alldocs.go

// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors.  All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE. GENERATED BY mkalldocs.sh.
// Edit the documentation in other files and rerun mkalldocs.sh to generate this one.

/*
Go is a tool for managing Go source code.

Usage:

	go command [arguments]

The commands are:

	build       compile packages and dependencies
	clean       remove object files
	doc         show documentation for package or symbol
	env         print Go environment information
	fix         run go tool fix on packages
	fmt         run gofmt on package sources
	generate    generate Go files by processing source
	get         download and install packages and dependencies
	install     compile and install packages and dependencies
	list        list packages
	run         compile and run Go program
	test        test packages
	tool        run specified go tool
	version     print Go version
	vet         run go tool vet on packages

Use "go help [command]" for more information about a command.

Additional help topics:

	c           calling between Go and C
	buildmode   description of build modes
	filetype    file types
	gopath      GOPATH environment variable
	environment environment variables
	importpath  import path syntax
	packages    description of package lists
	testflag    description of testing flags
	testfunc    description of testing functions

Use "go help [topic]" for more information about that topic.


Compile packages and dependencies

Usage:

	go build [-o output] [-i] [build flags] [packages]

Build compiles the packages named by the import paths,
along with their dependencies, but it does not install the results.

If the arguments to build are a list of .go files, build treats
them as a list of source files specifying a single package.

When compiling a single main package, build writes
the resulting executable to an output file named after
the first source file ('go build ed.go rx.go' writes 'ed' or 'ed.exe')
or the source code directory ('go build unix/sam' writes 'sam' or 'sam.exe').
The '.exe' suffix is added when writing a Windows executable.

When compiling multiple packages or a single non-main package,
build compiles the packages but discards the resulting object,
serving only as a check that the packages can be built.

The -o flag, only allowed when compiling a single package,
forces build to write the resulting executable or object
to the named output file, instead of the default behavior described
in the last two paragraphs.

The -i flag installs the packages that are dependencies of the target.

The build flags are shared by the build, clean, get, install, list, run,
and test commands:

	-a
		force rebuilding of packages that are already up-to-date.
	-n
		print the commands but do not run them.
	-p n
		the number of builds that can be run in parallel.
		The default is the number of CPUs available, except
		on darwin/arm which defaults to 1.
	-race
		enable data race detection.
		Supported only on linux/amd64, freebsd/amd64, darwin/amd64 and windows/amd64.
	-v
		print the names of packages as they are compiled.
	-work
		print the name of the temporary work directory and
		do not delete it when exiting.
	-x
		print the commands.

	-asmflags 'flag list'
		arguments to pass on each go tool asm invocation.
	-buildmode mode
		build mode to use. See 'go help buildmode' for more.
	-compiler name
		name of compiler to use, as in runtime.Compiler (gccgo or gc).
	-gccgoflags 'arg list'
		arguments to pass on each gccgo compiler/linker invocation.
	-gcflags 'arg list'
		arguments to pass on each go tool compile invocation.
	-installsuffix suffix
		a suffix to use in the name of the package installation directory,
		in order to keep output separate from default builds.
		If using the -race flag, the install suffix is automatically set to race
		or, if set explicitly, has _race appended to it.  Using a -buildmode
		option that requires non-default compile flags has a similar effect.
	-ldflags 'flag list'
		arguments to pass on each go tool link invocation.
	-linkshared
		link against shared libraries previously created with
		-buildmode=shared
	-pkgdir dir
		install and load all packages from dir instead of the usual locations.
		For example, when building with a non-standard configuration,
		use -pkgdir to keep generated packages in a separate location.
	-tags 'tag list'
		a list of build tags to consider satisfied during the build.
		For more information about build tags, see the description of
		build constraints in the documentation for the go/build package.
	-toolexec 'cmd args'
		a program to use to invoke toolchain programs like vet and asm.
		For example, instead of running asm, the go command will run
		'cmd args /path/to/asm <arguments for asm>'.

The list flags accept a space-separated list of strings. To embed spaces
in an element in the list, surround it with either single or double quotes.

For more about specifying packages, see 'go help packages'.
For more about where packages and binaries are installed,
run 'go help gopath'.
For more about calling between Go and C/C++, run 'go help c'.

Note: Build adheres to certain conventions such as those described
by 'go help gopath'. Not all projects can follow these conventions,
however. Installations that have their own conventions or that use
a separate software build system may choose to use lower-level
invocations such as 'go tool compile' and 'go tool link' to avoid
some of the overheads and design decisions of the build tool.

See also: go install, go get, go clean.


Remove object files

Usage:

	go clean [-i] [-r] [-n] [-x] [build flags] [packages]

Clean removes object files from package source directories.
The go command builds most objects in a temporary directory,
so go clean is mainly concerned with object files left by other
tools or by manual invocations of go build.

Specifically, clean removes the following files from each of the
source directories corresponding to the import paths:

	_obj/            old object directory, left from Makefiles
	_test/           old test directory, left from Makefiles
	_testmain.go     old gotest file, left from Makefiles
	test.out         old test log, left from Makefiles
	build.out        old test log, left from Makefiles
	*.[568ao]        object files, left from Makefiles

	DIR(.exe)        from go build
	DIR.test(.exe)   from go test -c
	MAINFILE(.exe)   from go build MAINFILE.go
	*.so             from SWIG

In the list, DIR represents the final path element of the
directory, and MAINFILE is the base name of any Go source
file in the directory that is not included when building
the package.

