tesis.bib

@misc{_https_,
  title = {{{https://bibliotecadigital.uchile.cl/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi\_dialnet\_primary\_oai\_dialnet\_unirioja\_es\_ART0001447155\&context=PC\&vid=56UDC\_INST:56UDC\_INST\&lang=es\&search\_scope=MyInst\_and\_CI\&adaptor=Primo\%20Central\&tab=Everything\&query=sub\%2Ccontains\%2CLenguaje\%2CAND\&query=sub\%2Ccontains\%2CPol\%C3\%ADtica\%2CAND\&sortby=date\_d\&mode=advanced\&offset=0}}},
  shorttitle = {Https},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{_https_a,
  title = {{{https://bibliotecadigital.uchile.cl/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi\_dialnet\_primary\_oai\_dialnet\_unirioja\_es\_ART0000218139\&context=PC\&vid=56UDC\_INST:56UDC\_INST\&lang=es\&search\_scope=MyInst\_and\_CI\&adaptor=Primo\%20Central\&tab=Everything\&query=sub,contains,Lenguaje,AND\&query=sub,contains,Pol\%C3\%ADtica,AND\&sortby=rank\&mode=advanced\&offset=0}}},
  shorttitle = {Https},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{_https_b,
  title = {{{https://bibliotecadigital.uchile.cl/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi\_doaj\_primary\_oai\_doaj\_org\_article\_e96d441acac14a66ad1a0121c403dc9c\&context=PC\&vid=56UDC\_INST:56UDC\_INST\&lang=es\&search\_scope=MyInst\_and\_CI\&adaptor=Primo\%20Central\&tab=Everything\&query=sub,contains,Lenguaje,AND\&query=sub,contains,Pol\%C3\%ADtica,AND\&sortby=rank\&mode=advanced\&offset=0}}},
  shorttitle = {Https},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{_https_c,
  title = {{{https://bibliotecadigital.uchile.cl/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991005656069703936\&context=L\&vid=56UDC\_INST:56UDC\_INST\&lang=es\&search\_scope=MyInst\_and\_CI\&adaptor=Local\%20Search\%20Engine\&tab=Everything\&query=sub,contains,Lenguaje,AND\&query=sub,contains,Pol\%C3\%ADtica,AND\&sortby=rank\&mode=advanced\&offset=0}}},
  shorttitle = {Https},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{_https_d,
  title = {{{https://bibliotecadigital.uchile.cl/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi\_doaj\_primary\_oai\_doaj\_org\_article\_c72fa3804ae4400a97bda39ccc8778bf\&context=PC\&vid=56UDC\_INST:56UDC\_INST\&lang=es\&search\_scope=MyInst\_and\_CI\&adaptor=Primo\%20Central\&tab=Everything\&query=sub,contains,Lenguaje,AND\&query=sub,contains,Pol\%C3\%ADtica,AND\&sortby=date\_d\&mode=advanced\&offset=0}}},
  shorttitle = {Https},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{_https_e,
  title = {{{https://bibliotecadigital.uchile.cl/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi\_doaj\_primary\_oai\_doaj\_org\_article\_9646ea2f46c94597bf96b9d6070adc95\&context=PC\&vid=56UDC\_INST:56UDC\_INST\&lang=es\&search\_scope=MyInst\_and\_CI\&adaptor=Primo\%20Central\&tab=Everything\&query=sub,contains,Comprensi\%C3\%B3n\%20Lectora,AND\&query=sub,contains,Pol\%C3\%ADtica,AND\&mode=advanced\&offset=0}}},
  shorttitle = {Https},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{_https_f,
  title = {{{https://bibliotecadigital.uchile.cl/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991007119829703936\&context=L\&vid=56UDC\_INST:56UDC\_INST\&lang=es\&search\_scope=MyInst\_and\_CI\&adaptor=Local\%20Search\%20Engine\&tab=Everything\&query=sub,contains,Lenguaje,AND\&query=sub,contains,Pol\%C3\%ADtica,AND\&mode=advanced\&offset=0}}},
  shorttitle = {Https},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{_https_g,
  title = {{{https://bibliotecadigital.uchile.cl/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002081179703936\&context=L\&vid=56UDC\_INST:56UDC\_INST\&lang=es\&search\_scope=MyInst\_and\_CI\&adaptor=Local\%20Search\%20Engine\&tab=Everything\&query=sub,contains,Lenguaje,AND\&query=sub,contains,Pol\%C3\%ADtica,AND\&mode=advanced\&offset=0}}},
  shorttitle = {Https},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{_politica_,
  title = {{La pol\'itica deliberativa de J\"urgen Habermas: virtualidades y l\'imites | Revista de Estudios Pol\'iticos}},
  shorttitle = {{La pol\'itica deliberativa de J\"urgen Habermas}},
  abstract = {Resumen Habermas propone en sus trabajos un modelo de pol\'itica deliberativa, avalado por una teor\'ia normativa de la democracia que hunde sus ra\'ices en su Teor\'ia del Discurso. El modelo propuesto presenta importantes ventajas frente a otros enfoques de democracia deliberativa, aunque adolece de limitaciones. El art\'iculo intenta analizar la conexi\'on entre la democracia radical de cu\~no habermasiano y su dise\~no de una pol\'itica deliberativa, considerar las peculiaridades de esa pol\'itica desde el contexto del \guillemotleft giro deliberativo de la democracia\guillemotright, destacar sus virtualidades para una teor\'ia y pr\'actica de la democracia, y se\~nalar algunas limitaciones, presentando sugerencias para una posible superaci\'on.},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@misc{_Tienda_,
  title = {{Tienda online de ebooks - Libros Patagonia - Iniciar sesi\'on}},
  abstract = {Tienda de libros digitales. Disfruta los mejores t\'itulos de editoriales nacionales e internacionales. Ficci\'on o no ficci\'on, t\'itulos universitarios...},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@misc{_YouTube_,
  title = {{{YouTube}}}
}

@misc{ace_Estudio_2017,
  title = {Estudio Internacional de {{Educacion Civica}} y {{Ciudadana}}, {{Presentaci\'on}} de Resultados},
  author = {{ACE}},
  year = {2017}
}

@misc{ace_Informe_2018,
  title = {Informe {{T\'ecnico Simce}} 2015},
  author = {{ACE}},
  year = {2018}
}

@misc{ace_Informe_2018a,
  title = {Informe {{Nacional ICCS}} 2016},
  author = {{ACE}},
  year = {2018}
}

@book{aera_Report_2011,
  title = {Report and Recommendations for the Reauthorization of the Institute of Education Sciences},
  author = {{AERA}},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {{American Educational Research Association}},
  address = {{Washington, D.C}},
  isbn = {978-0-935302-35-6},
  lccn = {LB1028 .A435 2011},
  keywords = {Education,Research}
}

@article{aguinis_BestPractice_2013,
  title = {Best-{{Practice Recommendations}} for {{Estimating Cross}}-{{Level Interaction Effects Using Multilevel Modeling}}},
  author = {Aguinis, Herman and Gottfredson, Ryan K. and Culpepper, Steven Andrew},
  year = {2013},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Management},
  volume = {39},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1490--1528},
  issn = {0149-2063, 1557-1211},
  doi = {10.1177/0149206313478188},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{akanmu_SOCIOPOLITICAL_2019,
  title = {{{SOCIO}}-{{POLITICAL LANGUAGE USE AND YOR\`UB\'A PROTEST SONGS}}: A {{STYLISTIC APPROACH}}.},
  shorttitle = {{{SOCIO}}-{{POLITICAL LANGUAGE USE AND YOR\`UB\'A PROTEST SONGS}}},
  author = {{\`A}k{\`a}nm{\'u}, Dayo{\d}\`},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Dialectologia},
  issn = {20132247, 20132247},
  doi = {10.1344/Dialectologia2019.24.1},
  abstract = {Song is a universal phenomenon and significant aspect of Yor\`ub\'a literature usually constructed systematically using words that reflect either negative or positive linguistic connotation. Existing studies established their scope of usage in several areas of endeavors but have hardly addressed their negative implication for using them in socio-political scenario of Nigeria which sometimes seems to be counterproductive and having overbearing effect on peace and stability of the Nation. The paper adopts Marxist theory for its ability to explain reason for political and economic crisis in government and what the oppressed members of society must do to liberate themselves from such crisis. Eight protest songs were purposively selected from the Nigerian political scenario of the past for having sufficient usage of the Yor\`ub\'a protest songs imbued with curse, hate expressions, abuse, derision and ridicule/sarcasm. In order to strike a balance, four corrupt coinages of the Christian songs and the other four corrupt coinages of the Yor\`ub\'a traditional songs were eventually subjected to stylistic analysis. In all, politics, financial fraud and jubilation were expressed and contextualized in curse, ridicule/sarcasm, derision, hatred and abusive utterances all of which are capable of destabilizing peace and unity of the country. Yoruba protest songs in this paper are corrupt coinages of both Christian and Yor\`ub\'a traditional songs used to express socio-political issues in Nigeria and conveyed through curse, hate expressions, derision, sarcasm, abusive utterances and also reflect ingenuity-constrained stylistic choices.}
}

