utils.py

import base64
import json
import linecache
import logging
import math
import os
import random
import re
import subprocess
import sys
import threading
import time
from collections import namedtuple
from copy import copy
from decimal import Decimal
from numbers import Real

try:
    # Python 3
    from urllib.parse import parse_qs
    from urllib.parse import unquote
    from urllib.parse import urlencode
    from urllib.parse import urlsplit
    from urllib.parse import urlunsplit
except ImportError:
    # Python 2
    from cgi import parse_qs  # type: ignore
    from urllib import unquote  # type: ignore
    from urllib import urlencode  # type: ignore
    from urlparse import urlsplit  # type: ignore
    from urlparse import urlunsplit  # type: ignore

try:
    # Python 3
    FileNotFoundError
except NameError:
    # Python 2
    FileNotFoundError = IOError

try:
    # Python 3.11
    from builtins import BaseExceptionGroup
except ImportError:
    # Python 3.10 and below
    BaseExceptionGroup = None  # type: ignore

from datetime import datetime
from functools import partial

try:
    from functools import partialmethod

    _PARTIALMETHOD_AVAILABLE = True
except ImportError:
    _PARTIALMETHOD_AVAILABLE = False

import sentry_sdk
from sentry_sdk._compat import PY2, PY33, PY37, implements_str, text_type, urlparse
from sentry_sdk._types import TYPE_CHECKING
from sentry_sdk.consts import DEFAULT_MAX_VALUE_LENGTH

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from types import FrameType, TracebackType
    from typing import (
        Any,
        Callable,
        ContextManager,
        Dict,
        Iterator,
        List,
        Optional,
        Set,
        Tuple,
        Type,
        Union,
    )

    from sentry_sdk._types import EndpointType, Event, ExcInfo


epoch = datetime(1970, 1, 1)

# The logger is created here but initialized in the debug support module
logger = logging.getLogger("sentry_sdk.errors")

_installed_modules = None

BASE64_ALPHABET = re.compile(r"^[a-zA-Z0-9/+=]*$")

SENSITIVE_DATA_SUBSTITUTE = "[Filtered]"


def json_dumps(data):
    # type: (Any) -> bytes
    """Serialize data into a compact JSON representation encoded as UTF-8."""
    return json.dumps(data, allow_nan=False, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")


def _get_debug_hub():
    # type: () -> Optional[sentry_sdk.Hub]
    # This function is replaced by debug.py
    pass


def get_git_revision():
    # type: () -> Optional[str]
    try:
        with open(os.path.devnull, "w+") as null:
            revision = (
                subprocess.Popen(
                    ["git", "rev-parse", "HEAD"],
                    stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                    stderr=null,
                    stdin=null,
                )
                .communicate()[0]
                .strip()
                .decode("utf-8")
            )
    except (OSError, IOError, FileNotFoundError):
        return None

    return revision


def get_default_release():
    # type: () -> Optional[str]
    """Try to guess a default release."""
    release = os.environ.get("SENTRY_RELEASE")
    if release:
        return release

    release = get_git_revision()
    if release:
        return release

    for var in (
        "HEROKU_SLUG_COMMIT",
        "SOURCE_VERSION",
        "CODEBUILD_RESOLVED_SOURCE_VERSION",
        "CIRCLE_SHA1",
        "GAE_DEPLOYMENT_ID",
    ):
        release = os.environ.get(var)
        if release:
            return release
    return None


def get_sdk_name(installed_integrations):
    # type: (List[str]) -> str
    """Return the SDK name including the name of the used web framework."""

    # Note: I can not use for example sentry_sdk.integrations.django.DjangoIntegration.identifier
    # here because if django is not installed the integration is not accessible.
    framework_integrations = [
        "django",
        "flask",
        "fastapi",
        "bottle",
        "falcon",
        "quart",
        "sanic",
        "starlette",
        "chalice",
        "serverless",
        "pyramid",
        "tornado",
        "aiohttp",
        "aws_lambda",
        "gcp",
        "beam",
        "asgi",
        "wsgi",
    ]

    for integration in framework_integrations:
        if integration in installed_integrations:
            return "sentry.python.{}".format(integration)

    return "sentry.python"


class CaptureInternalException(object):
    __slots__ = ()

    def __enter__(self):
        # type: () -> ContextManager[Any]
        return self

    def __exit__(self, ty, value, tb):
        # type: (Optional[Type[BaseException]], Optional[BaseException], Optional[TracebackType]) -> bool
        if ty is not None and value is not None:
            capture_internal_exception((ty, value, tb))

        return True


_CAPTURE_INTERNAL_EXCEPTION = CaptureInternalException()


def capture_internal_exceptions():
    # type: () -> ContextManager[Any]
    return _CAPTURE_INTERNAL_EXCEPTION


def capture_internal_exception(exc_info):
    # type: (ExcInfo) -> None
    hub = _get_debug_hub()
    if hub is not None:
        hub._capture_internal_exception(exc_info)


def to_timestamp(value):
    # type: (datetime) -> float
    return (value - epoch).total_seconds()


def format_timestamp(value):
    # type: (datetime) -> str
    return value.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ")


def event_hint_with_exc_info(exc_info=None):
    # type: (Optional[ExcInfo]) -> Dict[str, Optional[ExcInfo]]
    """Creates a hint with the exc info filled in."""
    if exc_info is None:
        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
    else:
        exc_info = exc_info_from_error(exc_info)
    if exc_info[0] is None:
        exc_info = None
    return {"exc_info": exc_info}


class BadDsn(ValueError):
    """Raised on invalid DSNs."""


