monkey.py

# Copyright (c) 2009-2012 Denis Bilenko. See LICENSE for details.
# pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name,too-many-lines
"""
Make the standard library cooperative.

The primary purpose of this module is to carefully patch, in place,
portions of the standard library with gevent-friendly functions that
behave in the same way as the original (at least as closely as possible).

The primary interface to this is the :func:`patch_all` function, which
performs all the available patches. It accepts arguments to limit the
patching to certain modules, but most programs **should** use the
default values as they receive the most wide-spread testing, and some monkey
patches have dependencies on others.

Patching **should be done as early as possible** in the lifecycle of the
program. For example, the main module (the one that tests against
``__main__`` or is otherwise the first imported) should begin with
this code, ideally before any other imports::

    from gevent import monkey
    monkey.patch_all()

A corollary of the above is that patching **should be done on the main
thread** and **should be done while the program is single-threaded**.

.. tip::

    Some frameworks, such as gunicorn, handle monkey-patching for you.
    Check their documentation to be sure.

.. warning::

    Patching too late can lead to unreliable behaviour (for example, some
    modules may still use blocking sockets) or even errors.

Querying
========

Sometimes it is helpful to know if objects have been monkey-patched, and in
advanced cases even to have access to the original standard library functions. This
module provides functions for that purpose.

- :func:`is_module_patched`
- :func:`is_object_patched`
- :func:`get_original`

Plugins
=======

Beginning in gevent 1.3, events are emitted during the monkey patching process.
These events are delivered first to :mod:`gevent.events` subscribers, and then
to `setuptools entry points`_.

The following events are defined. They are listed in (roughly) the order
that a call to :func:`patch_all` will emit them.

- :class:`gevent.events.GeventWillPatchAllEvent`
- :class:`gevent.events.GeventWillPatchModuleEvent`
- :class:`gevent.events.GeventDidPatchModuleEvent`
- :class:`gevent.events.GeventDidPatchBuiltinModulesEvent`
- :class:`gevent.events.GeventDidPatchAllEvent`

Each event class documents the corresponding setuptools entry point name. The
entry points will be called with a single argument, the same instance of
the class that was sent to the subscribers.

You can subscribe to the events to monitor the monkey-patching process and
to manipulate it, for example by raising :exc:`gevent.events.DoNotPatch`.

You can also subscribe to the events to provide additional patching beyond what
gevent distributes, either for additional standard library modules, or
for third-party packages. The suggested time to do this patching is in
the subscriber for :class:`gevent.events.GeventDidPatchBuiltinModulesEvent`.
For example, to automatically patch `psycopg2`_ using `psycogreen`_
when the call to :func:`patch_all` is made, you could write code like this::

    # mypackage.py
    def patch_psycopg(event):
        from psycogreen.gevent import patch_psycopg
        patch_psycopg()

In your ``setup.py`` you would register it like this::

    from setuptools import setup
    setup(
        ...
        entry_points={
            'gevent.plugins.monkey.did_patch_builtins': [
                'psycopg2 = mypackage:patch_psycopg',
            ],
        },
        ...
    )

For more complex patching, gevent provides a helper method
that you can call to replace attributes of modules with attributes of your
own modules. This function also takes care of emitting the appropriate events.

- :func:`patch_module`

.. _setuptools entry points: http://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/setuptools.html#dynamic-discovery-of-services-and-plugins
.. _psycopg2: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/psycopg2
.. _psycogreen: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/psycogreen

Use as a module
===============

Sometimes it is useful to run existing python scripts or modules that
were not built to be gevent aware under gevent. To do so, this module
can be run as the main module, passing the script and its arguments.
For details, see the :func:`main` function.

.. versionchanged:: 1.3b1
   Added support for plugins and began emitting will/did patch events.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import print_function
import sys

__all__ = [
    'patch_all',
    'patch_builtins',
    'patch_dns',
    'patch_os',
    'patch_queue',
    'patch_select',
    'patch_signal',
    'patch_socket',
    'patch_ssl',
    'patch_subprocess',
    'patch_sys',
    'patch_thread',
    'patch_time',
    # query functions
    'get_original',
    'is_module_patched',
    'is_object_patched',
    # plugin API
    'patch_module',
    # module functions
    'main',
]


if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
    string_types = (str,)
    PY3 = True
    PY2 = False
else:
    import __builtin__ # pylint:disable=import-error
    string_types = (__builtin__.basestring,)
    PY3 = False
    PY2 = True

WIN = sys.platform.startswith("win")
PY36 = sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 6)

class MonkeyPatchWarning(RuntimeWarning):
    """
    The type of warnings we issue.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3a2
    """

def _notify_patch(event, _warnings=None):
    # Raises DoNotPatch if we're not supposed to patch
    from gevent.events import notify_and_call_entry_points

    event._warnings = _warnings
    notify_and_call_entry_points(event)

def _ignores_DoNotPatch(func):

    from functools import wraps

    @wraps(func)
    def ignores(*args, **kwargs):
        from gevent.events import DoNotPatch
        try:
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        except DoNotPatch:
            return False

    return ignores


# maps module name -> {attribute name: original item}
# e.g. "time" -> {"sleep": built-in function sleep}
saved = {}


def is_module_patched(mod_name):
    """
    Check if a module has been replaced with a cooperative version.

