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comcat.skos.ttl
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comcat.skos.ttl
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@prefix agrovoc: <http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/> .
@prefix ccat: <http://data.ga-group.nl/comcat/> .
@prefix dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> .
@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix eurovoc: <http://eurovoc.europa.eu/> .
@prefix msa: <http://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix sm: <http://www.omg.org/techprocess/ab/SpecificationMetadata/> .
@prefix stw: <http://zbw.eu/stw/descriptor/> .
@prefix vann: <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/> .
@prefix wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
ccat:
a skos:ConceptScheme ;
dct:abstract """A taxonomy concerned with the collection of traded commodities for use by the global financial community. Taxons are assigned a numeric code across up to four tiers of hierarchy: the class of commodity, the category within the class, and the kind of commodity within the category, possibly extended with the sub-kind.
The list of traded commodities, be it standard listed products or products traded OTC, is constantly monitored for the purpose of regular revisions to the standard."""@en ;
dct:creator <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7352-2825> ;
dct:format "text/turtle"^^xsd:string ;
dct:issued "2022-06-28T02:25:19Z"^^xsd:dateTime ;
dct:license <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/> ;
dct:modified "2022-06-18T12:43:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime ;
dct:title "comcat" ;
skos:definition "A commodity is an economic good or service that has full or substantial fungibility, i.e the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them."@en ;
skos:note "This taxonomy (broadly) follows industry's vocabularies, such as FAO's agrovoc, various tariff systems, or the STW thesaurus. It is made by market participants who needed a single fine-grained classification system instead of choosing between several domain-specific ones or a single coarse one."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Taxonomy for traded commodities"@en ;
sm:copyright "Copyright (c) 2022 GA Financial Solutions GmbH" ;
sm:fileAbbreviation "comcat" ;
sm:filename "comcat.skos.ttl" ;
vann:preferredNamespacePrefix "ccat"^^xsd:string ;
vann:preferredNamespaceUri "http://data.ga-group.nl/comcat/" .
ccat:10
a skos:Concept ;
skos:definition "Hard commodities, or hards, are commodities that, generally, are mined, rather than grown."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10" ;
skos:prefLabel "Hards"@en ;
skos:topConceptOf ccat: .
ccat:1010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:10 ;
skos:closeMatch stw:18996-5 , wd:Q1239166 ;
skos:definition "Commodities that deal specifically with the trade and supply of energy."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "1010" ;
skos:prefLabel "Energy"@en .
ccat:101010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1010 ;
skos:definition "Raw, unprocessed blend of various petroleum products. Highly volatile components are traded as Natural Gas (101020)."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_5747 , eurovoc:2366 , stw:14197-6 , wd:Q22656 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "101010" ;
skos:prefLabel "Crude Oil"@en .
ccat:10101050
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101010 ;
skos:definition "Booked pipeline capacity for the purpose of oil transfers."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10101050" ;
skos:prefLabel "Crude Transfer"@en .
ccat:10101070
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101010 ;
skos:definition "Booked storage capacity for the purpose of deferring transfer or refining."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10101070" ;
skos:prefLabel "Crude Storage"@en .
ccat:10101080
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101010 ;
skos:definition "Premium of one oil over another due to chemical composition, freight or storage costs."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10101080" ;
skos:prefLabel "Crude Premium"@en .
ccat:10101085
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101010 ;
skos:definition "Premium of a component extracted from a crude oil over the crude oil itself. Also includes combinations of components, e.g. the 3-2-1 crack spread."@en ;
skos:exactMatch wd:Q5180334 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10101085" ;
skos:prefLabel "Crack Spread"@en .
ccat:101020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1010 ;
skos:definition "Naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture of higher alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, others), sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_5087 , eurovoc:1141 , stw:14196-1 , wd:Q40858 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "101020" ;
skos:prefLabel "Natural Gas"@en .
ccat:10102010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101020 ;
skos:definition "Processed natural gas, or gas from petro-chemical processes, that is close to pure methane or pure ethane."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10102010" ;
skos:prefLabel "Purified Natural Gas"@en .
ccat:10102020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "LNG"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:101020 ;
skos:definition "Natural gas or purified natural gas that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transfer."@en ;
skos:exactMatch stw:18236-2 , wd:Q358333 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10102020" ;
skos:prefLabel "Liquefied Natural Gas"@en .
ccat:10102030
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "LPG"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:101020 ;
skos:definition "Flammable hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. Either propane or butane or a mixture of roughly equal amounts thereof. Pentane, propylene, butylenes and various other hydrocarbons are usually also present in small concentrations. Standardised in EN 589."@en ;
skos:exactMatch wd:Q351609 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10102030" ;
skos:prefLabel "Liquefied Petroleum Gas"@en .
ccat:10102040
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Condy"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:101020 ;
skos:definition "Low-density mixture of hydrocarbons present in raw natural gas cooled down below the hydrocarbon dew point."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10102040" ;
skos:prefLabel "Natural Gas Condensate"@en .
ccat:10102050
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101020 ;
skos:definition "Baseload of gas delivered uniformly over a specified period of time (Time of delivery, TOD) through one or more designated hubs."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10102050" ;
skos:prefLabel "Gas Baseload"@en .
