swift.go

// Package swift provides a storagedriver.StorageDriver implementation to
// store blobs in Openstack Swift object storage.
//
// This package leverages the ncw/swift client library for interfacing with
// Swift.
//
// It supports both TempAuth authentication and Keystone authentication
// (up to version 3).
//
// As Swift has a limit on the size of a single uploaded object (by default
// this is 5GB), the driver makes use of the Swift Large Object Support
// (http://docs.openstack.org/developer/swift/overview_large_objects.html).
// Only one container is used for both manifests and data objects. Manifests
// are stored in the 'files' pseudo directory, data objects are stored under
// 'segments'.
package swift

import (
	"bufio"
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"crypto/rand"
	"crypto/sha1"
	"crypto/tls"
	"encoding/hex"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
	"github.com/ncw/swift"

	storagedriver "github.com/docker/distribution/registry/storage/driver"
	"github.com/docker/distribution/registry/storage/driver/base"
	"github.com/docker/distribution/registry/storage/driver/factory"
	"github.com/docker/distribution/version"
)

const driverName = "swift"

// defaultChunkSize defines the default size of a segment
const defaultChunkSize = 20 * 1024 * 1024

// minChunkSize defines the minimum size of a segment
const minChunkSize = 1 << 20

// contentType defines the Content-Type header associated with stored segments
const contentType = "application/octet-stream"

// readAfterWriteTimeout defines the time we wait before an object appears after having been uploaded
var readAfterWriteTimeout = 15 * time.Second

// readAfterWriteWait defines the time to sleep between two retries
var readAfterWriteWait = 200 * time.Millisecond

// Parameters A struct that encapsulates all of the driver parameters after all values have been set
type Parameters struct {
	Username                    string
	Password                    string
	ApplicationCredentialID     string
	ApplicationCredentialName   string
	ApplicationCredentialSecret string
	AuthURL                     string
	Tenant                      string
	TenantID                    string
	Domain                      string
	DomainID                    string
	TenantDomain                string
	TenantDomainID              string
	TrustID                     string
	Region                      string
	AuthVersion                 int
	Container                   string
	Prefix                      string
	EndpointType                string
	InsecureSkipVerify          bool
	ChunkSize                   int
	SecretKey                   string
	AccessKey                   string
	TempURLContainerKey         bool
	TempURLMethods              []string
}

// swiftInfo maps the JSON structure returned by Swift /info endpoint
type swiftInfo struct {
	Swift struct {
		Version string `mapstructure:"version"`
	}
	Tempurl struct {
		Methods []string `mapstructure:"methods"`
	}
	BulkDelete struct {
		MaxDeletesPerRequest int `mapstructure:"max_deletes_per_request"`
	} `mapstructure:"bulk_delete"`
}

func init() {
	factory.Register(driverName, &swiftDriverFactory{})
}

// swiftDriverFactory implements the factory.StorageDriverFactory interface
type swiftDriverFactory struct{}

func (factory *swiftDriverFactory) Create(parameters map[string]interface{}) (storagedriver.StorageDriver, error) {
	return FromParameters(parameters)
}

type driver struct {
	Conn                 *swift.Connection
	Container            string
	Prefix               string
	BulkDeleteSupport    bool
	BulkDeleteMaxDeletes int
	ChunkSize            int
	SecretKey            string
	AccessKey            string
	TempURLContainerKey  bool
	TempURLMethods       []string
}

type baseEmbed struct {
	base.Base
}

// Driver is a storagedriver.StorageDriver implementation backed by Openstack Swift
// Objects are stored at absolute keys in the provided container.
type Driver struct {
	baseEmbed
}

// FromParameters constructs a new Driver with a given parameters map
// Required parameters:
// - username
// - password
// - authurl
// - container
func FromParameters(parameters map[string]interface{}) (*Driver, error) {
	params := Parameters{
		ChunkSize:          defaultChunkSize,
		InsecureSkipVerify: false,
	}