@book{arendt_Que_2009,
  title = {{Qu\'e es la pol\'itica?}},
  author = {Arendt, Hannah},
  year = {2009},
  publisher = {{Paid\'os; I.C.E. de la Universidad Aut\'onoma de Barcelona}},
  address = {{Barcelona; Bs. Aires; M\'exico}},
  isbn = {978-950-12-5149-4},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@book{arendt_Sobre_2008,
  title = {{Sobre la revoluci\'on}},
  author = {Arendt, Hannah},
  year = {2008},
  publisher = {{Alianza Editorial}},
  address = {{Buenos Aires}},
  isbn = {978-950-40-0241-3},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{arensmeier_Swedish_2015,
  title = {Swedish Students' Conceptual Knowledge about Civics and Citizenship: An Interview Study},
  shorttitle = {Swedish Students' Conceptual Knowledge about Civics and Citizenship},
  author = {Arensmeier, Cecilia},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Citizenship Teaching \& Learning},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {9--27},
  issn = {17511917, 17511925},
  doi = {10.1386/ctl.11.1.9_1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{barahonau_Factores_2014,
  title = {Factores Determinantes Del Rendimiento Acad\'emico de Los Estudiantes de La {{Universidad}} de {{Atacama}}},
  author = {Barahona U, Planck},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Estudios pedag\'ogicos (Valdivia)},
  volume = {40},
  number = {1},
  pages = {25--39},
  issn = {0718-0705},
  doi = {10.4067/S0718-07052014000100002},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{baron_moderator_1986,
  title = {The {{Moderator}}\textendash{{Mediator}} Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations.},
  shorttitle = {The {{Moderator}}\textendash{{Mediator}} Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research},
  author = {Baron, Reuben M. and Kenny, David A.},
  year = {1986},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {51},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1173--1182},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{bates_Package_2020,
  title = {Package `{{Lme4}}'},
  author = {Bates, Dulglas},
  year = {2020}
}

@article{beltran_SOBRE_1990,
  title = {{{SOBRE EL LENGUAJE COMO REALIDAD SOCIAL}}},
  author = {{Beltran}},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {7}
}

@book{berger_social_1979,
  title = {The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge},
  shorttitle = {The Social Construction of Reality},
  author = {Berger, Peter L. and Luckmann, Thomas},
  year = {1979},
  edition = {Repr},
  publisher = {{Penguin}},
  address = {{London}},
  isbn = {978-0-14-055176-1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{bernstein_CLASES_1985,
  title = {{{CLASES SOCIALES}}, {{LENGUAJE Y SOCIALIZACION}}},
  author = {Bernstein, Basil},
  year = {1985},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Revista Colombiana de Educaci\'on},
  number = {15},
  issn = {2323-0134, 0120-3916},
  doi = {10.17227/01203916.5117},
  abstract = {Puede ser \'util explicitar los fundamentos te\'oricos de la tesis que he desarrollado durante estos diez \'ultimos a\~nos. A pesar de que el objeto inicial de mis investigaciones lo haya constituido el problema de las diferencias en el aprendizaje escolar, la cuesti\'on m\'as general que lo ha inspirado ha sido la de las relaciones entre ``los \'ordenes simb\'olicos y la estructura social''. De esta manera, la reflexi\'on sobre el problema te\'orico de la estructura profunda de la transmisi\'on cultural y de sus cambios ha inspirado la aproximaci\'on, al inicialmente estrecho, pero importante, problema emp\'irico.}
}

@book{bernstein_Poder_1988,
  title = {{Poder, Educaci\'on y Conciencia: Sociol\'ogia de la transmisi\'on cultural}},
  author = {Bernstein, Basil},
  editor = {Cox, Cristi{\'a}n},
  year = {1988},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@book{beuchot_Historia_2013,
  title = {{Historia de la filosof\'ia del lenguaje}},
  author = {Beuchot, Mauricio},
  year = {2013},
  publisher = {{Fondo de Cultura Econ\'omica}},
  address = {{M\'exico}},
  isbn = {978-968-16-7522-6},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{boeve-depauw_crossnational_2010,
  title = {A Cross-National Perspective on Youth Environmental Attitudes},
  author = {{Boeve-de Pauw}, Jelle and Van Petegem, Peter},
  year = {2010},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The Environmentalist},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {133--144},
  issn = {0251-1088, 1573-2991},
  doi = {10.1007/s10669-009-9253-1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{brady_Political_2015,
  title = {Political {{Mobility}} and {{Political Reproduction}} from {{Generation}} to {{Generation}}},
  author = {Brady, Henry E. and Schlozman, Kay Lehman and Verba, Sidney},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
  volume = {657},
  number = {1},
  pages = {149--173},
  issn = {0002-7162, 1552-3349},
  doi = {10.1177/0002716214550587},
  abstract = {The American creed stresses political equality and political involvement, but substantial political inequality still persists from one generation to the next. Despite the importance of political inequality, not enough is known about the mechanisms that reproduce it. Political socialization research has focused on the transmission of political attitudes and culture across generations, but it has paid scant attention to how family transfers of economic resources, human capital, and social capital reproduce and perpetuate unequal patterns of political involvement and political authority. This article argues that more attention should be paid to measuring the persistence of political identity, political participation, civic engagement, and political influence networks over time and across generations. Special attention should be devoted to learning more about how the passage of family resources (economic resources, human capital, social capital, and cultural capital) from parents to children reproduces political inequality and reduces the opportunity for political mobility. Current data sources fall far short of what is needed to answer these questions, but linking the proposed American Opportunity Study with public voting records and with the American National Election Studies would provide a rich and powerful dataset for studying them.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{cabral_Lectura_2010,
  title = {La {{Lectura Como V\'inculo Creador De Ciudadan\'ia}}},
  author = {Cabral, Luis R. and Rodr{\'i}guez, Patricia E.},
  year = {2010},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Lectura y Vida},
  volume = {31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {80--86},
  issn = {03258637},
  abstract = {The act of reading is herein understood as a social activity that involves the dynamic confluence of biological and cultural factors mediated by comprehension. In this sense, the ability to read is both a methodology of learning and a tool for understanding the social context. This article intends to present some ideas about what knowing to read implies and the capacities that this activity gives the subjects. This interweaves with an analysis on the influence of the representations of teachers and the attitudes of the families in the learning process of reading. Finally, some aspects of the politic field will be analyzed to reflect on which pedagogical spaces are sensitive and worthwhile to a reformulation of reading as a potential creator link of civic responsibility. (English)},
  keywords = {CIVICS,EDUCATION \& politics,EDUCATIONAL objectives,POLITICAL participation – Social aspects,READING – Social aspects,READING comprehension}
}

