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index.html
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0}/*!sc*/data-styled.g29[id=sc-iwaifL]{content:"gSkynp,"}/*!sc*/.caQbbb{border-radius:14px;margin-bottom:60px}/*!sc*/data-styled.g30[id=sc-cxNIbT]{content:"caQbbb,"}/*!sc*/.hEekTv{margin:0 0 28px}/*!sc*/data-styled.g31[id=sc-lmgQde]{content:"hEekTv,"}/*!sc*/</style></head><body><!-- __NEXT_DATA__ --><div class="sc-bqGHjH sc-ksluoS gIHfsz dwKlYv sc-hBMVcZ liuvoF"><header class="sc-bdnylx jMhaxE container-fluid"><div class="row"><div class="sc-gtssRu gmjWml"><div class="sc-dlnjPT cuIYFB"><amp-img src="/icon/icon.png" width="32" height="32" layout="responsive" i-amphtml-ssr data-hero class="i-amphtml-layout-responsive i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" i-amphtml-layout="responsive"><i-amphtml-sizer style="display:block;padding-top:100.0000%;"></i-amphtml-sizer><img class="i-amphtml-fill-content i-amphtml-replaced-content" decoding="async" src="/icon/icon.png"></amp-img></div><a class="sc-hKFyIo kLIvbz">非同步日常 | Async Daily</a></div></div></header><div class="sc-crzoUp iFQNZA container-fluid"><div class="sc-iqAbSa QHuRm"><h1 class="sc-kEqYlL bcxYtT">經濟學的40堂公開課(A Little History of Economics) 閱讀筆記</h1><time>2020-12-06</time><div>Books</div></div><div class="sc-dIsAE hWLrQM"></div></div><div class="container-fluid"><div class="row"><div class="sc-cxNIbT caQbbb col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 col-lg-6 col-lg-offset-3"><div class="sc-fnVYJo bvLxYO sc-iwaifL gSkynp"><div class="sc-fFSRdu colcEu"><amp-img src="/images/profile_ac.png" width="80" height="80" layout="responsive" class="i-amphtml-layout-responsive i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" i-amphtml-layout="responsive"><i-amphtml-sizer style="display:block;padding-top:100.0000%;"></i-amphtml-sizer></amp-img></div><div class="sc-bkbjAj bTfLsO"><div class="sc-iemXMA iSPPGk">KW</div><div>80後IT人,揼code多過寫字。</div></div></div><div class="sc-lmgQde hEekTv"><p>作為一個生活在金融城市的人,我好像從小便聽大人說經濟這個字。大家都很想經濟好,彷彿經濟好了,生活便會好了。但過了這些年,經濟好了,但生活有跟著變好嗎?我不以為然。</p><p>大學時讀過一些很基本的demand supply,economic of scale等理論。但這不是我想像中的經濟學。在我看來,我覺得經濟學更像社會學。看了這本書後,知道了經濟學的簡史。尤其是近代新派的經濟學說,基本上很多理論到今天還在應用。有感經濟理論對人類的影響是如此深,也加深了自己本身的想法。</p><p>書本以小節形式結集,總共40節。在此紀錄數項重要的理論作為自己的筆記:</p><h4>重商主義</h4><p>十六,七世紀的貨幣主要為貴金屬,要支撐國家開支,便需要累積大量黃金與白銀。貴金屬有限,要賺取財富,唯有加強貨物出口。建立貿易壁壘,以關稅限制入口貨品。同時積極殖民,控制原材料,從而減少對進口物品的依賴,鼓勵貿易順差。</p><h4>重農主義</h4><p>農業取之大自然,是淨產出。從事加工活動的工業及資產階級的地主是建基於農業的淨餘產出。農業生產的剩餘越多,在各階級流動的資源便越多。要鼓勵農業發展,便要減低對農民的課稅。將之轉嫁予擁有土地的貴族。除此以外,廢除商人及工業者的特權,加大農民能賺取的利潤。</p><h4>國富論</h4><p>人們根據自身利益行事,社會就能好好運作。自利帶來社會和諧,而不是混亂。政府不應該干預整個自由市場,經濟體應該自由運作,就像有一隻看不見的手在安排。</p><p>專業化分工讓成本下降,產量提升。人民的所有生產,無論工業、農業,都是國家的財富。而且生產什麼由市場主導。</p><h4>馬克斯與共產主義</h4><p>共產主義的原意在於已發展的高度資本主義社會。顧名思義,共產主義制度下沒有私有財產。人們的工作量應等同足夠生活所需的勞動價值,額外的勞動就是剩餘價值。
資本家剝削工人的剩餘價值,社會大眾能夠花費越少,產品需求下降,資本家的產品也會賣不出去。整套體系終會崩潰。</p><p>而且擁有資本能操控意識型態,必須由少數人控制的社會變為去中心化的社會。反對過度專業化分工,因其使人失去人性及自身價值。</p><h4>福利經濟學</h4><p>自由經濟的市場自行調整有時會失靈,福利經濟學檢討決策為社會帶來的整體福利。自身利益最大化的自利行為可能會忽視對整體社會的負面影響。Public Goods如免費的公共服務及政府補貼就不是自由市場的最佳效果,但對整個社會有利。</p><h4>計畫經濟</h4><p>資料分配,貨品生產,及消費需求均由中央管理。市場不再由供求決定。因為企業由政府控制,多數為共產主義下的經濟模式。</p><h4>凱因斯主義</h4><p>1930年代美國經濟大蕭條,英國的凱因斯嘗試作出解答。富裕的國家應該會越來越富有,衰退的原因不是產量出了問題,而是需求減少。國民存款增加,利率降低本可以增加投資,把資金帶回經濟體。
