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write.go
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// Copyright 2018 Google LLC All Rights Reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package remote
import (
"bytes"
"context"
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"net/http"
"net/url"
"strings"
"time"
"github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/internal/redact"
"github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/internal/retry"
"github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/logs"
"github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/name"
v1 "github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/v1"
"github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/v1/partial"
"github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/v1/remote/transport"
"github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/v1/types"
"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
)
// Taggable is an interface that enables a manifest PUT (e.g. for tagging).
type Taggable interface {
RawManifest() ([]byte, error)
}
// Write pushes the provided img to the specified image reference.
func Write(ref name.Reference, img v1.Image, options ...Option) error {
ls, err := img.Layers()
if err != nil {
return err
}
o, err := makeOptions(ref.Context(), options...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
scopes := scopesForUploadingImage(ref.Context(), ls)
tr, err := transport.NewWithContext(o.context, ref.Context().Registry, o.auth, o.transport, scopes)
if err != nil {
return err
}
w := writer{
repo: ref.Context(),
client: &http.Client{Transport: tr},
context: o.context,
}
// Upload individual layers in goroutines and collect any errors.
// If we can dedupe by the layer digest, try to do so. If we can't determine
// the digest for whatever reason, we can't dedupe and might re-upload.
var g errgroup.Group
uploaded := map[v1.Hash]bool{}
for _, l := range ls {
l := l
// Handle foreign layers.
mt, err := l.MediaType()
if err != nil {
return err
}
if !mt.IsDistributable() {
// TODO(jonjohnsonjr): Add "allow-nondistributable-artifacts" option.
continue
}
// Streaming layers calculate their digests while uploading them. Assume
// an error here indicates we need to upload the layer.
h, err := l.Digest()
if err == nil {
// If we can determine the layer's digest ahead of
// time, use it to dedupe uploads.
if uploaded[h] {
continue // Already uploading.
}
uploaded[h] = true
}
// TODO(#803): Pipe through remote.WithJobs and upload these in parallel.
g.Go(func() error {
return w.uploadOne(l)
})
}
if l, err := partial.ConfigLayer(img); err != nil {
// We can't read the ConfigLayer, possibly because of streaming layers,
// since the layer DiffIDs haven't been calculated yet. Attempt to wait
// for the other layers to be uploaded, then try the config again.
if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
return err
}
// Now that all the layers are uploaded, try to upload the config file blob.
l, err := partial.ConfigLayer(img)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := w.uploadOne(l); err != nil {
return err
}
} else {
// We *can* read the ConfigLayer, so upload it concurrently with the layers.
g.Go(func() error {
return w.uploadOne(l)
})
// Wait for the layers + config.
if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
return err
}
}
// With all of the constituent elements uploaded, upload the manifest
// to commit the image.
return w.commitManifest(img, ref)
}
// writer writes the elements of an image to a remote image reference.
type writer struct {
repo name.Repository
client *http.Client
context context.Context
}
// url returns a url.Url for the specified path in the context of this remote image reference.
func (w *writer) url(path string) url.URL {
return url.URL{
Scheme: w.repo.Registry.Scheme(),
Host: w.repo.RegistryStr(),
Path: path,
}
}
// nextLocation extracts the fully-qualified URL to which we should send the next request in an upload sequence.
func (w *writer) nextLocation(resp *http.Response) (string, error) {
loc := resp.Header.Get("Location")
if len(loc) == 0 {
return "", errors.New("missing Location header")
}
u, err := url.Parse(loc)
if err != nil {
return "", err
}
// If the location header returned is just a url path, then fully qualify it.
// We cannot simply call w.url, since there might be an embedded query string.
return resp.Request.URL.ResolveReference(u).String(), nil
}
// checkExistingBlob checks if a blob exists already in the repository by making a
// HEAD request to the blob store API. GCR performs an existence check on the
// initiation if "mount" is specified, even if no "from" sources are specified.