@implements_str
class Dsn(object):
    """Represents a DSN."""

    def __init__(self, value):
        # type: (Union[Dsn, str]) -> None
        if isinstance(value, Dsn):
            self.__dict__ = dict(value.__dict__)
            return
        parts = urlparse.urlsplit(text_type(value))

        if parts.scheme not in ("http", "https"):
            raise BadDsn("Unsupported scheme %r" % parts.scheme)
        self.scheme = parts.scheme

        if parts.hostname is None:
            raise BadDsn("Missing hostname")

        self.host = parts.hostname

        if parts.port is None:
            self.port = self.scheme == "https" and 443 or 80  # type: int
        else:
            self.port = parts.port

        if not parts.username:
            raise BadDsn("Missing public key")

        self.public_key = parts.username
        self.secret_key = parts.password

        path = parts.path.rsplit("/", 1)

        try:
            self.project_id = text_type(int(path.pop()))
        except (ValueError, TypeError):
            raise BadDsn("Invalid project in DSN (%r)" % (parts.path or "")[1:])

        self.path = "/".join(path) + "/"

    @property
    def netloc(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """The netloc part of a DSN."""
        rv = self.host
        if (self.scheme, self.port) not in (("http", 80), ("https", 443)):
            rv = "%s:%s" % (rv, self.port)
        return rv

    def to_auth(self, client=None):
        # type: (Optional[Any]) -> Auth
        """Returns the auth info object for this dsn."""
        return Auth(
            scheme=self.scheme,
            host=self.netloc,
            path=self.path,
            project_id=self.project_id,
            public_key=self.public_key,
            secret_key=self.secret_key,
            client=client,
        )

    def __str__(self):
        # type: () -> str
        return "%s://%s%s@%s%s%s" % (
            self.scheme,
            self.public_key,
            self.secret_key and "@" + self.secret_key or "",
            self.netloc,
            self.path,
            self.project_id,
        )


class Auth(object):
    """Helper object that represents the auth info."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        scheme,
        host,
        project_id,
        public_key,
        secret_key=None,
        version=7,
        client=None,
        path="/",
    ):
        # type: (str, str, str, str, Optional[str], int, Optional[Any], str) -> None
        self.scheme = scheme
        self.host = host
        self.path = path
        self.project_id = project_id
        self.public_key = public_key
        self.secret_key = secret_key
        self.version = version
        self.client = client

    @property
    def store_api_url(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """Returns the API url for storing events.

        Deprecated: use get_api_url instead.
        """
        return self.get_api_url(type="store")

    def get_api_url(
        self, type="store"  # type: EndpointType
    ):
        # type: (...) -> str
        """Returns the API url for storing events."""
        return "%s://%s%sapi/%s/%s/" % (
            self.scheme,
            self.host,
            self.path,
            self.project_id,
            type,
        )

    def to_header(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """Returns the auth header a string."""
        rv = [("sentry_key", self.public_key), ("sentry_version", self.version)]
        if self.client is not None:
            rv.append(("sentry_client", self.client))
        if self.secret_key is not None:
            rv.append(("sentry_secret", self.secret_key))
        return "Sentry " + ", ".join("%s=%s" % (key, value) for key, value in rv)


class AnnotatedValue(object):
    """
    Meta information for a data field in the event payload.
    This is to tell Relay that we have tampered with the fields value.
    See:
    https://github.com/getsentry/relay/blob/be12cd49a0f06ea932ed9b9f93a655de5d6ad6d1/relay-general/src/types/meta.rs#L407-L423
    """

    __slots__ = ("value", "metadata")

    def __init__(self, value, metadata):
        # type: (Optional[Any], Dict[str, Any]) -> None
        self.value = value
        self.metadata = metadata

    def __eq__(self, other):
        # type: (Any) -> bool
        if not isinstance(other, AnnotatedValue):
            return False

        return self.value == other.value and self.metadata == other.metadata

    @classmethod
    def removed_because_raw_data(cls):
        # type: () -> AnnotatedValue
        """The value was removed because it could not be parsed. This is done for request body values that are not json nor a form."""
        return AnnotatedValue(
            value="",
            metadata={
                "rem": [  # Remark
                    [
                        "!raw",  # Unparsable raw data
                        "x",  # The fields original value was removed
                    ]
                ]
            },
        )

    @classmethod
    def removed_because_over_size_limit(cls):
        # type: () -> AnnotatedValue
        """The actual value was removed because the size of the field exceeded the configured maximum size (specified with the max_request_body_size sdk option)"""
        return AnnotatedValue(
            value="",
            metadata={
                "rem": [  # Remark
                    [
                        "!config",  # Because of configured maximum size
                        "x",  # The fields original value was removed
                    ]
                ]
            },
        )

    @classmethod
    def substituted_because_contains_sensitive_data(cls):
        # type: () -> AnnotatedValue
        """The actual value was removed because it contained sensitive information."""
        return AnnotatedValue(
            value=SENSITIVE_DATA_SUBSTITUTE,
            metadata={
                "rem": [  # Remark
                    [
                        "!config",  # Because of SDK configuration (in this case the config is the hard coded removal of certain django cookies)
                        "s",  # The fields original value was substituted
                    ]
                ]
            },
        )


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from typing import TypeVar

    T = TypeVar("T")
    Annotated = Union[AnnotatedValue, T]


def get_type_name(cls):
    # type: (Optional[type]) -> Optional[str]
    return getattr(cls, "__qualname__", None) or getattr(cls, "__name__", None)


def get_type_module(cls):
    # type: (Optional[type]) -> Optional[str]
    mod = getattr(cls, "__module__", None)
    if mod not in (None, "builtins", "__builtins__"):
        return mod
    return None


def should_hide_frame(frame):
    # type: (FrameType) -> bool
    try:
        mod = frame.f_globals["__name__"]
        if mod.startswith("sentry_sdk."):
            return True
    except (AttributeError, KeyError):
        pass

    for flag_name in "__traceback_hide__", "__tracebackhide__":
        try:
            if frame.f_locals[flag_name]:
                return True
        except Exception:
            pass

    return False


def iter_stacks(tb):
    # type: (Optional[TracebackType]) -> Iterator[TracebackType]
    tb_ = tb  # type: Optional[TracebackType]
    while tb_ is not None:
        if not should_hide_frame(tb_.tb_frame):
            yield tb_
        tb_ = tb_.tb_next


