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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Booting Verbs</title>
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<main role="main">
<!--Weave of 'Booting Verbs' generated by Inweb-->
<div class="breadcrumbs">
<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../index.html">Home</a></li><li><a href="../inform7n.html">Inform7</a></li><li><a href="index.html">assertions</a></li><li><a href="index.html#2">Chapter 2: Declarations</a></li><li><b>Booting Verbs</b></li></ul></div>
<p class="purpose">In Inform even verbs are created with natural language sentences, but this process has to start somewhere.</p>
<ul class="toc"><li><a href="2-bv.html#SP1">§1. Verbs</a></li><li><a href="2-bv.html#SP2">§2. Built-in relation names</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§1. Verbs. </b>"Booting" is the traditional computing term for "pulling yourself up by
your own bootstraps": when a computer switches on it has no program to run,
but to load in a program would require a program. The circularity is broken
by having a minimal "boot" program wired into the hardware.
</p>
<p class="commentary">So too with Inform. The opening sentence of the Basic Inform extension, always
the first sentence read in, is:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The verb to mean means the meaning relation.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">(See <a href="../basic_inform/S-prm.html" class="internal">Preamble (in basic_inform)</a>.) But this is circular: if we have not yet
defined "to mean", how can we recognise "means" as the verb, or know what it
means? We break this circularity by hard-wiring it, as follows.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">BootVerbs::make_built_in</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to_mean</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">special_meaning_holder</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">meaning_of_mean</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="2-bv.html#SP1_3" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Create the special meanings</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">1.3</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="2-bv.html#SP1_5" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Create the verbs to be and to mean</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">1.5</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="2-bv.html#SP1_6" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Give meaning to mean</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">1.6</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1_1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§1.1. </b>"Regular" meanings involve relations between two values: for example, carrying
and numerical greater-than are both regular meanings, of the verbs "to carry"
and <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">></span></span> respectively.
</p>
<p class="commentary">"Special" meanings are different. The noun phrases need not represent values,
there need not be two of them, and the meaning can have internal significance
to the Inform compiler. For example,
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Black king chess piece translates into Unicode as 9818.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">is one of three special meanings of "to translate into". The <a href="../linguistics-module/index.html" class="internal">linguistics</a>
module decides which if any is meant in a given case by calling the "special
meaning functions" to see which if any wants to accept the sentence in question.
</p>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1_2" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§1.2. </b>When the <a href="../linguistics-module/index.html" class="internal">linguistics</a> module looks for a primary verb, it may find
multiple candidates: consider "fruit flies like a banana", where "flies" and
"like" are both candidate verbs. We decide by (a) ranking verbs in tiers by
"priority number", and failing that (b) choosing the leftmost. Priority 0
verbs are never considered, but otherwise low priority numbers beat higher.
(See <a href="../linguistics-module/3-vu.html" class="internal">Verb Usages (in linguistics)</a>.)
</p>
<p class="commentary">Inform adopts the following convention for the priority of regular meanings:
</p>
<ul class="items"><li>(a) Regular "to have" has priority 1.
</li><li>(b) Regular "to be" has priority 2.
</li><li>(c) Otherwise, regular verbs in the language of the source text have priority 4.
</li><li>(d) And regular verbs in some other language have priority 5.
</li></ul>
<p class="commentary">As can be seen below, special meanings have priorities between 1 and 4. Note
that "to mean" itself has both a special meaning (priority 3) and a regular
meaning (priority 4). This is why the sentence:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The verb to mean means the meaning relation.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">is not circular. It uses the special meaning of "mean" (priority 3) to create
the regular one (4).
</p>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1_3" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§1.3. </b>So, then, here are the core module's special meanings. Just like regular
meanings, which have names like "containment relation", special meanings have
names. But as these names are only used in early boot sentences in the
<a href="../basic_inform/index.html" class="internal">basic_inform</a> extension, the user never sees them. They are required to
be a single word, and are hyphenated.