The -i flag causes clean to remove the corresponding installed
archive or binary (what 'go install' would create).

The -n flag causes clean to print the remove commands it would execute,
but not run them.

The -r flag causes clean to be applied recursively to all the
dependencies of the packages named by the import paths.

The -x flag causes clean to print remove commands as it executes them.

For more about build flags, see 'go help build'.

For more about specifying packages, see 'go help packages'.


Show documentation for package or symbol

Usage:

	go doc [-u] [-c] [package|[package.]symbol[.method]]

Doc prints the documentation comments associated with the item identified by its
arguments (a package, const, func, type, var, or method) followed by a one-line
summary of each of the first-level items "under" that item (package-level
declarations for a package, methods for a type, etc.).

Doc accepts zero, one, or two arguments.

Given no arguments, that is, when run as

	go doc

it prints the package documentation for the package in the current directory.
If the package is a command (package main), the exported symbols of the package
are elided from the presentation unless the -cmd flag is provided.

When run with one argument, the argument is treated as a Go-syntax-like
representation of the item to be documented. What the argument selects depends
on what is installed in GOROOT and GOPATH, as well as the form of the argument,
which is schematically one of these:

	go doc <pkg>
	go doc <sym>[.<method>]
	go doc [<pkg>].<sym>[.<method>]

The first item in this list matched by the argument is the one whose
documentation is printed. (See the examples below.) For packages, the order of
scanning is determined lexically, but the GOROOT tree is always scanned before
GOPATH.

If there is no package specified or matched, the package in the current
directory is selected, so "go doc Foo" shows the documentation for symbol Foo in
the current package.

The package path must be either a qualified path or a proper suffix of a
path. The go tool's usual package mechanism does not apply: package path
elements like . and ... are not implemented by go doc.

When run with two arguments, the first must be a full package path (not just a
suffix), and the second is a symbol or symbol and method; this is similar to the
syntax accepted by godoc:

	go doc <pkg> <sym>[.<method>]

In all forms, when matching symbols, lower-case letters in the argument match
either case but upper-case letters match exactly. This means that there may be
multiple matches of a lower-case argument in a package if different symbols have
different cases. If this occurs, documentation for all matches is printed.

Examples:
	go doc
		Show documentation for current package.
	go doc Foo
		Show documentation for Foo in the current package.
		(Foo starts with a capital letter so it cannot match
		a package path.)
	go doc encoding/json
		Show documentation for the encoding/json package.
	go doc json
		Shorthand for encoding/json.
	go doc json.Number (or go doc json.number)
		Show documentation and method summary for json.Number.
	go doc json.Number.Int64 (or go doc json.number.int64)
		Show documentation for json.Number's Int64 method.
	go doc cmd/doc
		Show package docs for the doc command.
	go doc -cmd cmd/doc
		Show package docs and exported symbols within the doc command.
	go doc template.new
		Show documentation for html/template's New function.
		(html/template is lexically before text/template)
	go doc text/template.new # One argument
		Show documentation for text/template's New function.
	go doc text/template new # Two arguments
		Show documentation for text/template's New function.

Flags:
	-c
		Respect case when matching symbols.
	-cmd
		Treat a command (package main) like a regular package.
		Otherwise package main's exported symbols are hidden
		when showing the package's top-level documentation.
	-u
		Show documentation for unexported as well as exported
		symbols and methods.


Print Go environment information

Usage:

	go env [var ...]

Env prints Go environment information.

By default env prints information as a shell script
(on Windows, a batch file).  If one or more variable
names is given as arguments,  env prints the value of
each named variable on its own line.


Run go tool fix on packages

Usage:

	go fix [packages]

Fix runs the Go fix command on the packages named by the import paths.

For more about fix, see 'go doc cmd/fix'.
For more about specifying packages, see 'go help packages'.

To run fix with specific options, run 'go tool fix'.

See also: go fmt, go vet.


Run gofmt on package sources

Usage:

	go fmt [-n] [-x] [packages]

Fmt runs the command 'gofmt -l -w' on the packages named
by the import paths.  It prints the names of the files that are modified.

For more about gofmt, see 'go doc cmd/gofmt'.
For more about specifying packages, see 'go help packages'.

The -n flag prints commands that would be executed.
The -x flag prints commands as they are executed.

To run gofmt with specific options, run gofmt itself.

See also: go fix, go vet.


Generate Go files by processing source

Usage:

	go generate [-run regexp] [file.go... | packages]

Generate runs commands described by directives within existing
files. Those commands can run any process but the intent is to
create or update Go source files, for instance by running yacc.

Go generate is never run automatically by go build, go get, go test,
and so on. It must be run explicitly.

Go generate scans the file for directives, which are lines of
the form,

	//go:generate command argument...

(note: no leading spaces and no space in "//go") where command
is the generator to be run, corresponding to an executable file
that can be run locally. It must either be in the shell path
(gofmt), a fully qualified path (/usr/you/bin/mytool), or a
command alias, described below.

Note that go generate does not parse the file, so lines that look
like directives in comments or multiline strings will be treated
as directives.

The arguments to the directive are space-separated tokens or
double-quoted strings passed to the generator as individual
arguments when it is run.

Quoted strings use Go syntax and are evaluated before execution; a
quoted string appears as a single argument to the generator.