def get_lines_from_file(
    filename,  # type: str
    lineno,  # type: int
    max_length=None,  # type: Optional[int]
    loader=None,  # type: Optional[Any]
    module=None,  # type: Optional[str]
):
    # type: (...) -> Tuple[List[Annotated[str]], Optional[Annotated[str]], List[Annotated[str]]]
    context_lines = 5
    source = None
    if loader is not None and hasattr(loader, "get_source"):
        try:
            source_str = loader.get_source(module)  # type: Optional[str]
        except (ImportError, IOError):
            source_str = None
        if source_str is not None:
            source = source_str.splitlines()

    if source is None:
        try:
            source = linecache.getlines(filename)
        except (OSError, IOError):
            return [], None, []

    if not source:
        return [], None, []

    lower_bound = max(0, lineno - context_lines)
    upper_bound = min(lineno + 1 + context_lines, len(source))

    try:
        pre_context = [
            strip_string(line.strip("\r\n"), max_length=max_length)
            for line in source[lower_bound:lineno]
        ]
        context_line = strip_string(source[lineno].strip("\r\n"), max_length=max_length)
        post_context = [
            strip_string(line.strip("\r\n"), max_length=max_length)
            for line in source[(lineno + 1) : upper_bound]
        ]
        return pre_context, context_line, post_context
    except IndexError:
        # the file may have changed since it was loaded into memory
        return [], None, []


def get_source_context(
    frame,  # type: FrameType
    tb_lineno,  # type: int
    max_value_length=None,  # type: Optional[int]
):
    # type: (...) -> Tuple[List[Annotated[str]], Optional[Annotated[str]], List[Annotated[str]]]
    try:
        abs_path = frame.f_code.co_filename  # type: Optional[str]
    except Exception:
        abs_path = None
    try:
        module = frame.f_globals["__name__"]
    except Exception:
        return [], None, []
    try:
        loader = frame.f_globals["__loader__"]
    except Exception:
        loader = None
    lineno = tb_lineno - 1
    if lineno is not None and abs_path:
        return get_lines_from_file(
            abs_path, lineno, max_value_length, loader=loader, module=module
        )
    return [], None, []


def safe_str(value):
    # type: (Any) -> str
    try:
        return text_type(value)
    except Exception:
        return safe_repr(value)


if PY2:

    def safe_repr(value):
        # type: (Any) -> str
        try:
            rv = repr(value).decode("utf-8", "replace")

            # At this point `rv` contains a bunch of literal escape codes, like
            # this (exaggerated example):
            #
            # u"\\x2f"
            #
            # But we want to show this string as:
            #
            # u"/"
            try:
                # unicode-escape does this job, but can only decode latin1. So we
                # attempt to encode in latin1.
                return rv.encode("latin1").decode("unicode-escape")
            except Exception:
                # Since usually strings aren't latin1 this can break. In those
                # cases we just give up.
                return rv
        except Exception:
            # If e.g. the call to `repr` already fails
            return "<broken repr>"

else:

    def safe_repr(value):
        # type: (Any) -> str
        try:
            return repr(value)
        except Exception:
            return "<broken repr>"


def filename_for_module(module, abs_path):
    # type: (Optional[str], Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]
    if not abs_path or not module:
        return abs_path

    try:
        if abs_path.endswith(".pyc"):
            abs_path = abs_path[:-1]

        base_module = module.split(".", 1)[0]
        if base_module == module:
            return os.path.basename(abs_path)

        base_module_path = sys.modules[base_module].__file__
        if not base_module_path:
            return abs_path

        return abs_path.split(base_module_path.rsplit(os.sep, 2)[0], 1)[-1].lstrip(
            os.sep
        )
    except Exception:
        return abs_path


def serialize_frame(
    frame,
    tb_lineno=None,
    include_local_variables=True,
    include_source_context=True,
    max_value_length=None,
):
    # type: (FrameType, Optional[int], bool, bool, Optional[int]) -> Dict[str, Any]
    f_code = getattr(frame, "f_code", None)
    if not f_code:
        abs_path = None
        function = None
    else:
        abs_path = frame.f_code.co_filename
        function = frame.f_code.co_name
    try:
        module = frame.f_globals["__name__"]
    except Exception:
        module = None

    if tb_lineno is None:
        tb_lineno = frame.f_lineno

    rv = {
        "filename": filename_for_module(module, abs_path) or None,
        "abs_path": os.path.abspath(abs_path) if abs_path else None,
        "function": function or "<unknown>",
        "module": module,
        "lineno": tb_lineno,
    }  # type: Dict[str, Any]

    if include_source_context:
        rv["pre_context"], rv["context_line"], rv["post_context"] = get_source_context(
            frame, tb_lineno, max_value_length
        )

    if include_local_variables:
        rv["vars"] = copy(frame.f_locals)

    return rv


def current_stacktrace(
    include_local_variables=True,  # type: bool
    include_source_context=True,  # type: bool
    max_value_length=None,  # type: Optional[int]
):
    # type: (...) -> Dict[str, Any]
    __tracebackhide__ = True
    frames = []

    f = sys._getframe()  # type: Optional[FrameType]
    while f is not None:
        if not should_hide_frame(f):
            frames.append(
                serialize_frame(
                    f,
                    include_local_variables=include_local_variables,
                    include_source_context=include_source_context,
                    max_value_length=max_value_length,
                )
            )
        f = f.f_back

    frames.reverse()

    return {"frames": frames}


def get_errno(exc_value):
    # type: (BaseException) -> Optional[Any]
    return getattr(exc_value, "errno", None)


def get_error_message(exc_value):
    # type: (Optional[BaseException]) -> str
    return (
        getattr(exc_value, "message", "")
        or getattr(exc_value, "detail", "")
        or safe_str(exc_value)
    )


def single_exception_from_error_tuple(
    exc_type,  # type: Optional[type]
    exc_value,  # type: Optional[BaseException]
    tb,  # type: Optional[TracebackType]
    client_options=None,  # type: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
    mechanism=None,  # type: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
    exception_id=None,  # type: Optional[int]
    parent_id=None,  # type: Optional[int]
    source=None,  # type: Optional[str]
):
    # type: (...) -> Dict[str, Any]
    """
    Creates a dict that goes into the events `exception.values` list and is ingestible by Sentry.