ccat:10102055
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101020 ;
skos:definition "Booked capacity for the purpose of gas transfers."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10102055" ;
skos:prefLabel "Pipeline capacity"@en .
ccat:10102080
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101020 ;
skos:definition "Premium of one gas over another due to chemical composition, freight or storage costs."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10102080" ;
skos:prefLabel "Gas Premium"@en ;
skos:scopeNote "This category is also used on spreads between hubs (delivery points)."@en .
ccat:10102085
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101020 ;
skos:definition "Premium of gas (possibly including emission rights) used to produce power over baseload electricity."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10102085" ;
skos:prefLabel "Spark Spread"@en .
ccat:101030
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1010 ;
skos:definition "Petrochemicals derived from crude oil when processed in oil refineries. This explicitly excludes chemical compounds produced in biochemical or (non-petro) industrial processes, e.g. ethanol from fermentation, or methanol from catalytic gas synthesis."@en ;
skos:exactMatch eurovoc:2772 , wd:Q1059843 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "101030" ;
skos:prefLabel "Refined Products"@en ;
skos:related wd:Q3444730 .
ccat:10103010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101030 ;
skos:definition "Fuel oil that is primarily used for heating. Chemically very similar to diesel (gasoil, the motor fuel) which is why imarkers, e.g. Yellow 124 in the EU, might have been added."@en ;
skos:exactMatch wd:Q912452 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:narrowMatch stw:14215-2 ;
skos:notation "10103010" ;
skos:prefLabel "Heating Oil"@en .
ccat:10103020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Petrol"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:101030 ;
skos:definition "Petroleum-derived flammable liquid used primarily as a motor fuel, obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_5746 , eurovoc:3771 , stw:14212-1 , wd:Q39558 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10103020" ;
skos:note "On average, a 160-liter (42-U.S.-gallon) barrel of crude oil can yield up to about 72 liters (19 U.S. gallons) of gasoline, depending on the crude oil assay and on what other refined products are also extracted. Additives improve chemical stability and performance characteristics, control corrosiveness, and provide fuel system cleaning. Gasoline may contain oxygen-containing chemicals such as ethanol, MTBE, or ETBE to improve combustion."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Gasoline"@en .
ccat:10103030
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Jet Fuel"@en , "Paraffin"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:101030 ;
skos:definition "Combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used widely used as aviation fuel."@en ;
skos:exactMatch wd:Q76904 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10103030" ;
skos:prefLabel "Kerosene"@en .
ccat:10103040
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Gas Oil"@en , "Petrodiesel"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:101030 ;
skos:definition "Any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in diesel engines"@en ;
skos:exactMatch eurovoc:3772 , stw:14214-4 , wd:Q38423 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10103040" ;
skos:prefLabel "Diesel"@en ;
skos:scopeNote "Standardised in EN 590 (EU)"@en .
ccat:10103050
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Bunker"@en , "Fuel Oil"@en , "HFO"@en , "HSFO"@en , "NSFO"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:101030 ;
skos:definition "Any type of fuel oil used aboard water vessels. Usually bunker B or bunker C, also known as No. 5 or No. 6 respectively."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10103050" ;
skos:prefLabel "Marine Fuel"@en .
ccat:10103060
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101030 ;
skos:definition "Flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture produced from natural gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10103060" ;
skos:note "In different industries and regions naphtha may also be crude oil or refined products such as kerosene. It is also known as Shellite in Australia."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Naphtha"@en .
ccat:10103080
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101030 ;
skos:definition "Spread between different refined products that determines the premium of one oil over the other due to chemical composition, freight or storage costs."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10103080" ;
skos:prefLabel "Visco Spread"@en .
ccat:10103090
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101030 ;
skos:definition "Any other petrochemicals."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10103090" ;
skos:prefLabel "Other Refined Products"@en .
ccat:101040
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1010 ;
skos:definition "Combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_1693 , eurovoc:5386 , stw:14200-1 , wd:Q24489 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "101040" ;
skos:prefLabel "Coal"@en .
ccat:10104010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Hard Coal"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:101040 ;
skos:definition "Coal variety with the highest carbon content and the highest energy density."@en ;
skos:exactMatch wd:Q182458 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10104010" ;
skos:prefLabel "Anthracite"@en .
ccat:10104020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Black Coal"@en , "Thermal Coal"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:101040 ;
skos:definition "Coal with bitumen or asphalt, second highest ranking coal. Widely used as a thermal coal."@en ;
skos:exactMatch wd:Q732607 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10104020" ;
skos:prefLabel "Bituminous Coal"@en .
ccat:10104030
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Brown Coal"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:101040 ;
skos:definition "Soft coal with a relatively low heat content, used almost exclusively as a fuel for steam-electric power generation."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_32489 , eurovoc:1656 , stw:14194-5 , wd:Q156267 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10104030" ;
skos:prefLabel "Lignite"@en .
ccat:10104040
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101040 ;
skos:definition "Made from thermal coal or oil in the absence of air, a process known as coking. May also be formed naturally by geologic processes."@en ;
skos:exactMatch wd:Q192795 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10104040" ;
skos:prefLabel "Coke"@en .