Go generate sets several variables when it runs the generator:

	$GOARCH
		The execution architecture (arm, amd64, etc.)
	$GOOS
		The execution operating system (linux, windows, etc.)
	$GOFILE
		The base name of the file.
	$GOLINE
		The line number of the directive in the source file.
	$GOPACKAGE
		The name of the package of the file containing the directive.
	$DOLLAR
		A dollar sign.

Other than variable substitution and quoted-string evaluation, no
special processing such as "globbing" is performed on the command
line.

As a last step before running the command, any invocations of any
environment variables with alphanumeric names, such as $GOFILE or
$HOME, are expanded throughout the command line. The syntax for
variable expansion is $NAME on all operating systems.  Due to the
order of evaluation, variables are expanded even inside quoted
strings. If the variable NAME is not set, $NAME expands to the
empty string.

A directive of the form,

	//go:generate -command xxx args...

specifies, for the remainder of this source file only, that the
string xxx represents the command identified by the arguments. This
can be used to create aliases or to handle multiword generators.
For example,

	//go:generate -command yacc go tool yacc

specifies that the command "yacc" represents the generator
"go tool yacc".

Generate processes packages in the order given on the command line,
one at a time. If the command line lists .go files, they are treated
as a single package. Within a package, generate processes the
source files in a package in file name order, one at a time. Within
a source file, generate runs generators in the order they appear
in the file, one at a time.

If any generator returns an error exit status, "go generate" skips
all further processing for that package.

The generator is run in the package's source directory.

Go generate accepts one specific flag:

	-run=""
		if non-empty, specifies a regular expression to select
		directives whose full original source text (excluding
		any trailing spaces and final newline) matches the
		expression.

It also accepts the standard build flags -v, -n, and -x.
The -v flag prints the names of packages and files as they are
processed.
The -n flag prints commands that would be executed.
The -x flag prints commands as they are executed.

For more about specifying packages, see 'go help packages'.


Download and install packages and dependencies

Usage:

	go get [-d] [-f] [-fix] [-insecure] [-t] [-u] [build flags] [packages]

Get downloads and installs the packages named by the import paths,
along with their dependencies.

The -d flag instructs get to stop after downloading the packages; that is,
it instructs get not to install the packages.

The -f flag, valid only when -u is set, forces get -u not to verify that
each package has been checked out from the source control repository
implied by its import path. This can be useful if the source is a local fork
of the original.

The -fix flag instructs get to run the fix tool on the downloaded packages
before resolving dependencies or building the code.

The -insecure flag permits fetching from repositories and resolving
custom domains using insecure schemes such as HTTP. Use with caution.

The -t flag instructs get to also download the packages required to build
the tests for the specified packages.

The -u flag instructs get to use the network to update the named packages
and their dependencies.  By default, get uses the network to check out
missing packages but does not use it to look for updates to existing packages.

Get also accepts build flags to control the installation. See 'go help build'.

When checking out or updating a package, get looks for a branch or tag
that matches the locally installed version of Go. The most important
rule is that if the local installation is running version "go1", get
searches for a branch or tag named "go1". If no such version exists it
retrieves the most recent version of the package.

If the vendoring experiment is enabled (see 'go help gopath'),
then when go get checks out or updates a Git repository,
it also updates any git submodules referenced by the repository.

For more about specifying packages, see 'go help packages'.

For more about how 'go get' finds source code to
download, see 'go help importpath'.

See also: go build, go install, go clean.


Compile and install packages and dependencies

Usage:

	go install [build flags] [packages]

Install compiles and installs the packages named by the import paths,
along with their dependencies.

For more about the build flags, see 'go help build'.
For more about specifying packages, see 'go help packages'.

See also: go build, go get, go clean.


List packages

Usage:

	go list [-e] [-f format] [-json] [build flags] [packages]

List lists the packages named by the import paths, one per line.

The default output shows the package import path:

    bytes
    encoding/json
    github.com/gorilla/mux
    golang.org/x/net/html

The -f flag specifies an alternate format for the list, using the
syntax of package template.  The default output is equivalent to -f
'{{.ImportPath}}'. The struct being passed to the template is:

    type Package struct {
        Dir           string // directory containing package sources
        ImportPath    string // import path of package in dir
        ImportComment string // path in import comment on package statement
        Name          string // package name
        Doc           string // package documentation string
        Target        string // install path
        Shlib         string // the shared library that contains this package (only set when -linkshared)
        Goroot        bool   // is this package in the Go root?
        Standard      bool   // is this package part of the standard Go library?
        Stale         bool   // would 'go install' do anything for this package?
        Root          string // Go root or Go path dir containing this package

        // Source files
        GoFiles        []string // .go source files (excluding CgoFiles, TestGoFiles, XTestGoFiles)
        CgoFiles       []string // .go sources files that import "C"
        IgnoredGoFiles []string // .go sources ignored due to build constraints
        CFiles         []string // .c source files
        CXXFiles       []string // .cc, .cxx and .cpp source files
        MFiles         []string // .m source files
        HFiles         []string // .h, .hh, .hpp and .hxx source files
        SFiles         []string // .s source files
        SwigFiles      []string // .swig files
        SwigCXXFiles   []string // .swigcxx files
        SysoFiles      []string // .syso object files to add to archive

        // Cgo directives
        CgoCFLAGS    []string // cgo: flags for C compiler
        CgoCPPFLAGS  []string // cgo: flags for C preprocessor
        CgoCXXFLAGS  []string // cgo: flags for C++ compiler
        CgoLDFLAGS   []string // cgo: flags for linker
        CgoPkgConfig []string // cgo: pkg-config names

        // Dependency information
        Imports []string // import paths used by this package
        Deps    []string // all (recursively) imported dependencies

        // Error information
        Incomplete bool            // this package or a dependency has an error
        Error      *PackageError   // error loading package
        DepsErrors []*PackageError // errors loading dependencies

        TestGoFiles  []string // _test.go files in package
        TestImports  []string // imports from TestGoFiles
        XTestGoFiles []string // _test.go files outside package
        XTestImports []string // imports from XTestGoFiles
    }

The template function "join" calls strings.Join.