    :param str mod_name: The name of the standard library module,
        e.g., ``'socket'``.

    """
    return mod_name in saved


def is_object_patched(mod_name, item_name):
    """
    Check if an object in a module has been replaced with a
    cooperative version.

    :param str mod_name: The name of the standard library module,
        e.g., ``'socket'``.
    :param str item_name: The name of the attribute in the module,
        e.g., ``'create_connection'``.

    """
    return is_module_patched(mod_name) and item_name in saved[mod_name]


def _get_original(name, items):
    d = saved.get(name, {})
    values = []
    module = None
    for item in items:
        if item in d:
            values.append(d[item])
        else:
            if module is None:
                module = __import__(name)
            values.append(getattr(module, item))
    return values


def get_original(mod_name, item_name):
    """
    Retrieve the original object from a module.

    If the object has not been patched, then that object will still be
    retrieved.

    :param str mod_name: The name of the standard library module,
        e.g., ``'socket'``.
    :param item_name: A string or sequence of strings naming the
        attribute(s) on the module ``mod_name`` to return.

    :return: The original value if a string was given for
             ``item_name`` or a sequence of original values if a
             sequence was passed.
    """
    if isinstance(item_name, string_types):
        return _get_original(mod_name, [item_name])[0]
    return _get_original(mod_name, item_name)


_NONE = object()


def patch_item(module, attr, newitem):
    olditem = getattr(module, attr, _NONE)
    if olditem is not _NONE:
        saved.setdefault(module.__name__, {}).setdefault(attr, olditem)
    setattr(module, attr, newitem)


def remove_item(module, attr):
    olditem = getattr(module, attr, _NONE)
    if olditem is _NONE:
        return
    saved.setdefault(module.__name__, {}).setdefault(attr, olditem)
    delattr(module, attr)


def __call_module_hook(gevent_module, name, module, items, _warnings):
    # This function can raise DoNotPatch on 'will'

    def warn(message):
        _queue_warning(message, _warnings)

    func_name = '_gevent_' + name + '_monkey_patch'
    try:
        func = getattr(gevent_module, func_name)
    except AttributeError:
        func = lambda *args: None


    func(module, items, warn)


def patch_module(target_module, source_module, items=None,
                 _warnings=None,
                 _notify_will_subscribers=True,
                 _notify_did_subscribers=True,
                 _call_hooks=True):
    """
    patch_module(target_module, source_module, items=None)

    Replace attributes in *target_module* with the attributes of the
    same name in *source_module*.

    The *source_module* can provide some attributes to customize the process:

    * ``__implements__`` is a list of attribute names to copy; if not present,
      the *items* keyword argument is mandatory.
    * ``_gevent_will_monkey_patch(target_module, items, warn, **kwargs)``
    * ``_gevent_did_monkey_patch(target_module, items, warn, **kwargs)``
      These two functions in the *source_module* are called *if* they exist,
      before and after copying attributes, respectively. The "will" function
      may modify *items*. The value of *warn* is a function that should be called
      with a single string argument to issue a warning to the user. If the "will"
      function raises :exc:`gevent.events.DoNotPatch`, no patching will be done. These functions
      are called before any event subscribers or plugins.

    :keyword list items: A list of attribute names to replace. If
       not given, this will be taken from the *source_module* ``__implements__``
       attribute.
    :return: A true value if patching was done, a false value if patching was canceled.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3b1
    """
    from gevent import events

    if items is None:
        items = getattr(source_module, '__implements__', None)
        if items is None:
            raise AttributeError('%r does not have __implements__' % source_module)

    try:
        if _call_hooks:
            __call_module_hook(source_module, 'will', target_module, items, _warnings)
        if _notify_will_subscribers:
            _notify_patch(
                events.GeventWillPatchModuleEvent(target_module.__name__, source_module,
                                                  target_module, items),
                _warnings)
    except events.DoNotPatch:
        return False

    for attr in items:
        patch_item(target_module, attr, getattr(source_module, attr))

    if _call_hooks:
        __call_module_hook(source_module, 'did', target_module, items, _warnings)

