<span id="cb53-2"><a href="#cb53-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">assert</span> is_listy([<span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
<span id="cb53-3"><a href="#cb53-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">assert</span> is_listy(L([<span class="dv">1</span>]))</span>
<span id="cb53-4"><a href="#cb53-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">assert</span> is_listy(<span class="bu">slice</span>(<span class="dv">2</span>))</span>
<span id="cb53-5"><a href="#cb53-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">assert</span> <span class="kw">not</span> is_listy(array([<span class="dv">1</span>]))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L278" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="mapped" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="mapped">mapped</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> mapped (f, it)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>map <code>f</code> over <code>it</code>, unless it’s not listy, in which case return <code>f(it)</code></em></p>
<div id="cell-71" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb55"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb55-1"><a href="#cb55-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> _f(x,a<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">1</span>): <span class="cf">return</span> x<span class="op">-</span>a</span>
<span id="cb55-2"><a href="#cb55-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb55-3"><a href="#cb55-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(mapped(_f,<span class="dv">1</span>),<span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
<span id="cb55-4"><a href="#cb55-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(mapped(_f,[<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>]),[<span class="dv">0</span>,<span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
<span id="cb55-5"><a href="#cb55-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(mapped(_f,(<span class="dv">1</span>,)),(<span class="dv">0</span>,))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="extensions-to-pathlib.path" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="extensions-to-pathlib.path">Extensions to Pathlib.Path</h2>
<p>The following methods are added to the standard python libary <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/pathlib.html#basic-use">Pathlib.Path</a>.</p>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L284" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
<section id="path.readlines" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="path.readlines">Path.readlines</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> Path.readlines (hint=-1, encoding='utf8')</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Read the content of <code>self</code></em></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L290" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="path.read_json" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="path.read_json">Path.read_json</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> Path.read_json (encoding=None, errors=None)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Same as <code>read_text</code> followed by <a href="https://fastcore.fast.ai/xtras.html#loads"><code>loads</code></a></em></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L296" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="path.mk_write" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="path.mk_write">Path.mk_write</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> Path.mk_write (data, encoding=None, errors=None, mode=511)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Make all parent dirs of <code>self</code>, and write <code>data</code></em></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L303" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="path.relpath" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="path.relpath">Path.relpath</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> Path.relpath (start=None)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Same as <code>os.path.relpath</code>, but returns a <code>Path</code>, and resolves symlinks</em></p>
<div id="cell-78" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb60"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb60-1"><a href="#cb60-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="op">=</span> Path(<span class="st">'../fastcore/'</span>).resolve()</span>
<span id="cb60-2"><a href="#cb60-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display">
<pre><code>Path('/home/lgvaz/git/fastcore/fastcore')</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div id="cell-79" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb62"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb62-1"><a href="#cb62-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p.relpath(Path.cwd())</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display">
<pre><code>Path('../fastcore')</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastcore/blob/master/fastcore/xtras.py#L309" target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a></p>
</section>
<section id="path.ls" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="path.ls">Path.ls</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre><code> Path.ls (n_max=None, file_type=None, file_exts=None)</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Contents of path as a list</em></p>
<p>We add an <code>ls()</code> method to <code>pathlib.Path</code> which is simply defined as <code>list(Path.iterdir())</code>, mainly for convenience in REPL environments such as notebooks.</p>
<div id="cell-82" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb65"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb65-1"><a href="#cb65-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>path <span class="op">=</span> Path()</span>
<span id="cb65-2"><a href="#cb65-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>t <span class="op">=</span> path.ls()</span>
<span id="cb65-3"><a href="#cb65-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">assert</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(t)<span class="op">></span><span class="dv">0</span></span>
<span id="cb65-4"><a href="#cb65-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>t1 <span class="op">=</span> path.ls(<span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
<span id="cb65-5"><a href="#cb65-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test_eq(<span class="bu">len</span>(t1), <span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
<span id="cb65-6"><a href="#cb65-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>t2 <span class="op">=</span> path.ls(file_exts<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'.ipynb'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb65-7"><a href="#cb65-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">assert</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(t)<span class="op">></span><span class="bu">len</span>(t2)</span>
<span id="cb65-8"><a href="#cb65-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>t[<span class="dv">0</span>]</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>