@book{canales_METODOLOGIAS_2006,
  title = {{METODOLOGIAS DE LA INVESTIGACION SOCIAL.}},
  author = {Canales, MANUEL},
  year = {2006},
  publisher = {{LOM EDICIONES}},
  address = {{Place of publication not identified}},
  isbn = {978-956-282-840-6},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{caro_Ten_2012,
  title = {Ten {{Hypotheses}} about {{Tolerance}} toward {{Minorities}} among {{Latin American Adolescents}}},
  author = {Caro, Daniel H. and Schulz, Wolfram},
  year = {2012},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Citizenship, Social and Economics Education},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {213--234},
  issn = {2047-1734, 2047-1734},
  doi = {10.2304/csee.2012.11.3.213},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{castillo_Mitigating_2015,
  title = {Mitigating the Political Participation Gap from the School: The Roles of Civic Knowledge and Classroom Climate},
  shorttitle = {Mitigating the Political Participation Gap from the School},
  author = {Castillo, Juan Carlos and Miranda, Daniel and Bonhomme, Macarena and Cox, Cristi{\'a}n and Bascop{\'e}, Mart{\'i}n},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Youth Studies},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {16--35},
  issn = {1367-6261, 1469-9680},
  doi = {10.1080/13676261.2014.933199},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{castillo_Social_2014,
  title = {Social Inequality and Changes in Students' Expected Political Participation in {{Chile}}},
  author = {Castillo, Juan C and Miranda, Daniel and Bonhomme, Macarena and Cox, Cristi{\'a}n and Bascop{\'e}, Mart{\'i}n},
  year = {2014},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Education, Citizenship and Social Justice},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {140--156},
  issn = {1746-1979, 1746-1987},
  doi = {10.1177/1746197914520650},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{chernilo_Sociedad_1999,
  title = {Sociedad, {{Sistema Social}} y {{Medios}} de {{Intercambio Simb\'olicamente Generalizados}} En {{Talcott Parsons}}},
  author = {Chernilo, Daniel},
  year = {1999}
}

@article{coffe_Explaining_2020,
  title = {Explaining {{Gender Differences}} in {{Turnout Using Panel Data Across Elections}}},
  author = {Coff{\'e}, Hilde and Lago, Ignacio},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Social Science Quarterly},
  volume = {101},
  number = {2},
  pages = {940--959},
  issn = {0038-4941, 1540-6237},
  doi = {10.1111/ssqu.12759},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{contreras_DIFERENCIAS_2013,
  title = {{{DIFERENCIAS GENERACIONALES EN LA PARTICIPACI\'ON ELECTORAL EN CHILE}}, 1988-2010},
  author = {Contreras, Gonzalo and Navia, Patricio},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Revista de ciencia pol\'itica (Santiago)},
  volume = {33},
  number = {2},
  pages = {419--441},
  issn = {0718-090X},
  doi = {10.4067/S0718-090X2013000200001},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{cox_Aprendizaje_2015,
  title = {Aprendizaje de La Ciudadan\'ia: Contextos, Experiencias y Resultados},
  shorttitle = {Aprendizaje de La Ciudadan\'ia},
  editor = {Cox, Cristi{\'a}n and Castillo, Juan Carlos},
  year = {2015},
  publisher = {{Ediciones Universidad Cat\'olica de Chile}},
  address = {{Santiago}},
  isbn = {978-956-14-1513-3},
  lccn = {323.60983}
}

@article{desposato_Gender_2009,
  title = {The {{Gender Gap}} in {{Latin America}}: Contextual and {{Individual Influences}} on {{Gender}} and {{Political Participation}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Gender Gap}} in {{Latin America}}},
  author = {Desposato, Scott and Norrander, Barbara},
  year = {2009},
  month = jan,
  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
  volume = {39},
  number = {1},
  pages = {141--162},
  issn = {0007-1234, 1469-2112},
  doi = {10.1017/S0007123408000458},
  abstract = {While a substantial literature explores gender differences in participation in the United States, Commonwealth countries and Western Europe, little attention has been given to gender's impact on participation in the developing world. These countries have diverse experiences with gender politics: some have been leaders in suffrage reforms and equal rights, while, in others, divorce has only recently been legalized. This article examines the relationship between gender and participation in seventeen Latin American countries. Many core results from research in the developed world hold in Latin America as well. Surprisingly, however, there is no evidence that economic development provides an impetus for more equal levels of participation. Instead, the most important contextual factors are civil liberties and women's presence among the visible political elite.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{diaz_Dimensiones_2017,
  title = {Dimensiones y Tendencias En La Participaci\'on Pol\'itica En {{M\'exico}} Despu\'es de La Alternancia (2001-2013)},
  author = {D{\'i}az, Oniel},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Espacios P\'ublicos},
  volume = {20},
  number = {49},
  abstract = {Este art\'iculo examina las tendencias en diversas dimensiones de la participaci\'on pol\'itica de los ciudadanos mexicanos, durante el periodo de 2001 a 2013. Aunque M\'exico experiment\'o un proceso de cambio pol\'itico-electoral a gran escala, el cual se intensific\'o durante los a\~nos noventa, esto no necesariamente ayud\'o a incrementar los niveles de participaci\'on pol\'itica entre la poblaci\'on en los a\~nos posteriores. El an\'alisis se basa en datos de encuestas de opini\'on p\'ublica del Bar\'ometro de las Am\'ericas (LAPOP), las Encuestas Nacionales sobre Cultura Pol\'itica y Practicas Ciudadanas (ENCUP) de la SEGOB y la Encuesta Nacional sobre Calidad de la Ciudadan\'ia (ENCC), 2013 del IFE. Los resultados muestran que los niveles de involucramiento pol\'itico de los mexicanos, a poco m\'as de una d\'ecada de la alternancia en el gobierno experimentada en el 2000, son todav\'ia bajos.},
  copyright = {Licencia Creative Commons Atribuci\'on-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional.}
}

@article{diazgonzalez_cuestion_2014,
  title = {La Cuesti\'on Del Movimiento Popular: Lo Pol\'itico y Lo Social En La Historia Marxista Cl\'asica Chilena. 1950-1973},
  shorttitle = {La Cuesti\'on Del Movimiento Popular},
  author = {D{\'i}az Gonz{\'a}lez, Francisco},
  year = {2014},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Cuadernos de historia (Santiago)},
  number = {40},
  pages = {147--172},
  issn = {0719-1243},
  doi = {10.4067/S0719-12432014000100006},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{duarte_influence_2017,
  title = {The Influence of the Family, the School, and the Group on the Environmental Attitudes of {{European}} Students},
  author = {Duarte, Rosa and Escario, Jos{\'e}-Juli{\'a}n and Sanagust{\'i}n, Mar{\'i}a-Victoria},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Environmental Education Research},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {23--42},
  issn = {1350-4622, 1469-5871},
  doi = {10.1080/13504622.2015.1074660},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{durkheim_Educacion_2010,
  title = {{Educaci\'on y sociolog\'ia}},
  author = {Durkheim, {\'E}mile},
  year = {2010},
  publisher = {{Popular}},
  address = {{Madrid}},
  isbn = {978-84-7884-414-2},
  langid = {Trad. de: \'Education et sociologie.}
}

@article{duval_Citizens_2018,
  title = {Citizens' Evaluations of Campaign Pledge Fulfillment in {{Canada}}},
  author = {Duval, Dominic and P{\'e}try, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Party Politics},
  pages = {135406881878996},
  issn = {1354-0688, 1460-3683},
  doi = {10.1177/1354068818789968},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{echeverria_Ontologia_2011,
  title = {{Ontolog\'ia del lenguaje}},
  author = {Echeverr{\'i}a, Rafael},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {{J.C. S\'aez}},
  address = {{Madrid}},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{evans_Scholarly_2015,
  title = {Scholarly {{Culture}} and {{Occupational Success}} in 31 {{Societies}}},
  author = {Evans, M. D. R. and Kelley, Jonathan and Sikora, Joanna and Treiman, Donald J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Comparative Sociology},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {176--218},
  issn = {1569-1322, 1569-1330},
  doi = {10.1163/15691330-12341345},
  abstract = {Prior research shows that coming from a book-oriented family is a great advantage for children's education, especially for the ``ordinary success'' of children from disadvantaged families. Focusing on the next career stage, our multi-level analysis (58,944 respondents in 31 societies) shows that it furthers children's later occupational career even more than parents' education or occupation, especially in developing nations where there is a small additional advantage beyond the educational gains. This evidence supports the scholarly culture hypothesis that book-oriented socialization provides a ``toolkit'' of competencies, skills, and knowledge (Kohn, Spaeth). It is not consistent with elite closure/cultural capital theories that elites use cultural signals to recognize members and hoard advantages by discriminating on the basis of culture (Bourdieu, Goblot).}
}