The template function "context" returns the build context, defined as:

	type Context struct {
		GOARCH        string   // target architecture
		GOOS          string   // target operating system
		GOROOT        string   // Go root
		GOPATH        string   // Go path
		CgoEnabled    bool     // whether cgo can be used
		UseAllFiles   bool     // use files regardless of +build lines, file names
		Compiler      string   // compiler to assume when computing target paths
		BuildTags     []string // build constraints to match in +build lines
		ReleaseTags   []string // releases the current release is compatible with
		InstallSuffix string   // suffix to use in the name of the install dir
	}

For more information about the meaning of these fields see the documentation
for the go/build package's Context type.

The -json flag causes the package data to be printed in JSON format
instead of using the template format.

The -e flag changes the handling of erroneous packages, those that
cannot be found or are malformed.  By default, the list command
prints an error to standard error for each erroneous package and
omits the packages from consideration during the usual printing.
With the -e flag, the list command never prints errors to standard
error and instead processes the erroneous packages with the usual
printing.  Erroneous packages will have a non-empty ImportPath and
a non-nil Error field; other information may or may not be missing
(zeroed).

For more about build flags, see 'go help build'.

For more about specifying packages, see 'go help packages'.


Compile and run Go program

Usage:

	go run [build flags] [-exec xprog] gofiles... [arguments...]

Run compiles and runs the main package comprising the named Go source files.
A Go source file is defined to be a file ending in a literal ".go" suffix.

By default, 'go run' runs the compiled binary directly: 'a.out arguments...'.
If the -exec flag is given, 'go run' invokes the binary using xprog:
	'xprog a.out arguments...'.
If the -exec flag is not given, GOOS or GOARCH is different from the system
default, and a program named go_$GOOS_$GOARCH_exec can be found
on the current search path, 'go run' invokes the binary using that program,
for example 'go_nacl_386_exec a.out arguments...'. This allows execution of
cross-compiled programs when a simulator or other execution method is
available.

For more about build flags, see 'go help build'.

See also: go build.


Test packages

Usage:

	go test [-c] [-i] [build and test flags] [packages] [flags for test binary]

'Go test' automates testing the packages named by the import paths.
It prints a summary of the test results in the format:

	ok   archive/tar   0.011s
	FAIL archive/zip   0.022s
	ok   compress/gzip 0.033s
	...

followed by detailed output for each failed package.

'Go test' recompiles each package along with any files with names matching
the file pattern "*_test.go".
Files whose names begin with "_" (including "_test.go") or "." are ignored.
These additional files can contain test functions, benchmark functions, and
example functions.  See 'go help testfunc' for more.
Each listed package causes the execution of a separate test binary.

Test files that declare a package with the suffix "_test" will be compiled as a
separate package, and then linked and run with the main test binary.

By default, go test needs no arguments.  It compiles and tests the package
with source in the current directory, including tests, and runs the tests.

The package is built in a temporary directory so it does not interfere with the
non-test installation.

In addition to the build flags, the flags handled by 'go test' itself are:

	-c
		Compile the test binary to pkg.test but do not run it
		(where pkg is the last element of the package's import path).
		The file name can be changed with the -o flag.

	-exec xprog
	    Run the test binary using xprog. The behavior is the same as
	    in 'go run'. See 'go help run' for details.

	-i
	    Install packages that are dependencies of the test.
	    Do not run the test.

	-o file
		Compile the test binary to the named file.
		The test still runs (unless -c or -i is specified).

The test binary also accepts flags that control execution of the test; these
flags are also accessible by 'go test'. See 'go help testflag' for details.

If the test binary needs any other flags, they should be presented after the
package names. The go tool treats as a flag the first argument that begins with
a minus sign that it does not recognize itself; that argument and all subsequent
arguments are passed as arguments to the test binary.

For more about build flags, see 'go help build'.
For more about specifying packages, see 'go help packages'.

See also: go build, go vet.


Run specified go tool

Usage:

	go tool [-n] command [args...]

Tool runs the go tool command identified by the arguments.
With no arguments it prints the list of known tools.

The -n flag causes tool to print the command that would be
executed but not execute it.

For more about each tool command, see 'go tool command -h'.


Print Go version

Usage:

	go version

Version prints the Go version, as reported by runtime.Version.


Run go tool vet on packages

Usage:

	go vet [-n] [-x] [build flags] [packages]

Vet runs the Go vet command on the packages named by the import paths.

For more about vet, see 'go doc cmd/vet'.
For more about specifying packages, see 'go help packages'.

To run the vet tool with specific options, run 'go tool vet'.

The -n flag prints commands that would be executed.
The -x flag prints commands as they are executed.

For more about build flags, see 'go help build'.

See also: go fmt, go fix.


Calling between Go and C

There are two different ways to call between Go and C/C++ code.

The first is the cgo tool, which is part of the Go distribution.  For
information on how to use it see the cgo documentation (go doc cmd/cgo).