	// Sanitize some entries before trying to decode parameters with mapstructure
	// TenantID and Tenant when integers only and passed as ENV variables
	// are considered as integer and not string. The parser fails in this
	// case.
	_, ok := parameters["tenant"]
	if ok {
		parameters["tenant"] = fmt.Sprint(parameters["tenant"])
	}
	_, ok = parameters["tenantid"]
	if ok {
		parameters["tenantid"] = fmt.Sprint(parameters["tenantid"])
	}

	if err := mapstructure.Decode(parameters, &params); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if params.Username == "" {
		if params.ApplicationCredentialID == "" && params.ApplicationCredentialName == "" {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("no username or application-credential provided")
		}
	}

	if params.Password == "" {
		if params.ApplicationCredentialID == "" {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("no password or application-credential-secret parameter provided")
		}
	}

	if params.AuthURL == "" {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no authurl parameter provided")
	}

	if params.Container == "" {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no container parameter provided")
	}

	if params.ChunkSize < minChunkSize {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("the chunksize %#v parameter should be a number that is larger than or equal to %d", params.ChunkSize, minChunkSize)
	}

	return New(params)
}

// New constructs a new Driver with the given Openstack Swift credentials and container name
func New(params Parameters) (*Driver, error) {
	transport := &http.Transport{
		Proxy:               http.ProxyFromEnvironment,
		MaxIdleConnsPerHost: 2048,
		TLSClientConfig:     &tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: params.InsecureSkipVerify},
	}

	ct := &swift.Connection{
		UserName:                    params.Username,
		ApiKey:                      params.Password,
		ApplicationCredentialId:     params.ApplicationCredentialID,
		ApplicationCredentialName:   params.ApplicationCredentialName,
		ApplicationCredentialSecret: params.ApplicationCredentialSecret,
		AuthUrl:                     params.AuthURL,
		Region:                      params.Region,
		AuthVersion:                 params.AuthVersion,
		UserAgent:                   "distribution/" + version.Version,
		Tenant:                      params.Tenant,
		TenantId:                    params.TenantID,
		Domain:                      params.Domain,
		DomainId:                    params.DomainID,
		TenantDomain:                params.TenantDomain,
		TenantDomainId:              params.TenantDomainID,
		TrustId:                     params.TrustID,
		EndpointType:                swift.EndpointType(params.EndpointType),
		Transport:                   transport,
		ConnectTimeout:              60 * time.Second,
		Timeout:                     15 * 60 * time.Second,
	}
	err := ct.Authenticate()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("swift authentication failed: %s", err)
	}

	if _, _, err := ct.Container(params.Container); err == swift.ContainerNotFound {
		if err := ct.ContainerCreate(params.Container, nil); err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create container %s (%s)", params.Container, err)
		}
	} else if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve info about container %s (%s)", params.Container, err)
	}

	d := &driver{
		Conn:           ct,
		Container:      params.Container,
		Prefix:         params.Prefix,
		ChunkSize:      params.ChunkSize,
		TempURLMethods: make([]string, 0),
		AccessKey:      params.AccessKey,
	}

	info := swiftInfo{}
	if config, err := d.Conn.QueryInfo(); err == nil {
		_, d.BulkDeleteSupport = config["bulk_delete"]

		if err := mapstructure.Decode(config, &info); err == nil {
			d.TempURLContainerKey = info.Swift.Version >= "2.3.0"
			d.TempURLMethods = info.Tempurl.Methods
			if d.BulkDeleteSupport {
				d.BulkDeleteMaxDeletes = info.BulkDelete.MaxDeletesPerRequest
			}
		}
	} else {
		d.TempURLContainerKey = params.TempURLContainerKey
		d.TempURLMethods = params.TempURLMethods
	}

	if len(d.TempURLMethods) > 0 {
		secretKey := params.SecretKey
		if secretKey == "" {
			secretKey, _ = generateSecret()
		}