@incollection{ferrans_Civic_2017,
  title = {The {{Civic Competence Gaps}} in {{Chile}}, {{Colombia}} and {{Mexico}} and the {{Factors}} That {{Account}} for the {{Civic Knowledge Gap}}},
  booktitle = {Civics and {{Citizenship}}},
  author = {Ferr{\'a}ns, Silvia Diazgranados and {Sandoval-Hern{\'a}ndez}, Andr{\'e}s},
  editor = {{Garc{\'i}a-Cabrero}, Benilde and {Sandoval-Hern{\'a}ndez}, Andr{\'e}s and {Trevi{\~n}o-Villareal}, Ernesto and Ferr{\'a}ns, Silvia Diazgranados and Mart{\'i}nez, Mar{\'i}a Guadalupe P{\'e}rez},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {155--192},
  publisher = {{SensePublishers}},
  address = {{Rotterdam}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-94-6351-068-4_8},
  isbn = {978-94-6351-068-4},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{fraser_Fortunes_2020,
  title = {Fortunes of Feminism: From State-Managed Capitalism to Neoliberal Crisis},
  shorttitle = {Fortunes of Feminism},
  author = {Fraser, Nancy},
  year = {2020},
  series = {Radical Thinkers},
  publisher = {{Verso Books}},
  address = {{Brooklyn, NY}},
  isbn = {978-1-78873-857-6},
  lccn = {HQ1190 .F7273 2020},
  keywords = {Culture conflict,Distributive justice,Feminist theory}
}

@article{galston_Civic_2007,
  title = {Civic {{Knowledge}}, {{Civic Education}}, and {{Civic Engagement}}: A {{Summary}} of {{Recent Research}}},
  shorttitle = {Civic {{Knowledge}}, {{Civic Education}}, and {{Civic Engagement}}},
  author = {Galston, William A.},
  year = {2007},
  month = apr,
  journal = {International Journal of Public Administration},
  volume = {30},
  number = {6-7},
  pages = {623--642},
  issn = {0190-0692, 1532-4265},
  doi = {10.1080/01900690701215888},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{garcia_LENGUAJE_2013,
  title = {{{EL LENGUAJE COMO INSTRUMENTO HUMANO B\'ASICO}}.},
  author = {Garc{\'i}a, Miguel},
  year = {2013}
}

@book{gimpel_Cultivating_2003,
  title = {Cultivating Democracy: Civic Environments and Political Socialization in {{America}}},
  shorttitle = {Cultivating Democracy},
  author = {Gimpel, James G. and Lay, J. Celeste and Schuknecht, Jason E.},
  year = {2003},
  publisher = {{Brookings Institution Press}},
  address = {{Washington, D.C}},
  isbn = {978-0-8157-3154-2},
  lccn = {HQ799.2.P6 G55 2003},
  keywords = {Attitudes,Generation Y,Political activity,Political socialization,Politics and government Public opinion,Public opinion,Students,United States,Youth}
}

@article{goveacabrera_Vision_2010,
  title = {Visi\'on de La Pol\'itica En {{Hannah Arendt}}},
  author = {Govea Cabrera, Jorge},
  year = {2010},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Fr\'onesis},
  volume = {17},
  number = {2},
  pages = {217--240},
  issn = {1315-6268}
}

@book{habermas_etica_2006,
  title = {{La \'etica del discurso y la cuesti\'on de la verdad}},
  author = {{Habermas} and Vil{\`a} Vernis, Ram{\'o}n and Savidan, Patrick},
  year = {2006},
  publisher = {{Paid\'os}},
  address = {{Buenos Aires [[u.a.}},
  isbn = {978-950-12-6759-4},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@book{habermas.jurgen_etica_2006,
  title = {{La \'etica del discurso y la cuesti\'on de la verdad}},
  author = {{Habermas. J\"urgen} and Vil{\`a} Vernis, Ram{\'o}n and Savidan, Patrick},
  year = {2006},
  publisher = {{Paid\'os}},
  address = {{Buenos Aires [[u.a.}},
  isbn = {978-950-12-6759-4},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{herrmann_Disminucion_2016,
  title = {Disminuci\'on de La Participaci\'on de La Poblaci\'on En Organizaciones Sociales Durante Los \'Ultimos Trece A\~nos En {{Chile}} e Implicaciones Para La Construcci\'on de Una Pol\'itica de Planificaci\'on Urbana M\'as Participativa},
  author = {Herrmann, Marie Geraldine and {van Klaveren}, Annie},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {EURE (Santiago)},
  volume = {42},
  number = {125},
  pages = {175--203},
  issn = {0250-7161},
  doi = {10.4067/S0250-71612016000100008},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{honneth_Lucha_1997,
  title = {{La Lucha por el reconocimiento: por una gram\'atica moral de los conflictos sociales}},
  shorttitle = {{La Lucha por el reconocimiento}},
  author = {Honneth, Axel and Ballestero, Manuel and Vilar, Gerard},
  year = {1997},
  publisher = {{Cr\'itica}},
  address = {{Barcelona}},
  isbn = {978-84-7423-676-7},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@book{honneth_sociedad_2011,
  title = {{La sociedad del desprecio}},
  author = {Honneth, Axel and Hern{\'a}ndez, Francesc J and Herzog, Benno},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {{Trotta}},
  address = {{Madrid}},
  abstract = {La presente edici\'on re\'une los ensayos m\'as importantes escritos por Honneth entre 1981 y 2001. Estos textos recapitulan las principales estaciones de su pensamiento: no solo el giro imprimido a la Teor\'ia Cr\'itica en el sentido de una teor\'ia del reconocimiento, sino tambi\'en la pluralidad de campos en los que se desarrolla su filosof\'ia y la direcci\'on en la que esta se orienta. El giro "recognoscitivo"\textendash Que busca salvar algunos de los d\'eficits de la Teor\'ia Cr\'itica\textendash{} describe una espiral continua que transita desde el an\'alisis de las patolog\'ias sociales hasta el estudio de las patolog\'ias de la raz\'on. Se inscribe as\'i en un proyecto m\'as amplio que, desde la "lucha" asociada al reconocimiento, pretende examinar sus negaciones, es decir, aquellas manifestaciones que se expresan en nociones como "desintegraci\'on", "desgarramiento", "patolog\'ia", "cosificaci\'on" o "desprecio". Despu\'es de que Max Horkheimer formulara el programa filos\'ofico y sociol\'ogico del Instituto de Investigaci\'on Social como "Teor\'ia Cr\'itica", Honneth \textendash con no menos obstinaci\'on que su maestro J\"urgen Habermas o que Theodor W. Adorno\textendash{} contin\'ua trenzando y destrenzando los hilos que penden de aquella consigna tal vez parad\'ojica, cabos que se anudan con las pr\'acticas sociales y que transcurren por no pocos \'ambitos del saber. Se trata del esfuerzo urgente de quienes, en la sociedad del desprecio, advierten la emergencia de la barbarie que ya ha acaecido y solo se permiten el ejercicio de la raz\'on para escapar de la caverna plat\'onica.(Nota Ed.).},
  isbn = {978-84-9879-244-7 978-84-9779-244-8},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{hutchings_CENTRALITY_2004,
  title = {{{THE CENTRALITY OF RACE IN AMERICAN POLITICS}}},
  author = {Hutchings, Vincent L. and Valentino, Nicholas A.},
  year = {2004},
  month = may,
  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {383--408},
  issn = {1094-2939, 1545-1577},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104859},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{iea_International_2016,
  title = {International {{Civic}} and {{Citizenship Education Study}} 2016},
  author = {{IEA}},
  year = {2016}
}

