mount.go

// Copyright 2019 The gVisor Authors.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package vfs

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"sort"
	"strings"

	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/abi/linux"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/atomicbitops"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/cleanup"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/context"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/errors/linuxerr"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/refs"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/auth"
)

// MountMax is the maximum number of mounts allowed. In Linux this can be
// configured by the user at /proc/sys/fs/mount-max, but the default is
// 100,000. We set the gVisor limit to 10,000.
const (
	MountMax     = 10000
	nsfsName     = "nsfs"
	cgroupFsName = "cgroup"
)

// A Mount is a replacement of a Dentry (Mount.key.point) from one Filesystem
// (Mount.key.parent.fs) with a Dentry (Mount.root) from another Filesystem
// (Mount.fs), which applies to path resolution in the context of a particular
// Mount (Mount.key.parent).
//
// Mounts are reference-counted. Unless otherwise specified, all Mount methods
// require that a reference is held.
//
// Mount and Filesystem are distinct types because it's possible for a single
// Filesystem to be mounted at multiple locations and/or in multiple mount
// namespaces.
//
// Mount is analogous to Linux's struct mount. (gVisor does not distinguish
// between struct mount and struct vfsmount.)
//
// +stateify savable
type Mount struct {
	// vfs, fs, root are immutable. References are held on fs and root.
	// Note that for a disconnected mount, root may be nil.
	//
	// Invariant: if not nil, root belongs to fs.
	vfs  *VirtualFilesystem
	fs   *Filesystem
	root *Dentry

	// ID is the immutable mount ID.
	ID uint64

	// Flags contains settings as specified for mount(2), e.g. MS_NOEXEC, except
	// for MS_RDONLY which is tracked in "writers". flags is protected by
	// VirtualFilesystem.mountMu.
	flags MountFlags

	// key is protected by VirtualFilesystem.mountMu and
	// VirtualFilesystem.mounts.seq, and may be nil. References are held on
	// key.parent and key.point if they are not nil.
	//
	// Invariant: key.parent != nil iff key.point != nil. key.point belongs to
	// key.parent.fs.
	key mountKey `state:".(VirtualDentry)"`

	// ns is the namespace in which this Mount was mounted. ns is protected by
	// VirtualFilesystem.mountMu.
	ns *MountNamespace

	// The lower 63 bits of refs are a reference count. The MSB of refs is set
	// if the Mount has been eagerly umounted, as by umount(2) without the
	// MNT_DETACH flag. refs is accessed using atomic memory operations.
	refs atomicbitops.Int64

	// children is the set of all Mounts for which Mount.key.parent is this
	// Mount. children is protected by VirtualFilesystem.mountMu.
	children map[*Mount]struct{}

	// isShared indicates this mount has the MS_SHARED propagation type.
	isShared bool

	// sharedEntry is an entry in a circular list (ring) of mounts in a shared
	// peer group.
	sharedEntry mountEntry

	// followerList is a list of mounts which has this mount as its leader.
	followerList followerList

	// followerEntry is an entry in a followerList.
	followerEntry

	// leader is the mount that this mount receives propagation events from.
	leader *Mount

	// groupID is the ID for this mount's shared peer group. If the mount is not
	// in a peer group, this is 0.
	groupID uint32

	// umounted is true if VFS.umountRecursiveLocked() has been called on this
	// Mount. VirtualFilesystem does not hold a reference on Mounts for which
	// umounted is true. umounted is protected by VirtualFilesystem.mountMu.
	umounted bool

	// locked is true if the mount cannot be unmounted in the current mount
	// namespace. It is analogous to MNT_LOCKED in Linux.
	locked bool

	// The lower 63 bits of writers is the number of calls to
	// Mount.CheckBeginWrite() that have not yet been paired with a call to
	// Mount.EndWrite(). The MSB of writers is set if MS_RDONLY is in effect.
	// writers is accessed using atomic memory operations.
	writers atomicbitops.Int64
}

func newMount(vfs *VirtualFilesystem, fs *Filesystem, root *Dentry, mntns *MountNamespace, opts *MountOptions) *Mount {
	mnt := &Mount{
		ID:       vfs.lastMountID.Add(1),
		flags:    opts.Flags,
		vfs:      vfs,
		fs:       fs,
		root:     root,
		ns:       mntns,
		locked:   opts.Locked,
		isShared: false,
		refs:     atomicbitops.FromInt64(1),
	}
	if opts.ReadOnly {
		mnt.setReadOnlyLocked(true)
	}
	mnt.sharedEntry.Init(mnt)
	refs.Register(mnt)
	return mnt
}

// Options returns a copy of the MountOptions currently applicable to mnt.
func (mnt *Mount) Options() MountOptions {
	mnt.vfs.lockMounts()
	defer mnt.vfs.unlockMounts(context.Background())
	return MountOptions{
		Flags:    mnt.flags,
		ReadOnly: mnt.ReadOnlyLocked(),
	}
}

// setMountOptions sets mnt's options to the given opts.
//
// Preconditions:
//   - vfs.mountMu must be locked.
func (mnt *Mount) setMountOptions(opts *MountOptions) error {
	if opts == nil {
		return linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	if err := mnt.setReadOnlyLocked(opts.ReadOnly); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	mnt.flags = opts.Flags
	return nil
}

// MountFlags returns a bit mask that indicates mount options.
func (mnt *Mount) MountFlags() uint64 {
	mnt.vfs.lockMounts()
	defer mnt.vfs.unlockMounts(context.Background())
	var flags uint64
	if mnt.flags.NoExec {
		flags |= linux.ST_NOEXEC
	}
	if mnt.flags.NoATime {
		flags |= linux.ST_NOATIME
	}
	if mnt.flags.NoDev {
		flags |= linux.ST_NODEV
	}
	if mnt.flags.NoSUID {
		flags |= linux.ST_NOSUID
	}
	if mnt.ReadOnlyLocked() {
		flags |= linux.ST_RDONLY
	}
	return flags
}

func (mnt *Mount) isFollower() bool {
	return mnt.leader != nil
}

func (mnt *Mount) neverConnected() bool {
	return mnt.ns == nil
}

// coveringMount returns a mount that completely covers mnt if it exists and nil
// otherwise. A mount that covers another is one that is the only child of its
// parent and whose mountpoint is its parent's root.
func (mnt *Mount) coveringMount() *Mount {
	if len(mnt.children) != 1 {
		return nil
	}
	// Get the child from the children map.
	var child *Mount
	for child = range mnt.children {
		break
	}
	if child.point() != mnt.root {
		return nil
	}
	return child
}

// validInMountNS checks if the mount is valid in the current mount namespace. This includes
// checking if has previously been unmounted. It is analogous to fs/namespace.c:check_mnt() in
// Linux.
//
// +checklocks:vfs.mountMu
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) validInMountNS(ctx context.Context, mnt *Mount) bool {
	if mntns := MountNamespaceFromContext(ctx); mntns != nil {
		vfs.delayDecRef(mntns)
		return mnt.ns == mntns && !mnt.umounted
	}
	return false
}