    if _notify_did_subscribers:
        # We allow turning off the broadcast of the 'did' event for the benefit
        # of our internal functions which need to do additional work (besides copying
        # attributes) before their patch can be considered complete.
        _notify_patch(
            events.GeventDidPatchModuleEvent(target_module.__name__, source_module,
                                             target_module)
        )

    return True

def _patch_module(name,
                  items=None,
                  _warnings=None,
                  _notify_will_subscribers=True,
                  _notify_did_subscribers=True,
                  _call_hooks=True):

    gevent_module = getattr(__import__('gevent.' + name), name)
    module_name = getattr(gevent_module, '__target__', name)
    target_module = __import__(module_name)

    patch_module(target_module, gevent_module, items=items,
                 _warnings=_warnings,
                 _notify_will_subscribers=_notify_will_subscribers,
                 _notify_did_subscribers=_notify_did_subscribers,
                 _call_hooks=_call_hooks)

    # On Python 2, the `futures` package will install
    # a bunch of modules with the same name as those from Python 3,
    # such as `_thread`; primarily these just do `from thread import *`,
    # meaning we have alternate references. If that's already been imported,
    # we need to attempt to patch that too.

    # Be sure to keep the original states matching also.

    alternate_names = getattr(gevent_module, '__alternate_targets__', ())
    for alternate_name in alternate_names:
        alternate_module = sys.modules.get(alternate_name)
        if alternate_module is not None and alternate_module is not target_module:
            saved.pop(alternate_name, None)
            patch_module(alternate_module, gevent_module, items=items,
                         _warnings=_warnings,
                         _notify_will_subscribers=False,
                         _notify_did_subscribers=False,
                         _call_hooks=False)
            saved[alternate_name] = saved[module_name]

    return gevent_module, target_module


def _queue_warning(message, _warnings):
    # Queues a warning to show after the monkey-patching process is all done.
    # Done this way to avoid extra imports during the process itself, just
    # in case. If we're calling a function one-off (unusual) go ahead and do it
    if _warnings is None:
        _process_warnings([message])
    else:
        _warnings.append(message)


def _process_warnings(_warnings):
    import warnings
    for warning in _warnings:
        warnings.warn(warning, MonkeyPatchWarning, stacklevel=3)


def _patch_sys_std(name):
    from gevent.fileobject import FileObjectThread
    orig = getattr(sys, name)
    if not isinstance(orig, FileObjectThread):
        patch_item(sys, name, FileObjectThread(orig))

@_ignores_DoNotPatch
def patch_sys(stdin=True, stdout=True, stderr=True):
    """
    Patch sys.std[in,out,err] to use a cooperative IO via a
    threadpool.

    This is relatively dangerous and can have unintended consequences
    such as hanging the process or `misinterpreting control keys`_
    when :func:`input` and :func:`raw_input` are used. :func:`patch_all`
    does *not* call this function by default.

    This method does nothing on Python 3. The Python 3 interpreter
    wants to flush the TextIOWrapper objects that make up
    stderr/stdout at shutdown time, but using a threadpool at that
    time leads to a hang.

    .. _`misinterpreting control keys`: https://github.com/gevent/gevent/issues/274
    """
    # test__issue6.py demonstrates the hang if these lines are removed;
    # strangely enough that test passes even without monkey-patching sys
    if PY3:
        items = None
    else:
        items = set([('stdin' if stdin else None),
                     ('stdout' if stdout else None),
                     ('stderr' if stderr else None)])
        items.discard(None)
        items = list(items)

    if not items:
        return

    from gevent import events
    _notify_patch(events.GeventWillPatchModuleEvent('sys', None, sys,
                                                    items))

    for item in items:
        _patch_sys_std(item)

    _notify_patch(events.GeventDidPatchModuleEvent('sys', None, sys))

@_ignores_DoNotPatch
def patch_os():
    """
    Replace :func:`os.fork` with :func:`gevent.fork`, and, on POSIX,
    :func:`os.waitpid` with :func:`gevent.os.waitpid` (if the
    environment variable ``GEVENT_NOWAITPID`` is not defined). Does
    nothing if fork is not available.

    .. caution:: This method must be used with :func:`patch_signal` to have proper `SIGCHLD`
         handling and thus correct results from ``waitpid``.
         :func:`patch_all` calls both by default.