The second is the SWIG program, which is a general tool for
interfacing between languages.  For information on SWIG see
http://swig.org/.  When running go build, any file with a .swig
extension will be passed to SWIG.  Any file with a .swigcxx extension
will be passed to SWIG with the -c++ option.

When either cgo or SWIG is used, go build will pass any .c, .m, .s,
or .S files to the C compiler, and any .cc, .cpp, .cxx files to the C++
compiler.  The CC or CXX environment variables may be set to determine
the C or C++ compiler, respectively, to use.


Description of build modes

The 'go build' and 'go install' commands take a -buildmode argument which
indicates which kind of object file is to be built. Currently supported values
are:

	-buildmode=archive
		Build the listed non-main packages into .a files. Packages named
		main are ignored.

	-buildmode=c-archive
		Build the listed main package, plus all packages it imports,
		into a C archive file. The only callable symbols will be those
		functions exported using a cgo //export comment. Requires
		exactly one main package to be listed.

	-buildmode=c-shared
		Build the listed main packages, plus all packages that they
		import, into C shared libraries. The only callable symbols will
		be those functions exported using a cgo //export comment.
		Non-main packages are ignored.

	-buildmode=default
		Listed main packages are built into executables and listed
		non-main packages are built into .a files (the default
		behavior).

	-buildmode=shared
		Combine all the listed non-main packages into a single shared
		library that will be used when building with the -linkshared
		option. Packages named main are ignored.

	-buildmode=exe
		Build the listed main packages and everything they import into
		executables. Packages not named main are ignored.


File types

The go command examines the contents of a restricted set of files
in each directory. It identifies which files to examine based on
the extension of the file name. These extensions are:

	.go
		Go source files.
	.c, .h
		C source files.
		If the package uses cgo or SWIG, these will be compiled with the
		OS-native compiler (typically gcc); otherwise they will
		trigger an error.
	.cc, .cpp, .cxx, .hh, .hpp, .hxx
		C++ source files. Only useful with cgo or SWIG, and always
		compiled with the OS-native compiler.
	.m
		Objective-C source files. Only useful with cgo, and always
		compiled with the OS-native compiler.
	.s, .S
		Assembler source files.
		If the package uses cgo or SWIG, these will be assembled with the
		OS-native assembler (typically gcc (sic)); otherwise they
		will be assembled with the Go assembler.
	.swig, .swigcxx
		SWIG definition files.
	.syso
		System object files.

Files of each of these types except .syso may contain build
constraints, but the go command stops scanning for build constraints
at the first item in the file that is not a blank line or //-style
line comment.


GOPATH environment variable

The Go path is used to resolve import statements.
It is implemented by and documented in the go/build package.

The GOPATH environment variable lists places to look for Go code.
On Unix, the value is a colon-separated string.
On Windows, the value is a semicolon-separated string.
On Plan 9, the value is a list.

GOPATH must be set to get, build and install packages outside the
standard Go tree.

Each directory listed in GOPATH must have a prescribed structure:

The src directory holds source code.  The path below src
determines the import path or executable name.

The pkg directory holds installed package objects.
As in the Go tree, each target operating system and
architecture pair has its own subdirectory of pkg
(pkg/GOOS_GOARCH).

If DIR is a directory listed in the GOPATH, a package with
source in DIR/src/foo/bar can be imported as "foo/bar" and
has its compiled form installed to "DIR/pkg/GOOS_GOARCH/foo/bar.a".

The bin directory holds compiled commands.
Each command is named for its source directory, but only
the final element, not the entire path.  That is, the
command with source in DIR/src/foo/quux is installed into
DIR/bin/quux, not DIR/bin/foo/quux.  The "foo/" prefix is stripped
so that you can add DIR/bin to your PATH to get at the
installed commands.  If the GOBIN environment variable is
set, commands are installed to the directory it names instead
of DIR/bin.

Here's an example directory layout:

    GOPATH=/home/user/gocode

    /home/user/gocode/
        src/
            foo/
                bar/               (go code in package bar)
                    x.go
                quux/              (go code in package main)
                    y.go
        bin/
            quux                   (installed command)
        pkg/
            linux_amd64/
                foo/
                    bar.a          (installed package object)

Go searches each directory listed in GOPATH to find source code,
but new packages are always downloaded into the first directory
in the list.

See https://golang.org/doc/code.html for an example.

Internal Directories

Code in or below a directory named "internal" is importable only
by code in the directory tree rooted at the parent of "internal".
Here's an extended version of the directory layout above:

    /home/user/gocode/
        src/
            crash/
                bang/              (go code in package bang)
                    b.go
            foo/                   (go code in package foo)
                f.go
                bar/               (go code in package bar)
                    x.go
                internal/
                    baz/           (go code in package baz)
                        z.go
                quux/              (go code in package main)
                    y.go


The code in z.go is imported as "foo/internal/baz", but that
import statement can only appear in source files in the subtree
rooted at foo. The source files foo/f.go, foo/bar/x.go, and
foo/quux/y.go can all import "foo/internal/baz", but the source file
crash/bang/b.go cannot.

See https://golang.org/s/go14internal for details.

Vendor Directories

Go 1.5 includes experimental support for using local copies
of external dependencies to satisfy imports of those dependencies,
often referred to as vendoring. Setting the environment variable
GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT=1 enables that experimental support.