// NewFilesystem creates a new filesystem object not yet associated with any
// mounts. It can be installed into the filesystem tree with ConnectMountAt.
// Note that only the filesystem-specific mount options from opts are used by
// this function, mount flags are ignored. To set mount flags, pass them to a
// corresponding ConnectMountAt.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) NewFilesystem(ctx context.Context, creds *auth.Credentials, source, fsTypeName string, opts *MountOptions) (*Filesystem, *Dentry, error) {
	rft := vfs.getFilesystemType(fsTypeName)
	if rft == nil {
		return nil, nil, linuxerr.ENODEV
	}
	if !opts.GetFilesystemOptions.InternalMount && !rft.opts.AllowUserMount {
		return nil, nil, linuxerr.ENODEV
	}
	return rft.fsType.GetFilesystem(ctx, vfs, creds, source, opts.GetFilesystemOptions)
}

// NewDisconnectedMount returns a Mount representing fs with the given root
// (which may be nil). The new Mount is not associated with any MountNamespace
// and is not connected to any other Mounts. References are taken on fs and
// root.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) NewDisconnectedMount(fs *Filesystem, root *Dentry, opts *MountOptions) *Mount {
	fs.IncRef()
	if root != nil {
		root.IncRef()
	}
	return newMount(vfs, fs, root, nil /* mntns */, opts)
}

// MountDisconnected creates a Filesystem configured by the given arguments,
// then returns a Mount representing it. The new Mount is not associated with
// any MountNamespace and is not connected to any other Mounts.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) MountDisconnected(ctx context.Context, creds *auth.Credentials, source string, fsTypeName string, opts *MountOptions) (*Mount, error) {
	fs, root, err := vfs.NewFilesystem(ctx, creds, source, fsTypeName, opts)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return newMount(vfs, fs, root, nil /* mntns */, opts), nil
}

// attachTreeLocked attaches the mount tree at mnt to mp and propagates the mount to mp.mount's
// peers and followers. This method consumes the reference on mp. It is analogous to
// fs/namespace.c:attach_recursive_mnt() in Linux. The mount point mp must have its dentry locked
// before calling attachTreeLocked.
//
// +checklocks:vfs.mountMu
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) attachTreeLocked(ctx context.Context, mnt *Mount, mp VirtualDentry) error {
	cleanup := cleanup.Make(func() {
		vfs.cleanupGroupIDs(mnt.submountsLocked()) // +checklocksforce
		mp.dentry.mu.Unlock()
		vfs.delayDecRef(mp)
	})
	defer cleanup.Clean()
	// This is equivalent to checking for SB_NOUSER in Linux, which is set on all
	// anon mounts and sentry-internal filesystems like pipefs.
	if mp.mount.neverConnected() {
		return linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	defer func() { mp.mount.ns.pending = 0 }()
	if err := mp.mount.ns.checkMountCount(ctx, mnt); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	var (
		propMnts map[*Mount]struct{}
		err      error
	)
	if mp.mount.isShared {
		if err := vfs.allocMountGroupIDs(mnt, true); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		propMnts, err = vfs.doPropagation(ctx, mnt, mp)
		if err != nil {
			for pmnt := range propMnts {
				if !pmnt.parent().neverConnected() {
					pmnt.parent().ns.pending -= pmnt.countSubmountsLocked()
				}
				vfs.abortUncommitedMount(ctx, pmnt)
			}
			return err
		}
	}
	cleanup.Release()

	if mp.mount.isShared {
		for _, m := range mnt.submountsLocked() {
			m.isShared = true
		}
	}
	vfs.mounts.seq.BeginWrite()
	vfs.connectLocked(mnt, mp, mp.mount.ns)
	vfs.mounts.seq.EndWrite()
	mp.dentry.mu.Unlock()
	vfs.commitChildren(ctx, mnt)

	var owner *auth.UserNamespace
	if mntns := MountNamespaceFromContext(ctx); mntns != nil {
		owner = mntns.Owner
		mntns.DecRef(ctx)
	}
	for pmnt := range propMnts {
		vfs.commitMount(ctx, pmnt)
		if pmnt.parent().ns.Owner != owner {
			vfs.lockMountTree(pmnt)
		}
		pmnt.locked = false
	}
	return nil
}

// +checklocks:vfs.mountMu
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) lockMountTree(mnt *Mount) {
	for _, m := range mnt.submountsLocked() {
		// TODO(b/315839347): Add equivalents for MNT_LOCK_ATIME,
		// MNT_LOCK_READONLY, etc.
		m.locked = true
	}
}

// +checklocks:vfs.mountMu
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) mountHasLockedChildren(mnt *Mount, vd VirtualDentry) bool {
	for child := range mnt.children {
		mp := child.getKey()
		if !mp.mount.fs.Impl().IsDescendant(vd, mp) {
			continue
		}
		if child.locked {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

// ConnectMountAt connects mnt at the path represented by target.
//
// Preconditions: mnt must be disconnected.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) ConnectMountAt(ctx context.Context, creds *auth.Credentials, mnt *Mount, target *PathOperation) error {
	// We can't hold vfs.mountMu while calling FilesystemImpl methods due to
	// lock ordering.
	vd, err := vfs.GetDentryAt(ctx, creds, target, &GetDentryOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	vfs.lockMounts()
	defer vfs.unlockMounts(ctx)
	mp, err := vfs.lockMountpoint(vd)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if mp.mount.neverConnected() || mp.mount.umounted {
		mp.dentry.mu.Unlock()
		vfs.delayDecRef(mp)
		return linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	return vfs.attachTreeLocked(ctx, mnt, mp)
}

// lockMountpoint returns VirtualDentry with a locked Dentry. If vd is a
// mountpoint, the method returns a VirtualDentry with a locked Dentry that is
// the top most mount stacked on that Dentry. This method consumes a reference
// on vd and returns a VirtualDentry with an extra reference. It is analogous to
// fs/namespace.c:do_lock_mount() in Linux.
//
// +checklocks:vfs.mountMu
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) lockMountpoint(vd VirtualDentry) (VirtualDentry, error) {
	vd.dentry.mu.Lock()
	for {
		if vd.mount.umounted || vd.dentry.dead {
			vd.dentry.mu.Unlock()
			vfs.delayDecRef(vd)
			return VirtualDentry{}, linuxerr.ENOENT
		}
		// vd might have been mounted over between vfs.GetDentryAt() and
		// vfs.mountMu.Lock().
		if !vd.dentry.isMounted() {
			break
		}
		nextmnt := vfs.mounts.Lookup(vd.mount, vd.dentry)
		if nextmnt == nil {
			break
		}
		// It's possible that nextmnt has been umounted but not disconnected,
		// in which case vfs no longer holds a reference on it, and the last
		// reference may be concurrently dropped even though we're holding
		// vfs.mountMu.
		if !nextmnt.tryIncMountedRef() {
			break
		}
		// This can't fail since we're holding vfs.mountMu.
		nextmnt.root.IncRef()
		vd.dentry.mu.Unlock()
		vfs.delayDecRef(vd)
		vd = VirtualDentry{
			mount:  nextmnt,
			dentry: nextmnt.root,
		}
		vd.dentry.mu.Lock()
	}
	return vd, nil
}

