client.py

"""The main Client class for the Python client."""
from __future__ import annotations

import concurrent.futures
import hashlib
import json
import os
import re
import secrets
import shutil
import tempfile
import threading
import time
import urllib.parse
import uuid
import warnings
from concurrent.futures import Future
from dataclasses import dataclass
from datetime import datetime
from pathlib import Path
from threading import Lock
from typing import Any, Callable, Literal

import httpx
import huggingface_hub
from huggingface_hub import CommitOperationAdd, SpaceHardware, SpaceStage
from huggingface_hub.utils import (
    RepositoryNotFoundError,
    build_hf_headers,
    send_telemetry,
)
from packaging import version

from gradio_client import utils
from gradio_client.compatibility import EndpointV3Compatibility
from gradio_client.data_classes import ParameterInfo
from gradio_client.documentation import document
from gradio_client.exceptions import AuthenticationError
from gradio_client.utils import (
    Communicator,
    JobStatus,
    Message,
    QueueError,
    ServerMessage,
    Status,
    StatusUpdate,
)

DEFAULT_TEMP_DIR = os.environ.get("GRADIO_TEMP_DIR") or str(
    Path(tempfile.gettempdir()) / "gradio"
)


@document("predict", "submit", "view_api", "duplicate", "deploy_discord")
class Client:
    """
    The main Client class for the Python client. This class is used to connect to a remote Gradio app and call its API endpoints.

    Example:
        from gradio_client import Client

        client = Client("abidlabs/whisper-large-v2")  # connecting to a Hugging Face Space
        client.predict("test.mp4", api_name="/predict")
        >> What a nice recording! # returns the result of the remote API call

        client = Client("https://bec81a83-5b5c-471e.gradio.live")  # connecting to a temporary Gradio share URL
        job = client.submit("hello", api_name="/predict")  # runs the prediction in a background thread
        job.result()
        >> 49 # returns the result of the remote API call (blocking call)
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        src: str,
        hf_token: str | None = None,
        max_workers: int = 40,
        serialize: bool | None = None,  # TODO: remove in 1.0
        output_dir: str
        | Path = DEFAULT_TEMP_DIR,  # Maybe this can be combined with `download_files` in 1.0
        verbose: bool = True,
        auth: tuple[str, str] | None = None,
        *,
        headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
        upload_files: bool = True,  # TODO: remove and hardcode to False in 1.0
        download_files: bool = True,  # TODO: consider setting to False in 1.0
        _skip_components: bool = True,  # internal parameter to skip values certain components (e.g. State) that do not need to be displayed to users.
        ssl_verify: bool = True,
    ):
        """
        Parameters:
            src: Either the name of the Hugging Face Space to load, (e.g. "abidlabs/whisper-large-v2") or the full URL (including "http" or "https") of the hosted Gradio app to load (e.g. "http://mydomain.com/app" or "https://bec81a83-5b5c-471e.gradio.live/").
            hf_token: The Hugging Face token to use to access private Spaces. Automatically fetched if you are logged in via the Hugging Face Hub CLI. Obtain from: https://huggingface.co/settings/token
            max_workers: The maximum number of thread workers that can be used to make requests to the remote Gradio app simultaneously.
            serialize: Deprecated. Please use the equivalent `upload_files` parameter instead.
            output_dir: The directory to save files that are downloaded from the remote API. If None, reads from the GRADIO_TEMP_DIR environment variable. Defaults to a temporary directory on your machine.
            verbose: Whether the client should print statements to the console.
            headers: Additional headers to send to the remote Gradio app on every request. By default only the HF authorization and user-agent headers are sent. These headers will override the default headers if they have the same keys.
            upload_files: Whether the client should treat input string filepath as files and upload them to the remote server. If False, the client will treat input string filepaths as strings always and not modify them, and files should be passed in explicitly using `gradio_client.file("path/to/file/or/url")` instead. This parameter will be deleted and False will become the default in a future version.
            download_files: Whether the client should download output files from the remote API and return them as string filepaths on the local machine. If False, the client will return a FileData dataclass object with the filepath on the remote machine instead.
            ssl_verify: If False, skips certificate validation which allows the client to connect to Gradio apps that are using self-signed certificates.
        """
        self.verbose = verbose
        self.hf_token = hf_token
        if serialize is not None:
            warnings.warn(
                "The `serialize` parameter is deprecated and will be removed. Please use the equivalent `upload_files` parameter instead."
            )
            upload_files = serialize
        self.upload_files = upload_files
        self.download_files = download_files
        self._skip_components = _skip_components
        self.headers = build_hf_headers(
            token=hf_token,
            library_name="gradio_client",
            library_version=utils.__version__,
        )
        if headers:
            self.headers.update(headers)
        self.ssl_verify = ssl_verify
        self.space_id = None
        self.cookies: dict[str, str] = {}
        self.output_dir = (
            str(output_dir) if isinstance(output_dir, Path) else output_dir
        )