@incollection{janmaat_Civic_2013,
  title = {Civic {{Competences}}},
  booktitle = {Civic {{Education}} and {{Competences}} for {{Engaging Citizens}} in {{Democracies}}},
  author = {Janmaat, Jan Germen},
  editor = {Print, Murray and Lange, Dirk},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {51--63},
  publisher = {{SensePublishers}},
  address = {{Rotterdam}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-94-6209-172-6_5},
  isbn = {978-94-6209-172-6},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{jimenez_concepto_2012,
  title = {{El concepto de pol\'itica y sus implicaciones en la \'etica p\'ublica: reflexiones a partir de Carl Schmitt y Norbert Lechner}},
  shorttitle = {{El concepto de pol\'itica y sus implicaciones en la \'etica p\'ublica}},
  author = {Jim{\'e}nez, William Guillermo},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia},
  number = {53},
  pages = {215--238},
  issn = {1315-2378,},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{joignant_Desigualdades_2017,
  title = {Desigualdades de Voz Pol\'itica En {{Chile}}},
  author = {Joignant, Alfredo and Bargsted, Mat{\'i}as and Somma, Nicolas and Campos, Tom{\'a}s},
  year = {2017},
  publisher = {{Unpublished}},
  doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.28798.28480}
}

@incollection{keer_ciudadania_2015,
  title = {Ciudadania a Nivel Nacional, Regional e Internacional: Una Revisi\'on de Investigaciones Enfoques y Debates},
  booktitle = {Aprendizaje de La Ciudadan\'ia: Contextos, Experiencias y Resultados.},
  author = {Keer, Davis},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {111--144},
  publisher = {{Ediciones Universidad Cat\'olica de Chile}},
  isbn = {978-956-14-1513-3}
}

@book{kymlicka_Ciudadania_2010,
  title = {{Ciudadan\'ia multicultural: una teor\'ia liberal de los derechos de las minor\'ias}},
  shorttitle = {{Ciudadan\'ia multicultural}},
  author = {Kymlicka, Will},
  year = {2010},
  publisher = {{Paid\'os}},
  address = {{Barcelona}},
  isbn = {978-84-493-0284-8},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{labrin_discurso_2019,
  title = {El Discurso Pol\'itico o El Poder Del Lenguaje},
  author = {Labr{\'i}n, Federico Pastene},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Logos: Revista de Ling\"u\'istica, Filosof\'ia y Literatura},
  volume = {29},
  number = {2},
  pages = {419--427},
  issn = {07167520, 07193262},
  doi = {10.15443/RL2932}
}

@article{lara_mirada_2010,
  title = {Una Mirada a La Efectividad de Los Profesores En {{Chile}}},
  author = {Lara, Bernardo and Mizala, Alejandra and Repetto, Andrea},
  year = {2010},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Estudios P\'ublicos},
  number = {120},
  issn = {0718-3089, 0716-1115},
  doi = {10.38178/cep.vi120.382}
}

@book{lechner_conflictiva_1984,
  title = {La Conflictiva y Nunca Acabada Construcci\'on Del Orden Deseado},
  author = {Lechner, Norbert},
  year = {1984},
  series = {Serie {{Libros FLACSO}}-{{Chile}}},
  number = {10},
  publisher = {{Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales}},
  address = {{Santiago, Chile}},
  isbn = {978-84-89401-05-1},
  lccn = {JL2624 .L43 1984},
  keywords = {1970-,Authoritarianism,Chile,Democracy,Politics and government,Power (Social sciences),Socialism}
}

@article{lijphart_Unequal_1997,
  title = {Unequal {{Participation}}: Democracy's {{Unresolved Dilemma Presidential Address}}, {{American Political Science Association}}, 1996},
  shorttitle = {Unequal {{Participation}}},
  author = {Lijphart, Arend},
  year = {1997},
  month = mar,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {91},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--14},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.2307/2952255},
  abstract = {Low voter turnout is a serious democratic problem for five reasons: (1) It means unequal turnout that is systematically biased against less well-to-do citizens. (2) Unequal turnout spells unequal political influence. (3) U.S. voter turnout is especially low, but, measured as percent of voting-age population, it is also relatively low in most other countries. (4) Turnout in midterm, regional, local, and supranational elections\textemdash less salient but by no means unimportant elections\textemdash tends to be especially poor. (5) Turnout appears to be declining everywhere. The problem of inequality can be solved by institutional mechanisms that maximize turnout. One option is the combination of voter-friendly registration rules, proportional representation, infrequent elections, weekend voting, and holding less salient elections concurrently with the most important national elections. The other option, which can maximize turnout by itself, is compulsory voting. Its advantages far outweigh the normative and practical objections to it.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{lozano_Relacion_2000,
  title = {Relaci\'on Entre Motivaci\'on y Aprendizaje},
  author = {Lozano, Luis and {Garc{\'i}a-Cueto}, Eduardo and Gallo, Pedro},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  issn = {0214 - 9915},
  abstract = {La idea de que el ap rendizaje s\'olo depende de la inteligencia del alumno ha pasado a la historia. Actualmente se defiende que va ri ables como la atenci\'on y la motivaci\'on son impre s c i n d i bles para que el ap rendizaje no sea ex cl u s ivamente memor\'istico e implique un proceso de asimilaci\'on. En la comunicaci\'on se trata de analizar la relaci\'on que existe entre la actitud hacia el ap rendizaje de lenguas ex t ra n j e ras y el nivel de los dife rentes alumnos en esas lenguas. Se cre a ron bater\'ias de tests para evaluar la Inteligencia Verbal consider\'andose aspectos como la Fluidez y la Comprensi\'on Ve r b a l .}
}

@book{luhmann_Introduction_2013,
  title = {Introduction to Systems Theory},
  author = {Luhmann, Niklas and Baecker, Dirk and Gilgen, Peter},
  year = {2013},
  publisher = {{Polity}},
  address = {{Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA}},
  abstract = {Niklas Luhmann ranks as one of the most important sociologists and social theorists of the twentieth century. Through his many books he developed a highly original form of systems theory that has been hugely influential in a wide variety of disciplines.In Introduction to Systems Theory, Luhmann explains the key ideas of general and sociological systems theory and supplies a wealth of examples to illustrate his approach. The book offers a wide range of concepts and theorems that can be applied to politics and the economy, religion and science, art and education, organization and the family. Moreover, Luhmann's ideas address important contemporary issues in such diverse fields as cognitive science, ecology, and the study of social movements.This book provides all the necessary resources for readers to work through the foundations of systems theory - no other work by Luhmann is as clear and accessible as this. There is also much here that will be of great interest to more advanced scholars and practitioners in sociology and the social sciences},
  isbn = {978-0-7456-4571-1 978-0-7456-4572-8},
  langid = {english},
  lccn = {HM701 .L8413 2013},
  keywords = {Social systems,System theory}
}

@article{marques_Apuntes_2016,
  title = {Apuntes Sobre El {{Informe Coleman}}. {{Sobre}} La {{Dif\~A}}\-cil {{Convivencia}} de Los {{Principios Igualitarios}} En Un {{Mundo Desigual}}},
  author = {Marqu{\'e}s, Ildefonso},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {International Journal of Sociology of Education},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {107},
  issn = {2014-3575},
  doi = {10.17583/rise.2016.2092}
}