		// Since Swift 2.2.2, we can now set secret keys on containers
		// in addition to the account secret keys. Use them in preference.
		if d.TempURLContainerKey {
			_, containerHeaders, err := d.Conn.Container(d.Container)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch container info %s (%s)", d.Container, err)
			}

			d.SecretKey = containerHeaders["X-Container-Meta-Temp-Url-Key"]
			if d.SecretKey == "" || (params.SecretKey != "" && d.SecretKey != params.SecretKey) {
				m := swift.Metadata{}
				m["temp-url-key"] = secretKey
				if d.Conn.ContainerUpdate(d.Container, m.ContainerHeaders()); err == nil {
					d.SecretKey = secretKey
				}
			}
		} else {
			// Use the account secret key
			_, accountHeaders, err := d.Conn.Account()
			if err != nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch account info (%s)", err)
			}

			d.SecretKey = accountHeaders["X-Account-Meta-Temp-Url-Key"]
			if d.SecretKey == "" || (params.SecretKey != "" && d.SecretKey != params.SecretKey) {
				m := swift.Metadata{}
				m["temp-url-key"] = secretKey
				if err := d.Conn.AccountUpdate(m.AccountHeaders()); err == nil {
					d.SecretKey = secretKey
				}
			}
		}
	}

	return &Driver{
		baseEmbed: baseEmbed{
			Base: base.Base{
				StorageDriver: d,
			},
		},
	}, nil
}

// Implement the storagedriver.StorageDriver interface

func (d *driver) Name() string {
	return driverName
}

// GetContent retrieves the content stored at "path" as a []byte.
func (d *driver) GetContent(ctx context.Context, path string) ([]byte, error) {
	content, err := d.Conn.ObjectGetBytes(d.Container, d.swiftPath(path))
	if err == swift.ObjectNotFound {
		return nil, storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
	}
	return content, err
}

// PutContent stores the []byte content at a location designated by "path".
func (d *driver) PutContent(ctx context.Context, path string, contents []byte) error {
	err := d.Conn.ObjectPutBytes(d.Container, d.swiftPath(path), contents, contentType)
	if err == swift.ObjectNotFound {
		return storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
	}
	return err
}

// Reader retrieves an io.ReadCloser for the content stored at "path" with a
// given byte offset.
func (d *driver) Reader(ctx context.Context, path string, offset int64) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
	headers := make(swift.Headers)
	headers["Range"] = "bytes=" + strconv.FormatInt(offset, 10) + "-"

	waitingTime := readAfterWriteWait
	endTime := time.Now().Add(readAfterWriteTimeout)

	for {
		file, headers, err := d.Conn.ObjectOpen(d.Container, d.swiftPath(path), false, headers)
		if err != nil {
			if err == swift.ObjectNotFound {
				return nil, storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
			}
			if swiftErr, ok := err.(*swift.Error); ok && swiftErr.StatusCode == http.StatusRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable {
				return ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(nil)), nil
			}
			return file, err
		}

		//if this is a DLO and it is clear that segments are still missing,
		//wait until they show up
		_, isDLO := headers["X-Object-Manifest"]
		size, err := file.Length()
		if err != nil {
			return file, err
		}
		if isDLO && size == 0 {
			if time.Now().Add(waitingTime).After(endTime) {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("timeout expired while waiting for segments of %s to show up", path)
			}
			time.Sleep(waitingTime)
			waitingTime *= 2
			continue
		}