    See the Exception Interface documentation for more details:
    https://develop.sentry.dev/sdk/event-payloads/exception/
    """
    exception_value = {}  # type: Dict[str, Any]
    exception_value["mechanism"] = (
        mechanism.copy() if mechanism else {"type": "generic", "handled": True}
    )
    if exception_id is not None:
        exception_value["mechanism"]["exception_id"] = exception_id

    if exc_value is not None:
        errno = get_errno(exc_value)
    else:
        errno = None

    if errno is not None:
        exception_value["mechanism"].setdefault("meta", {}).setdefault(
            "errno", {}
        ).setdefault("number", errno)

    if source is not None:
        exception_value["mechanism"]["source"] = source

    is_root_exception = exception_id == 0
    if not is_root_exception and parent_id is not None:
        exception_value["mechanism"]["parent_id"] = parent_id
        exception_value["mechanism"]["type"] = "chained"

    if is_root_exception and "type" not in exception_value["mechanism"]:
        exception_value["mechanism"]["type"] = "generic"

    is_exception_group = BaseExceptionGroup is not None and isinstance(
        exc_value, BaseExceptionGroup
    )
    if is_exception_group:
        exception_value["mechanism"]["is_exception_group"] = True

    exception_value["module"] = get_type_module(exc_type)
    exception_value["type"] = get_type_name(exc_type)
    exception_value["value"] = get_error_message(exc_value)

    if client_options is None:
        include_local_variables = True
        include_source_context = True
        max_value_length = DEFAULT_MAX_VALUE_LENGTH  # fallback
    else:
        include_local_variables = client_options["include_local_variables"]
        include_source_context = client_options["include_source_context"]
        max_value_length = client_options["max_value_length"]

    frames = [
        serialize_frame(
            tb.tb_frame,
            tb_lineno=tb.tb_lineno,
            include_local_variables=include_local_variables,
            include_source_context=include_source_context,
            max_value_length=max_value_length,
        )
        for tb in iter_stacks(tb)
    ]

    if frames:
        exception_value["stacktrace"] = {"frames": frames}

    return exception_value


HAS_CHAINED_EXCEPTIONS = hasattr(Exception, "__suppress_context__")

if HAS_CHAINED_EXCEPTIONS:

    def walk_exception_chain(exc_info):
        # type: (ExcInfo) -> Iterator[ExcInfo]
        exc_type, exc_value, tb = exc_info

        seen_exceptions = []
        seen_exception_ids = set()  # type: Set[int]

        while (
            exc_type is not None
            and exc_value is not None
            and id(exc_value) not in seen_exception_ids
        ):
            yield exc_type, exc_value, tb

            # Avoid hashing random types we don't know anything
            # about. Use the list to keep a ref so that the `id` is
            # not used for another object.
            seen_exceptions.append(exc_value)
            seen_exception_ids.add(id(exc_value))

            if exc_value.__suppress_context__:
                cause = exc_value.__cause__
            else:
                cause = exc_value.__context__
            if cause is None:
                break
            exc_type = type(cause)
            exc_value = cause
            tb = getattr(cause, "__traceback__", None)

else:

    def walk_exception_chain(exc_info):
        # type: (ExcInfo) -> Iterator[ExcInfo]
        yield exc_info


def exceptions_from_error(
    exc_type,  # type: Optional[type]
    exc_value,  # type: Optional[BaseException]
    tb,  # type: Optional[TracebackType]
    client_options=None,  # type: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
    mechanism=None,  # type: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
    exception_id=0,  # type: int
    parent_id=0,  # type: int
    source=None,  # type: Optional[str]
):
    # type: (...) -> Tuple[int, List[Dict[str, Any]]]
    """
    Creates the list of exceptions.
    This can include chained exceptions and exceptions from an ExceptionGroup.

    See the Exception Interface documentation for more details:
    https://develop.sentry.dev/sdk/event-payloads/exception/
    """

    parent = single_exception_from_error_tuple(
        exc_type=exc_type,
        exc_value=exc_value,
        tb=tb,
        client_options=client_options,
        mechanism=mechanism,
        exception_id=exception_id,
        parent_id=parent_id,
        source=source,
    )
    exceptions = [parent]

    parent_id = exception_id
    exception_id += 1

    should_supress_context = hasattr(exc_value, "__suppress_context__") and exc_value.__suppress_context__  # type: ignore
    if should_supress_context:
        # Add direct cause.
        # The field `__cause__` is set when raised with the exception (using the `from` keyword).
        exception_has_cause = (
            exc_value
            and hasattr(exc_value, "__cause__")
            and exc_value.__cause__ is not None
        )
        if exception_has_cause:
            cause = exc_value.__cause__  # type: ignore
            (exception_id, child_exceptions) = exceptions_from_error(
                exc_type=type(cause),
                exc_value=cause,
                tb=getattr(cause, "__traceback__", None),
                client_options=client_options,
                mechanism=mechanism,
                exception_id=exception_id,
                source="__cause__",
            )
            exceptions.extend(child_exceptions)

    else:
        # Add indirect cause.
        # The field `__context__` is assigned if another exception occurs while handling the exception.
        exception_has_content = (
            exc_value
            and hasattr(exc_value, "__context__")
            and exc_value.__context__ is not None
        )
        if exception_has_content:
            context = exc_value.__context__  # type: ignore
            (exception_id, child_exceptions) = exceptions_from_error(
                exc_type=type(context),
                exc_value=context,
                tb=getattr(context, "__traceback__", None),
                client_options=client_options,
                mechanism=mechanism,
                exception_id=exception_id,
                source="__context__",
            )
            exceptions.extend(child_exceptions)