ccat:101050
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1010 ;
skos:definition "Energy derived from electric potential energy or kinetic energy, supplied by the combination of electric current and electric potential that is delivered by an electrical circuit"@en ;
skos:exactMatch eurovoc:747 , stw:14174-4 , wd:Q206799 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "101050" ;
skos:prefLabel "Electricity"@en .
ccat:10105010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101050 ;
skos:definition "The minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time, met by unvarying power plants, dispatchable generation, or by a collection of smaller intermittent energy sources."@en ;
skos:exactMatch wd:Q360897 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10105010" ;
skos:prefLabel "Base Load"@en .
ccat:10105020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101050 ;
skos:definition "Period in the load profile where demand is significantly higher than minimum supply level. Fluctuations may occur from hour to hour. Met by intermittent energy sources."@en ;
skos:exactMatch wd:Q3393666 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10105020" ;
skos:prefLabel "Peak Load"@en .
ccat:10105030
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101050 ;
skos:definition "Period in the load profile that shows nearly no peaks, typically the night, met by unvarying power plants."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10105030" ;
skos:prefLabel "Off-peak"@en .
ccat:10105040
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101050 ;
skos:definition "Upwards or downwards flank between off-peak and on-peak demand covered by special load following plants."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10105040" ;
skos:prefLabel "Shoulder"@en .
ccat:10105050
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101050 ;
skos:definition "Entitles the holder to receive compensation when the spot price (possibly including transmission charges) goes below/above a strike price."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10105050" ;
skos:prefLabel "Floor/Cap"@en .
ccat:10105080
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:101050 ;
skos:definition "Entitles the holder to receive compensation for congestion charges across an energy path."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "10105080" ;
skos:prefLabel "Transmission Rights"@en ;
skos:scopeNote "This category is also used on spreads between hubs (delivery points) provided the legs' delivery times (peak/off-peak), or profiles (base/peak), or power sources (hydro/spark) are identical."@en .
ccat:1020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:10 ;
skos:definition "Rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value. Chemically, less reactive than most elements."@en ;
skos:exactMatch eurovoc:1886 , stw:14296-4 , wd:Q271449 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "1020" ;
skos:prefLabel "Precious Metal"@en .
ccat:102010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1020 ;
skos:definition "Bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. One of the least reactive chemical elements. Solid under standard conditions."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_33067 , eurovoc:2156 , stw:14298-0 , wd:Q897 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "102010" ;
skos:note "As of 2017, the world's largest gold producer by far was China with 440 tonnes per year."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Gold"@en .
ccat:102015
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1020 ;
skos:definition "Product that tracks the variance or volatility of spot gold."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "102015" ;
skos:prefLabel "Gold Variance"@en .
ccat:102020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1020 ;
skos:definition "Soft, white, lustrous transition metal, exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. Solid under standard conditions."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_7068 , eurovoc:2514 , stw:14308-2 , wd:Q1090 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "102020" ;
skos:prefLabel "Silver"@en .
ccat:102025
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1020 ;
skos:definition "Product that tracks the variance or volatility of spot silver."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "102025" ;
skos:prefLabel "Silver Variance"@en .
ccat:102030
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1020 ;
skos:definition "Dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_33116 , eurovoc:2424 , stw:14306-6 , wd:Q880 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "102030" ;
skos:note "Used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry. Being a heavy metal, it leads to health problems upon exposure to its salts; but due to its corrosion resistance, metallic platinum has not been linked to adverse health effects. Compounds containing platinum, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin, are applied in chemotherapy against certain types of cancer."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Platinum"@en .
ccat:102040
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1020 ;
skos:definition "Rare and lustrous silvery-white metal with the lowest melting point and is the least density of platinum group elements."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_549615fb , wd:Q1089 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "102040" ;
skos:note "Used in catalytic converters, electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwater treatment, and jewelry. Key component of fuel cells, which react hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Palladium"@en .
ccat:102050
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1020 ;
skos:definition "Very rare, very hard, very dense, brittle, silvery-white transition metal."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_c2041bc1 , wd:Q877 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "102050" ;
skos:note "Second-densest metal (after osmium). One of the rarest elements in Earth's crust, with annual production and consumption of only three tonnes. Iridium metal is employed when high corrosion resistance at high temperatures is needed, as in high-performance spark plugs, crucibles for recrystallization of semiconductors at high temperatures, and electrodes for the production of chlorine in the chloralkali process. Iridium radioisotopes are used in some radioisotope thermoelectric generators."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Iridium"@en .
ccat:102060
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1020 ;
skos:definition "Ultra-rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_ea2af13b , wd:Q1087 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "102060" ;
skos:note "Found in platinum or nickel ores together with the other members of the platinum group metals. Used as catalyst in three-way catalytic converters in automobiles. Because rhodium metal is inert against corrosion and most aggressive chemicals, and because of its rarity, rhodium is usually alloyed with platinum or palladium and applied in high-temperature and corrosion-resistive coatings. White gold is often plated with a thin rhodium layer to improve its appearance while sterling silver is often rhodium-plated for tarnish resistance. Rhodium is sometimes used to cure silicones; a two-part silicone in which one part containing a silicon hydride and the other containing a vinyl-terminated silicone are mixed. One of these liquids contains a rhodium complex. Rhodium detectors are used in nuclear reactors to measure the neutron flux level. Other uses of rhodium include asymmetric hydrogenation used to form drug precursors and the processes for the production of acetic acid."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Rhodium"@en .
