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CoffeeScript Quick Ref.lyx
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CoffeeScript Quick Ref.lyx
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\pdf_author "E. Hoigaard"
\pdf_subject "Reference Card for CoffeeScript"
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\begin_layout Title
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CoffeeScript
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\end_inset
Quick Reference
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\begin_layout Subtitle
•
\begin_inset Newline newline
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\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "coffeescript.org"
target "http://jashkenas.github.com/coffee-script"
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•
\begin_inset Newline newline
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•
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\begin_layout Subsection*
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General
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E.
Hoigaard
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© 2554/2011
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Rev.
α
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filename img/ccbysa.png
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\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Whitespace is significant
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Ending a line will terminate expressions - no need to use semicolons
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Semicolons can be used to fit multiple expressions onto a single line
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\begin_layout Itemize
Use indentation instead of curly braces
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{ }
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to surround blocks of code in functions,
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inline true
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if
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statements,
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inline true
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switch
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, and
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inline true
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try/catch
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\begin_layout Itemize
Comments starts with
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inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
#
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\end_inset
and run to the end of the line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Functions
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Functions are defined by an optional list of parameters in parentheses,
an arrow, and an optional function body.
The empty function looks like:
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
->
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Mostly no need to use parentheses to invoke a function if it is passed arguments.
The implicit call wraps forward to the end of the line or block expression.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Functions may have default values for arguments.
Override the default value by passing a non-null argument.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Objects and arrays
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Objects and arrays are similar to JavaScript
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
When each property is listed on its own line, the commas are optional
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Objects may be created using indentation instead of explicit braces, similar
to YAML
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Reserved words, like
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
class
\end_layout
\end_inset
, can be used as properties of an object without quoting them as strings
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Lexical Scoping and Variable Safety
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Variables are declared implicitly when used (no
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inline true
status open
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var
\end_layout
\end_inset
keyword).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The compiler ensures that variables are declared within lexical scope.
An outer variable is not redeclared within an inner function when it is
in scope
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Using an inner variable can not shadow an outer variable, only refer to
it.
So avoid reusing the name of an external variable in a deeply nested function
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
CoffeeScript output is wrapped in an anonymous function, making it difficult
to accidentally pollute the global namespace
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
To create top-level variables for other scripts, attach them as properties
on
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
window
\end_layout
\end_inset
, or to
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
exports
\end_layout
\end_inset
in CommonJS.
Use:
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
exports ? this
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Splats
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\begin_layout Itemize
Splats
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inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
...
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\end_inset
can be used instead of the variable number of
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
arguments
\end_layout
\end_inset
object and are available for both function definition and invocation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Loops and Comprehensions
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Comprehensions
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
for ...
in
\end_layout
\end_inset
work over arrays, objects, and ranges
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Comprehensions replace for loops, with optional
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
when
\end_layout
\end_inset
guard clauses and the value of the current array index:
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
for value, index in array
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Array comprehensions are expressions, and can be returned and assigned
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Comprehensions may replace
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
each/forEach
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
map
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\end_inset
or
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
select/filter
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Use a range when the start and end of a loop is known (integer steps)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Use
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
by
\end_layout
\end_inset
to step in fixed-size increments
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
When assigning the value of a comprehension to a variable, CoffeeScript
collects the result of each iteration into an array
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Return
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
null
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
undefined
\end_layout
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
true
\end_layout
\end_inset
if a loop is only for side-effects
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
To iterate over the key and value properties in an object, use
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
of
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Use:
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
for own key, value of object
\end_layout
\end_inset
to iterate over the keys that are directly defined on an object
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The only low-level loop is the
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
while
\end_layout
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loop.
It can be used as an expression, returning an array containing the result
of each iteration through the loop
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset listings
inline true
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
until
\end_layout
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is equivalent to
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
while not
\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset listings
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loop
\end_layout
\end_inset
is equivalent to
\begin_inset listings
inline true
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while true
\end_layout
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\begin_layout Itemize
The
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
do
\end_layout
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keyword inserts a closure wrapper, forwards any arguments and invokes a
passed function
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\color magenta
Try/Catch/Finally
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try/catch
\end_layout
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statements are as in JavaScript (although expressions)
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If, Else, Unless, and Conditional Assignment
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if/else
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can be written without parentheses and curly braces
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Multi-line conditionals are delimited by indentation
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if
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and
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inline true
status open
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unless
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can be used in postfix form i.e.
at the end of the statement
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\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
if
\end_layout
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statements can be used as expressions.
No need for
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
?:
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Chained Comparisons
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Use a chained comparison to test if a value is within a range:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
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inline true
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
minimum < value < maximum
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Array Slicing and Splicing with Ranges
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Ranges can be used to extract slices of arrays
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
With two dots
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
[3..6]
\end_layout
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, the range is inclusive (3, 4, 5, 6)
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\begin_layout Itemize
With three dots
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
[3...6]
\end_layout
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, the range excludes the end (3, 4, 5)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The same syntax can be used with assignment to replace a segment of an array
with new values, splicing it
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Strings are immutable and can not be spliced
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Embedded JavaScript
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Use backquotes
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inline true
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``
\end_layout
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to embed JavaScript code within CoffeeScript
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\begin_layout Subsection*
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Everything is an Expression
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\begin_layout Itemize
Functions return their final value
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\begin_layout Itemize
The return value is fetched from each branch of execution
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\begin_layout Itemize
Return early from a function body by using an explicit
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return
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\begin_layout Itemize
Variable declarations are at the top of the scope, so assignment can be
used within expressions, even for variables that have not been seen before
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\begin_layout Itemize
Statements, when used as part of an expression, are converted into expressions
with a closure wrapper.
This allows assignment of the result of a comprehension to a variable
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\begin_layout Itemize
The following are not expressions:
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break
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,
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