@article{mathieu_framework_2007,
  title = {A Framework for Testing Meso-Mediational Relationships in {{Organizational Behavior}}},
  author = {Mathieu, John E. and Taylor, Scott R.},
  year = {2007},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Organizational Behavior},
  volume = {28},
  number = {2},
  pages = {141--172},
  issn = {08943796, 10991379},
  doi = {10.1002/job.436},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{mineduc_impacto_,
  title = {El Impacto de La Deseabilidad Social En Los Cuestionarios Del Estudiante {{ICCS}} 2009 {{Estudio}} de Validaci\'on de Los Cuestionarios Del {{Estudio Internacional}} de {{Educaci\'on C\'ivica}} y {{Formaci\'on Ciudadana ICCS}}},
  author = {{MINEDUC}},
  abstract = {Una de las caracter\'isticas principales del estudio ICCS 20091 es que no solo recoge informaci\'on sobre el conocimiento de los estudiantes respecto a temas c\'ivicos, sino tambi\'en sobre sus actitudes, opiniones y disposiciones. Estos elementos no se consideran solamente como factores explicativos de los conocimientos, sino tambi\'en como resultados en s\'i mismos. Los cuestionarios que se utilizan son autoaplicados y, como cualquier instrumento de evaluaci\'on, est\'an sujetos a problemas de validez, los que se pueden agravar al aplicarse en contextos culturales que difieren entre s\'i. Este estudio indaga la validez de los cuestionarios del estudiante ICCS 2009 en el contexto educacional chileno y aborda el tema desde la deseabilidad social. Tiene el objetivo de identificar el posible impacto de esta en las respuestas de los estudiantes chilenos en el cuestionario internacional y en el cuestionario del m\'odulo latinoamericano ICCS 2009. Para el presente estudio, se seleccion\'o una muestra de estudiantes de 8\textordmasculine{} B\'asico a la cual se le aplic\'o ambos cuestionarios y la escala de Deseabilidad Social de Marlowe Crowne, que entrega un puntaje individual de deseabilidad social. Para cada \'item de los cuestionarios los estudiantes se agruparon de acuerdo con la respuesta escogida en el \'item y se compararon los puntajes promedios obtenidos por cada grupo en la escala de DS a trav\'es de un an\'alisis de varianza de un factor (ANOVA). Se concluye que la DS s\'i se relaciona con las respuestas escogidas por los estudiantes chilenos en los cuestionarios, pero esto sucede solo en algunos \'items: aproximadamente un tercio de los \'items del ML y un cuarto de los \'items del CI se relacionan con la DS, de manera que su validez podr\'ia verse afectada, por lo tanto esta relaci\'on no se extiende a los instrumentos en su totalidad. En el presente documento se identifican los \'items y escalas de los cuestionarios que son afectados por la DS y que, por lo tanto, habr\'ia que interpretar con precauci\'on. Los temas m\'as relacionados con la DS en el CI son: la confianza de los estudiantes en las instituciones, su percepci\'on de la relaci\'on entre profesores y estudiantes, su inter\'es en temas pol\'iticos y sociales y su sentido de autoeficacia pol\'itica. En el ML los temas m\'as afectados son las actitudes hacia la violencia, los sentimientos de empat\'ia hacia los compa\~neros de curso y la experiencia personal de los estudiantes de maltrato por parte de sus pares. Palabras clave: validez de cuestionarios-deseabilidad social}
}

@incollection{miranda_Desigualdad_2015,
  title = {Desigualdad y {{Conocimiento C\'ivico}}: Chile En {{Comparaci\'on Internacional}}},
  booktitle = {Aprendizaje de La Ciudadan\'ia: Contextos, Experiencias y Resultados.},
  author = {Miranda, Daniel and Castillo, Juan Carlos and {Sandoval-Hernandez}, Andres},
  year = {2015}
}

@phdthesis{miranda_Desigualdad_2018,
  type = {Tesis {{Doctoral}}},
  title = {Desigualdad y Ciudadan\'ia : Una Aproximaci\'on Intergeneracional},
  author = {Miranda, Daniel},
  year = {2018},
  address = {{Santiago}},
  abstract = {En las \'ultimas d\'ecadas se ha observado una serie de amenazas a la democracia y su legitimidad. Por un lado, la persistente desigualdad en el acceso a las formas de voz pol\'itica y su v\'inculo estrecho con las condiciones socioecon\'omicas, mientras por otro, una serie de indicios que muestran una creciente desafecci\'on pol\'itica, particularmente de poblaciones juveniles. La preocupaci\'on por el futuro de la democracia ha volcado la mirada hacia las diversas fuentes de socializaci\'on pol\'itica y la formaci\'on de los futuros ciudadanos. Esta tesis doctoral trata acerca de la siguiente pregunta de investigaci\'on: \textquestiondown En qu\'e medida las desigualdades en las fuentes de socializaci\'on se relacionan con las diferentes expresiones de ciudadan\'ia en los j\'ovenes? Espec\'ificamente, \textquestiondown en qu\'e medida las caracter\'isticas socioecon\'omicas de la familia se traducen en actitudes y participaci\'on ciudadana de la siguiente generaci\'on? Aborda, por un lado, la pregunta acerca de \textquestiondown cu\'ales son las principales dimensiones de un concepto amplio de ciudadan\'ia juvenil?, y por otro, en la comprensi\'on sobre \textquestiondown qu\'e mecanismospermiten explicar el proceso de transmisi\'on intergeneracional de la desigualdad pol\'itica? Se organiza principalmente en torno una introducci\'on general y cuatro art\'iculos que abordan las preguntas de investigaci\'on formuladas. Para abordar dichas preguntas se hizo uso del Estudio Internacional de Educaci\'on C\'ivica y Ciudadana el a\~no 2009 (International Civic and Citizenship Study- ICCS 2009), que consideran estudiantes de 15 a\~nos provenientes de un set de 38 pa\'ises. Los datos provistos por ICCS representan una oportunidad \'unica para el estudio de fuentes de socializaci\'on pol\'iticas en diversos contextos y el abordaje de estas preguntas de investigaci\'on. Los resultados de esta tesis corroboran que la participaci\'on ciudadana juvenil puede ser entendida y medida como un concepto amplio que contiene diversos tipos de comportamiento organizados en tres dimensiones: participaci\'on formal, participaci\'on activista y participaci\'on comunitaria. As\'i mismo se cofirma que las actitudes hacia la igualdad de derechos puede ser medida como una composici\'on de las opiniones referidas a la igualdad de derechos de diversos grupos sociales hist\'oricamente excluidos. Respecto de la transmisi\'on intergeneracional de la desigualdad pol\'itica se observa que los recursos socioecon\'omicos ejercen una importante influencia en los diferentes tipos de participaci\'on y en las actitudes hacia la igualdad de derechos, siendo la educaci\'on lograda por lo padres y los libros disponibles en el hogar las formas de estratificaci\'on m\'as relevantes para explicar el comportamiento y las actitudes ciudadanas. La educaci\'on lograda por los padres y las consecuencias que ello implica para sus propias disposiciones democr\'aticas se traspasa a los hijos principalmente en forma de una mayor disposici\'on hacia la participaci\'on formal y mayor apoyo a la igualdad de g\'enero. En contraste, aquellas familias que presentan una mayor orientaci\'on hacia la cultura escolar, que se manifiesta en disponer de m\'as libros en el hogar, tienden a generar en sus hijos mayores disposiciones ciudadanas transversales, es decir, esos hijos est\'an dispuestos a participar m\'as y apoyan m\'as la igualdad de derechos para los diferentes grupos sociales. Esto implica que j\'ovenes que crecen en familias con m\'as recursos literarios en casa estar\'ian m\'as dispuestos a votar, a asistir a una marcha, a ayudar a resolver un problema de su comunidad y/o a apoyar la igualdad de derechos de todos los grupos sociales. Finalmente, confirmando lo argumentado por Schlozman, Verba, \& Brady (2012), las ventajas socioecon\'omicas se traducen en ventajas para el ejercicio de la ciudadan\'ia por dos v\'ias principalmente: por medio del ambiente pol\'itico m\'as rico que genera la familia (p.e. nivel de actividad pol\'itica) y/o la reproducci\'on del estatus familiar hacia la nueva generaci\'on, manifestado en la transmisi\'on de habilidades cognitivas necesarias para desarrollar un mayor estatus (p.e. habilidades c\'ivicas y/o conocimiento). Se discuten las principales contribuciones te\'oricas y emp\'iricas, las principales limitaciones y propuestas de futuras investigaci\'on.},
  school = {Pontificia Universidad Cat\'olica de Chile}
}