    .. caution:: For `SIGCHLD` handling to work correctly, the event loop must run.
         The easiest way to help ensure this is to use :func:`patch_all`.
    """
    _patch_module('os')


@_ignores_DoNotPatch
def patch_queue():
    """
    On Python 3.7 and above, replace :class:`queue.SimpleQueue` (implemented
    in C) with its Python counterpart.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.5
    """

    import gevent.queue
    if 'SimpleQueue' in gevent.queue.__all__:
        _patch_module('queue', items=['SimpleQueue'])


@_ignores_DoNotPatch
def patch_time():
    """
    Replace :func:`time.sleep` with :func:`gevent.sleep`.
    """
    _patch_module('time')


def _patch_existing_locks(threading):
    if len(list(threading.enumerate())) != 1:
        return
    try:
        tid = threading.get_ident()
    except AttributeError:
        tid = threading._get_ident()
    rlock_type = type(threading.RLock())
    try:
        import importlib._bootstrap
    except ImportError:
        class _ModuleLock(object):
            pass
    else:
        _ModuleLock = importlib._bootstrap._ModuleLock # python 2 pylint: disable=no-member
    # It might be possible to walk up all the existing stack frames to find
    # locked objects...at least if they use `with`. To be sure, we look at every object
    # Since we're supposed to be done very early in the process, there shouldn't be
    # too many.

    # Note that the C implementation of locks, at least on some
    # versions of CPython, cannot be found and cannot be fixed (they simply
    # don't show up to GC; see https://github.com/gevent/gevent/issues/1354)

    # By definition there's only one thread running, so the various
    # owner attributes were the old (native) thread id. Make it our
    # current greenlet id so that when it wants to unlock and compare
    # self.__owner with _get_ident(), they match.
    gc = __import__('gc')
    for o in gc.get_objects():
        if isinstance(o, rlock_type):
            for owner_name in (
                    '_owner', # Python 3 or backported PyPy2
                    '_RLock__owner', # Python 2
            ):
                if hasattr(o, owner_name):
                    if getattr(o, owner_name) is not None:
                        setattr(o, owner_name, tid)
                    break
            else: # pragma: no cover
                raise AssertionError(
                    "Unsupported Python implementation; "
                    "Found unknown lock implementation.",
                    vars(o)
                )
        elif isinstance(o, _ModuleLock):
            if o.owner is not None:
                o.owner = tid

@_ignores_DoNotPatch
def patch_thread(threading=True, _threading_local=True, Event=True, logging=True,
                 existing_locks=True,
                 _warnings=None):
    """
    patch_thread(threading=True, _threading_local=True, Event=True, logging=True, existing_locks=True) -> None

    Replace the standard :mod:`thread` module to make it greenlet-based.

    :keyword bool threading: When True (the default),
        also patch :mod:`threading`.
    :keyword bool _threading_local: When True (the default),
        also patch :class:`_threading_local.local`.
    :keyword bool logging: When True (the default), also patch locks
        taken if the logging module has been configured.

    :keyword bool existing_locks: When True (the default), and the
        process is still single threaded, make sure that any
        :class:`threading.RLock` (and, under Python 3, :class:`importlib._bootstrap._ModuleLock`)
        instances that are currently locked can be properly unlocked. **Important**: This is a
        best-effort attempt and, on certain implementations, may not detect all
        locks. It is important to monkey-patch extremely early in the startup process.

    .. caution::
        Monkey-patching :mod:`thread` and using
        :class:`multiprocessing.Queue` or
        :class:`concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor` (which uses a
        ``Queue``) will hang the process.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.1b1
        Add *logging* and *existing_locks* params.
    .. versionchanged:: 1.3a2
        ``Event`` defaults to True.
    """
    # XXX: Simplify
    # pylint:disable=too-many-branches,too-many-locals,too-many-statements

    # Description of the hang:
    # There is an incompatibility with patching 'thread' and the 'multiprocessing' module:
    # The problem is that multiprocessing.queues.Queue uses a half-duplex multiprocessing.Pipe,
    # which is implemented with os.pipe() and _multiprocessing.Connection. os.pipe isn't patched
    # by gevent, as it returns just a fileno. _multiprocessing.Connection is an internal implementation
    # class implemented in C, which exposes a 'poll(timeout)' method; under the covers, this issues a
    # (blocking) select() call: hence the need for a real thread. Except for that method, we could
    # almost replace Connection with gevent.fileobject.SocketAdapter, plus a trivial
    # patch to os.pipe (below). Sigh, so close. (With a little work, we could replicate that method)

    # import os
    # import fcntl
    # os_pipe = os.pipe
    # def _pipe():
    #   r, w = os_pipe()
    #   fcntl.fcntl(r, fcntl.F_SETFL, os.O_NONBLOCK)
    #   fcntl.fcntl(w, fcntl.F_SETFL, os.O_NONBLOCK)
    #   return r, w
    # os.pipe = _pipe