    # Add exceptions from an ExceptionGroup.
    is_exception_group = exc_value and hasattr(exc_value, "exceptions")
    if is_exception_group:
        for idx, e in enumerate(exc_value.exceptions):  # type: ignore
            (exception_id, child_exceptions) = exceptions_from_error(
                exc_type=type(e),
                exc_value=e,
                tb=getattr(e, "__traceback__", None),
                client_options=client_options,
                mechanism=mechanism,
                exception_id=exception_id,
                parent_id=parent_id,
                source="exceptions[%s]" % idx,
            )
            exceptions.extend(child_exceptions)

    return (exception_id, exceptions)


def exceptions_from_error_tuple(
    exc_info,  # type: ExcInfo
    client_options=None,  # type: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
    mechanism=None,  # type: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
):
    # type: (...) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]
    exc_type, exc_value, tb = exc_info

    is_exception_group = BaseExceptionGroup is not None and isinstance(
        exc_value, BaseExceptionGroup
    )

    if is_exception_group:
        (_, exceptions) = exceptions_from_error(
            exc_type=exc_type,
            exc_value=exc_value,
            tb=tb,
            client_options=client_options,
            mechanism=mechanism,
            exception_id=0,
            parent_id=0,
        )

    else:
        exceptions = []
        for exc_type, exc_value, tb in walk_exception_chain(exc_info):
            exceptions.append(
                single_exception_from_error_tuple(
                    exc_type, exc_value, tb, client_options, mechanism
                )
            )

    exceptions.reverse()

    return exceptions


def to_string(value):
    # type: (str) -> str
    try:
        return text_type(value)
    except UnicodeDecodeError:
        return repr(value)[1:-1]


def iter_event_stacktraces(event):
    # type: (Event) -> Iterator[Dict[str, Any]]
    if "stacktrace" in event:
        yield event["stacktrace"]
    if "threads" in event:
        for thread in event["threads"].get("values") or ():
            if "stacktrace" in thread:
                yield thread["stacktrace"]
    if "exception" in event:
        for exception in event["exception"].get("values") or ():
            if "stacktrace" in exception:
                yield exception["stacktrace"]


def iter_event_frames(event):
    # type: (Event) -> Iterator[Dict[str, Any]]
    for stacktrace in iter_event_stacktraces(event):
        for frame in stacktrace.get("frames") or ():
            yield frame


def handle_in_app(event, in_app_exclude=None, in_app_include=None, project_root=None):
    # type: (Event, Optional[List[str]], Optional[List[str]], Optional[str]) -> Event
    for stacktrace in iter_event_stacktraces(event):
        set_in_app_in_frames(
            stacktrace.get("frames"),
            in_app_exclude=in_app_exclude,
            in_app_include=in_app_include,
            project_root=project_root,
        )

    return event


def set_in_app_in_frames(frames, in_app_exclude, in_app_include, project_root=None):
    # type: (Any, Optional[List[str]], Optional[List[str]], Optional[str]) -> Optional[Any]
    if not frames:
        return None

    for frame in frames:
        # if frame has already been marked as in_app, skip it
        current_in_app = frame.get("in_app")
        if current_in_app is not None:
            continue

        module = frame.get("module")

        # check if module in frame is in the list of modules to include
        if _module_in_list(module, in_app_include):
            frame["in_app"] = True
            continue

        # check if module in frame is in the list of modules to exclude
        if _module_in_list(module, in_app_exclude):
            frame["in_app"] = False
            continue

        # if frame has no abs_path, skip further checks
        abs_path = frame.get("abs_path")
        if abs_path is None:
            continue

        if _is_external_source(abs_path):
            frame["in_app"] = False
            continue

        if _is_in_project_root(abs_path, project_root):
            frame["in_app"] = True
            continue

    return frames


def exc_info_from_error(error):
    # type: (Union[BaseException, ExcInfo]) -> ExcInfo
    if isinstance(error, tuple) and len(error) == 3:
        exc_type, exc_value, tb = error
    elif isinstance(error, BaseException):
        tb = getattr(error, "__traceback__", None)
        if tb is not None:
            exc_type = type(error)
            exc_value = error
        else:
            exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
            if exc_value is not error:
                tb = None
                exc_value = error
                exc_type = type(error)

    else:
        raise ValueError("Expected Exception object to report, got %s!" % type(error))

    return exc_type, exc_value, tb


def event_from_exception(
    exc_info,  # type: Union[BaseException, ExcInfo]
    client_options=None,  # type: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
    mechanism=None,  # type: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
):
    # type: (...) -> Tuple[Event, Dict[str, Any]]
    exc_info = exc_info_from_error(exc_info)
    hint = event_hint_with_exc_info(exc_info)
    return (
        {
            "level": "error",
            "exception": {
                "values": exceptions_from_error_tuple(
                    exc_info, client_options, mechanism
                )
            },
        },
        hint,
    )


def _module_in_list(name, items):
    # type: (str, Optional[List[str]]) -> bool
    if name is None:
        return False

    if not items:
        return False

    for item in items:
        if item == name or name.startswith(item + "."):
            return True

    return False


def _is_external_source(abs_path):
    # type: (str) -> bool
    # check if frame is in 'site-packages' or 'dist-packages'
    external_source = (
        re.search(r"[\\/](?:dist|site)-packages[\\/]", abs_path) is not None
    )
    return external_source


def _is_in_project_root(abs_path, project_root):
    # type: (str, Optional[str]) -> bool
    if project_root is None:
        return False

    # check if path is in the project root
    if abs_path.startswith(project_root):
        return True

    return False


def _truncate_by_bytes(string, max_bytes):
    # type: (str, int) -> str
    """
    Truncate a UTF-8-encodable string to the last full codepoint so that it fits in max_bytes.
    """
    # This function technically supports bytes, but only for Python 2 compat.
    # XXX remove support for bytes when we drop Python 2
    if isinstance(string, bytes):
        truncated = string[: max_bytes - 3]
    else:
        truncated = string.encode("utf-8")[: max_bytes - 3].decode(
            "utf-8", errors="ignore"
        )

    return truncated + "..."