// However, this is not broadly applicable to all registries, e.g. ECR.
func (w *writer) checkExistingBlob(h v1.Hash) (bool, error) {
u := w.url(fmt.Sprintf("/v2/%s/blobs/%s", w.repo.RepositoryStr(), h.String()))
req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodHead, u.String(), nil)
if err != nil {
return false, err
}
resp, err := w.client.Do(req.WithContext(w.context))
if err != nil {
return false, err
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
if err := transport.CheckError(resp, http.StatusOK, http.StatusNotFound); err != nil {
return false, err
}
return resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK, nil
}
// checkExistingManifest checks if a manifest exists already in the repository
// by making a HEAD request to the manifest API.
func (w *writer) checkExistingManifest(h v1.Hash, mt types.MediaType) (bool, error) {
u := w.url(fmt.Sprintf("/v2/%s/manifests/%s", w.repo.RepositoryStr(), h.String()))
req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodHead, u.String(), nil)
if err != nil {
return false, err
}
req.Header.Set("Accept", string(mt))
resp, err := w.client.Do(req.WithContext(w.context))
if err != nil {
return false, err
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
if err := transport.CheckError(resp, http.StatusOK, http.StatusNotFound); err != nil {
return false, err
}
return resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK, nil
}
// initiateUpload initiates the blob upload, which starts with a POST that can
// optionally include the hash of the layer and a list of repositories from
// which that layer might be read. On failure, an error is returned.
// On success, the layer was either mounted (nothing more to do) or a blob
// upload was initiated and the body of that blob should be sent to the returned
// location.
func (w *writer) initiateUpload(from, mount string) (location string, mounted bool, err error) {
u := w.url(fmt.Sprintf("/v2/%s/blobs/uploads/", w.repo.RepositoryStr()))
uv := url.Values{}
if mount != "" && from != "" {
// Quay will fail if we specify a "mount" without a "from".
uv["mount"] = []string{mount}
uv["from"] = []string{from}
}
u.RawQuery = uv.Encode()
// Make the request to initiate the blob upload.
req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, u.String(), nil)
if err != nil {
return "", false, err
}
req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
resp, err := w.client.Do(req.WithContext(w.context))
if err != nil {
return "", false, err
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
if err := transport.CheckError(resp, http.StatusCreated, http.StatusAccepted); err != nil {
return "", false, err
}
// Check the response code to determine the result.
switch resp.StatusCode {
case http.StatusCreated:
// We're done, we were able to fast-path.
return "", true, nil
case http.StatusAccepted:
// Proceed to PATCH, upload has begun.
loc, err := w.nextLocation(resp)
return loc, false, err
default:
panic("Unreachable: initiateUpload")
}
}
// streamBlob streams the contents of the blob to the specified location.
// On failure, this will return an error. On success, this will return the location
// header indicating how to commit the streamed blob.
func (w *writer) streamBlob(ctx context.Context, blob io.ReadCloser, streamLocation string) (commitLocation string, err error) {
req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPatch, streamLocation, blob)
if err != nil {
return "", err
}
resp, err := w.client.Do(req.WithContext(ctx))
if err != nil {
return "", err
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
if err := transport.CheckError(resp, http.StatusNoContent, http.StatusAccepted, http.StatusCreated); err != nil {
return "", err
}
// The blob has been uploaded, return the location header indicating
// how to commit this layer.
return w.nextLocation(resp)
}
// commitBlob commits this blob by sending a PUT to the location returned from
// streaming the blob.
func (w *writer) commitBlob(location, digest string) error {
u, err := url.Parse(location)
if err != nil {
return err
}
v := u.Query()
v.Set("digest", digest)
u.RawQuery = v.Encode()
req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPut, u.String(), nil)
if err != nil {
return err
}
resp, err := w.client.Do(req.WithContext(w.context))
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
return transport.CheckError(resp, http.StatusCreated)
}
// uploadOne performs a complete upload of a single layer.
func (w *writer) uploadOne(l v1.Layer) error {
var from, mount string
if h, err := l.Digest(); err == nil {
// If we know the digest, this isn't a streaming layer. Do an existence
// check so we can skip uploading the layer if possible.