    # The 'threading' module copies some attributes from the
    # thread module the first time it is imported. If we patch 'thread'
    # before that happens, then we store the wrong values in 'saved',
    # So if we're going to patch threading, we either need to import it
    # before we patch thread, or manually clean up the attributes that
    # are in trouble. The latter is tricky because of the different names
    # on different versions.
    if threading:
        threading_mod = __import__('threading')
        # Capture the *real* current thread object before
        # we start returning DummyThread objects, for comparison
        # to the main thread.
        orig_current_thread = threading_mod.current_thread()
    else:
        threading_mod = None
        gevent_threading_mod = None
        orig_current_thread = None

    gevent_thread_mod, thread_mod = _patch_module('thread',
                                                  _warnings=_warnings,
                                                  _notify_did_subscribers=False)


    if threading:
        gevent_threading_mod, _ = _patch_module('threading',
                                                _warnings=_warnings,
                                                _notify_did_subscribers=False)

        if Event:
            from gevent.event import Event
            patch_item(threading_mod, 'Event', Event)
            # Python 2 had `Event` as a function returning
            # the private class `_Event`. Some code may be relying
            # on that.
            if hasattr(threading_mod, '_Event'):
                patch_item(threading_mod, '_Event', Event)

        if existing_locks:
            _patch_existing_locks(threading_mod)

        if logging and 'logging' in sys.modules:
            logging = __import__('logging')
            patch_item(logging, '_lock', threading_mod.RLock())
            for wr in logging._handlerList:
                # In py26, these are actual handlers, not weakrefs
                handler = wr() if callable(wr) else wr
                if handler is None:
                    continue
                if not hasattr(handler, 'lock'):
                    raise TypeError("Unknown/unsupported handler %r" % handler)
                handler.lock = threading_mod.RLock()

    if _threading_local:
        _threading_local = __import__('_threading_local')
        from gevent.local import local
        patch_item(_threading_local, 'local', local)

    def make_join_func(thread, thread_greenlet):
        from gevent.hub import sleep
        from time import time

        def join(timeout=None):
            end = None
            if threading_mod.current_thread() is thread:
                raise RuntimeError("Cannot join current thread")
            if thread_greenlet is not None and thread_greenlet.dead:
                return
            if not thread.is_alive():
                return

            if timeout:
                end = time() + timeout

            while thread.is_alive():
                if end is not None and time() > end:
                    return
                sleep(0.01)
        return join

    if threading:
        from gevent.threading import main_native_thread

        for thread in threading_mod._active.values():
            if thread == main_native_thread():
                continue
            thread.join = make_join_func(thread, None)

    if PY3:

        # Issue 18808 changes the nature of Thread.join() to use
        # locks. This means that a greenlet spawned in the main thread
        # (which is already running) cannot wait for the main thread---it
        # hangs forever. We patch around this if possible. See also
        # gevent.threading.
        greenlet = __import__('greenlet')

        if orig_current_thread == threading_mod.main_thread():
            main_thread = threading_mod.main_thread()
            _greenlet = main_thread._greenlet = greenlet.getcurrent()

            main_thread.join = make_join_func(main_thread, _greenlet)

            # Patch up the ident of the main thread to match. This
            # matters if threading was imported before monkey-patching
            # thread
            oldid = main_thread.ident
            main_thread._ident = threading_mod.get_ident()
            if oldid in threading_mod._active:
                threading_mod._active[main_thread.ident] = threading_mod._active[oldid]
            if oldid != main_thread.ident:
                del threading_mod._active[oldid]
        else:
            _queue_warning("Monkey-patching not on the main thread; "
                           "threading.main_thread().join() will hang from a greenlet",
                           _warnings)

    from gevent import events
    _notify_patch(events.GeventDidPatchModuleEvent('thread', gevent_thread_mod, thread_mod))
    _notify_patch(events.GeventDidPatchModuleEvent('threading', gevent_threading_mod, threading_mod))

@_ignores_DoNotPatch
def patch_socket(dns=True, aggressive=True):
    """
    Replace the standard socket object with gevent's cooperative
    sockets.

    :keyword bool dns: When true (the default), also patch address
        resolution functions in :mod:`socket`. See :doc:`/dns` for details.
    """
    from gevent import socket
    # Note: although it seems like it's not strictly necessary to monkey patch 'create_connection',
    # it's better to do it. If 'create_connection' was not monkey patched, but the rest of socket module
    # was, create_connection would still use "green" getaddrinfo and "green" socket.
    # However, because gevent.socket.socket.connect is a Python function, the exception raised by it causes
    # _socket object to be referenced by the frame, thus causing the next invocation of bind(source_address) to fail.
    if dns:
        items = socket.__implements__ # pylint:disable=no-member
    else:
        items = set(socket.__implements__) - set(socket.__dns__) # pylint:disable=no-member
    _patch_module('socket', items=items)
    if aggressive:
        if 'ssl' not in socket.__implements__: # pylint:disable=no-member
            remove_item(socket, 'ssl')

@_ignores_DoNotPatch
def patch_dns():
    """
    Replace :doc:`DNS functions </dns>` in :mod:`socket` with
    cooperative versions.