		//if not, then this reader will be fine
		return file, nil
	}
}

// Writer returns a FileWriter which will store the content written to it
// at the location designated by "path" after the call to Commit.
func (d *driver) Writer(ctx context.Context, path string, append bool) (storagedriver.FileWriter, error) {
	var (
		segments     []swift.Object
		segmentsPath string
		err          error
	)

	if !append {
		segmentsPath, err = d.swiftSegmentPath(path)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	} else {
		info, headers, err := d.Conn.Object(d.Container, d.swiftPath(path))
		if err == swift.ObjectNotFound {
			return nil, storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
		} else if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		manifest, ok := headers["X-Object-Manifest"]
		if !ok {
			segmentsPath, err = d.swiftSegmentPath(path)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			if err := d.Conn.ObjectMove(d.Container, d.swiftPath(path), d.Container, getSegmentPath(segmentsPath, len(segments))); err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			segments = []swift.Object{info}
		} else {
			_, segmentsPath = parseManifest(manifest)
			if segments, err = d.getAllSegments(segmentsPath); err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
		}
	}

	return d.newWriter(path, segmentsPath, segments), nil
}

// Stat retrieves the FileInfo for the given path, including the current size
// in bytes and the creation time.
func (d *driver) Stat(ctx context.Context, path string) (storagedriver.FileInfo, error) {
	swiftPath := d.swiftPath(path)
	opts := &swift.ObjectsOpts{
		Prefix:    swiftPath,
		Delimiter: '/',
	}

	objects, err := d.Conn.ObjectsAll(d.Container, opts)
	if err != nil {
		if err == swift.ContainerNotFound {
			return nil, storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
		}
		return nil, err
	}

	fi := storagedriver.FileInfoFields{
		Path: strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimSuffix(swiftPath, "/"), d.swiftPath("/")),
	}

	for _, obj := range objects {
		if obj.PseudoDirectory && obj.Name == swiftPath+"/" {
			fi.IsDir = true
			return storagedriver.FileInfoInternal{FileInfoFields: fi}, nil
		} else if obj.Name == swiftPath {
			// The file exists. But on Swift 1.12, the 'bytes' field is always 0 so
			// we need to do a separate HEAD request.
			break
		}
	}

	//Don't trust an empty `objects` slice. A container listing can be
	//outdated. For files, we can make a HEAD request on the object which
	//reports existence (at least) much more reliably.
	waitingTime := readAfterWriteWait
	endTime := time.Now().Add(readAfterWriteTimeout)

	for {
		info, headers, err := d.Conn.Object(d.Container, swiftPath)
		if err != nil {
			if err == swift.ObjectNotFound {
				return nil, storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
			}
			return nil, err
		}

		//if this is a DLO and it is clear that segments are still missing,
		//wait until they show up
		_, isDLO := headers["X-Object-Manifest"]
		if isDLO && info.Bytes == 0 {
			if time.Now().Add(waitingTime).After(endTime) {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("timeout expired while waiting for segments of %s to show up", path)
			}
			time.Sleep(waitingTime)
			waitingTime *= 2
			continue
		}

		//otherwise, accept the result
		fi.IsDir = false
		fi.Size = info.Bytes
		fi.ModTime = info.LastModified
		return storagedriver.FileInfoInternal{FileInfoFields: fi}, nil
	}
}

// List returns a list of the objects that are direct descendants of the given path.
func (d *driver) List(ctx context.Context, path string) ([]string, error) {
	var files []string

	prefix := d.swiftPath(path)
	if prefix != "" {
		prefix += "/"
	}

	opts := &swift.ObjectsOpts{
		Prefix:    prefix,
		Delimiter: '/',
	}

	objects, err := d.Conn.ObjectsAll(d.Container, opts)
	for _, obj := range objects {
		files = append(files, strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimSuffix(obj.Name, "/"), d.swiftPath("/")))
	}

	if err == swift.ContainerNotFound || (len(objects) == 0 && path != "/") {
		return files, storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
	}
	return files, err
}

// Move moves an object stored at sourcePath to destPath, removing the original
// object.
func (d *driver) Move(ctx context.Context, sourcePath string, destPath string) error {
	_, headers, err := d.Conn.Object(d.Container, d.swiftPath(sourcePath))
	if err == nil {
		if manifest, ok := headers["X-Object-Manifest"]; ok {
			if err = d.createManifest(destPath, manifest); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			err = d.Conn.ObjectDelete(d.Container, d.swiftPath(sourcePath))
		} else {
			err = d.Conn.ObjectMove(d.Container, d.swiftPath(sourcePath), d.Container, d.swiftPath(destPath))
		}
	}
	if err == swift.ObjectNotFound {
		return storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: sourcePath}
	}
	return err
}