def _get_size_in_bytes(value):
    # type: (str) -> Optional[int]
    # This function technically supports bytes, but only for Python 2 compat.
    # XXX remove support for bytes when we drop Python 2
    if not isinstance(value, (bytes, text_type)):
        return None

    if isinstance(value, bytes):
        return len(value)

    try:
        return len(value.encode("utf-8"))
    except (UnicodeEncodeError, UnicodeDecodeError):
        return None


def strip_string(value, max_length=None):
    # type: (str, Optional[int]) -> Union[AnnotatedValue, str]
    if not value:
        return value

    if max_length is None:
        max_length = DEFAULT_MAX_VALUE_LENGTH

    byte_size = _get_size_in_bytes(value)
    text_size = None
    if isinstance(value, text_type):
        text_size = len(value)

    if byte_size is not None and byte_size > max_length:
        # truncate to max_length bytes, preserving code points
        truncated_value = _truncate_by_bytes(value, max_length)
    elif text_size is not None and text_size > max_length:
        # fallback to truncating by string length
        truncated_value = value[: max_length - 3] + "..."
    else:
        return value

    return AnnotatedValue(
        value=truncated_value,
        metadata={
            "len": byte_size or text_size,
            "rem": [["!limit", "x", max_length - 3, max_length]],
        },
    )


def parse_version(version):
    # type: (str) -> Optional[Tuple[int, ...]]
    """
    Parses a version string into a tuple of integers.
    This uses the parsing loging from PEP 440:
    https://peps.python.org/pep-0440/#appendix-b-parsing-version-strings-with-regular-expressions
    """
    VERSION_PATTERN = r"""  # noqa: N806
        v?
        (?:
            (?:(?P<epoch>[0-9]+)!)?                           # epoch
            (?P<release>[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*)                  # release segment
            (?P<pre>                                          # pre-release
                [-_\.]?
                (?P<pre_l>(a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview))
                [-_\.]?
                (?P<pre_n>[0-9]+)?
            )?
            (?P<post>                                         # post release
                (?:-(?P<post_n1>[0-9]+))
                |
                (?:
                    [-_\.]?
                    (?P<post_l>post|rev|r)
                    [-_\.]?
                    (?P<post_n2>[0-9]+)?
                )
            )?
            (?P<dev>                                          # dev release
                [-_\.]?
                (?P<dev_l>dev)
                [-_\.]?
                (?P<dev_n>[0-9]+)?
            )?
        )
        (?:\+(?P<local>[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*))?       # local version
    """

    pattern = re.compile(
        r"^\s*" + VERSION_PATTERN + r"\s*$",
        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
    )

    try:
        release = pattern.match(version).groupdict()["release"]  # type: ignore
        release_tuple = tuple(map(int, release.split(".")[:3]))  # type: Tuple[int, ...]
    except (TypeError, ValueError, AttributeError):
        return None

    return release_tuple


def _is_contextvars_broken():
    # type: () -> bool
    """
    Returns whether gevent/eventlet have patched the stdlib in a way where thread locals are now more "correct" than contextvars.
    """
    try:
        import gevent  # type: ignore
        from gevent.monkey import is_object_patched  # type: ignore

        # Get the MAJOR and MINOR version numbers of Gevent
        version_tuple = tuple(
            [int(part) for part in re.split(r"a|b|rc|\.", gevent.__version__)[:2]]
        )
        if is_object_patched("threading", "local"):
            # Gevent 20.9.0 depends on Greenlet 0.4.17 which natively handles switching
            # context vars when greenlets are switched, so, Gevent 20.9.0+ is all fine.
            # Ref: https://github.com/gevent/gevent/blob/83c9e2ae5b0834b8f84233760aabe82c3ba065b4/src/gevent/monkey.py#L604-L609
            # Gevent 20.5, that doesn't depend on Greenlet 0.4.17 with native support
            # for contextvars, is able to patch both thread locals and contextvars, in
            # that case, check if contextvars are effectively patched.
            if (
                # Gevent 20.9.0+
                (sys.version_info >= (3, 7) and version_tuple >= (20, 9))
                # Gevent 20.5.0+ or Python < 3.7
                or (is_object_patched("contextvars", "ContextVar"))
            ):
                return False

            return True
    except ImportError:
        pass

    try:
        import greenlet  # type: ignore
        from eventlet.patcher import is_monkey_patched  # type: ignore

        greenlet_version = parse_version(greenlet.__version__)

        if greenlet_version is None:
            logger.error(
                "Internal error in Sentry SDK: Could not parse Greenlet version from greenlet.__version__."
            )
            return False

        if is_monkey_patched("thread") and greenlet_version < (0, 5):
            return True
    except ImportError:
        pass

    return False


def _make_threadlocal_contextvars(local):
    # type: (type) -> type
    class ContextVar(object):
        # Super-limited impl of ContextVar

        def __init__(self, name, default=None):
            # type: (str, Any) -> None
            self._name = name
            self._default = default
            self._local = local()
            self._original_local = local()

        def get(self, default=None):
            # type: (Any) -> Any
            return getattr(self._local, "value", default or self._default)

        def set(self, value):
            # type: (Any) -> Any
            token = str(random.getrandbits(64))
            original_value = self.get()
            setattr(self._original_local, token, original_value)
            self._local.value = value
            return token

        def reset(self, token):
            # type: (Any) -> None
            self._local.value = getattr(self._original_local, token)
            del self._original_local[token]

    return ContextVar


def _make_noop_copy_context():
    # type: () -> Callable[[], Any]
    class NoOpContext:
        def run(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
            # type: (Callable[..., Any], *Any, **Any) -> Any
            return func(*args, **kwargs)

    def copy_context():
        # type: () -> NoOpContext
        return NoOpContext()

    return copy_context


def _get_contextvars():
    # type: () -> Tuple[bool, type, Callable[[], Any]]
    """
    Figure out the "right" contextvars installation to use. Returns a
    `contextvars.ContextVar`-like class with a limited API.