    This is only useful if :func:`patch_socket` has been called and is
    done automatically by that method if requested.
    """
    from gevent import socket
    _patch_module('socket', items=socket.__dns__) # pylint:disable=no-member


def _find_module_refs(to, excluding_names=()):
    # Looks specifically for module-level references,
    # i.e., 'from foo import Bar'. We define a module reference
    # as a dict (subclass) that also has a __name__ attribute.
    # This does not handle subclasses, but it does find them.
    # Returns two sets. The first is modules (name, file) that were
    # found. The second is subclasses that were found.
    gc = __import__('gc')
    direct_ref_modules = set()
    subclass_modules = set()

    def report(mod):
        return mod['__name__'], mod.get('__file__', '<unknown>')

    for r in gc.get_referrers(to):
        if isinstance(r, dict) and '__name__' in r:
            if r['__name__'] in excluding_names:
                continue

            for v in r.values():
                if v is to:
                    direct_ref_modules.add(report(r))
        elif isinstance(r, type) and to in r.__bases__ and 'gevent.' not in r.__module__:
            subclass_modules.add(r)

    return direct_ref_modules, subclass_modules

@_ignores_DoNotPatch
def patch_ssl(_warnings=None, _first_time=True):
    """
    patch_ssl() -> None

    Replace :class:`ssl.SSLSocket` object and socket wrapping functions in
    :mod:`ssl` with cooperative versions.

    This is only useful if :func:`patch_socket` has been called.
    """
    may_need_warning = (
        _first_time
        and PY36
        and 'ssl' in sys.modules
        and hasattr(sys.modules['ssl'], 'SSLContext'))
    # Previously, we didn't warn on Python 2 if pkg_resources has been imported
    # because that imports ssl and it's commonly used for namespace packages,
    # which typically means we're still in some early part of the import cycle.
    # However, with our new more discriminating check, that no longer seems to be a problem.
    # Prior to 3.6, we don't have the RecursionError problem, and prior to 3.7 we don't have the
    # SSLContext.sslsocket_class/SSLContext.sslobject_class problem.

    gevent_mod, _ = _patch_module('ssl', _warnings=_warnings)
    if may_need_warning:
        direct_ref_modules, subclass_modules = _find_module_refs(
            gevent_mod.orig_SSLContext,
            excluding_names=('ssl', 'gevent.ssl', 'gevent._ssl3', 'gevent._sslgte279'))
        if direct_ref_modules or subclass_modules:
            # Normally you don't want to have dynamic warning strings, because
            # the cache in the warning module is based on the string. But we
            # specifically only do this the first time we patch ourself, so it's
            # ok.
            direct_ref_mod_str = subclass_str = ''
            if direct_ref_modules:
                direct_ref_mod_str = 'Modules that had direct imports (NOT patched): %s. ' % ([
                    "%s (%s)" % (name, fname)
                    for name, fname in direct_ref_modules
                ])
            if subclass_modules:
                subclass_str = 'Subclasses (NOT patched): %s. ' % ([
                    str(t) for t in subclass_modules
                ])
            _queue_warning(
                'Monkey-patching ssl after ssl has already been imported '
                'may lead to errors, including RecursionError on Python 3.6. '
                'It may also silently lead to incorrect behaviour on Python 3.7. '
                'Please monkey-patch earlier. '
                'See https://github.com/gevent/gevent/issues/1016. '
                + direct_ref_mod_str + subclass_str,
                _warnings)


@_ignores_DoNotPatch
def patch_select(aggressive=True):
    """
    Replace :func:`select.select` with :func:`gevent.select.select`
    and :func:`select.poll` with :class:`gevent.select.poll` (where available).

    If ``aggressive`` is true (the default), also remove other
    blocking functions from :mod:`select` and (on Python 3.4 and
    above) :mod:`selectors`:

    - :func:`select.epoll`
    - :func:`select.kqueue`
    - :func:`select.kevent`
    - :func:`select.devpoll` (Python 3.5+)
    - :class:`selectors.EpollSelector`
    - :class:`selectors.KqueueSelector`
    - :class:`selectors.DevpollSelector` (Python 3.5+)
    """

    source_mod, target_mod = _patch_module('select', _notify_did_subscribers=False)
    if aggressive:
        select = target_mod
        # since these are blocking we're removing them here. This makes some other
        # modules (e.g. asyncore)  non-blocking, as they use select that we provide
        # when none of these are available.
        remove_item(select, 'epoll')
        remove_item(select, 'kqueue')
        remove_item(select, 'kevent')
        remove_item(select, 'devpoll')