// Delete recursively deletes all objects stored at "path" and its subpaths.
func (d *driver) Delete(ctx context.Context, path string) error {
	opts := swift.ObjectsOpts{
		Prefix: d.swiftPath(path) + "/",
	}

	objects, err := d.Conn.ObjectsAll(d.Container, &opts)
	if err != nil {
		if err == swift.ContainerNotFound {
			return storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
		}
		return err
	}

	for _, obj := range objects {
		if obj.PseudoDirectory {
			continue
		}
		if _, headers, err := d.Conn.Object(d.Container, obj.Name); err == nil {
			manifest, ok := headers["X-Object-Manifest"]
			if ok {
				_, prefix := parseManifest(manifest)
				segments, err := d.getAllSegments(prefix)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
				objects = append(objects, segments...)
			}
		} else {
			if err == swift.ObjectNotFound {
				return storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: obj.Name}
			}
			return err
		}
	}

	if d.BulkDeleteSupport && len(objects) > 0 && d.BulkDeleteMaxDeletes > 0 {
		filenames := make([]string, len(objects))
		for i, obj := range objects {
			filenames[i] = obj.Name
		}

		chunks, err := chunkFilenames(filenames, d.BulkDeleteMaxDeletes)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		for _, chunk := range chunks {
			_, err := d.Conn.BulkDelete(d.Container, chunk)
			// Don't fail on ObjectNotFound because eventual consistency
			// makes this situation normal.
			if err != nil && err != swift.Forbidden && err != swift.ObjectNotFound {
				if err == swift.ContainerNotFound {
					return storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
				}
				return err
			}
		}
	} else {
		for _, obj := range objects {
			if err := d.Conn.ObjectDelete(d.Container, obj.Name); err != nil {
				if err == swift.ObjectNotFound {
					return storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: obj.Name}
				}
				return err
			}
		}
	}

	_, _, err = d.Conn.Object(d.Container, d.swiftPath(path))
	if err == nil {
		if err := d.Conn.ObjectDelete(d.Container, d.swiftPath(path)); err != nil {
			if err == swift.ObjectNotFound {
				return storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
			}
			return err
		}
	} else if err == swift.ObjectNotFound {
		if len(objects) == 0 {
			return storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
		}
	} else {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// URLFor returns a URL which may be used to retrieve the content stored at the given path.
func (d *driver) URLFor(ctx context.Context, path string, options map[string]interface{}) (string, error) {
	if d.SecretKey == "" {
		return "", storagedriver.ErrUnsupportedMethod{}
	}

	methodString := "GET"
	method, ok := options["method"]
	if ok {
		if methodString, ok = method.(string); !ok {
			return "", storagedriver.ErrUnsupportedMethod{}
		}
	}

	if methodString == "HEAD" {
		// A "HEAD" request on a temporary URL is allowed if the
		// signature was generated with "GET", "POST" or "PUT"
		methodString = "GET"
	}

	supported := false
	for _, method := range d.TempURLMethods {
		if method == methodString {
			supported = true
			break
		}
	}

	if !supported {
		return "", storagedriver.ErrUnsupportedMethod{}
	}

	expiresTime := time.Now().Add(20 * time.Minute)
	expires, ok := options["expiry"]
	if ok {
		et, ok := expires.(time.Time)
		if ok {
			expiresTime = et
		}
	}

	tempURL := d.Conn.ObjectTempUrl(d.Container, d.swiftPath(path), d.SecretKey, methodString, expiresTime)