When the vendor experiment is enabled,
code below a directory named "vendor" is importable only
by code in the directory tree rooted at the parent of "vendor",
and only using an import path that omits the prefix up to and
including the vendor element.

Here's the example from the previous section,
but with the "internal" directory renamed to "vendor"
and a new foo/vendor/crash/bang directory added:

    /home/user/gocode/
        src/
            crash/
                bang/              (go code in package bang)
                    b.go
            foo/                   (go code in package foo)
                f.go
                bar/               (go code in package bar)
                    x.go
                vendor/
                    crash/
                        bang/      (go code in package bang)
                            b.go
                    baz/           (go code in package baz)
                        z.go
                quux/              (go code in package main)
                    y.go

The same visibility rules apply as for internal, but the code
in z.go is imported as "baz", not as "foo/vendor/baz".

Code in vendor directories deeper in the source tree shadows
code in higher directories. Within the subtree rooted at foo, an import
of "crash/bang" resolves to "foo/vendor/crash/bang", not the
top-level "crash/bang".

Code in vendor directories is not subject to import path
checking (see 'go help importpath').

When the vendor experiment is enabled, 'go get' checks out
submodules when checking out or updating a git repository
(see 'go help get').

The vendoring semantics are an experiment, and they may change
in future releases. Once settled, they will be on by default.

See https://golang.org/s/go15vendor for details.


Environment variables

The go command, and the tools it invokes, examine a few different
environment variables. For many of these, you can see the default
value of on your system by running 'go env NAME', where NAME is the
name of the variable.

General-purpose environment variables:

	GCCGO
		The gccgo command to run for 'go build -compiler=gccgo'.
	GOARCH
		The architecture, or processor, for which to compile code.
		Examples are amd64, 386, arm, ppc64.
	GOBIN
		The directory where 'go install' will install a command.
	GOOS
		The operating system for which to compile code.
		Examples are linux, darwin, windows, netbsd.
	GOPATH
		See 'go help gopath'.
	GORACE
		Options for the race detector.
		See https://golang.org/doc/articles/race_detector.html.
	GOROOT
		The root of the go tree.

Environment variables for use with cgo:

	CC
		The command to use to compile C code.
	CGO_ENABLED
		Whether the cgo command is supported.  Either 0 or 1.
	CGO_CFLAGS
		Flags that cgo will pass to the compiler when compiling
		C code.
	CGO_CPPFLAGS
		Flags that cgo will pass to the compiler when compiling
		C or C++ code.
	CGO_CXXFLAGS
		Flags that cgo will pass to the compiler when compiling
		C++ code.
	CGO_LDFLAGS
		Flags that cgo will pass to the compiler when linking.
	CXX
		The command to use to compile C++ code.

Architecture-specific environment variables:

	GOARM
		For GOARCH=arm, the ARM architecture for which to compile.
		Valid values are 5, 6, 7.
	GO386
		For GOARCH=386, the floating point instruction set.
		Valid values are 387, sse2.

Special-purpose environment variables:

	GOROOT_FINAL
		The root of the installed Go tree, when it is
		installed in a location other than where it is built.
		File names in stack traces are rewritten from GOROOT to
		GOROOT_FINAL.
	GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT
		Set to 1 to enable the Go 1.5 vendoring experiment.
	GO_EXTLINK_ENABLED
		Whether the linker should use external linking mode
		when using -linkmode=auto with code that uses cgo.
		Set to 0 to disable external linking mode, 1 to enable it.


Import path syntax

An import path (see 'go help packages') denotes a package
stored in the local file system.  In general, an import path denotes
either a standard package (such as "unicode/utf8") or a package
found in one of the work spaces (see 'go help gopath').

Relative import paths

An import path beginning with ./ or ../ is called a relative path.
The toolchain supports relative import paths as a shortcut in two ways.

First, a relative path can be used as a shorthand on the command line.
If you are working in the directory containing the code imported as
"unicode" and want to run the tests for "unicode/utf8", you can type
"go test ./utf8" instead of needing to specify the full path.
Similarly, in the reverse situation, "go test .." will test "unicode" from
the "unicode/utf8" directory. Relative patterns are also allowed, like
"go test ./..." to test all subdirectories. See 'go help packages' for details
on the pattern syntax.

Second, if you are compiling a Go program not in a work space,
you can use a relative path in an import statement in that program
to refer to nearby code also not in a work space.
This makes it easy to experiment with small multipackage programs
outside of the usual work spaces, but such programs cannot be
installed with "go install" (there is no work space in which to install them),
so they are rebuilt from scratch each time they are built.
To avoid ambiguity, Go programs cannot use relative import paths
within a work space.

Remote import paths

Certain import paths also
describe how to obtain the source code for the package using
a revision control system.

A few common code hosting sites have special syntax:

	Bitbucket (Git, Mercurial)

		import "bitbucket.org/user/project"
		import "bitbucket.org/user/project/sub/directory"

	GitHub (Git)

		import "github.com/user/project"
		import "github.com/user/project/sub/directory"

	Google Code Project Hosting (Git, Mercurial, Subversion)

		import "code.google.com/p/project"
		import "code.google.com/p/project/sub/directory"

		import "code.google.com/p/project.subrepository"
		import "code.google.com/p/project.subrepository/sub/directory"

	Launchpad (Bazaar)

		import "launchpad.net/project"
		import "launchpad.net/project/series"
		import "launchpad.net/project/series/sub/directory"

		import "launchpad.net/~user/project/branch"
		import "launchpad.net/~user/project/branch/sub/directory"

	IBM DevOps Services (Git)

		import "hub.jazz.net/git/user/project"
		import "hub.jazz.net/git/user/project/sub/directory"

For code hosted on other servers, import paths may either be qualified
with the version control type, or the go tool can dynamically fetch
the import path over https/http and discover where the code resides
from a <meta> tag in the HTML.