ccat:102070
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1020 ;
skos:definition "Rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group, inert to most other chemicals."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_87cd9fbc , wd:Q1086 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "102070" ;
skos:note "Annual production in 2017 was 35.5 tonnes. Used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors, as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet photomasks. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Ruthenium"@en .
ccat:102075
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1020 ;
skos:definition "Hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_9d49077b ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "102075" ;
skos:note "Found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element. Used in fountain pen nib tipping, electrical contacts, and in other applications that require extreme durability and hardness. Osmium is among the rarest elements in the Earth's crust, making up only 50 parts per trillion (ppt)."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Osmium"@en .
ccat:102080
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1020 ;
skos:definition "Precious metals expressed in terms of other precious metals, e.g. XAUXAG, XAUXPT, etc."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "102080" ;
skos:note "ISO officially assigned currency codes to gold, silver, platinum, and palladium (XAU, XAG, XPT, XPL), by extension unofficial codes for other precious metals are XRH, XIR, XOS, XRU."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Precious Metal Cross"@en .
ccat:1030
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Non-ferrous Metal"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:10 ;
skos:closeMatch wd:Q428855 , wd:Q5679431 ;
skos:definition "Common and inexpensive non-ferrous metals, as opposed to precious metals."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "1030" ;
skos:prefLabel "Base Metal"@en .
ccat:103010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1030 ;
skos:definition "Soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_1868 , stw:14299-5 , wd:Q753 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103010" ;
skos:note "A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Copper"@en .
ccat:103013
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1030 ;
skos:definition "Alloy of copper and zinc."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103013" ;
skos:prefLabel "Brass"@en .
ccat:103015
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1030 ;
skos:definition "Alloy of copper and tin."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103015" ;
skos:prefLabel "Bronze"@en .
ccat:103020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1030 ;
skos:definition "Silvery-white, soft, non-magnetic and ductile metal in the boron group."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_317 , eurovoc:1446 , msa:513153333 , stw:14293-3 , wd:Q663 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103020" ;
skos:note "Aluminium is remarkable for its low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the phenomenon of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and important in transportation and building industries, such as building facades and window frames. The oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminium. Despite its prevalence in the environment, no living organism is known to use aluminium salts metabolically, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of these salts' abundance, the potential for a biological role for them is of continuing interest, and studies continue."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Aluminium"@en .
ccat:103025
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "NASAAC"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:1030 ;
skos:definition "Aluminium alloy conforming to the LME NA380.1 specification which is a modification of The Aluminium Association Inc. A380.1 specification (1989). The alloy has a composition of 8.50%-9.50% Si, 3.00%-3.50% Cu, 0.80%-1.00% Fe, a maximum of 3.00% Zn, a maximum of 1.80% sludge (Fe + 2Mn + 3Cr), a maximum of 0.50% Ni, a maximum of 0.45% Mn, a maximum of 0.10% Mg, Sn, Pb, Ti, and Cr each."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103025" ;
skos:prefLabel "North American Special Aluminum Alloy"@en .
ccat:103030
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1030 ;
skos:definition "Slightly brittle metal at room temperature, blue-silvery appearance when oxidation is removed."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_8517 , eurovoc:4783 , stw:14309-0 , wd:Q758 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103030" ;
skos:prefLabel "Zinc"@en .
ccat:103040
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1030 ;
skos:definition "Silvery-white, hard, ductile, lustrous transition metal with a slight golden tinge."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_5172 , eurovoc:2056 , stw:14305-1 , wd:Q744 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103040" ;
skos:note "Nickel is one of four elements (the others are iron, cobalt, and gadolinium) that are ferromagnetic at approximately room temperature. About 68% of world production is used in stainless steel. A further 10% is used for nickel-based and copper-based alloys, 7% for alloy steels, 3% in foundries, 9% in plating and 4% in other applications, including the fast-growing battery sector, including those in electric vehicles (EVs). As a compound, nickel has a number of niche chemical manufacturing uses, such as a catalyst for hydrogenation, cathodes for batteries, pigments and metal surface treatments. Nickel is an essential nutrient for some microorganisms and plants that have enzymes with nickel as an active site."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Nickel"@en .
ccat:103050
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1030 ;
skos:definition "Silvery metal that characteristically has a faint yellow hue, soft enough to be cut without much force"@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_7782 , eurovoc:879 , stw:14310-1 , wd:Q1096 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103050" ;
skos:note "Obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO2. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element on Earth and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number of protons. It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is beta-tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal, but at low temperatures, it transforms into the less dense grey alpha-tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin does not easily oxidize in air. Tin is used in many alloys, most notably tin / lead soft solders, which are typically 60% or more tin, and in the manufacture of transparent, electrically conducting films of indium tin oxide in optoelectronic applications. Another large application for tin is corrosion-resistant tin plating of steel. Because of the low toxicity of inorganic tin, tin-plated steel is widely used for food packaging as tin cans. However, some organotin compounds can be almost as toxic as cyanide."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Tin"@en .
ccat:103060
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1030 ;
skos:definition "Heavy, soft, malleable, and relatively unreactive post-transition metal with a relatively low melting point, silvery with a hint of blue when freshly cut, tarnishes to a dull grey when exposed to air."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_4235 , eurovoc:2428 , msa:2909791279 , stw:14294-1 , wd:Q708 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103060" ;
skos:note """Lead's weak metallic character is illustrated by its amphoteric nature; lead and lead oxides react with acids and bases, and it tends to form covalent bonds. Compounds of lead are usually found in the +2 oxidation state rather than the +4 state common with lighter members of the carbon group. Exceptions are mostly limited to organolead compounds. Like the lighter members of the group, lead tends to bond with itself; it can form chains and polyhedral structures.