// CloneMountAt returns a new mount with the same fs, specified root and
// mount options.  If mount options are nil, mnt's options are copied. The clone
// is added to mnt's peer group if mnt is shared. If not the clone is in a
// shared peer group by itself.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) CloneMountAt(mnt *Mount, root *Dentry, mopts *MountOptions) (*Mount, error) {
	vfs.lockMounts()
	defer vfs.unlockMounts(context.Background())
	return vfs.cloneMount(mnt, root, mopts, makeSharedClone)
}

// cloneMount returns a new mount with mnt.fs as the filesystem and root as the
// root, with a propagation type specified by cloneType. The returned mount has
// an extra reference. If mopts is nil, use the options found in mnt.
// This method is analogous to fs/namespace.c:clone_mnt() in Linux.
//
// +checklocks:vfs.mountMu
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) cloneMount(mnt *Mount, root *Dentry, mopts *MountOptions, cloneType int) (*Mount, error) {
	opts := mopts
	if opts == nil {
		opts = &MountOptions{
			Flags:    mnt.flags,
			ReadOnly: mnt.ReadOnlyLocked(),
		}
	}
	clone := vfs.NewDisconnectedMount(mnt.fs, root, opts)
	if cloneType&(makeFollowerClone|makePrivateClone|sharedToFollowerClone) != 0 {
		clone.groupID = 0
	} else {
		clone.groupID = mnt.groupID
	}
	if cloneType&makeSharedClone != 0 && clone.groupID == 0 {
		if err := vfs.allocateGroupID(clone); err != nil {
			vfs.delayDecRef(clone)
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	clone.isShared = mnt.isShared
	clone.locked = mnt.locked
	if cloneType&makeFollowerClone != 0 || (cloneType&sharedToFollowerClone != 0 && mnt.isShared) {
		mnt.followerList.PushFront(clone)
		clone.leader = mnt
		clone.isShared = false
	} else if cloneType&makePrivateClone == 0 {
		if cloneType&makeSharedClone != 0 || mnt.isShared {
			mnt.sharedEntry.Add(&clone.sharedEntry)
		}
		if mnt.isFollower() {
			mnt.leader.followerList.InsertAfter(mnt, clone)
		}
		clone.leader = mnt.leader
	} else {
		clone.isShared = false
	}
	if cloneType&makeSharedClone != 0 {
		clone.isShared = true
	}
	return clone, nil
}

type cloneTreeNode struct {
	prevMount   *Mount
	parentMount *Mount
}

// cloneMountTree creates a copy of mnt's tree with the specified root
// dentry at root. The new descendants are added to mnt's children list but are
// not connected with call to connectLocked.
// `cloneFunc` is a callback that is executed for each cloned mount.
// This method is analogous to fs/namespace.c:copy_tree() in Linux.
//
// +checklocks:vfs.mountMu
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) cloneMountTree(ctx context.Context, mnt *Mount, root *Dentry, cloneType int, cloneFunc func(ctx context.Context, oldmnt, newMnt *Mount)) (*Mount, error) {
	clone, err := vfs.cloneMount(mnt, root, nil, cloneType)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if cloneFunc != nil {
		cloneFunc(ctx, mnt, clone)
	}
	queue := []cloneTreeNode{{mnt, clone}}
	for len(queue) != 0 {
		p := queue[len(queue)-1]
		queue = queue[:len(queue)-1]
		for c := range p.prevMount.children {
			if mp := c.getKey(); p.prevMount == mnt && !mp.mount.fs.Impl().IsDescendant(VirtualDentry{mnt, root}, mp) {
				continue
			}
			m, err := vfs.cloneMount(c, c.root, nil, cloneType)
			if err != nil {
				vfs.abortUncommitedMount(ctx, clone)
				return nil, err
			}
			mp := VirtualDentry{
				mount:  p.parentMount,
				dentry: c.point(),
			}
			mp.IncRef()
			m.setKey(mp)
			if p.parentMount.children == nil {
				p.parentMount.children = make(map[*Mount]struct{})
			}
			p.parentMount.children[m] = struct{}{}
			if len(c.children) != 0 {
				queue = append(queue, cloneTreeNode{c, m})
			}
			if cloneFunc != nil {
				cloneFunc(ctx, c, m)
			}
		}
	}
	return clone, nil
}

// BindAt creates a clone of the source path's parent mount and mounts it at
// the target path. The new mount's root dentry is one pointed to by the source
// path.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) BindAt(ctx context.Context, creds *auth.Credentials, source, target *PathOperation, recursive bool) error {
	sourceVd, err := vfs.GetDentryAt(ctx, creds, source, &GetDentryOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer sourceVd.DecRef(ctx)
	targetVd, err := vfs.GetDentryAt(ctx, creds, target, &GetDentryOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	vfs.lockMounts()
	defer vfs.unlockMounts(ctx)
	mp, err := vfs.lockMountpoint(targetVd)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	cleanup := cleanup.Make(func() {
		mp.dentry.mu.Unlock()
		vfs.delayDecRef(mp) // +checklocksforce
	})
	defer cleanup.Clean()
	// Namespace mounts can be binded to other mount points.
	fsName := sourceVd.mount.Filesystem().FilesystemType().Name()
	if !vfs.validInMountNS(ctx, sourceVd.mount) && fsName != nsfsName && fsName != cgroupFsName {
		return linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	if !vfs.validInMountNS(ctx, mp.mount) {
		return linuxerr.EINVAL
	}

	var clone *Mount
	if recursive {
		clone, err = vfs.cloneMountTree(ctx, sourceVd.mount, sourceVd.dentry, 0, nil)
	} else {
		if vfs.mountHasLockedChildren(sourceVd.mount, sourceVd) {
			return linuxerr.EINVAL
		}
		clone, err = vfs.cloneMount(sourceVd.mount, sourceVd.dentry, nil, 0)
	}
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	cleanup.Release()

	vfs.delayDecRef(clone)
	clone.locked = false
	if err := vfs.attachTreeLocked(ctx, clone, mp); err != nil {
		vfs.abortUncomittedChildren(ctx, clone)
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// RemountAt changes the mountflags and data of an existing mount without having to unmount and remount the filesystem.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) RemountAt(ctx context.Context, creds *auth.Credentials, pop *PathOperation, opts *MountOptions) error {
	vd, err := vfs.getMountpoint(ctx, creds, pop)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer vd.DecRef(ctx)
	vfs.lockMounts()
	defer vfs.unlockMounts(ctx)
	mnt := vd.Mount()
	if !vfs.validInMountNS(ctx, mnt) {
		return linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	return mnt.setMountOptions(opts)
}