To declare the code location, an import path of the form

	repository.vcs/path

specifies the given repository, with or without the .vcs suffix,
using the named version control system, and then the path inside
that repository.  The supported version control systems are:

	Bazaar      .bzr
	Git         .git
	Mercurial   .hg
	Subversion  .svn

For example,

	import "example.org/user/foo.hg"

denotes the root directory of the Mercurial repository at
example.org/user/foo or foo.hg, and

	import "example.org/repo.git/foo/bar"

denotes the foo/bar directory of the Git repository at
example.org/repo or repo.git.

When a version control system supports multiple protocols,
each is tried in turn when downloading.  For example, a Git
download tries https://, then git+ssh://.

If the import path is not a known code hosting site and also lacks a
version control qualifier, the go tool attempts to fetch the import
over https/http and looks for a <meta> tag in the document's HTML
<head>.

The meta tag has the form:

	<meta name="go-import" content="import-prefix vcs repo-root">

The import-prefix is the import path corresponding to the repository
root. It must be a prefix or an exact match of the package being
fetched with "go get". If it's not an exact match, another http
request is made at the prefix to verify the <meta> tags match.

The meta tag should appear as early in the file as possible.
In particular, it should appear before any raw JavaScript or CSS,
to avoid confusing the go command's restricted parser.

The vcs is one of "git", "hg", "svn", etc,

The repo-root is the root of the version control system
containing a scheme and not containing a .vcs qualifier.

For example,

	import "example.org/pkg/foo"

will result in the following requests:

	https://example.org/pkg/foo?go-get=1 (preferred)
	http://example.org/pkg/foo?go-get=1  (fallback, only with -insecure)

If that page contains the meta tag

	<meta name="go-import" content="example.org git https://code.org/r/p/exproj">

the go tool will verify that https://example.org/?go-get=1 contains the
same meta tag and then git clone https://code.org/r/p/exproj into
GOPATH/src/example.org.

New downloaded packages are written to the first directory
listed in the GOPATH environment variable (see 'go help gopath').

The go command attempts to download the version of the
package appropriate for the Go release being used.
Run 'go help get' for more.

Import path checking

When the custom import path feature described above redirects to a
known code hosting site, each of the resulting packages has two possible
import paths, using the custom domain or the known hosting site.

A package statement is said to have an "import comment" if it is immediately
followed (before the next newline) by a comment of one of these two forms:

	package math // import "path"
	package math /* import "path" * /

The go command will refuse to install a package with an import comment
unless it is being referred to by that import path. In this way, import comments
let package authors make sure the custom import path is used and not a
direct path to the underlying code hosting site.

If the vendoring experiment is enabled (see 'go help gopath'),
then import path checking is disabled for code found within vendor trees.
This makes it possible to copy code into alternate locations in vendor trees
without needing to update import comments.

See https://golang.org/s/go14customimport for details.


Description of package lists

Many commands apply to a set of packages:

	go action [packages]

Usually, [packages] is a list of import paths.

An import path that is a rooted path or that begins with
a . or .. element is interpreted as a file system path and
denotes the package in that directory.

Otherwise, the import path P denotes the package found in
the directory DIR/src/P for some DIR listed in the GOPATH
environment variable (see 'go help gopath').

If no import paths are given, the action applies to the
package in the current directory.

There are four reserved names for paths that should not be used
for packages to be built with the go tool:

- "main" denotes the top-level package in a stand-alone executable.

- "all" expands to all package directories found in all the GOPATH
trees. For example, 'go list all' lists all the packages on the local
system.

- "std" is like all but expands to just the packages in the standard
Go library.

- "cmd" expands to the Go repository's commands and their
internal libraries.

An import path is a pattern if it includes one or more "..." wildcards,
each of which can match any string, including the empty string and
strings containing slashes.  Such a pattern expands to all package
directories found in the GOPATH trees with names matching the
patterns.  As a special case, x/... matches x as well as x's subdirectories.
For example, net/... expands to net and packages in its subdirectories.

An import path can also name a package to be downloaded from
a remote repository.  Run 'go help importpath' for details.

Every package in a program must have a unique import path.
By convention, this is arranged by starting each path with a
unique prefix that belongs to you.  For example, paths used
internally at Google all begin with 'google', and paths
denoting remote repositories begin with the path to the code,
such as 'github.com/user/repo'.

As a special case, if the package list is a list of .go files from a
single directory, the command is applied to a single synthesized
package made up of exactly those files, ignoring any build constraints
in those files and ignoring any other files in the directory.

Directory and file names that begin with "." or "_" are ignored
by the go tool, as are directories named "testdata".


Description of testing flags

The 'go test' command takes both flags that apply to 'go test' itself
and flags that apply to the resulting test binary.

Several of the flags control profiling and write an execution profile
suitable for "go tool pprof"; run "go tool pprof -h" for more
information.  The --alloc_space, --alloc_objects, and --show_bytes
options of pprof control how the information is presented.

The following flags are recognized by the 'go test' command and
control the execution of any test:

	-bench regexp
	    Run benchmarks matching the regular expression.
	    By default, no benchmarks run. To run all benchmarks,
	    use '-bench .' or '-bench=.'.