Lead's high density, low melting point, ductility and relative inertness to oxidation make it useful. These properties, combined with its relative abundance and low cost, resulted in its extensive use in construction, plumbing, batteries, bullets and shot, weights, solders, pewters, fusible alloys, white paints, leaded gasoline, and radiation shielding."""@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Lead"@en .
ccat:103070
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1030 ;
skos:definition "Traded almost exclusively as titanium dioxide. Lustrous transition metal with a silver colour, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_32704 , eurovoc:4462 , msa:506065880 , stw:18240-4 , wd:Q716 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103070" ;
skos:note """Occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes. The most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium trichloride (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene.
Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum, among other elements, to produce strong, lightweight alloys for aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agriculture (farming), medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental and endodontic instruments and files, dental implants, sporting goods, jewelry, mobile phones, and other applications.
The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, but less dense."""@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Titanium"@en .
ccat:1035
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:10 ;
skos:definition "Iron and iron-related metals, or alloys that contain iron or iron-related metals, such as steel or pig iron."@en ;
skos:exactMatch wd:Q2380954 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "1035" ;
skos:prefLabel "Ferrous Metal"@en .
ccat:103510
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1035 ;
skos:definition "Obtained by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace as intermediate product in the production of steel."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_3950 , eurovoc:981 , stw:14281-3 , wd:Q901785 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103510" ;
skos:prefLabel "Pig Iron"@en .
ccat:103520
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1035 ;
skos:definition "Alloy of iron with typically a few percent of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance, or 11% of chromium to produce corrosion and oxidation resistant stainless steel."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_7384 , eurovoc:5065 , stw:14285-2 , wd:Q11427 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103520" ;
skos:note "Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. Iron is the base metal of steel and it can take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms): body centred cubic and face-centred cubic. These forms depend on temperature. In the body-centred cubic arrangement, there is an iron atom in the centre and eight atoms at the vertices of each cubic unit cell; in the face-centred cubic, there is one atom at the centre of each of the six faces of the cubic unit cell and eight atoms at its vertices. It is the interaction of the allotropes of iron with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, that gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Steel"@en .
ccat:103530
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1035 ;
skos:definition "Rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey, bright yellow, or deep purple to rusty red. The iron is usually found in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4, 72.4% Fe), hematite (Fe2O3, 69.9% Fe), goethite (FeO(OH), 62.9% Fe), limonite (FeO(OH)\u00B7n(H2O), 55% Fe) or siderite (FeCO3, 48.2% Fe)."@en ;
skos:exactMatch eurovoc:1933 , stw:14195-3 , wd:Q191552 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103530" ;
skos:note "Ores containing very high quantities of hematite or magnetite (greater than about 60% iron) are known as \"natural ore\" or \"direct shipping ore\", meaning they can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces. Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron, which is one of the main raw materials to make steel---98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel. In 2011 the Financial Times has speculated that iron ore is \"more integral to the global economy than any other commodity, except perhaps oil."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Iron Ore"@en .
ccat:103535
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1035 ;
skos:definition "Iron and steel scrap from automobiles, trains, ships, bridges, buildings, railway rails and fasteners, or farming equipment."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103535" ;
skos:note "Ferrous scrap is the most recycled material in the world. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that 65 million metric tons of iron and steel scrap was processed around the world in 2016. Ferrous scrap comes from many consumer products like automobiles or household appliances, or from industrial structures and equipment such as buildings, railroads, trains, bridges, ships, and farming equipment."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Ferrous Scrap"@en .
ccat:103540
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1035 ;
skos:definition "Sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. The world's main source of aluminium and gallium. Used as flux in blast furnaces for smelting."@en ;
skos:exactMatch eurovoc:3755 , stw:14190-6 , wd:Q102078 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103540" ;
skos:prefLabel "Bauxite"@en .
ccat:103550
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1035 ;
skos:definition "Hard, brittle, silvery transition metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Alloys are used in stainless steels. It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_4570 , eurovoc:1779 , stw:14301-2 , wd:Q731 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103550" ;
skos:note "Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent; as a rubber additive; and in glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics. Manganese sulfate can be used as a fungicide."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Manganese"@en .
ccat:103560
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1035 ;
skos:closeMatch wd:Q1053 ;
skos:definition "Silvery metal with a grey cast."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103560" ;
skos:note "Molybdenum does not occur naturally as a free metal on Earth; it is found only in various oxidation states in minerals. As free element molybdenum has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. It readily forms hard, stable carbides in alloys, and for this reason most of world production of the element (about 80%) is used in steel alloys, including high-strength alloys and superalloys."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Molybdenum"@en .
