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---
title: Pagination
keywords: fastai
sidebar: home_sidebar
summary: "Parallel and serial pagination"
description: "Parallel and serial pagination"
nb_path: "03_page.ipynb"
---
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<h3 id="Paged-operations">Paged operations<a class="anchor-link" href="#Paged-operations"> </a></h3>
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<p>Some GitHub API operations return their results one page at a time. For instance, there are many thousands of <a href="https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/github/writing-on-github/creating-gists">gists</a>, but if we call <code>list_public</code> we only see the first 30:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">api</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GhApi</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">gists</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gists</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list_public</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gists</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>30</pre>
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<p>That's because this operation takes two optional parameters, <code>per_page</code>, and <a href="/page.html"><code>page</code></a>:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gists</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list_public</span>
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<p><a href="https://docs.github.com/v3/gists/#list-public-gists">gists.list_public</a>(since, per_page, page): <em>List public gists</em></p>
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<p>This is a common pattern for <code>list_*</code> operations in the GitHub API. One way to get more results is to increase <code>per_page</code>:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gists</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list_public</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">per_page</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<pre>100</pre>
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<p>However, <code>per_page</code> has a maximum of <code>100</code>, so if you want more, you'll have to pass <code>page=</code> to get pages beyond the first. An easy way to iterate through all pages is to use <a href="/page.html#paged"><code>paged</code></a>.</p>
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<h4 id="paged" class="doc_header"><code>paged</code><a href="https://github.com/fastai/ghapi/tree/master/ghapi/page.py#L14" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>paged</code>(<strong><code>oper</code></strong>, <strong>*<code>args</code></strong>, <strong><code>per_page</code></strong>=<em><code>30</code></em>, <strong><code>max_pages</code></strong>=<em><code>9999</code></em>, <strong>**<code>kwargs</code></strong>)</p>
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<p>Convert operation <code>oper(*args,**kwargs)</code> into an iterator</p>
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<p>We'll demonstrate this using the <code>repos.list_for_org</code> method:</p>
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<p><a href="https://docs.github.com/v3/repos/#list-organization-repositories">repos.list_for_org</a>(org, type, sort, direction, per_page, page): <em>List organization repositories</em></p>
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<span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">repos</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">repos</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
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<pre>(30, 'fast-image')</pre>
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<p>To convert this operation into a Python iterator, pass the operation itself, along with any arguments (either keyword or positional) to <a href="/page.html#paged"><code>paged</code></a>:</p>
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<p>You can now iterate through <code>repos</code> using Python, e.g:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">page</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">repos</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">page</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">page</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>30 fast-image
30 fastforest
30 .github
3 tweetrel
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<h3 id="Link-header-(RFC-5988)">Link header (RFC 5988)<a class="anchor-link" href="#Link-header-(RFC-5988)"> </a></h3>
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<p>GitHub tells us how many pages are available using the <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988">link header</a>. Unfortunately the pypi <a href="https://pypi.org/project/LinkHeader/">LinkHeader</a> library appears to no longer be maintained, so we've put a refactored version of it here.</p>
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<h4 id="parse_link_hdr" class="doc_header"><code>parse_link_hdr</code><a href="https://github.com/fastai/ghapi/tree/master/ghapi/page.py#L49" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>parse_link_hdr</code>(<strong><code>header</code></strong>)</p>
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<p>Parse an RFC 5988 link header, returning a <code>dict</code> from rels to a <code>tuple</code> of URL and attrs <code>dict</code></p>
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<p>Here's an example of a link header with just one link:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">parse_link_hdr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'<http://example.com>; rel="foo bar"; type=text/html'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>{'foo bar': ('http://example.com', {'type': 'text/html'})}</pre>
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<span class="n">link</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">links</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'foo bar'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">test_eq</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">link</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s1">'http://example.com'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">test_eq</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">link</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">'type'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s1">'text/html'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<p>Let's test it on the headers we received on our last call to GitHub. You can access the last call's headers in `recv_hdrs':</p>
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<pre>'<https://api.github.com/organizations/20547620/repos?per_page=30&page=4>; rel="prev", <https://api.github.com/organizations/20547620/repos?per_page=30&page=4>; rel="last", <https://api.github.com/organizations/20547620/repos?per_page=30&page=1>; rel="first"'</pre>
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<p>Here's what happens when we parse that:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">parse_link_hdr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv_hdrs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'Link'</span><span class="p">])</span>
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<pre>{'prev': ('https://api.github.com/organizations/20547620/repos?per_page=30&page=4',
{}),
'last': ('https://api.github.com/organizations/20547620/repos?per_page=30&page=4',
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'first': ('https://api.github.com/organizations/20547620/repos?per_page=30&page=1',
{})}</pre>
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<h3 id="Getting-pages-in-parallel">Getting pages in parallel<a class="anchor-link" href="#Getting-pages-in-parallel"> </a></h3>
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<p>Rather than requesting each page one at a time, we can save some time by getting all the pages we need in parallel.</p>
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<h4 id="GhApi.last_page" class="doc_header"><code>GhApi.last_page</code><a href="https://github.com/fastai/ghapi/tree/master/ghapi/page.py#L54" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>GhApi.last_page</code>()</p>
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<p>Parse RFC 5988 link header from most recent operation, and extract the last page</p>
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<p>To help us know the number of pages needed, we can use <code>last_page</code>, which uses the link header we just looked at to grab the last page from GitHub.</p>
<p>We will need multiple pages to get all the repos in the <code>github</code> organization, even if we get 100 at a time:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">repos</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list_for_org</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'github'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">per_page</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">last_page</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<pre>4</pre>
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<h4 id="pages" class="doc_header"><code>pages</code><a href="https://github.com/fastai/ghapi/tree/master/ghapi/page.py#L67" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>pages</code>(<strong><code>oper</code></strong>, <strong><code>n_pages</code></strong>, <strong>*<code>args</code></strong>, <strong><code>n_workers</code></strong>=<em><code>None</code></em>, <strong><code>per_page</code></strong>=<em><code>100</code></em>, <strong>**<code>kwargs</code></strong>)</p>
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<p>Get <code>n_pages</code> pages from <code>oper(*args,**kwargs)</code></p>
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<p><a href="/page.html#pages"><code>pages</code></a> by default passes <code>per_page=100</code> to the operation.</p>
<p>Let's look at some examples. To get all the pages for the repos in the <code>github</code> organization in parallel, we can use this:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">gh_repos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pages</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">repos</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list_for_org</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">last_page</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s1">'github'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">concat</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gh_repos</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>367</pre>
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<p>If you already know ahead of time the number of pages required, there's no need to call <code>last_page</code>. For instance, the GitHub docs specify that we can get at most 3000 gists:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">gists</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pages</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gists</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list_public</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">concat</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gists</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>3000</pre>
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<p>GitHub ignores the <code>per_page</code> parameter for some API calls, such as listing public events, which it limits to 8 pages of 30 items per page. To retrieve all pages in these cases, you need to explicitly pass the lower per page limit:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">activity</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list_public_events</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">last_page</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<pre>8</pre>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">evts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pages</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">activity</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list_public_events</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">last_page</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">per_page</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">concat</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">evts</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>232</pre>
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