	if d.AccessKey != "" {
		// On HP Cloud, the signature must be in the form of tenant_id:access_key:signature
		url, _ := url.Parse(tempURL)
		query := url.Query()
		query.Set("temp_url_sig", fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s:%s", d.Conn.TenantId, d.AccessKey, query.Get("temp_url_sig")))
		url.RawQuery = query.Encode()
		tempURL = url.String()
	}

	return tempURL, nil
}

// Walk traverses a filesystem defined within driver, starting
// from the given path, calling f on each file
func (d *driver) Walk(ctx context.Context, path string, f storagedriver.WalkFn) error {
	return storagedriver.WalkFallback(ctx, d, path, f)
}

func (d *driver) swiftPath(path string) string {
	return strings.TrimLeft(strings.TrimRight(d.Prefix+"/files"+path, "/"), "/")
}

func (d *driver) swiftSegmentPath(path string) (string, error) {
	checksum := sha1.New()
	random := make([]byte, 32)
	if _, err := rand.Read(random); err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	path = hex.EncodeToString(checksum.Sum(append([]byte(path), random...)))
	return strings.TrimLeft(strings.TrimRight(d.Prefix+"/segments/"+path[0:3]+"/"+path[3:], "/"), "/"), nil
}

func (d *driver) getAllSegments(path string) ([]swift.Object, error) {
	//a simple container listing works 99.9% of the time
	segments, err := d.Conn.ObjectsAll(d.Container, &swift.ObjectsOpts{Prefix: path})
	if err != nil {
		if err == swift.ContainerNotFound {
			return nil, storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
		}
		return nil, err
	}

	//build a lookup table by object name
	hasObjectName := make(map[string]struct{})
	for _, segment := range segments {
		hasObjectName[segment.Name] = struct{}{}
	}

	//The container listing might be outdated (i.e. not contain all existing
	//segment objects yet) because of temporary inconsistency (Swift is only
	//eventually consistent!). Check its completeness.
	segmentNumber := 0
	for {
		segmentNumber++
		segmentPath := getSegmentPath(path, segmentNumber)

		if _, seen := hasObjectName[segmentPath]; seen {
			continue
		}

		//This segment is missing in the container listing. Use a more reliable
		//request to check its existence. (HEAD requests on segments are
		//guaranteed to return the correct metadata, except for the pathological
		//case of an outage of large parts of the Swift cluster or its network,
		//since every segment is only written once.)
		segment, _, err := d.Conn.Object(d.Container, segmentPath)
		switch err {
		case nil:
			//found new segment -> keep going, more might be missing
			segments = append(segments, segment)
			continue
		case swift.ObjectNotFound:
			//This segment is missing. Since we upload segments sequentially,
			//there won't be any more segments after it.
			return segments, nil
		default:
			return nil, err //unexpected error
		}
	}
}

func (d *driver) createManifest(path string, segments string) error {
	headers := make(swift.Headers)
	headers["X-Object-Manifest"] = segments
	manifest, err := d.Conn.ObjectCreate(d.Container, d.swiftPath(path), false, "", contentType, headers)
	if err != nil {
		if err == swift.ObjectNotFound {
			return storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
		}
		return err
	}
	if err := manifest.Close(); err != nil {
		if err == swift.ObjectNotFound {
			return storagedriver.PathNotFoundError{Path: path}
		}
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

func chunkFilenames(slice []string, maxSize int) (chunks [][]string, err error) {
	if maxSize > 0 {
		for offset := 0; offset < len(slice); offset += maxSize {
			chunkSize := maxSize
			if offset+chunkSize > len(slice) {
				chunkSize = len(slice) - offset
			}
			chunks = append(chunks, slice[offset:offset+chunkSize])
		}
	} else {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("max chunk size must be > 0")
	}
	return
}

func parseManifest(manifest string) (container string, prefix string) {
	components := strings.SplitN(manifest, "/", 2)
	container = components[0]
	if len(components) > 1 {
		prefix = components[1]
	}
	return container, prefix
}