	-benchmem
	    Print memory allocation statistics for benchmarks.

	-benchtime t
	    Run enough iterations of each benchmark to take t, specified
	    as a time.Duration (for example, -benchtime 1h30s).
	    The default is 1 second (1s).

	-blockprofile block.out
	    Write a goroutine blocking profile to the specified file
	    when all tests are complete.
	    Writes test binary as -c would.

	-blockprofilerate n
	    Control the detail provided in goroutine blocking profiles by
	    calling runtime.SetBlockProfileRate with n.
	    See 'go doc runtime.SetBlockProfileRate'.
	    The profiler aims to sample, on average, one blocking event every
	    n nanoseconds the program spends blocked.  By default,
	    if -test.blockprofile is set without this flag, all blocking events
	    are recorded, equivalent to -test.blockprofilerate=1.

	-count n
	    Run each test and benchmark n times (default 1).
	    If -cpu is set, run n times for each GOMAXPROCS value.
	    Examples are always run once.

	-cover
	    Enable coverage analysis.

	-covermode set,count,atomic
	    Set the mode for coverage analysis for the package[s]
	    being tested. The default is "set" unless -race is enabled,
	    in which case it is "atomic".
	    The values:
		set: bool: does this statement run?
		count: int: how many times does this statement run?
		atomic: int: count, but correct in multithreaded tests;
			significantly more expensive.
	    Sets -cover.

	-coverpkg pkg1,pkg2,pkg3
	    Apply coverage analysis in each test to the given list of packages.
	    The default is for each test to analyze only the package being tested.
	    Packages are specified as import paths.
	    Sets -cover.

	-coverprofile cover.out
	    Write a coverage profile to the file after all tests have passed.
	    Sets -cover.

	-cpu 1,2,4
	    Specify a list of GOMAXPROCS values for which the tests or
	    benchmarks should be executed.  The default is the current value
	    of GOMAXPROCS.

	-cpuprofile cpu.out
	    Write a CPU profile to the specified file before exiting.
	    Writes test binary as -c would.

	-memprofile mem.out
	    Write a memory profile to the file after all tests have passed.
	    Writes test binary as -c would.

	-memprofilerate n
	    Enable more precise (and expensive) memory profiles by setting
	    runtime.MemProfileRate.  See 'go doc runtime.MemProfileRate'.
	    To profile all memory allocations, use -test.memprofilerate=1
	    and pass --alloc_space flag to the pprof tool.

	-outputdir directory
	    Place output files from profiling in the specified directory,
	    by default the directory in which "go test" is running.

	-parallel n
	    Allow parallel execution of test functions that call t.Parallel.
	    The value of this flag is the maximum number of tests to run
	    simultaneously; by default, it is set to the value of GOMAXPROCS.

	-run regexp
	    Run only those tests and examples matching the regular
	    expression.

	-short
	    Tell long-running tests to shorten their run time.
	    It is off by default but set during all.bash so that installing
	    the Go tree can run a sanity check but not spend time running
	    exhaustive tests.

	-timeout t
	    If a test runs longer than t, panic.
	    The default is 10 minutes (10m).

	-trace trace.out
	    Write an execution trace to the specified file before exiting.
	    Writes test binary as -c would.

	-v
	    Verbose output: log all tests as they are run. Also print all
	    text from Log and Logf calls even if the test succeeds.

The test binary, called pkg.test where pkg is the name of the
directory containing the package sources, can be invoked directly
after building it with 'go test -c'. When invoking the test binary
directly, each of the standard flag names must be prefixed with 'test.',
as in -test.run=TestMyFunc or -test.v.

When running 'go test', flags not listed above are passed through
unaltered. For instance, the command

	go test -x -v -cpuprofile=prof.out -dir=testdata -update

will compile the test binary and then run it as

	pkg.test -test.v -test.cpuprofile=prof.out -dir=testdata -update

The test flags that generate profiles (other than for coverage) also
leave the test binary in pkg.test for use when analyzing the profiles.

Flags not recognized by 'go test' must be placed after any specified packages.


Description of testing functions

The 'go test' command expects to find test, benchmark, and example functions
in the "*_test.go" files corresponding to the package under test.

A test function is one named TestXXX (where XXX is any alphanumeric string
not starting with a lower case letter) and should have the signature,

	func TestXXX(t *testing.T) { ... }

A benchmark function is one named BenchmarkXXX and should have the signature,

	func BenchmarkXXX(b *testing.B) { ... }

An example function is similar to a test function but, instead of using
*testing.T to report success or failure, prints output to os.Stdout.
That output is compared against the function's "Output:" comment, which
must be the last comment in the function body (see example below). An
example with no such comment, or with no text after "Output:" is compiled
but not executed.

Godoc displays the body of ExampleXXX to demonstrate the use
of the function, constant, or variable XXX.  An example of a method M with
receiver type T or *T is named ExampleT_M.  There may be multiple examples
for a given function, constant, or variable, distinguished by a trailing _xxx,
where xxx is a suffix not beginning with an upper case letter.

Here is an example of an example:

	func ExamplePrintln() {
		Println("The output of\nthis example.")
		// Output: The output of
		// this example.
	}

The entire test file is presented as the example when it contains a single
example function, at least one other function, type, variable, or constant
declaration, and no test or benchmark functions.

See the documentation of the testing package for more information.


*/
package main