ccat:103570
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1035 ;
skos:closeMatch wd:Q725 ;
skos:definition "Main additive in stainless steel adding anti-corrosive properties."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "103570" ;
skos:note "Chromium is also highly valued as a metal that is able to be highly polished while resisting tarnishing. Polished chromium reflects almost 70% of the visible spectrum, with almost 90% of infrared light being reflected."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Chromium"@en .
ccat:1040
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:10 ;
skos:definition "Metals that are not abundant and mostly extracted as a by-product."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "1040" ;
skos:prefLabel "Rare Metal"@en .
ccat:104010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1040 ;
skos:closeMatch agrovoc:c_8084 , eurovoc:4617 , stw:14222-5 , wd:Q1098 ;
skos:definition "Uranium oxide or Uranium fluoride, extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "104010" ;
skos:note "Uranium-235 is the only naturally occurring fissile isotope, which makes it widely used in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons. However, because of the tiny amounts found in nature, uranium needs to undergo enrichment so that enough uranium-235 is present. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is studied for future industrial use in nuclear technology. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass, producing lemon yellow to green colors. Uranium glass fluoresces green in ultraviolet light. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Uranium"@en .
ccat:104020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1040 ;
skos:closeMatch agrovoc:c_1702 , eurovoc:6018 , wd:Q740 ;
skos:definition "Cobalt 99.8%, cobalt standard grade, cobalt alloy grade, cobalt hydroxide 0%, cobalt sulfate 20.5%, or cobalt tetroxide 72.6%."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "104020" ;
skos:note "Cobalt is primarily used in lithium-ion batteries, and in the manufacture of magnetic, wear-resistant and high-strength alloys. The compounds cobalt silicate and cobalt(II) aluminate (CoAl2O4, cobalt blue) give a distinctive deep blue color to glass, ceramics, inks, paints and varnishes. Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable isotope, cobalt-59. Cobalt-60 is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a radioactive tracer and for the production of high-energy gamma rays."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Cobalt"@en .
ccat:104030
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1040 ;
skos:closeMatch agrovoc:c_4386 , wd:Q568 ;
skos:definition "Lithium carbonate 99%, or Lithium hydroxide monohydrate 56.5%."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "104030" ;
skos:note "Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications, including heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lithium grease lubricants, flux additives for iron, steel and aluminium production, lithium batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. These uses consume more than three-quarters of lithium production."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Lithium"@en .
ccat:104040
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:1040 ;
skos:closeMatch wd:Q942 ;
skos:definition "Bismuth 99.99% extracted from ores containing bismuth oxide or sulfide"@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_938 , eurovoc:4990 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "104040" ;
skos:note "It is a brittle metal with a silvery white color when freshly produced, but surface oxidation can give it an iridescent tinge in numerous colours. Bismuth is the most naturally diamagnetic element, and has one of the lowest values of thermal conductivity among metals."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Bismuth"@en .
ccat:20
a skos:Concept ;
skos:definition "Soft commodities, or softs, are commodities that, generally, are grown, rather than mined. Furthermore, softs in this concept scheme are primarily for consumption, i.e. distinct from Materials."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "20" ;
skos:prefLabel "Softs"@en ;
skos:topConceptOf ccat: .
ccat:2010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:20 ;
skos:definition "Any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain. Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops. Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat, quinoa and chia, are referred to as pseudocereals."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_1474 , eurovoc:536 , wd:Q12117 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "2010" ;
skos:prefLabel "Cereals"@en .
ccat:201010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Corn"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:2010 ;
skos:closeMatch wd:Q25618328 ;
skos:definition "Cereal grain with a leafy stalk that produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_12332 , stw:14093-4 , wd:Q11575 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "201010" ;
skos:note "Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. In addition to being consumed directly by humans (often in the form of masa), maize is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and corn syrup."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Maize"@en .
ccat:201020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2010 ;
skos:closeMatch wd:Q5090 ;
skos:definition "Seed of the grass species Oryza glaberrima (African rice) or Oryza sativa (Asian rice)."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_6599 , stw:14095-0 , wd:Q5090 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "201020" ;
skos:note "As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia and Africa. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production (rice, 741.5 million tonnes in 2014), after sugarcane (1.9 billion tonnes) and maize (1.0 billion tonnes)."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Rice"@en .
ccat:201030
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2010 ;
skos:closeMatch wd:Q15645384 ;
skos:definition "Cereal grain in the genus Triticum; the most widely grown is common wheat (T. aestivum)."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_8373 , stw:14098-1 , wd:Q15645384 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "201030" ;
skos:prefLabel "Wheat"@en .
ccat:201035
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Pasta Wheat"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:2010 ;
skos:definition "Tetraploid species of wheat, second most cultivated species of wheat after common wheat, predominant wheat of the Middle East."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_11456 , wd:Q618324 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "201035" ;
skos:note "Durum in Latin means \"hard\", and the species is the hardest of all wheats. This refers to the resistance of the grain to milling, in particular of the starchy endosperm, implying dough made from its flour is weak or \"soft\". This makes durum favorable for semolina and pasta and less practical for flour, which requires more work than with hexaploid wheats like common bread wheats. Despite its high protein content, durum is not a strong wheat in the sense of giving strength to dough through the formation of a gluten network. Durum contains 27% extractable wet gluten, about 3% higher than in common wheat (T. aestivum L.)."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Durum"@en .