此說也認為貨幣政策已失效,利率的變化對投資者的影響有限。人們因為各種問題(可能是信心問題,或對未來的不確定感),選擇不去投資,經濟就會陷入衰退。</p><p>人們不花錢,就由政府搭當花錢的角色。投資各種公共服務,創造就業,帶動消費需求。另一種方法就是減稅,人們有更多可用的錢,更會消費。</p><h4>貨幣主義</h4><p>佛利民於60年代提倡此學說。主要駁斥凱因斯學說的政府干預及加大支出理論,同時為貨幣理論解話。在貨幣流通量穩定的狀態下,貨幣供應短期內是確實會增加國民消費及投資。比起政府的投資,干預自由市場運作。此說更傾向在不同的時候調整貨幣政策。放任經濟體自行修正,強化企業的供給面(產出的水準),而不是從需求入手。</p><h4>熊彼特 創造性破壞</h4><p>資本主義就代表了改變,而這種改變沒有終點。經濟體並不是一個平衡,而是透過不斷的創新來破壞舊有結構,創造新的結構。以不斷改變推動經濟體。壟斷有助經濟體進步,高風險伴隨高回報。研發新產品的壟斷帶來巨大的獎賞,鼓勵創新。模仿者會跟隨,帶動了整個行業的革新,經濟體隨之擴展。</p><h4>海耶克</h4><p>主要批評社會主義及計畫經濟。此說認為政府操控的經濟凌駕個人自由。
一旦政府操控經濟體,人民將再無法做決定,失去經濟自由,甚至政治自由。</p><p>書籍購自Amazon:
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07N8ZB43D</p></div><div><ul class="sc-dIvqjp jhpNAI"><li class="sc-hHEjAm eGEZbi">#Economics</li><li class="sc-hHEjAm eGEZbi">#Monthly Reads</li><li class="sc-hHEjAm eGEZbi">#Niall Kishtainy</li></ul></div><div><h3 class="sc-dlMBXb hAfEGY">最近的文章: </h3><ul class="sc-kfYqjs jpcbJh"><li class="sc-fKgIGh efpGaJ"><a href="/post/next-js-markdown-page-generation" class="sc-bCwgka kQzQQm">使用markdown 配搭next.js 搭建static page blog</a></li><li class="sc-fKgIGh efpGaJ"><a href="/post/energy-for-future-presidents" class="sc-bCwgka kQzQQm">(閱後感) 給未來總統的能源課:頂尖物理學家眼中的能源真相</a></li><li class="sc-fKgIGh efpGaJ"><a href="/post/guns-germs-steel" class="sc-bCwgka kQzQQm">(閱後感) 槍炮、病菌與鋼鐵 - 人類社會的命運</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><footer class="sc-eCApGN hdQbtK container-fluid"><div class="row"><div class="col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 col-lg-6 col-lg-offset-3"><div class="sc-jSFkmK jGLdVH"><div class="sc-gKAblj boPkKw"><div class="sc-iCoHVE knnrxv"><amp-img src="/icon/icon.png" width="56" height="56" layout="responsive" class="i-amphtml-layout-responsive i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" i-amphtml-layout="responsive"><i-amphtml-sizer style="display:block;padding-top:100.0000%;"></i-amphtml-sizer></amp-img></div><div class="sc-fujyUd dAHnJY">非同步日常 | Async Daily</div></div><div class="sc-pNWxx dryRrI"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="linkedin" class="svg-inline--fa fa-linkedin fa-w-14 sc-jrsJCI emsrNO" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M416 32H31.9C14.3 32 0 46.5 0 64.3v383.4C0 465.5 14.3 480 31.9 480H416c17.6 0 32-14.5 32-32.3V64.3c0-17.8-14.4-32.3-32-32.3zM135.4 416H69V202.2h66.5V416zm-33.2-243c-21.3 0-38.5-17.3-38.5-38.5S80.9 96 102.2 96c21.2 0 38.5 17.3 38.5 38.5 0 21.3-17.2 38.5-38.5 38.5zm282.1 243h-66.4V312c0-24.8-.5-56.7-34.5-56.7-34.6 0-39.9 27-39.9 54.9V416h-66.4V202.2h63.7v29.2h.9c8.9-16.8 30.6-34.5 62.9-34.5 67.2 0 79.7 44.3 79.7 101.9V416z"/></svg><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="envelope" class="svg-inline--fa fa-envelope fa-w-16 sc-jrsJCI emsrNO" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="github" class="svg-inline--fa fa-github fa-w-16 sc-jrsJCI emsrNO" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg></div></div></div></div></footer></div></body></html>