</p>
<p class="commentary"><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Create the special meanings</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">1.3</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-nrr.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">RelationRequests::new_relation_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"new-relation"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-rpr.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">RulePlacement::substitutes_for_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"rule-substitutes-for"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-rpr.html#SP9" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">RulePlacement::does_nothing_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"rule-does-nothing"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-rpr.html#SP10" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">RulePlacement::does_nothing_if_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"rule-does-nothing-if"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-rpr.html#SP11" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">RulePlacement::does_nothing_unless_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"rule-does-nothing-unless"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-tr.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Translations::translates_into_unicode_as_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"translates-into-unicode"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-tr.html#SP8" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Translations::translates_into_Inter_as_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"translates-into-i6"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-tr.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Translations::translates_into_language_as_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"translates-into-language"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-tr2.html#SP1" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">TestRequests::test_with_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"test-with"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-nvr.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">NewVerbRequests::new_verb_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"new-verb"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-pr.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Plurals::plural_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"new-plural"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-nar.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">ActivityRequests::new_activity_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"new-activity"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-nar2.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">NewAdjectiveRequests::new_adjective_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"new-adjective"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-npr.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">NewPropertyRequests::either_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"new-either-or"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-dbtr.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">DefineByTable::defined_by_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"defined-by-table"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-rpr.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">RulePlacement::listed_in_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"rule-listed-in"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-npr.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">NewPropertyRequests::optional_either_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"can-be"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">meaning_of_mean</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-nvr.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">NewVerbRequests::verb_means_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"verb-means"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-nlpr.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">LPRequests::specifies_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"specifies-notation"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-nuor.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">NewUseOptions::use_translates_as_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"use-translates"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-uor.html#SP1" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">UseOptions::use_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"use"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-dlr.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Sentences::DLRs::include_in_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"include-in"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::declare</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="3-dlr.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Sentences::DLRs::omit_from_SMF</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"omit-from"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PluginCalls::make_special_meanings</span><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="2-bv.html#SP1">§1</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1_4" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§1.4. </b>We need the English infinitive forms of two verbs to get started. In each
case we use the <a href="../inflections-module/index.html" class="internal">inflections</a> module to conjugate them — i.e., to generate
all the other forms, "is", "did not mean" and so on — and then hand them to
the <a href="../linguistics-module/index.html" class="internal">linguistics</a> module to add to its stock of known verbs. (It starts out
with none, so these are initially the only two.)
</p>
<p class="commentary">We need to create "to be" first because (a) it is the only copular verb in
Inform, and there is no way to create a copular verb using Inform source text;
and (b) because this enables us to conjugate forms of "mean" such as "X is
meant by" — note the use of "is".
</p>
<pre class="Preform-displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="Preform-function-syntax"><bootstrap-verb></span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">::=</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">be</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">mean</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This is <a href="../words-module/4-ap.html" class="internal">Preform grammar</a>, not regular C code.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1_5" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§1.5. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Create the verbs to be and to mean</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">1.5</span></span><span class="Preform-comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">word_assemblage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infinitive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PreformUtilities::wording</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="function-syntax"><bootstrap-verb></span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb_conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">vc</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Conjugation::conjugate</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infinitive</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">DefaultLanguage::get</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to_be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Verbs::new_verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">vc</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="comment-syntax"> note that "to be" is created as copular</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vc</span><span class="plain-syntax">-></span><span class="identifier-syntax">vc_conjugates</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to_be</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">VerbUsages::register_all_usages_of_verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to_be</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infinitive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PreformUtilities::wording</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="function-syntax"><bootstrap-verb></span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vc</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Conjugation::conjugate</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infinitive</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">DefaultLanguage::get</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to_mean</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Verbs::new_verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">vc</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="comment-syntax"> but "to mean" is not</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vc</span><span class="plain-syntax">-></span><span class="identifier-syntax">vc_conjugates</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to_mean</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">VerbUsages::register_all_usages_of_verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to_mean</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="2-bv.html#SP1">§1</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1_6" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§1.6. </b>Those two verbs are now part of our linguistic stock, but do not yet mean
anything. We need to give the build-in "verb-means" meaning to "to mean":
</p>
<p class="commentary"><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Give meaning to mean</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">1.6</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to_mean</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) || (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">meaning_of_mean</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">internal_error</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"could not make to mean"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Verbs::add_form</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to_mean</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">VerbMeanings::special</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">meaning_of_mean</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SVO_FS_BIT</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="2-bv.html#SP1">§1</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§2. Built-in relation names. </b>These have to be defined somewhere, and it may as well be here.
</p>
<pre class="definitions code-font"><span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">EQUALITY_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">UNIVERSAL_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">MEANING_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">EMPTY_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">PROVISION_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">GE_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">5</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">GT_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">6</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">LE_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">7</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">LT_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">8</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">ADJACENCY_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">9</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">REGIONAL_CONTAINMENT_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">10</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">CONTAINMENT_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">11</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">SUPPORT_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">12</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">INCORPORATION_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">13</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">CARRYING_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">14</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">HOLDING_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">15</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">WEARING_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">16</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">POSSESSION_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">17</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">VISIBILITY_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">18</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">TOUCHABILITY_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">19</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">CONCEALMENT_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">20</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">ENCLOSURE_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">21</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">ROOM_CONTAINMENT_RELATION_NAME</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">22</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP3" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§3. </b>These are the English names of the built-in relations. The use of hyphenation
here is a fossil from the times when Inform allowed only single-word relation
names; but it doesn't seem worth changing, especially as the hyphenated
relations are almost never needed for anything. All the same, translators into
other languages may as well drop the hyphens.
</p>
<pre class="Preform-displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="Preform-function-syntax"><relation-names></span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">::=</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">equality</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">universal</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">meaning</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">never-holding</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">provision</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">numerically-greater-than-or-equal-to</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">numerically-greater-than</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">numerically-less-than-or-equal-to</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">numerically-less-than</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">adjacency</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">regional-containment</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">containment</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">support</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">incorporation</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">carrying</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">holding</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">wearing</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">possession</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">visibility</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">touchability</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">concealment</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">enclosure</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">room-containment</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This is <a href="../words-module/4-ap.html" class="internal">Preform grammar</a>, not regular C code.</li></ul>
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