// MountAt creates and mounts a Filesystem configured by the given arguments.
// The VirtualFilesystem will hold a reference to the Mount until it is
// unmounted.
//
// This method returns the mounted Mount without a reference, for convenience
// during VFS setup when there is no chance of racing with unmount.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) MountAt(ctx context.Context, creds *auth.Credentials, source string, target *PathOperation, fsTypeName string, opts *MountOptions) (*Mount, error) {
	mnt, err := vfs.MountDisconnected(ctx, creds, source, fsTypeName, opts)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	defer mnt.DecRef(ctx)
	if err := vfs.ConnectMountAt(ctx, creds, mnt, target); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return mnt, nil
}

// UmountAt removes the Mount at the given path.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) UmountAt(ctx context.Context, creds *auth.Credentials, pop *PathOperation, opts *UmountOptions) error {
	if opts.Flags&^(linux.MNT_FORCE|linux.MNT_DETACH) != 0 {
		return linuxerr.EINVAL
	}

	// MNT_FORCE is currently unimplemented except for the permission check.
	// Force unmounting specifically requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN in the root user
	// namespace, and not in the owner user namespace for the target mount. See
	// fs/namespace.c:SYSCALL_DEFINE2(umount, ...)
	if opts.Flags&linux.MNT_FORCE != 0 && creds.HasCapabilityIn(linux.CAP_SYS_ADMIN, creds.UserNamespace.Root()) {
		return linuxerr.EPERM
	}
	vd, err := vfs.getMountpoint(ctx, creds, pop)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer vd.DecRef(ctx)

	vfs.lockMounts()
	defer vfs.unlockMounts(ctx)
	if vd.mount.locked {
		return linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	if !vfs.validInMountNS(ctx, vd.mount) {
		return linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	if vd.mount == vd.mount.ns.root {
		return linuxerr.EINVAL
	}

	if opts.Flags&linux.MNT_DETACH == 0 && vfs.arePropMountsBusy(vd.mount) {
		return linuxerr.EBUSY
	}

	// TODO(gvisor.dev/issue/1035): Linux special-cases umount of the caller's
	// root, which we don't implement yet (we'll just fail it since the caller
	// holds a reference on it).
	vfs.umountTreeLocked(vd.mount, &umountRecursiveOptions{
		eager:               opts.Flags&linux.MNT_DETACH == 0,
		disconnectHierarchy: true,
		propagate:           true,
	})
	return nil
}

// mountHasExpectedRefs checks that mnt has the correct number of references
// before a umount. It is analogous to fs/pnode.c:do_refcount_check().
//
// +checklocks:vfs.mountMu
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) mountHasExpectedRefs(mnt *Mount) bool {
	expectedRefs := int64(1)
	if !mnt.umounted {
		expectedRefs++
	}
	if mnt.coveringMount() != nil {
		expectedRefs++
	}
	return mnt.refs.Load()&^math.MinInt64 == expectedRefs // mask out MSB
}

// +stateify savable
type umountRecursiveOptions struct {
	// If eager is true, ensure that future calls to Mount.tryIncMountedRef()
	// on umounted mounts fail.
	//
	// eager is analogous to Linux's UMOUNT_SYNC.
	eager bool

	// If disconnectHierarchy is true, Mounts that are umounted hierarchically
	// should be disconnected from their parents. (Mounts whose parents are not
	// umounted, which in most cases means the Mount passed to the initial call
	// to umountRecursiveLocked, are unconditionally disconnected for
	// consistency with Linux.)
	//
	// disconnectHierarchy is analogous to Linux's !UMOUNT_CONNECTED.
	disconnectHierarchy bool

	// If propagate is true, mounts located at the same point on the mount's
	// parent's peers and follows will also be umounted if they do not have any
	// children.
	//
	// propagate is analogous to Linux's UMOUNT_PROPAGATE.
	propagate bool
}

// shouldUmount returns if this mount should be disconnected from its parent.
// It is analogous to fs/namespace.c:disconnect_mount() in Linux.
//
// +checklocks:vfs.mountMu
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) shouldUmount(mnt *Mount, opts *umountRecursiveOptions) bool {
	// Always disconnect when it's not a lazy unmount.
	if opts.eager {
		return true
	}
	// If a mount does not have a parent, it won't be disconnected but will be
	// DecRef-ed.
	if mnt.parent() == nil {
		return true
	}
	// Always unmount if the parent is not marked as unmounted.
	if !mnt.parent().umounted {
		return true
	}
	// If the parent is marked as unmounted, we can only unmount is
	// UMOUNT_CONNECTED is false.
	if !opts.disconnectHierarchy {
		return false
	}
	if mnt.locked {
		return false
	}
	return true
}

// umountTreeLocked marks mnt and its descendants as umounted.
//
// umountTreeLocked is analogous to Linux's fs/namespace.c:umount_tree().
// +checklocks:vfs.mountMu
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) umountTreeLocked(mnt *Mount, opts *umountRecursiveOptions) {
	if opts.propagate {
		vfs.unlockPropagationMounts(mnt)
	}
	umountMnts := mnt.submountsLocked()
	for _, mnt := range umountMnts {
		vfs.umount(mnt)
	}
	if opts.propagate {
		umountMnts = append(umountMnts, vfs.propagateUmount(umountMnts)...)
	}

	vfs.mounts.seq.BeginWrite()
	for _, mnt := range umountMnts {
		if opts.eager {
			for {
				refs := mnt.refs.Load()
				if refs < 0 {
					break
				}
				if mnt.refs.CompareAndSwap(refs, refs|math.MinInt64) {
					break
				}
			}
		}
		if mnt.parent() != nil {
			vfs.delayDecRef(mnt.getKey())
			if vfs.shouldUmount(mnt, opts) {
				vfs.disconnectLocked(mnt)
			} else {
				// Restore mnt in it's parent children list with a reference, but leave
				// it marked as unmounted. These partly unmounted mounts are cleaned up
				// in vfs.forgetDeadMountpoints and Mount.destroy. We keep the extra
				// reference on the mount but remove a reference on the mount point so
				// that mount.Destroy is called when there are no other references on
				// the parent.
				mnt.IncRef()
				mnt.parent().children[mnt] = struct{}{}
			}
		}
		vfs.setPropagation(mnt, linux.MS_PRIVATE)
	}
	vfs.mounts.seq.EndWrite()
}

// +checklocks:vfs.mountMu
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) umount(mnt *Mount) {
	if !mnt.umounted {
		mnt.umounted = true
		vfs.delayDecRef(mnt)
	}
	if parent := mnt.parent(); parent != nil {
		delete(parent.children, mnt)
	}
}