@incollection{miranda_Political_2018,
  title = {The {{Political Socialization}} of {{Attitudes Toward Equal Rights}} from a {{Comparative Perspective}}},
  booktitle = {Teaching {{Tolerance}} in a {{Globalized World}}},
  author = {Miranda, Daniel and Castillo, Juan Carlos and Cumsille, Patricio},
  editor = {{Sandoval-Hern{\'a}ndez}, Andr{\'e}s and Isac, Maria Magdalena and Miranda, Daniel},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {103--123},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-78692-6_7},
  isbn = {978-3-319-78691-9 978-3-319-78692-6}
}

@article{mondak_Citizen_2020,
  title = {Citizen Grit: Effects of Domain-Specificity, Perseverance, and Consistency on Political Judgment},
  shorttitle = {Citizen Grit},
  author = {Mondak, Jeffery J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
  volume = {163},
  pages = {110059},
  issn = {01918869},
  doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2020.110059},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{mouffe_retorno_1999,
  title = {{El retorno de lo pol\'itico: comunidad, ciudadan\'ia, pluralismo, democracia radical}},
  shorttitle = {{El retorno de lo pol\'itico}},
  author = {Mouffe, Chantal},
  year = {1999},
  publisher = {{Paid\'os}},
  address = {{Barcelona; Buenos Aires; M\'exico}},
  isbn = {978-84-493-0714-0},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{ocampogranados_Language_2014,
  title = {Language and {{Civic Education}} in {{Juan Luis Vives}} (1492/3-1540)},
  author = {Ocampo Granados, Mar{\'i}a Eugenia},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Estudios sobre Educaci\'on},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {213--230},
  issn = {15787001, 23866292},
  doi = {10.15581/004.27.213-230}
}

@misc{oxford_Politica_2020,
  title = {Pol\'itica},
  author = {{Oxford}},
  year = {2020}
}

@book{palet_Desiguales_2017,
  title = {Desiguales: Or\'igenes, Cambios y Desaf\'ios de La Brecha Social En {{Chile}}},
  shorttitle = {Desiguales},
  editor = {Palet, Andrea and {de Aguirre}, Pilar and Chile, PNUD},
  year = {2017},
  publisher = {{PNUD : Uqbar Editores}},
  address = {{Santiago, Chile}},
  isbn = {978-956-7469-86-4},
  lccn = {HN300.Z9 S6 2017},
  keywords = {1970-,Chile,Equality,Income distribution,Social conditions}
}

@article{paredes_Marx_2018,
  title = {{Marx y lo pol\'itico. La lectura de Carl Schmitt}},
  author = {Paredes, Diego},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Eidos},
  number = {28},
  pages = {281--304},
  issn = {1692-8857},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{park_Home_2008,
  title = {Home Literacy Environments and Children's Reading Performance: A Comparative Study of 25 Countries},
  shorttitle = {Home Literacy Environments and Children's Reading Performance},
  author = {Park, Hyunjoon},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Educational Research and Evaluation},
  volume = {14},
  number = {6},
  pages = {489--505},
  issn = {1380-3611, 1744-4187},
  doi = {10.1080/13803610802576734},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{petricevic_Why_2020,
  title = {Why {{Do Citizens Not Turn Out}}? The {{Effect}} of {{Election}}-{{Specific Knowledge}} on {{Turnout}} in {{European Elections}} in {{Eastern Europe}}},
  shorttitle = {Why {{Do Citizens Not Turn Out}}?},
  author = {Petri{\v c}evi{\'c}, Vanja and Stockemer, Daniel},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures},
  volume = {34},
  number = {3},
  pages = {591--610},
  issn = {0888-3254, 1533-8371},
  doi = {10.1177/0888325419870228},
  abstract = {Throughout the European Parliament's nearly forty years of existence, electoral turnout in European parliamentary elections has consistently been lower than electoral turnout in the national elections of the member states. This is particularly the case for the majority of states in Eastern Europe where turnout in European elections has resulted in low electoral participation of eligible voters. Focusing on the 2014 election to the European Parliament, we highlight that low election-specific knowledge contributes to these low participation rates. In more detail, we rely on name recognition of the main candidates of the three main party groups, and show that knowledge of these candidates is more than twice as high in Western Europe as in Eastern Europe. Second, we illustrate that these low knowledge levels in the East also help explain the larger turnout gap between national and European elections in the East.},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{rae_politico_2014,
  title = {Pol\'itico, Ca},
  author = {{RAE}},
  year = {2014}
}

@book{rosanvallon_Democratic_2011,
  title = {Democratic Legitimacy: Impartiality, Reflexivity, Proximity},
  shorttitle = {Democratic Legitimacy},
  author = {Rosanvallon, Pierre},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  address = {{Princeton}},
  isbn = {978-0-691-14948-6},
  langid = {english},
  lccn = {JC423 .R6169513 2011},
  keywords = {Democracy,Legitimacy of governments}
}

@article{rupp_Handbook_2008,
  title = {Handbook of {{Test Development}}: Steven {{M}}. {{Downing}} and {{Thomas M}}. {{Haladyna}}, {{Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}}, {{Inc}}., {{January}} 2006, 778 Pages, {{US}}\$89.95 ({{Paperback}}).},
  shorttitle = {Handbook of {{Test Development}}},
  author = {Rupp, Andr{\'e} A. and B{\"o}hme, Katrin},
  year = {2008},
  month = feb,
  journal = {International Journal of Testing},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {111--125},
  issn = {1530-5058, 1532-7574},
  doi = {10.1080/15305050701813433},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{sanchez_Constructivismo_2002,
  title = {{Constructivismo y an\'alisis de los movimientos sociales}},
  author = {S{\'a}nchez, Jos{\'e} Aranda},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {CIENCIA ergo-sum, Revista Cient\'ifica Multidisciplinaria de Prospectiva},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  issn = {1405-0269, 2395-8782},
  abstract = {This article examines the relevence of considering constructivism as an appropriate metatheory for the study of social movements. Starting from the establishment of the principal suppositions of constructivism as an epistemological paradigm for the social sciences, it presents a selective recount of some constructivist socialogical orientations, and then attempts to apply this framing to the analysis of social movements; having as a base the necessity of deconstructing previous approximations that proved to be unsuitable, and the proposal for reconstructing the concept of social movements with the fundamentals of constructionism.},
  langid = {Ingl\'es},
  keywords = {constructivism,constructivism reasons,constructivismo,movimientos sociales,social movements,sociología constructivista}
}

@book{schlozman_Unequal_2018,
  title = {Unequal and Unrepresented: Political Inequality and the People's Voice in the New {{Gilded Age}}},
  shorttitle = {Unequal and Unrepresented},
  author = {Schlozman, Kay Lehman},
  year = {2018},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  address = {{Princeton}},
  isbn = {978-0-691-18055-7},
  lccn = {JK1764 .S364 2018},
  keywords = {Democracy,Equality,Political participation,Pressure groups,Representative government and representation,United States}
}

@book{schmitt_concept_1996,
  title = {The Concept of the Political},
  author = {Schmitt, Carl},
  year = {1996},
  publisher = {{University of Chicago Press}},
  address = {{Chicago}},
  isbn = {978-0-226-73886-4},
  langid = {english},
  lccn = {JA74 .S313 1996},
  keywords = {Political science,State,The}
}

@book{schmitt_concepto_1998,
  title = {{El concepto de lo pol\'itico texto de 1932 con un pr\'ologo y tres corolarios}},
  author = {Schmitt, Carl},
  year = {1998},
  publisher = {{Alianza}},
  address = {{Madrid (Espa\~na)}},
  isbn = {978-84-206-2920-9},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@misc{schulz_Estudio_2011,
  title = {Estudio {{Internacional}} Sobre {{Educaci\'on C\'ivica}} y {{Ciudadana MARCO DE LA EVALUACI\'ON}}},
  author = {Schulz, Wolfram and Fraillon, Julian and Ainley, John and Losito, Bruno and Keer, Davis},
  year = {2011}
}

@misc{schulz_ICCS_2016,
  title = {{{ICCS}} 2016 {{Technical Report}}},
  editor = {Schulz, Wolfram and Losito, Bruno and Carstens, Ralph and Fraillon, Julian},
  year = {2016},
  collaborator = {Agrusti, Gabriela and Ainley, John and Busch, Christine and Friedman, Tim and Gebhardt, Eveline and Kobelt, Juliane and Nausica, Gabriela and Savas, Duygu and Tieck, Sabine and Weber, Sabine}
}