ccat:201040
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2010 ;
skos:definition "Major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally; Hordeum vulgare, a member of the grass family."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_823 , stw:14087-6 , wd:Q61665121 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "201040" ;
skos:note "Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. In 2017, barley was ranked fourth among grains in quantity produced (149 million tonnes) behind maize, rice and wheat."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Barley"@en .
ccat:201050
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2010 ;
skos:definition "Cereal grain in the Avena genus (Avena sativa)."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_5287 , stw:14090-3 , wd:Q24265484 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "201050" ;
skos:note "While oats are suitable for human consumption as oatmeal and oat milk, one of the most common uses is as livestock feed. Oats are associated with lower blood cholesterol when consumed regularly."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Oats"@en .
ccat:201060
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2010 ;
skos:definition "Grain of an annual cereal, some cultivars are perennial, in the Sorghum genus ranging from 2 to 4 mm in diameter."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_7247 , wd:Q332062 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "201060" ;
skos:note """Primarily grown for forage, syrup production, and ethanol. The leading producers of S. bicolor in 2011 were Nigeria (12.6%), India (11.2%), Mexico (11.2%), and the United States (10.0%). Sorghum grows in a wide range of temperatures, high altitudes, and toxic soils, and can recover growth after some drought. It has five features that make it one of the most drought-resistant crops:
- It has a very large root-to-leaf surface area ratio.
- In times of drought, it rolls its leaves to lessen water loss by transpiration.
- If drought continues, it goes into dormancy rather than dying.
- Its leaves are protected by a waxy cuticle.
- It uses C4 carbon fixation thus using only a third the amount of water that C3 plants require."""@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Sorghum"@en .
ccat:201065
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Bajra"@en , "Kambu"@en , "Sajjey"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:2010 ;
skos:definition "Grain of Pennisetum glaucum, ovoid, of 3-4 mm length, nearly white, pale yellow, brown, grey, slate blue or purple."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_e4e17d1b , wd:Q104037539 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "201065" ;
skos:note "Pearl millet is well adapted to growing areas characterized by drought, low soil fertility, and high temperature. It performs well in soils with high salinity or low pH. Because of its tolerance to difficult growing conditions, it can be grown in areas where other cereal crops, such as maize or wheat, would not survive. Pearl millet is a summer annual crop well-suited for double cropping and rotations."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Pearl Millet"@en .
ccat:201070
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2010 ;
skos:definition "Grain of the cereal of the Triticeae tribe in the Secale genus."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_14010 , eurovoc:4059 , stw:14096-5 , wd:Q12099 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "201070" ;
skos:note "Rye grain is used for flour, bread, beer, crispbread, some whiskeys, some vodkas, and animal fodder. It can also be eaten whole, either as boiled rye berries or by being rolled, similar to rolled oats."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Rye"@en .
ccat:201075
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2010 ;
skos:definition "Hybrid of wheat (female) and rye (male)."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_33914 , wd:Q380329 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "201075" ;
skos:note """Almost always a second-generation hybrid, i.e., a cross between two kinds of primary (first-cross) triticales. As a rule, triticale combines the yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance (including soil conditions) of rye. Only recently has it been developed into a commercially viable crop. Grown mostly for forage or fodder, although some triticale-based foods can be purchased at health food stores and can be found in some breakfast cereals.
The primary producers of triticale are Poland, Germany, Belarus, France and Russia. In 2014, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 17.1 million tons were harvested in 37 countries across the world.
The triticale hybrids are all amphidiploid, which means the plant is diploid for two genomes derived from different species. In other words, triticale is an allotetraploid. In earlier years, most work was done on octoploid triticale. Different ploidy levels have been created and evaluated over time. The tetraploids showed little promise, but hexaploid triticale was successful enough to find commercial application.
The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center triticale improvement program was intended to improve food production and nutrition in developing countries. Triticale was thought to have potential in the production of bread and other food products, such as cookies, pasta, pizza dough and breakfast cereals. The protein content is higher than that of wheat, although the glutenin fraction is less. The grain has also been stated to have higher levels of lysine than wheat. Acceptance would require the milling industry to adapt to triticale, as the milling techniques employed for wheat are unsuited to triticale. Past research indicated that triticale could be used as a feed grain and, particularly, later research found that its starch is readily digested. As a feed grain, triticale is already well established and of high economic importance. It has received attention as a potential energy crop, and research is currently being conducted on the use of the crop's biomass in bioethanol production."""@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Triticale"@en .
ccat:201080
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2010 ;
skos:definition "Intercommodity spread between grains, or grains and oilseeds."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "201080" ;
skos:prefLabel "Grain Inter Spread"@en .
ccat:201090
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2010 ;
skos:closeMatch agrovoc:c_6301 , wd:Q2643145 ;
skos:definition "Cereals and grains of minor economic importance."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "201090" ;
skos:prefLabel "Other Cereals and Pseudocereals"@en .
ccat:20109010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:201090 ;
skos:definition "Grain-like seeds of a pseudocereal in the genus Fagopyrum."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_9471 , eurovoc:3898 , wd:Q132734 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "20109010" ;
skos:note "Buckwheat is referred to as a pseudocereal because its seeds' culinary use is the same as cereals', owing to their composition of complex carbohydrates."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Buckwheat"@en .
ccat:20109020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:201090 ;
skos:definition "Seeds of a flowering plant in the amaranth family."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_13716 , wd:Q139925 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "20109020" ;
skos:note """The seeds are rich in protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins, and dietary minerals in amounts greater than in many grains. Quinoa is not a grass, but rather a pseudocereal botanically related to spinach and amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), and originated in the Andean region of northwestern South America. It was first used to feed livestock 5.2-7.0 thousand years ago, and for human consumption-4 thousand years ago in the Lake Titicaca basin of Peru and Bolivia.