    See https://docs.sentry.io/platforms/python/contextvars/ for more information.
    """
    if not _is_contextvars_broken():
        # aiocontextvars is a PyPI package that ensures that the contextvars
        # backport (also a PyPI package) works with asyncio under Python 3.6
        #
        # Import it if available.
        if sys.version_info < (3, 7):
            # `aiocontextvars` is absolutely required for functional
            # contextvars on Python 3.6.
            try:
                from aiocontextvars import ContextVar, copy_context

                return True, ContextVar, copy_context
            except ImportError:
                pass
        else:
            # On Python 3.7 contextvars are functional.
            try:
                from contextvars import ContextVar, copy_context

                return True, ContextVar, copy_context
            except ImportError:
                pass

    # Fall back to basic thread-local usage.

    from threading import local

    return False, _make_threadlocal_contextvars(local), _make_noop_copy_context()


HAS_REAL_CONTEXTVARS, ContextVar, copy_context = _get_contextvars()

CONTEXTVARS_ERROR_MESSAGE = """

With asyncio/ASGI applications, the Sentry SDK requires a functional
installation of `contextvars` to avoid leaking scope/context data across
requests.

Please refer to https://docs.sentry.io/platforms/python/contextvars/ for more information.
"""


def qualname_from_function(func):
    # type: (Callable[..., Any]) -> Optional[str]
    """Return the qualified name of func. Works with regular function, lambda, partial and partialmethod."""
    func_qualname = None  # type: Optional[str]

    # Python 2
    try:
        return "%s.%s.%s" % (
            func.im_class.__module__,  # type: ignore
            func.im_class.__name__,  # type: ignore
            func.__name__,
        )
    except Exception:
        pass

    prefix, suffix = "", ""

    if (
        _PARTIALMETHOD_AVAILABLE
        and hasattr(func, "_partialmethod")
        and isinstance(func._partialmethod, partialmethod)
    ):
        prefix, suffix = "partialmethod(<function ", ">)"
        func = func._partialmethod.func
    elif isinstance(func, partial) and hasattr(func.func, "__name__"):
        prefix, suffix = "partial(<function ", ">)"
        func = func.func

    if hasattr(func, "__qualname__"):
        func_qualname = func.__qualname__
    elif hasattr(func, "__name__"):  # Python 2.7 has no __qualname__
        func_qualname = func.__name__

    # Python 3: methods, functions, classes
    if func_qualname is not None:
        if hasattr(func, "__module__"):
            func_qualname = func.__module__ + "." + func_qualname
        func_qualname = prefix + func_qualname + suffix

    return func_qualname


def transaction_from_function(func):
    # type: (Callable[..., Any]) -> Optional[str]
    return qualname_from_function(func)


disable_capture_event = ContextVar("disable_capture_event")


class ServerlessTimeoutWarning(Exception):  # noqa: N818
    """Raised when a serverless method is about to reach its timeout."""

    pass


class TimeoutThread(threading.Thread):
    """Creates a Thread which runs (sleeps) for a time duration equal to
    waiting_time and raises a custom ServerlessTimeout exception.
    """

    def __init__(self, waiting_time, configured_timeout):
        # type: (float, int) -> None
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self.waiting_time = waiting_time
        self.configured_timeout = configured_timeout
        self._stop_event = threading.Event()

    def stop(self):
        # type: () -> None
        self._stop_event.set()

    def run(self):
        # type: () -> None

        self._stop_event.wait(self.waiting_time)

        if self._stop_event.is_set():
            return

        integer_configured_timeout = int(self.configured_timeout)

        # Setting up the exact integer value of configured time(in seconds)
        if integer_configured_timeout < self.configured_timeout:
            integer_configured_timeout = integer_configured_timeout + 1

        # Raising Exception after timeout duration is reached
        raise ServerlessTimeoutWarning(
            "WARNING : Function is expected to get timed out. Configured timeout duration = {} seconds.".format(
                integer_configured_timeout
            )
        )


def to_base64(original):
    # type: (str) -> Optional[str]
    """
    Convert a string to base64, via UTF-8. Returns None on invalid input.
    """
    base64_string = None

    try:
        utf8_bytes = original.encode("UTF-8")
        base64_bytes = base64.b64encode(utf8_bytes)
        base64_string = base64_bytes.decode("UTF-8")
    except Exception as err:
        logger.warning("Unable to encode {orig} to base64:".format(orig=original), err)

    return base64_string


def from_base64(base64_string):
    # type: (str) -> Optional[str]
    """
    Convert a string from base64, via UTF-8. Returns None on invalid input.
    """
    utf8_string = None

    try:
        only_valid_chars = BASE64_ALPHABET.match(base64_string)
        assert only_valid_chars

        base64_bytes = base64_string.encode("UTF-8")
        utf8_bytes = base64.b64decode(base64_bytes)
        utf8_string = utf8_bytes.decode("UTF-8")
    except Exception as err:
        logger.warning(
            "Unable to decode {b64} from base64:".format(b64=base64_string), err
        )

    return utf8_string


Components = namedtuple("Components", ["scheme", "netloc", "path", "query", "fragment"])


def sanitize_url(url, remove_authority=True, remove_query_values=True, split=False):
    # type: (str, bool, bool, bool) -> Union[str, Components]
    """
    Removes the authority and query parameter values from a given URL.
    """
    parsed_url = urlsplit(url)
    query_params = parse_qs(parsed_url.query, keep_blank_values=True)

    # strip username:password (netloc can be usr:pwd@example.com)
    if remove_authority:
        netloc_parts = parsed_url.netloc.split("@")
        if len(netloc_parts) > 1:
            netloc = "%s:%s@%s" % (
                SENSITIVE_DATA_SUBSTITUTE,
                SENSITIVE_DATA_SUBSTITUTE,
                netloc_parts[-1],
            )
        else:
            netloc = parsed_url.netloc
    else:
        netloc = parsed_url.netloc

    # strip values from query string
    if remove_query_values:
        query_string = unquote(
            urlencode({key: SENSITIVE_DATA_SUBSTITUTE for key in query_params})
        )
    else:
        query_string = parsed_url.query

    components = Components(
        scheme=parsed_url.scheme,
        netloc=netloc,
        query=query_string,
        path=parsed_url.path,
        fragment=parsed_url.fragment,
    )

    if split:
        return components
    else:
        return urlunsplit(components)