    if PY3:
        # Python 3 wants to use `select.select` as a member function,
        # leading to this error in selectors.py (because gevent.select.select is
        # not a builtin and doesn't get the magic auto-static that they do)
        #    r, w, _ = self._select(self._readers, self._writers, [], timeout)
        #    TypeError: select() takes from 3 to 4 positional arguments but 5 were given
        # Note that this obviously only happens if selectors was imported after we had patched
        # select; but there is a code path that leads to it being imported first (but now we've
        # patched select---so we can't compare them identically)
        select = target_mod # Should be gevent-patched now
        orig_select_select = get_original('select', 'select')
        assert select.select is not orig_select_select
        selectors = __import__('selectors')
        if selectors.SelectSelector._select in (select.select, orig_select_select):
            def _select(self, *args, **kwargs): # pylint:disable=unused-argument
                return select.select(*args, **kwargs)
            selectors.SelectSelector._select = _select
            _select._gevent_monkey = True

        # Python 3.7 refactors the poll-like selectors to use a common
        # base class and capture a reference to select.poll, etc, at
        # import time. selectors tends to get imported early
        # (importing 'platform' does it: platform -> subprocess -> selectors),
        # so we need to clean that up.
        if hasattr(selectors, 'PollSelector') and hasattr(selectors.PollSelector, '_selector_cls'):
            selectors.PollSelector._selector_cls = select.poll

        if aggressive:
            # If `selectors` had already been imported before we removed
            # select.epoll|kqueue|devpoll, these may have been defined in terms
            # of those functions. They'll fail at runtime.
            remove_item(selectors, 'EpollSelector')
            remove_item(selectors, 'KqueueSelector')
            remove_item(selectors, 'DevpollSelector')
            selectors.DefaultSelector = selectors.SelectSelector

    from gevent import events
    _notify_patch(events.GeventDidPatchModuleEvent('select', source_mod, target_mod))

@_ignores_DoNotPatch
def patch_subprocess():
    """
    Replace :func:`subprocess.call`, :func:`subprocess.check_call`,
    :func:`subprocess.check_output` and :class:`subprocess.Popen` with
    :mod:`cooperative versions <gevent.subprocess>`.

    .. note::
       On Windows under Python 3, the API support may not completely match
       the standard library.

    """
    _patch_module('subprocess')

@_ignores_DoNotPatch
def patch_builtins():
    """
    Make the builtin :func:`__import__` function `greenlet safe`_ under Python 2.

    .. note::
       This does nothing under Python 3 as it is not necessary. Python 3 features
       improved import locks that are per-module, not global.

    .. _greenlet safe: https://github.com/gevent/gevent/issues/108

    """
    if PY2:
        _patch_module('builtins')

@_ignores_DoNotPatch
def patch_signal():
    """
    Make the :func:`signal.signal` function work with a :func:`monkey-patched os <patch_os>`.

    .. caution:: This method must be used with :func:`patch_os` to have proper ``SIGCHLD``
         handling. :func:`patch_all` calls both by default.

    .. caution:: For proper ``SIGCHLD`` handling, you must yield to the event loop.
         Using :func:`patch_all` is the easiest way to ensure this.

    .. seealso:: :mod:`gevent.signal`
    """
    _patch_module("signal")


def _check_repatching(**module_settings):
    _warnings = []
    key = '_gevent_saved_patch_all'
    del module_settings['kwargs']
    if saved.get(key, module_settings) != module_settings:
        _queue_warning("Patching more than once will result in the union of all True"
                       " parameters being patched",
                       _warnings)

    first_time = key not in saved
    saved[key] = module_settings
    return _warnings, first_time, module_settings


def _subscribe_signal_os(will_patch_all):
    if will_patch_all.will_patch_module('signal') and not will_patch_all.will_patch_module('os'):
        warnings = will_patch_all._warnings # Internal
        _queue_warning('Patching signal but not os will result in SIGCHLD handlers'
                       ' installed after this not being called and os.waitpid may not'
                       ' function correctly if gevent.subprocess is used. This may raise an'
                       ' error in the future.',
                       warnings)

def patch_all(socket=True, dns=True, time=True, select=True, thread=True, os=True, ssl=True,
              httplib=False, # Deprecated, to be removed.
              subprocess=True, sys=False, aggressive=True, Event=True,
              builtins=True, signal=True,
              queue=True,
              **kwargs):
    """
    Do all of the default monkey patching (calls every other applicable
    function in this module).