existing, err := w.checkExistingBlob(h)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if existing {
logs.Progress.Printf("existing blob: %v", h)
return nil
}
mount = h.String()
}
if ml, ok := l.(*MountableLayer); ok {
if w.repo.RegistryStr() == ml.Reference.Context().RegistryStr() {
from = ml.Reference.Context().RepositoryStr()
}
}
ctx := w.context
tryUpload := func() error {
location, mounted, err := w.initiateUpload(from, mount)
if err != nil {
return err
} else if mounted {
h, err := l.Digest()
if err != nil {
return err
}
logs.Progress.Printf("mounted blob: %s", h.String())
return nil
}
// Only log layers with +json or +yaml. We can let through other stuff if it becomes popular.
// TODO(opencontainers/image-spec#791): Would be great to have an actual parser.
mt, err := l.MediaType()
if err != nil {
return err
}
smt := string(mt)
if !(strings.HasSuffix(smt, "+json") || strings.HasSuffix(smt, "+yaml")) {
ctx = redact.NewContext(ctx, "omitting binary blobs from logs")
}
blob, err := l.Compressed()
if err != nil {
return err
}
location, err = w.streamBlob(ctx, blob, location)
if err != nil {
return err
}
h, err := l.Digest()
if err != nil {
return err
}
digest := h.String()
if err := w.commitBlob(location, digest); err != nil {
return err
}
logs.Progress.Printf("pushed blob: %s", digest)
return nil
}
// Try this three times, waiting 1s after first failure, 3s after second.
backoff := retry.Backoff{
Duration: 1.0 * time.Second,
Factor: 3.0,
Jitter: 0.1,
Steps: 3,
}
return retry.Retry(tryUpload, retry.IsTemporary, backoff)
}
func (w *writer) writeIndex(ref name.Reference, ii v1.ImageIndex, options ...Option) error {
index, err := ii.IndexManifest()
if err != nil {
return err
}
// TODO(#803): Pipe through remote.WithJobs and upload these in parallel.
for _, desc := range index.Manifests {
ref := ref.Context().Digest(desc.Digest.String())
exists, err := w.checkExistingManifest(desc.Digest, desc.MediaType)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if exists {
logs.Progress.Print("existing manifest: ", desc.Digest)
continue
}
switch desc.MediaType {
case types.OCIImageIndex, types.DockerManifestList:
ii, err := ii.ImageIndex(desc.Digest)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := w.writeIndex(ref, ii); err != nil {
return err
}
case types.OCIManifestSchema1, types.DockerManifestSchema2:
img, err := ii.Image(desc.Digest)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// TODO: Ideally we could reuse this writer, but we need to know
// scopes before we do the token exchange. To be lazy here, just
// re-do the token exchange. MultiWrite fixes this.
if err := Write(ref, img, options...); err != nil {
return err
}
}
}
// With all of the constituent elements uploaded, upload the manifest
// to commit the image.
return w.commitManifest(ii, ref)
}
type withMediaType interface {
MediaType() (types.MediaType, error)
}
// This is really silly, but go interfaces don't let me satisfy remote.Taggable
// with remote.Descriptor because of name collisions between method names and
// struct fields.
//
// Use reflection to either pull the v1.Descriptor out of remote.Descriptor or
// create a descriptor based on the RawManifest and (optionally) MediaType.
func unpackTaggable(t Taggable) ([]byte, *v1.Descriptor, error) {
if d, ok := t.(*Descriptor); ok {
return d.Manifest, &d.Descriptor, nil
}
b, err := t.RawManifest()
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, err
}
// A reasonable default if Taggable doesn't implement MediaType.
mt := types.DockerManifestSchema2
if wmt, ok := t.(withMediaType); ok {
m, err := wmt.MediaType()
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, err
}
mt = m
}
h, sz, err := v1.SHA256(bytes.NewReader(b))
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, err
}
return b, &v1.Descriptor{
MediaType: mt,
Size: sz,
Digest: h,
}, nil
}
// commitManifest does a PUT of the image's manifest.