// changeMountpoint disconnects mnt from its current mount point and connects
// it to mp. It must be called from a vfs.mounts.seq writer critical section.
//
// +checklocks:vfs.mountMu
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) changeMountpoint(mnt *Mount, mp VirtualDentry) {
	mp.dentry.mu.Lock()
	vfs.delayDecRef(vfs.disconnectLocked(mnt))
	vfs.delayDecRef(mnt)
	mp.IncRef()
	vfs.connectLocked(mnt, mp, mp.mount.ns)
	mp.dentry.mu.Unlock()
}

// connectLocked makes vd the mount parent/point for mnt. It consumes
// references held by vd.
//
// Preconditions:
//   - vfs.mountMu must be locked.
//   - vfs.mounts.seq must be in a writer critical section.
//   - d.mu must be locked.
//   - mnt.parent() == nil or mnt.parent().children doesn't contain mnt.
//     i.e. mnt must not already be connected.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) connectLocked(mnt *Mount, vd VirtualDentry, mntns *MountNamespace) {
	if checkInvariants {
		if mnt.parent() != nil && mnt.parent().children != nil {
			if _, ok := mnt.parent().children[mnt]; ok {
				panic("VFS.connectLocked called on connected mount")
			}
		}
	}
	mnt.IncRef() // dropped by vfs.umount().
	mnt.setKey(vd)
	if vd.mount.children == nil {
		vd.mount.children = make(map[*Mount]struct{})
	}
	vd.mount.children[mnt] = struct{}{}
	vd.dentry.mounts.Add(1)
	mnt.ns = mntns
	mntns.mountpoints[vd.dentry]++
	mntns.mounts++
	vfs.mounts.insertSeqed(mnt)
	vfsmpmounts, ok := vfs.mountpoints[vd.dentry]
	if !ok {
		vfsmpmounts = make(map[*Mount]struct{})
		vfs.mountpoints[vd.dentry] = vfsmpmounts
	}
	vfsmpmounts[mnt] = struct{}{}
	vfs.maybeResolveMountPromise(vd)
}

// disconnectLocked makes vd have no mount parent/point and returns its old
// mount parent/point with a reference held.
//
// Preconditions:
//   - vfs.mountMu must be locked.
//   - vfs.mounts.seq must be in a writer critical section.
//   - mnt.parent() != nil.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) disconnectLocked(mnt *Mount) VirtualDentry {
	vd := mnt.getKey()
	if checkInvariants {
		if vd.mount == nil {
			panic("VFS.disconnectLocked called on disconnected mount")
		}
		if mnt.ns.mountpoints[vd.dentry] == 0 {
			panic("VFS.disconnectLocked called on dentry with zero mountpoints.")
		}
		if mnt.ns.mounts == 0 {
			panic("VFS.disconnectLocked called on namespace with zero mounts.")
		}
	}
	delete(vd.mount.children, mnt)
	vd.dentry.mounts.Add(math.MaxUint32) // -1
	mnt.ns.mountpoints[vd.dentry]--
	mnt.ns.mounts--
	if mnt.ns.mountpoints[vd.dentry] == 0 {
		delete(mnt.ns.mountpoints, vd.dentry)
	}
	vfs.mounts.removeSeqed(mnt)
	mnt.setKey(VirtualDentry{}) // Clear mnt.key.
	vfsmpmounts := vfs.mountpoints[vd.dentry]
	delete(vfsmpmounts, mnt)
	if len(vfsmpmounts) == 0 {
		delete(vfs.mountpoints, vd.dentry)
	}
	return vd
}

// tryIncMountedRef increments mnt's reference count and returns true. If mnt's
// reference count is already zero, or has been eagerly umounted,
// tryIncMountedRef does nothing and returns false.
//
// tryIncMountedRef does not require that a reference is held on mnt.
func (mnt *Mount) tryIncMountedRef() bool {
	for {
		r := mnt.refs.Load()
		if r <= 0 { // r < 0 => MSB set => eagerly unmounted
			return false
		}
		if mnt.refs.CompareAndSwap(r, r+1) {
			if mnt.LogRefs() {
				refs.LogTryIncRef(mnt, r+1)
			}
			return true
		}
	}
}

// IncRef increments mnt's reference count.
func (mnt *Mount) IncRef() {
	// In general, negative values for mnt.refs are valid because the MSB is
	// the eager-unmount bit.
	r := mnt.refs.Add(1)
	if mnt.LogRefs() {
		refs.LogIncRef(mnt, r)
	}
}

// DecRef decrements mnt's reference count.
func (mnt *Mount) DecRef(ctx context.Context) {
	r := mnt.refs.Add(-1)
	if mnt.LogRefs() {
		refs.LogDecRef(mnt, r)
	}
	if r&^math.MinInt64 == 0 { // mask out MSB
		refs.Unregister(mnt)
		mnt.destroy(ctx)
	}
}

func (mnt *Mount) destroy(ctx context.Context) {
	mnt.vfs.lockMounts()
	defer mnt.vfs.unlockMounts(ctx)
	if mnt.parent() != nil {
		mnt.vfs.mounts.seq.BeginWrite()
		vd := mnt.vfs.disconnectLocked(mnt)
		if vd.Ok() {
			mnt.vfs.delayDecRef(vd)
		}
		mnt.vfs.mounts.seq.EndWrite()
	}

	// Cleanup any leftover children. The mount point has already been decref'd in
	// umount so we just need to clean up the actual mounts.
	if len(mnt.children) != 0 {
		mnt.vfs.mounts.seq.BeginWrite()
		for child := range mnt.children {
			if checkInvariants {
				if !child.umounted {
					panic("children of a mount that has no references should already be marked as unmounted.")
				}
			}
			mnt.vfs.disconnectLocked(child)
			mnt.vfs.delayDecRef(child)
		}
		mnt.vfs.mounts.seq.EndWrite()
	}

	if mnt.root != nil {
		mnt.vfs.delayDecRef(mnt.root)
	}
	mnt.vfs.delayDecRef(mnt.fs)
}

// RefType implements refs.CheckedObject.Type.
func (mnt *Mount) RefType() string {
	return "vfs.Mount"
}

// LeakMessage implements refs.CheckedObject.LeakMessage.
func (mnt *Mount) LeakMessage() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("[vfs.Mount %p] reference count of %d instead of 0", mnt, mnt.refs.Load())
}

// LogRefs implements refs.CheckedObject.LogRefs.
//
// This should only be set to true for debugging purposes, as it can generate an
// extremely large amount of output and drastically degrade performance.
func (mnt *Mount) LogRefs() bool {
	return false
}