@book{schulz_Initial_2010,
  title = {Initial Finds from the {{IEA}} International Civic and Citizenship Education Study},
  author = {Schulz, Wolfram and {IEA}},
  year = {2010},
  publisher = {{IEA}},
  address = {{Amsterdam}},
  isbn = {978-90-79549-06-1},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{schutz_construccion_2000,
  title = {{La construcci\'on significativa del mundo social: introducci\'on a la sociolog\'ia comprensiva}},
  shorttitle = {{La construcci\'on significativa del mundo social}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tz, Alfred},
  year = {2000},
  publisher = {{Paid\'os}},
  address = {{Barcelona}},
  isbn = {978-84-7509-943-9},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@book{schutz_construccion_2000a,
  title = {{La construcci\'on significativa del mundo social: introducci\'on a la sociolog\'ia comprensiva}},
  shorttitle = {{La construcci\'on significativa del mundo social}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tz, Alfred},
  year = {2000},
  publisher = {{Paid\'os}},
  address = {{Barcelona}},
  isbn = {978-84-7509-943-9},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@book{taylor_Multiculturalism_1992,
  title = {Multiculturalism and "{{The Politics}} of {{Recognition}}": An Essay},
  shorttitle = {Multiculturalism and "{{The Politics}} of {{Recognition}}"},
  author = {Taylor, Charles and Gutmann, Amy},
  year = {1992},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  address = {{Princeton, N.J}},
  isbn = {978-0-691-08786-3},
  lccn = {E184.A1 T39 1992},
  keywords = {Canada,Minorities,Multiculturalism,Politics and government,United States}
}

@article{tezanos-pinto_Participacion_2015,
  title = {Participaci\'on Pol\'itica y Descontento En {{Chile}}: Una Tensi\'on Entre El Inter\'es En Los Temas Pol\'iticos y La Desafecci\'on Generalizada},
  author = {{Tezanos-Pinto}, Pablo and Cort{\'e}s, Flavio and Concha, Mariella},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {midevidencias},
  series = {0719-8493},
  number = {6},
  abstract = {Este n\'umero de MIDEvidencias reporta los datos de la encuesta Foco Ciudadano de MIDE Sociedad, realizada en diciembre de 2015 a personas entre 18 y 64 a\~nos de zonas urbanas de Chile. La encuesta indag\'o los diferentes tipos de participaci\'on pol\'itica en Chile, y c\'omo dicha participaci\'on se relaciona con diferentes manifestaciones de descontento respecto al funcionamiento de nuestro sistema democr\'atico. Se observ\'o que la mayor\'ia de los chilenos reporta niveles muy bajos de participaci\'on, y una desafecci\'on generalizada con la \'elite y el sistema pol\'itico, lo que contrasta con la importancia que le atribuyen a los temas pol\'iticos. El estudio permiti\'o identificar cuatro perfiles de participaci\'on, los que se asocian con visiones de mundo, y con actitudes acerca de la pol\'itica y el sistema pol\'itico.}
}

@misc{torney_Crossnational_1979,
  type = {Paper},
  title = {Cross-National Political Socialization Research: The {{IEA}} Study as an Agenda Setter for Research in {{Latin America}}},
  author = {Torney, Judith},
  year = {1979}
}

@incollection{torney-purta_estudio_2015,
  title = {El Estudio de La Educacion C\'ivica y Pol\'itica: Historia e Implicancias Para {{Chile}} y {{Am\'erica Latina}}},
  booktitle = {Aprendizaje de La Ciudadan\'ia: Contextos Experiencias y Resultados.},
  author = {{Torney-Purta}, Judith},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {51--73},
  publisher = {{Ediciones Universidad Cat\'olica de Chile}},
  isbn = {978-956-14-1513-3}
}

@article{trevino_Influence_2017,
  title = {Influence of Teachers and Schools on Students' Civic Outcomes in {{Latin America}}},
  author = {Trevi{\~n}o, Ernesto and B{\'e}jares, Consuelo and Villalobos, Crist{\'o}bal and Naranjo, Elo{\'i}sa},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Journal of Educational Research},
  volume = {110},
  number = {6},
  pages = {604--618},
  issn = {0022-0671, 1940-0675},
  doi = {10.1080/00220671.2016.1164114},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{vanerkel_Why_2020,
  title = {Why {{Don}}'t {{We Learn}} from {{Social Media}}? Studying {{Effects}} of and {{Mechanisms}} behind {{Social Media News Use}} on {{General Surveillance Political Knowledge}}},
  shorttitle = {Why {{Don}}'t {{We Learn}} from {{Social Media}}?},
  author = {{van Erkel}, Patrick F. A. and Van Aelst, Peter},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Political Communication},
  pages = {1--19},
  issn = {1058-4609, 1091-7675},
  doi = {10.1080/10584609.2020.1784328},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{verba_Would_2003,
  title = {Would the {{Dream}} of {{Political Equality Turn}} out to {{Be}} a {{Nightmare}}?},
  author = {Verba, Sidney},
  year = {2003},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {663--679},
  issn = {1537-5927, 1541-0986},
  doi = {10.1017/S1537592703000458},
  abstract = {The SGML version of this article is currently unavailable.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{vohanka_Benign_1990,
  title = {Benign Posttraumatic Encephalopathy},
  author = {Voh{\'a}nka, S. and Zouhar, A.},
  year = {1990},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Activitas Nervosa Superior},
  volume = {32},
  number = {3},
  pages = {179--183},
  issn = {0001-7604},
  abstract = {Twenty-eight post-injury states were assessed in 27 children (in one child two attacks occurred) aged 1-9 years. The states could be classed as so called benign posttraumatic encephalopathy. The mild head injury was followed after a latent period (proved in 22 attacks) of 5 min. to 14 hours by transient brain disorder (in 17 cases quantitative, qualitative and combined alteration in consciousness, in 7 children cortical blindness, in 2 epileptic seizure and in two brain stem disturbance). The duration of symptoms lasted 5 minutes to 48 hours. After recovery the children had no difficulties; the mean of follow-up was 3.3 years. The EEG showed predominantly a normal picture or only abnormal background activity of bioccipital slow waves. In the history and clinical picture we found after the attack most often perinatal abnormality and minimal brain dysfunction (15x, 57\%) and various forms of migraine (4x, 16\%). It indicates that in the pathogenesis of benign posttraumatic encephalopathy apparently an important part is played by pretraumatic cerebral affection.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {2124408},
  keywords = {Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity,Blindness,Brain Injuries,Child,Consciousness Disorders,Craniocerebral Trauma,Disease Susceptibility,Electroencephalography,Epilepsy,Female,Humans,Infant,Male,Migraine Disorders,Post-Traumatic,Preschool}
}

@book{wasburn_Making_2017,
  title = {Making {{Citizens}}},
  author = {Wasburn, Philo C. and Adkins Covert, Tawnya J.},
  year = {2017},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-50243-4},
  isbn = {978-3-319-50242-7 978-3-319-50243-4},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{zhang_Testing_2009,
  title = {Testing {{Multilevel Mediation Using Hierarchical Linear Models}}: Problems and {{Solutions}}},
  shorttitle = {Testing {{Multilevel Mediation Using Hierarchical Linear Models}}},
  author = {Zhang, Zhen and Zyphur, Michael J. and Preacher, Kristopher J.},
  year = {2009},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Organizational Research Methods},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {695--719},
  issn = {1094-4281, 1552-7425},
  doi = {10.1177/1094428108327450},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{zhang_Understanding_2015,
  title = {Understanding Civic Cognitive Assessment Tasks: Associations between Linguistic Features and Students' Task Performance},
  shorttitle = {Understanding Civic Cognitive Assessment Tasks},
  author = {Zhang, Ting and {Torney-Purta}, Judith and Mislevy, Robert J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Citizenship Teaching \& Learning},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {29--47},
  issn = {17511917, 17511925},
  doi = {10.1386/ctl.11.1.29_1},
  langid = {english}
}