func generateSecret() (string, error) {
	var secretBytes [32]byte
	if _, err := rand.Read(secretBytes[:]); err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("could not generate random bytes for Swift secret key: %v", err)
	}
	return hex.EncodeToString(secretBytes[:]), nil
}

func getSegmentPath(segmentsPath string, partNumber int) string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/%016d", segmentsPath, partNumber)
}

type writer struct {
	driver       *driver
	path         string
	segmentsPath string
	size         int64
	bw           *bufio.Writer
	closed       bool
	committed    bool
	cancelled    bool
}

func (d *driver) newWriter(path, segmentsPath string, segments []swift.Object) storagedriver.FileWriter {
	var size int64
	for _, segment := range segments {
		size += segment.Bytes
	}
	return &writer{
		driver:       d,
		path:         path,
		segmentsPath: segmentsPath,
		size:         size,
		bw: bufio.NewWriterSize(&segmentWriter{
			conn:          d.Conn,
			container:     d.Container,
			segmentsPath:  segmentsPath,
			segmentNumber: len(segments) + 1,
			maxChunkSize:  d.ChunkSize,
		}, d.ChunkSize),
	}
}

func (w *writer) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
	if w.closed {
		return 0, fmt.Errorf("already closed")
	} else if w.committed {
		return 0, fmt.Errorf("already committed")
	} else if w.cancelled {
		return 0, fmt.Errorf("already cancelled")
	}

	n, err := w.bw.Write(p)
	w.size += int64(n)
	return n, err
}

func (w *writer) Size() int64 {
	return w.size
}

func (w *writer) Close() error {
	if w.closed {
		return fmt.Errorf("already closed")
	}

	if err := w.bw.Flush(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !w.committed && !w.cancelled {
		if err := w.driver.createManifest(w.path, w.driver.Container+"/"+w.segmentsPath); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if err := w.waitForSegmentsToShowUp(); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	w.closed = true

	return nil
}

func (w *writer) Cancel() error {
	if w.closed {
		return fmt.Errorf("already closed")
	} else if w.committed {
		return fmt.Errorf("already committed")
	}
	w.cancelled = true
	return w.driver.Delete(context.Background(), w.path)
}

func (w *writer) Commit() error {
	if w.closed {
		return fmt.Errorf("already closed")
	} else if w.committed {
		return fmt.Errorf("already committed")
	} else if w.cancelled {
		return fmt.Errorf("already cancelled")
	}

	if err := w.bw.Flush(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := w.driver.createManifest(w.path, w.driver.Container+"/"+w.segmentsPath); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	w.committed = true
	return w.waitForSegmentsToShowUp()
}

func (w *writer) waitForSegmentsToShowUp() error {
	var err error
	waitingTime := readAfterWriteWait
	endTime := time.Now().Add(readAfterWriteTimeout)

	for {
		var info swift.Object
		if info, _, err = w.driver.Conn.Object(w.driver.Container, w.driver.swiftPath(w.path)); err == nil {
			if info.Bytes == w.size {
				break
			}
			err = fmt.Errorf("timeout expired while waiting for segments of %s to show up", w.path)
		}
		if time.Now().Add(waitingTime).After(endTime) {
			break
		}
		time.Sleep(waitingTime)
		waitingTime *= 2
	}

	return err
}

type segmentWriter struct {
	conn          *swift.Connection
	container     string
	segmentsPath  string
	segmentNumber int
	maxChunkSize  int
}

func (sw *segmentWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
	n := 0
	for offset := 0; offset < len(p); offset += sw.maxChunkSize {
		chunkSize := sw.maxChunkSize
		if offset+chunkSize > len(p) {
			chunkSize = len(p) - offset
		}
		_, err := sw.conn.ObjectPut(sw.container, getSegmentPath(sw.segmentsPath, sw.segmentNumber), bytes.NewReader(p[offset:offset+chunkSize]), false, "", contentType, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return n, err
		}

		sw.segmentNumber++
		n += chunkSize
	}

	return n, nil
}