ParsedUrl = namedtuple("ParsedUrl", ["url", "query", "fragment"])


def parse_url(url, sanitize=True):
    # type: (str, bool) -> ParsedUrl
    """
    Splits a URL into a url (including path), query and fragment. If sanitize is True, the query
    parameters will be sanitized to remove sensitive data. The autority (username and password)
    in the URL will always be removed.
    """
    parsed_url = sanitize_url(
        url, remove_authority=True, remove_query_values=sanitize, split=True
    )

    base_url = urlunsplit(
        Components(
            scheme=parsed_url.scheme,  # type: ignore
            netloc=parsed_url.netloc,  # type: ignore
            query="",
            path=parsed_url.path,  # type: ignore
            fragment="",
        )
    )

    return ParsedUrl(
        url=base_url,
        query=parsed_url.query,  # type: ignore
        fragment=parsed_url.fragment,  # type: ignore
    )


def is_valid_sample_rate(rate, source):
    # type: (Any, str) -> bool
    """
    Checks the given sample rate to make sure it is valid type and value (a
    boolean or a number between 0 and 1, inclusive).
    """

    # both booleans and NaN are instances of Real, so a) checking for Real
    # checks for the possibility of a boolean also, and b) we have to check
    # separately for NaN and Decimal does not derive from Real so need to check that too
    if not isinstance(rate, (Real, Decimal)) or math.isnan(rate):
        logger.warning(
            "{source} Given sample rate is invalid. Sample rate must be a boolean or a number between 0 and 1. Got {rate} of type {type}.".format(
                source=source, rate=rate, type=type(rate)
            )
        )
        return False

    # in case rate is a boolean, it will get cast to 1 if it's True and 0 if it's False
    rate = float(rate)
    if rate < 0 or rate > 1:
        logger.warning(
            "{source} Given sample rate is invalid. Sample rate must be between 0 and 1. Got {rate}.".format(
                source=source, rate=rate
            )
        )
        return False

    return True


def match_regex_list(item, regex_list=None, substring_matching=False):
    # type: (str, Optional[List[str]], bool) -> bool
    if regex_list is None:
        return False

    for item_matcher in regex_list:
        if not substring_matching and item_matcher[-1] != "$":
            item_matcher += "$"

        matched = re.search(item_matcher, item)
        if matched:
            return True

    return False


def is_sentry_url(hub, url):
    # type: (sentry_sdk.Hub, str) -> bool
    """
    Determines whether the given URL matches the Sentry DSN.
    """
    return (
        hub.client is not None
        and hub.client.transport is not None
        and hub.client.transport.parsed_dsn is not None
        and hub.client.transport.parsed_dsn.netloc in url
    )


def _generate_installed_modules():
    # type: () -> Iterator[Tuple[str, str]]
    try:
        from importlib import metadata

        yielded = set()
        for dist in metadata.distributions():
            name = dist.metadata["Name"]
            # `metadata` values may be `None`, see:
            # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/91216
            # and
            # https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata/issues/371
            if name is not None:
                normalized_name = _normalize_module_name(name)
                if dist.version is not None and normalized_name not in yielded:
                    yield normalized_name, dist.version
                    yielded.add(normalized_name)

    except ImportError:
        # < py3.8
        try:
            import pkg_resources
        except ImportError:
            return

        for info in pkg_resources.working_set:
            yield _normalize_module_name(info.key), info.version


def _normalize_module_name(name):
    # type: (str) -> str
    return name.lower()


def _get_installed_modules():
    # type: () -> Dict[str, str]
    global _installed_modules
    if _installed_modules is None:
        _installed_modules = dict(_generate_installed_modules())
    return _installed_modules


def package_version(package):
    # type: (str) -> Optional[Tuple[int, ...]]
    installed_packages = _get_installed_modules()
    version = installed_packages.get(package)
    if version is None:
        return None

    return parse_version(version)


if PY37:

    def nanosecond_time():
        # type: () -> int
        return time.perf_counter_ns()

elif PY33:

    def nanosecond_time():
        # type: () -> int
        return int(time.perf_counter() * 1e9)

else:

    def nanosecond_time():
        # type: () -> int
        return int(time.time() * 1e9)


if PY2:

    def now():
        # type: () -> float
        return time.time()

else:

    def now():
        # type: () -> float
        return time.perf_counter()


try:
    from gevent import get_hub as get_gevent_hub
    from gevent.monkey import is_module_patched
except ImportError:

    def get_gevent_hub():
        # type: () -> Any
        return None

    def is_module_patched(*args, **kwargs):
        # type: (*Any, **Any) -> bool
        # unable to import from gevent means no modules have been patched
        return False


def is_gevent():
    # type: () -> bool
    return is_module_patched("threading") or is_module_patched("_thread")


def get_current_thread_meta(thread=None):
    # type: (Optional[threading.Thread]) -> Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[str]]
    """
    Try to get the id of the current thread, with various fall backs.
    """

    # if a thread is specified, that takes priority
    if thread is not None:
        try:
            thread_id = thread.ident
            thread_name = thread.name
            if thread_id is not None:
                return thread_id, thread_name
        except AttributeError:
            pass

    # if the app is using gevent, we should look at the gevent hub first
    # as the id there differs from what the threading module reports
    if is_gevent():
        gevent_hub = get_gevent_hub()
        if gevent_hub is not None:
            try:
                # this is undocumented, so wrap it in try except to be safe
                return gevent_hub.thread_ident, None
            except AttributeError:
                pass

    # use the current thread's id if possible
    try:
        thread = threading.current_thread()
        thread_id = thread.ident
        thread_name = thread.name
        if thread_id is not None:
            return thread_id, thread_name
    except AttributeError:
        pass

    # if we can't get the current thread id, fall back to the main thread id
    try:
        thread = threading.main_thread()
        thread_id = thread.ident
        thread_name = thread.name
        if thread_id is not None:
            return thread_id, thread_name
    except AttributeError:
        pass

    # we've tried everything, time to give up
    return None, None