// getMountAt returns the last Mount in the stack mounted at (mnt, d). It takes
// a reference on the returned Mount. If (mnt, d) is not a mount point,
// getMountAt returns nil.
//
// getMountAt is analogous to Linux's fs/namei.c:follow_mount().
//
// Preconditions: References are held on mnt and d.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) getMountAt(ctx context.Context, mnt *Mount, d *Dentry) *Mount {
	// The first mount is special-cased:
	//
	//	- The caller is assumed to have checked d.isMounted() already. (This
	//		isn't a precondition because it doesn't matter for correctness.)
	//
	//	- We return nil, instead of mnt, if there is no mount at (mnt, d).
	//
	//	- We don't drop the caller's references on mnt and d.
retryFirst:
	next := vfs.mounts.Lookup(mnt, d)
	if next == nil {
		return nil
	}
	if !next.tryIncMountedRef() {
		// Raced with umount.
		goto retryFirst
	}
	mnt = next
	d = next.root
	// We don't need to take Dentry refs anywhere in this function because
	// Mounts hold references on Mount.root, which is immutable.
	for d.isMounted() {
		next := vfs.mounts.Lookup(mnt, d)
		if next == nil {
			break
		}
		if !next.tryIncMountedRef() {
			// Raced with umount.
			continue
		}
		mnt.DecRef(ctx)
		mnt = next
		d = next.root
	}
	return mnt
}

// getMountpoint returns the top mount for the given path.
// If the path is not a mountpoint, it returns an error.
//
// The returned VirtualDentry has an extra reference.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) getMountpoint(ctx context.Context, creds *auth.Credentials, pop *PathOperation) (VirtualDentry, error) {
	vd, err := vfs.GetDentryAt(ctx, creds, pop, &GetDentryOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		return VirtualDentry{}, err
	}
	// Linux passes the LOOKUP_MOUNPOINT flag to user_path_at in ksys_umount to
	// resolve to the toppmost mount in the stack located at the specified path.
	// vfs.GetMountAt() imitates this behavior. See fs/namei.c:user_path_at(...)
	// and fs/namespace.c:ksys_umount(...).
	if vd.dentry.isMounted() {
		if mnt := vfs.getMountAt(ctx, vd.mount, vd.dentry); mnt != nil {
			vd.mount.DecRef(ctx)
			vd.mount = mnt
		}
	} else if vd.dentry != vd.mount.root {
		vd.DecRef(ctx)
		return VirtualDentry{}, linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	return vd, nil
}

// getMountpointAt returns the mount point for the stack of Mounts including
// mnt. It takes a reference on the returned VirtualDentry. If no such mount
// point exists (i.e. mnt is a root mount), getMountpointAt returns (nil, nil).
//
// Preconditions:
//   - References are held on mnt and root.
//   - vfsroot is not (mnt, mnt.root).
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) getMountpointAt(ctx context.Context, mnt *Mount, vfsroot VirtualDentry) VirtualDentry {
	// The first mount is special-cased:
	//
	//	- The caller must have already checked mnt against vfsroot.
	//
	//	- We return nil, instead of mnt, if there is no mount point for mnt.
	//
	//	- We don't drop the caller's reference on mnt.
retryFirst:
	epoch := vfs.mounts.seq.BeginRead()
	parent, point := mnt.parent(), mnt.point()
	if !vfs.mounts.seq.ReadOk(epoch) {
		goto retryFirst
	}
	if parent == nil {
		return VirtualDentry{}
	}
	if !parent.tryIncMountedRef() {
		// Raced with umount.
		goto retryFirst
	}
	if !point.TryIncRef() {
		// Since Mount holds a reference on Mount.key.point, this can only
		// happen due to a racing change to Mount.key.
		parent.DecRef(ctx)
		goto retryFirst
	}
	if !vfs.mounts.seq.ReadOk(epoch) {
		point.DecRef(ctx)
		parent.DecRef(ctx)
		goto retryFirst
	}
	mnt = parent
	d := point
	for {
		if mnt == vfsroot.mount && d == vfsroot.dentry {
			break
		}
		if d != mnt.root {
			break
		}
	retryNotFirst:
		epoch := vfs.mounts.seq.BeginRead()
		parent, point := mnt.parent(), mnt.point()
		if !vfs.mounts.seq.ReadOk(epoch) {
			goto retryNotFirst
		}
		if parent == nil {
			break
		}
		if !parent.tryIncMountedRef() {
			// Raced with umount.
			goto retryNotFirst
		}
		if !point.TryIncRef() {
			// Since Mount holds a reference on Mount.key.point, this can
			// only happen due to a racing change to Mount.key.
			parent.DecRef(ctx)
			goto retryNotFirst
		}
		if !vfs.mounts.seq.ReadOk(epoch) {
			point.DecRef(ctx)
			parent.DecRef(ctx)
			goto retryNotFirst
		}
		d.DecRef(ctx)
		mnt.DecRef(ctx)
		mnt = parent
		d = point
	}
	return VirtualDentry{mnt, d}
}

// PivotRoot makes location pointed to by newRootPop the root of the current
// namespace, and moves the current root to the location pointed to by
// putOldPop. If the operation is successful, it returns virtual dentries for
// the new root and the old root with an extra reference taken.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) PivotRoot(ctx context.Context, creds *auth.Credentials, newRootPop *PathOperation, putOldPop *PathOperation) (newRoot, oldRoot VirtualDentry, err error) {
	newRoot, err = vfs.GetDentryAt(ctx, creds, newRootPop, &GetDentryOptions{CheckSearchable: true})
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	defer newRoot.DecRef(ctx)

	oldRoot = RootFromContext(ctx)
	defer oldRoot.DecRef(ctx)

	putOldVd, err := vfs.GetDentryAt(ctx, creds, putOldPop, &GetDentryOptions{CheckSearchable: true})
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	vfs.lockMounts()
	defer vfs.unlockMounts(ctx)
	putOld, err := vfs.lockMountpoint(putOldVd)
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	vfs.delayDecRef(putOld)

	cleanup := cleanup.Make(func() { putOld.dentry.mu.Unlock() })
	defer cleanup.Clean()
	// Neither new_root nor put_old can be on the same mount as the current
	// root mount.
	if newRoot.mount == oldRoot.mount || putOld.mount == oldRoot.mount {
		return newRoot, oldRoot, linuxerr.EBUSY
	}
	// new_root must be a mountpoint.
	if newRoot.mount.root != newRoot.dentry {
		return newRoot, oldRoot, linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	// new_root must not be locked.
	if newRoot.mount.locked {
		return newRoot, oldRoot, linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	// put_old must be at or underneath new_root.
	if !vfs.isPathReachable(ctx, newRoot, putOld) {
		return newRoot, oldRoot, linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	// the new root must be at or underneath the current root.
	if !vfs.isPathReachable(ctx, oldRoot, newRoot) {
		return newRoot, oldRoot, linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	// The current root directory must be a mountpoint
	// (in the case it has been chrooted).
	if oldRoot.mount.root != oldRoot.dentry {
		return newRoot, oldRoot, linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	// The current root and the new root must be in the context's mount namespace.
	if !vfs.validInMountNS(ctx, oldRoot.mount) || !vfs.validInMountNS(ctx, newRoot.mount) {
		return newRoot, oldRoot, linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	// The current root and the new root cannot be on the rootfs mount.
	if oldRoot.mount.parent() == nil || newRoot.mount.parent() == nil {
		return newRoot, oldRoot, linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	// Either the mount point at new_root, or the parent mount of that mount
	// point, has propagation type MS_SHARED.
	if newRootParent := newRoot.mount.parent(); newRoot.mount.isShared || newRootParent.isShared {
		return newRoot, oldRoot, linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	// put_old is a mount point and has the propagation type MS_SHARED.
	if putOld.mount.root == putOld.dentry && putOld.mount.isShared {
		return newRoot, oldRoot, linuxerr.EINVAL
	}
	cleanup.Release()