    :return: A true value if patching all modules wasn't cancelled, a false
      value if it was.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.1
       Issue a :mod:`warning <warnings>` if this function is called multiple times
       with different arguments. The second and subsequent calls will only add more
       patches, they can never remove existing patches by setting an argument to ``False``.
    .. versionchanged:: 1.1
       Issue a :mod:`warning <warnings>` if this function is called with ``os=False``
       and ``signal=True``. This will cause SIGCHLD handlers to not be called. This may
       be an error in the future.
    .. versionchanged:: 1.3a2
       ``Event`` defaults to True.
    .. versionchanged:: 1.3b1
       Defined the return values.
    .. versionchanged:: 1.3b1
       Add ``**kwargs`` for the benefit of event subscribers. CAUTION: gevent may add
       and interpret additional arguments in the future, so it is suggested to use prefixes
       for kwarg values to be interpreted by plugins, for example, `patch_all(mylib_futures=True)`.
    .. versionchanged:: 1.3.5
       Add *queue*, defaulting to True, for Python 3.7.
    """
    # pylint:disable=too-many-locals,too-many-branches

    # Check to see if they're changing the patched list
    _warnings, first_time, modules_to_patch = _check_repatching(**locals())
    if not _warnings and not first_time:
        # Nothing to do, identical args to what we just
        # did
        return

    from gevent import events
    try:
        _notify_patch(events.GeventWillPatchAllEvent(modules_to_patch, kwargs), _warnings)
    except events.DoNotPatch:
        return False

    # order is important
    if os:
        patch_os()
    if time:
        patch_time()
    if thread:
        patch_thread(Event=Event, _warnings=_warnings)
    # sys must be patched after thread. in other cases threading._shutdown will be
    # initiated to _MainThread with real thread ident
    if sys:
        patch_sys()
    if socket:
        patch_socket(dns=dns, aggressive=aggressive)
    if select:
        patch_select(aggressive=aggressive)
    if ssl:
        patch_ssl(_warnings=_warnings, _first_time=first_time)
    if httplib:
        raise ValueError('gevent.httplib is no longer provided, httplib must be False')
    if subprocess:
        patch_subprocess()
    if builtins:
        patch_builtins()
    if signal:
        patch_signal()
    if queue:
        patch_queue()

    _notify_patch(events.GeventDidPatchBuiltinModulesEvent(modules_to_patch, kwargs), _warnings)
    _notify_patch(events.GeventDidPatchAllEvent(modules_to_patch, kwargs), _warnings)

    _process_warnings(_warnings)
    return True


def main():
    args = {}
    argv = sys.argv[1:]
    verbose = False
    script_help, patch_all_args, modules = _get_script_help()
    while argv and argv[0].startswith('--'):
        option = argv[0][2:]
        if option == 'verbose':
            verbose = True
        elif option.startswith('no-') and option.replace('no-', '') in patch_all_args:
            args[option[3:]] = False
        elif option in patch_all_args:
            args[option] = True
            if option in modules:
                for module in modules:
                    args.setdefault(module, False)
        else:
            sys.exit(script_help + '\n\n' + 'Cannot patch %r' % option)
        del argv[0]
        # TODO: break on --
    if verbose:
        import pprint
        import os
        print('gevent.monkey.patch_all(%s)' % ', '.join('%s=%s' % item for item in args.items()))
        print('sys.version=%s' % (sys.version.strip().replace('\n', ' '), ))
        print('sys.path=%s' % pprint.pformat(sys.path))
        print('sys.modules=%s' % pprint.pformat(sorted(sys.modules.keys())))
        print('cwd=%s' % os.getcwd())

    patch_all(**args)
    if argv:
        sys.argv = argv
        import runpy
        # Use runpy.run_path to closely (exactly) match what the
        # interpreter does given 'python <path>'. This includes allowing
        # passing .pyc/.pyo files and packages with a __main__ and
        # potentially even zip files. Previously we used exec, which only
        # worked if we directly read a python source file.
        runpy.run_path(sys.argv[0],
                       run_name='__main__')
    else:
        print(script_help)


def _get_script_help():
    # pylint:disable=deprecated-method
    import inspect
    try:
        getter = inspect.getfullargspec # deprecated in 3.5, un-deprecated in 3.6
    except AttributeError:
        getter = inspect.getargspec
    patch_all_args = getter(patch_all)[0]
    modules = [x for x in patch_all_args if 'patch_' + x in globals()]
    script_help = """gevent.monkey - monkey patch the standard modules to use gevent.

USAGE: ``python -m gevent.monkey [MONKEY OPTIONS] script [SCRIPT OPTIONS]``

If no OPTIONS present, monkey patches all the modules it can patch.
You can exclude a module with --no-module, e.g. --no-thread. You can
specify a module to patch with --module, e.g. --socket. In the latter
case only the modules specified on the command line will be patched.

.. versionchanged:: 1.3b1
    The *script* argument can now be any argument that can be passed to `runpy.run_path`,
    just like the interpreter itself does, for example a package directory containing ``__main__.py``.
    Previously it had to be the path to
    a .py source file.

MONKEY OPTIONS: ``--verbose %s``""" % ', '.join('--[no-]%s' % m for m in modules)
    return script_help, patch_all_args, modules

main.__doc__ = _get_script_help()[0]

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()