Today, almost all production in the Andean region is done by small farms and associations. Its cultivation has spread to more than 70 countries, including Kenya, India, the United States, and several European countries. As a result of increased popularity and consumption in North America, Europe, and Australasia, quinoa crop prices tripled between 2006 and 2014."""@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Quinoa"@en .
ccat:2020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:20 ;
skos:definition "Plants that are grown primarily for their oil. The oil may be used for cooking, as food additives, or processed into oleochemicals, e.g. as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Some may be also used for cosmetics, medical purposes, wood finishing, oil painting and other industrial purposes."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "2020" ;
skos:prefLabel "Oil-Bearing Crops"@en .
ccat:202010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2020 ;
skos:definition "Beans of Glycine max, a species of legume native to East Asia."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_14477 , stw:14081-4 , wd:Q61503220 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "202010" ;
skos:note """Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk, from which tofu and tofu skin are made. Fermented soy foods include soy sauce, fermented bean paste, natto, and tempeh. Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a significant and cheap source of protein for animal feeds and many packaged meals. For example, soybean products, such as textured vegetable protein (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and dairy substitutes.
Soy beans contain significant amounts of phytic acid, dietary minerals and B vitamins. Soy vegetable oil, used in food and industrial applications, is another product of processing the soybean crop. Soybean is the most important protein source for feed farm animals (that in turn yields animal protein for human consumption)."""@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Soybeans"@en .
ccat:202020
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Canola"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:2020 ;
skos:definition "Seed of rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. napus), a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family)"@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_25499 , eurovoc:6042 , stw:14078-0 , wd:Q177932 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "202020" ;
skos:note "The seed naturally contains appreciable amounts of toxic erucic acid. Canola are a group of rapeseed cultivars which were bred to have very low levels of erucic acid and are especially prized for use for human and animal food. Rapeseed is the third-largest source of vegetable oil and second-largest source of protein meal in the world."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Rapeseed"@en .
ccat:202030
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2020 ;
skos:closeMatch agrovoc:c_2509 , agrovoc:c_5330 , wd:Q165403 ;
skos:definition "Fruit of oil palms in the Elaeis genus"@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "202030" ;
skos:note """The species is also now naturalised in Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Central America, Cambodia, the West Indies, and several islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The closely related American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and a more distantly related palm, Attalea maripa, are also used to produce palm oil.
Oil palms can produce much more oil per unit of land area than most other oil-producing plants (about nine time more than soy, and 4.5 times more than rapeseed)."""@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Oil Palm Fruit"@en .
ccat:202035
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2020 ;
skos:definition "Drupe of the trees in the Cocos genus."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_25470 , stw:14066-0 , wd:Q3342808 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "202035" ;
skos:note "Trees grow up to 30 m (100 ft) tall and can yield up to 75 fruits per year, though fewer than 30 is more typical. Plants are intolerant of cold weather and prefer copious precipitation, as well as full sunlight. Many insect pests and diseases affect the species and are a nuisance for commercial production. About 75% of the world's supply of coconuts is produced by Indonesia, the Philippines, and India combined."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Coconuts"@en .
ccat:202040
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2020 ;
skos:definition "Seed of the cotton plant. This includes seeds with the attached lint."@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_25473 , wd:Q17104079 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "202040" ;
skos:prefLabel "Cottonseed"@en .
ccat:202050
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2020 ;
skos:definition "Seed of the plant Arachis hypogaea"@en ;
skos:exactMatch agrovoc:c_11368 , stw:14056-3 , wd:Q37383 ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "202050" ;
skos:note "Widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, being important to both small and large commercial producers. In botany, it is classified as both a grain legume and, due to its high oil content, an oil crop."@en ;
skos:prefLabel "Groundnuts"@en .
ccat:202080
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2020 ;
skos:definition "Intercommodity spread between two oilseeds."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "202080" ;
skos:prefLabel "Oilseed Inter Spread"@en .
ccat:202085
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2020 ;
skos:definition "Spread between an oilseed and its oil or meal/cake."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "202085" ;
skos:prefLabel "Crush Spread"@en .
ccat:202090
a skos:Concept ;
skos:broader ccat:2020 ;
skos:definition "Members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants making up more than a quarter of all angiosperms with their about 70,000 species."@en ;
skos:inScheme ccat: ;
skos:notation "202090" ;
skos:prefLabel "Other Rosid Seeds"@en .
ccat:20209010
a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel "Egusi"@en ;
skos:broader ccat:202090 ;
skos:closeMatch agrovoc:c_12487 ;