	vfs.mounts.seq.BeginWrite()
	mp := vfs.disconnectLocked(newRoot.mount)
	vfs.delayDecRef(mp)
	rootMp := vfs.disconnectLocked(oldRoot.mount)
	if oldRoot.mount.locked {
		newRoot.mount.locked = true
		oldRoot.mount.locked = false
	}

	putOld.IncRef()
	vfs.connectLocked(oldRoot.mount, putOld, putOld.mount.ns)
	putOld.dentry.mu.Unlock()

	rootMp.dentry.mu.Lock()
	vfs.connectLocked(newRoot.mount, rootMp, rootMp.mount.ns)
	rootMp.dentry.mu.Unlock()
	vfs.mounts.seq.EndWrite()

	vfs.delayDecRef(newRoot.mount)
	vfs.delayDecRef(oldRoot.mount)

	newRoot.IncRef()
	oldRoot.IncRef()
	return
}

// SetMountReadOnly sets the mount as ReadOnly.
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) SetMountReadOnly(mnt *Mount, ro bool) error {
	vfs.lockMounts()
	defer vfs.unlockMounts(context.Background())
	return mnt.setReadOnlyLocked(ro)
}

// CheckBeginWrite increments the counter of in-progress write operations on
// mnt. If mnt is mounted MS_RDONLY, CheckBeginWrite does nothing and returns
// EROFS.
//
// If CheckBeginWrite succeeds, EndWrite must be called when the write
// operation is finished.
func (mnt *Mount) CheckBeginWrite() error {
	if mnt.writers.Add(1) < 0 {
		mnt.writers.Add(-1)
		return linuxerr.EROFS
	}
	return nil
}

// EndWrite indicates that a write operation signaled by a previous successful
// call to CheckBeginWrite has finished.
func (mnt *Mount) EndWrite() {
	mnt.writers.Add(-1)
}

// Preconditions: VirtualFilesystem.mountMu must be locked.
func (mnt *Mount) setReadOnlyLocked(ro bool) error {
	if oldRO := mnt.writers.Load() < 0; oldRO == ro {
		return nil
	}
	if ro {
		if !mnt.writers.CompareAndSwap(0, math.MinInt64) {
			return linuxerr.EBUSY
		}
		return nil
	}
	// Unset MSB without dropping any temporary increments from failed calls to
	// mnt.CheckBeginWrite().
	mnt.writers.Add(math.MinInt64)
	return nil
}

// ReadOnly returns true if mount is readonly.
func (mnt *Mount) ReadOnly() bool {
	mnt.vfs.lockMounts()
	defer mnt.vfs.unlockMounts(context.Background())
	return mnt.writers.Load() < 0
}

// ReadOnlyLocked returns true if mount is readonly.
//
// Preconditions: VirtualFilesystem.mountMu must be locked.
func (mnt *Mount) ReadOnlyLocked() bool {
	return mnt.writers.Load() < 0
}

// Filesystem returns the mounted Filesystem. It does not take a reference on
// the returned Filesystem.
func (mnt *Mount) Filesystem() *Filesystem {
	return mnt.fs
}

// submountsLocked returns this Mount and all Mounts that are descendents of
// it.
//
// Precondition: mnt.vfs.mountMu must be held.
func (mnt *Mount) submountsLocked() []*Mount {
	mounts := []*Mount{mnt}
	for m := range mnt.children {
		mounts = append(mounts, m.submountsLocked()...)
	}
	return mounts
}

// countSubmountsLocked returns mnt's total number of descendants including
// uncommitted descendants.
//
// Precondition: mnt.vfs.mountMu must be held.
func (mnt *Mount) countSubmountsLocked() uint32 {
	mounts := uint32(1)
	for m := range mnt.children {
		mounts += m.countSubmountsLocked()
	}
	return mounts
}

// Root returns the mount's root. It does not take a reference on the returned
// Dentry.
func (mnt *Mount) Root() *Dentry {
	return mnt.root
}

// GenerateProcMounts emits the contents of /proc/[pid]/mounts for vfs to buf.
//
// Preconditions: taskRootDir.Ok().
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) GenerateProcMounts(ctx context.Context, taskRootDir VirtualDentry, buf *bytes.Buffer) {
	rootMnt := taskRootDir.mount

	vfs.lockMounts()
	mounts := rootMnt.submountsLocked()
	// Take a reference on mounts since we need to drop vfs.mountMu before
	// calling vfs.PathnameReachable() (=> FilesystemImpl.PrependPath()).
	for _, mnt := range mounts {
		mnt.IncRef()
	}
	vfs.unlockMounts(ctx)
	defer func() {
		for _, mnt := range mounts {
			mnt.DecRef(ctx)
		}
	}()
	sort.Slice(mounts, func(i, j int) bool { return mounts[i].ID < mounts[j].ID })

	for _, mnt := range mounts {
		// Get the path to this mount relative to task root.
		mntRootVD := VirtualDentry{
			mount:  mnt,
			dentry: mnt.root,
		}
		path, err := vfs.PathnameReachable(ctx, taskRootDir, mntRootVD)
		if err != nil {
			// For some reason we didn't get a path. Log a warning
			// and run with empty path.
			ctx.Warningf("VFS.GenerateProcMounts: error getting pathname for mount root %+v: %v", mnt.root, err)
			path = ""
		}
		if path == "" {
			// Either an error occurred, or path is not reachable
			// from root.
			break
		}

		mntOpts := mnt.Options()
		opts := "rw"
		if mntOpts.ReadOnly {
			opts = "ro"
		}
		if mntOpts.Flags.NoATime {
			opts = ",noatime"
		}
		if mntOpts.Flags.NoExec {
			opts += ",noexec"
		}
		if mopts := mnt.fs.Impl().MountOptions(); mopts != "" {
			opts += "," + mopts
		}

		// Format:
		// <special device or remote filesystem> <mount point> <filesystem type> <mount options> <needs dump> <fsck order>
		//
		// The "needs dump" and "fsck order" flags are always 0, which
		// is allowed.
		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s %s %s %s %d %d\n", "none", path, mnt.fs.FilesystemType().Name(), opts, 0, 0)
	}
}