func (w *writer) commitManifest(t Taggable, ref name.Reference) error {
raw, desc, err := unpackTaggable(t)
if err != nil {
return err
}
u := w.url(fmt.Sprintf("/v2/%s/manifests/%s", w.repo.RepositoryStr(), ref.Identifier()))
// Make the request to PUT the serialized manifest
req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPut, u.String(), bytes.NewBuffer(raw))
if err != nil {
return err
}
req.Header.Set("Content-Type", string(desc.MediaType))
resp, err := w.client.Do(req.WithContext(w.context))
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
if err := transport.CheckError(resp, http.StatusOK, http.StatusCreated, http.StatusAccepted); err != nil {
return err
}
// The image was successfully pushed!
logs.Progress.Printf("%v: digest: %v size: %d", ref, desc.Digest, desc.Size)
return nil
}
func scopesForUploadingImage(repo name.Repository, layers []v1.Layer) []string {
// use a map as set to remove duplicates scope strings
scopeSet := map[string]struct{}{}
for _, l := range layers {
if ml, ok := l.(*MountableLayer); ok {
// we will add push scope for ref.Context() after the loop.
// for now we ask pull scope for references of the same registry
if ml.Reference.Context().String() != repo.String() && ml.Reference.Context().Registry.String() == repo.Registry.String() {
scopeSet[ml.Reference.Scope(transport.PullScope)] = struct{}{}
}
}
}
scopes := make([]string, 0)
// Push scope should be the first element because a few registries just look at the first scope to determine access.
scopes = append(scopes, repo.Scope(transport.PushScope))
for scope := range scopeSet {
scopes = append(scopes, scope)
}
return scopes
}
// WriteIndex pushes the provided ImageIndex to the specified image reference.
// WriteIndex will attempt to push all of the referenced manifests before
// attempting to push the ImageIndex, to retain referential integrity.
func WriteIndex(ref name.Reference, ii v1.ImageIndex, options ...Option) error {
o, err := makeOptions(ref.Context(), options...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
scopes := []string{ref.Scope(transport.PushScope)}
tr, err := transport.NewWithContext(o.context, ref.Context().Registry, o.auth, o.transport, scopes)
if err != nil {
return err
}
w := writer{
repo: ref.Context(),
client: &http.Client{Transport: tr},
context: o.context,
}
return w.writeIndex(ref, ii, options...)
}
// WriteLayer uploads the provided Layer to the specified repo.
func WriteLayer(repo name.Repository, layer v1.Layer, options ...Option) error {
o, err := makeOptions(repo, options...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
scopes := scopesForUploadingImage(repo, []v1.Layer{layer})
tr, err := transport.NewWithContext(o.context, repo.Registry, o.auth, o.transport, scopes)
if err != nil {
return err
}
w := writer{
repo: repo,
client: &http.Client{Transport: tr},
context: o.context,
}
return w.uploadOne(layer)
}
// Tag adds a tag to the given Taggable via PUT /v2/.../manifests/<tag>
//
// Notable implementations of Taggable are v1.Image, v1.ImageIndex, and
// remote.Descriptor.
//
// If t implements MediaType, we will use that for the Content-Type, otherwise
// we will default to types.DockerManifestSchema2.
//
// Tag does not attempt to write anything other than the manifest, so callers
// should ensure that all blobs or manifests that are referenced by t exist
// in the target registry.
func Tag(tag name.Tag, t Taggable, options ...Option) error {
o, err := makeOptions(tag.Context(), options...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
scopes := []string{tag.Scope(transport.PushScope)}
// TODO: This *always* does a token exchange. For some registries,
// that's pretty slow. Some ideas;
// * Tag could take a list of tags.
// * Allow callers to pass in a transport.Transport, typecheck
// it to allow them to reuse the transport across multiple calls.
// * WithTag option to do multiple manifest PUTs in commitManifest.
tr, err := transport.NewWithContext(o.context, tag.Context().Registry, o.auth, o.transport, scopes)
if err != nil {
return err
}
w := writer{
repo: tag.Context(),
client: &http.Client{Transport: tr},
context: o.context,
}
return w.commitManifest(t, tag)
}