// GenerateProcMountInfo emits the contents of /proc/[pid]/mountinfo for vfs to
// buf.
//
// Preconditions: taskRootDir.Ok().
func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) GenerateProcMountInfo(ctx context.Context, taskRootDir VirtualDentry, buf *bytes.Buffer) {
	rootMnt := taskRootDir.mount

	vfs.lockMounts()
	mounts := rootMnt.submountsLocked()
	// Take a reference on mounts since we need to drop vfs.mountMu before
	// calling vfs.PathnameReachable() (=> FilesystemImpl.PrependPath()) or
	// vfs.StatAt() (=> FilesystemImpl.StatAt()).
	for _, mnt := range mounts {
		mnt.IncRef()
	}
	vfs.unlockMounts(ctx)
	defer func() {
		for _, mnt := range mounts {
			mnt.DecRef(ctx)
		}
	}()
	sort.Slice(mounts, func(i, j int) bool { return mounts[i].ID < mounts[j].ID })

	creds := auth.CredentialsFromContext(ctx)
	for _, mnt := range mounts {
		// Get the path to this mount relative to task root.
		mntRootVD := VirtualDentry{
			mount:  mnt,
			dentry: mnt.root,
		}
		pathFromRoot, err := vfs.PathnameReachable(ctx, taskRootDir, mntRootVD)
		if err != nil {
			// For some reason we didn't get a path. Log a warning
			// and run with empty path.
			ctx.Warningf("VFS.GenerateProcMountInfo: error getting pathname for mount root %+v: %v", mnt.root, err)
			continue
		}
		if pathFromRoot == "" {
			// The path is not reachable from root.
			continue
		}
		var pathFromFS string
		pathFromFS, err = vfs.PathnameInFilesystem(ctx, mntRootVD)
		if err != nil {
			// For some reason we didn't get a path. Log a warning
			// and run with empty path.
			ctx.Warningf("VFS.GenerateProcMountInfo: error getting pathname for mount root %+v: %v", mnt.root, err)
			continue
		}
		if pathFromFS == "" {
			// The path is not reachable from root.
			continue
		}
		// Stat the mount root to get the major/minor device numbers.
		pop := &PathOperation{
			Root:  mntRootVD,
			Start: mntRootVD,
		}
		statx, err := vfs.StatAt(ctx, creds, pop, &StatOptions{})
		if err != nil {
			// Well that's not good. Ignore this mount.
			ctx.Warningf("VFS.GenerateProcMountInfo: failed to stat mount root %+v: %v", mnt.root, err)
			continue
		}

		// Format:
		// 36 35 98:0 /mnt1 /mnt2 rw,noatime master:1 - ext3 /dev/root rw,errors=continue
		// (1)(2)(3)   (4)   (5)      (6)      (7)   (8) (9)   (10)         (11)

		// (1) Mount ID.
		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%d ", mnt.ID)

		// (2)  Parent ID (or this ID if there is no parent).
		// Note that even if the call to mnt.parent() races with Mount
		// destruction (which is possible since we're not holding vfs.mountMu),
		// its Mount.ID will still be valid.
		pID := mnt.ID
		if p := mnt.parent(); p != nil {
			pID = p.ID
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%d ", pID)

		// (3) Major:Minor device ID. We don't have a superblock, so we
		// just use the root inode device number.
		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%d:%d ", statx.DevMajor, statx.DevMinor)

		// (4) Root: the pathname of the directory in the filesystem
		// which forms the root of this mount.
		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s ", manglePath(pathFromFS))

		// (5) Mount point (relative to process root).
		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s ", manglePath(pathFromRoot))

		// (6) Mount options.
		opts := "rw"
		if mnt.ReadOnly() {
			opts = "ro"
		}
		if mnt.flags.NoATime {
			opts = ",noatime"
		}
		if mnt.flags.NoExec {
			opts += ",noexec"
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s ", opts)

		// (7) Optional fields: zero or more fields of the form "tag[:value]".
		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s", vfs.generateOptionalTags(ctx, mnt, taskRootDir))
		// (8) Separator: the end of the optional fields is marked by a single hyphen.
		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "- ")

		// (9) Filesystem type.
		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s ", mnt.fs.FilesystemType().Name())

		// (10) Mount source: filesystem-specific information or "none".
		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "none ")

		// (11) Superblock options, and final newline.
		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s\n", superBlockOpts(pathFromRoot, mnt))
	}
}

// manglePath replaces ' ', '\t', '\n', and '\\' with their octal equivalents.
// See Linux fs/seq_file.c:mangle_path.
func manglePath(p string) string {
	r := strings.NewReplacer(" ", "\\040", "\t", "\\011", "\n", "\\012", "\\", "\\134")
	return r.Replace(p)
}

// superBlockOpts returns the super block options string for the mount at
// the given path.
func superBlockOpts(mountPath string, mnt *Mount) string {
	// Compose super block options by combining global mount flags with
	// FS-specific mount options.
	opts := "rw"
	if mnt.ReadOnly() {
		opts = "ro"
	}

	if mopts := mnt.fs.Impl().MountOptions(); mopts != "" {
		opts += "," + mopts
	}

	// NOTE(b/147673608): If the mount is a ramdisk-based fake cgroupfs, we also
	// need to include the cgroup name in the options. For now we just read that
	// from the path. Note that this is only possible when "cgroup" isn't
	// registered as a valid filesystem type.
	//
	// TODO(gvisor.dev/issue/190): Once we removed fake cgroupfs support, we
	// should remove this.
	if cgroupfs := mnt.vfs.getFilesystemType("cgroup"); cgroupfs != nil && cgroupfs.opts.AllowUserMount {
		// Real cgroupfs available.
		return opts
	}
	if mnt.fs.FilesystemType().Name() == "cgroup" {
		splitPath := strings.Split(mountPath, "/")
		cgroupType := splitPath[len(splitPath)-1]
		opts += "," + cgroupType
	}

	return opts
}

func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) generateOptionalTags(ctx context.Context, mnt *Mount, root VirtualDentry) string {
	vfs.lockMounts()
	defer vfs.unlockMounts(ctx)
	// TODO(b/249777195): Support MS_UNBINDABLE propagation type.
	var optionalSb strings.Builder
	if mnt.isShared {
		optionalSb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("shared:%d ", mnt.groupID))
	}
	if mnt.isFollower() {
		// Per man mount_namespaces(7), propagate_from should not be
		// included in optional tags if the leader "is the immediate leader of the
		// mount, or if there is no dominant peer group under the same root". A
		// dominant peer group is the nearest reachable mount in the leader/follower
		// chain.
		optionalSb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("master:%d ", mnt.leader.groupID))
		var dominant *Mount
		for m := mnt.leader; m != nil; m = m.leader {
			if dominant = vfs.peerUnderRoot(ctx, m, mnt.ns, root); dominant != nil {
				break
			}
		}
		if dominant != nil && dominant != mnt.leader {
			optionalSb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("propagate_from:%d ", dominant.groupID))
		}
	}
	return optionalSb.String()
}