        if src.startswith("http://") or src.startswith("https://"):
            _src = src if src.endswith("/") else src + "/"
        else:
            _src = self._space_name_to_src(src)
            if _src is None:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Could not find Space: {src}. If it is a private Space, please provide an hf_token."
                )
            self.space_id = src
        self.src = _src
        state = self._get_space_state()
        if state == SpaceStage.BUILDING:
            if self.verbose:
                print("Space is still building. Please wait...")
            while self._get_space_state() == SpaceStage.BUILDING:
                time.sleep(2)  # so we don't get rate limited by the API
                pass
        if state in utils.INVALID_RUNTIME:
            raise ValueError(
                f"The current space is in the invalid state: {state}. "
                "Please contact the owner to fix this."
            )
        if self.verbose:
            print(f"Loaded as API: {self.src} ✔")

        if auth is not None:
            self._login(auth)

        self.config = self._get_config()
        self.protocol: Literal[
            "ws", "sse", "sse_v1", "sse_v2", "sse_v2.1"
        ] = self.config.get("protocol", "ws")
        self.api_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self.src, utils.API_URL)
        self.sse_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(
            self.src, utils.SSE_URL_V0 if self.protocol == "sse" else utils.SSE_URL
        )
        self.sse_data_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(
            self.src,
            utils.SSE_DATA_URL_V0 if self.protocol == "sse" else utils.SSE_DATA_URL,
        )
        self.ws_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(
            self.src.replace("http", "ws", 1), utils.WS_URL
        )
        self.upload_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self.src, utils.UPLOAD_URL)
        self.reset_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self.src, utils.RESET_URL)
        self.app_version = version.parse(self.config.get("version", "2.0"))
        self._info = None
        self.session_hash = str(uuid.uuid4())

        endpoint_class = (
            Endpoint if self.protocol.startswith("sse") else EndpointV3Compatibility
        )
        self.endpoints = [
            endpoint_class(self, fn_index, dependency, self.protocol)
            for fn_index, dependency in enumerate(self.config["dependencies"])
        ]

        # Create a pool of threads to handle the requests
        self.executor = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_workers)

        # Disable telemetry by setting the env variable HF_HUB_DISABLE_TELEMETRY=1
        threading.Thread(target=self._telemetry_thread).start()

        self.stream_open = False
        self.streaming_future: Future | None = None
        self.pending_messages_per_event: dict[str, list[Message | None]] = {}
        self.pending_event_ids: set[str] = set()

    async def stream_messages(
        self, protocol: Literal["sse_v1", "sse_v2", "sse_v2.1", "sse_v3"]
    ) -> None:
        try:
            async with httpx.AsyncClient(
                timeout=httpx.Timeout(timeout=None), verify=self.ssl_verify
            ) as client:
                async with client.stream(
                    "GET",
                    self.sse_url,
                    params={"session_hash": self.session_hash},
                    headers=self.headers,
                    cookies=self.cookies,
                ) as response:
                    async for line in response.aiter_lines():
                        line = line.rstrip("\n")
                        if not len(line):
                            continue
                        if line.startswith("data:"):
                            resp = json.loads(line[5:])
                            if resp["msg"] == ServerMessage.heartbeat:
                                continue
                            elif resp["msg"] == ServerMessage.server_stopped:
                                for (
                                    pending_messages
                                ) in self.pending_messages_per_event.values():
                                    pending_messages.append(resp)
                                return
                            elif resp["msg"] == ServerMessage.close_stream:
                                self.stream_open = False
                                return
                            event_id = resp["event_id"]
                            if event_id not in self.pending_messages_per_event:
                                self.pending_messages_per_event[event_id] = []
                            self.pending_messages_per_event[event_id].append(resp)
                            if resp["msg"] == ServerMessage.process_completed:
                                self.pending_event_ids.remove(event_id)
                            if (
                                len(self.pending_event_ids) == 0
                                and protocol != "sse_v3"
                            ):
                                self.stream_open = False
                                return
                        else:
                            raise ValueError(f"Unexpected SSE line: '{line}'")
        except BaseException as e:
            import traceback

            traceback.print_exc()
            raise e

    async def send_data(self, data, hash_data, protocol):
        async with httpx.AsyncClient(verify=self.ssl_verify) as client:
            req = await client.post(
                self.sse_data_url,
                json={**data, **hash_data},
                headers=self.headers,
                cookies=self.cookies,
            )
        if req.status_code == 503:
            raise QueueError("Queue is full! Please try again.")
        req.raise_for_status()
        resp = req.json()
        event_id = resp["event_id"]

        if not self.stream_open:
            self.stream_open = True

            def open_stream():
                return utils.synchronize_async(self.stream_messages, protocol)

            def close_stream(_):
                self.stream_open = False
                for _, pending_messages in self.pending_messages_per_event.items():
                    pending_messages.append(None)

            if self.streaming_future is None or self.streaming_future.done():
                self.streaming_future = self.executor.submit(open_stream)
                self.streaming_future.add_done_callback(close_stream)

        return event_id

    @classmethod
    def duplicate(
        cls,
        from_id: str,
        to_id: str | None = None,
        hf_token: str | None = None,
        private: bool = True,
        hardware: Literal[
            "cpu-basic",
            "cpu-upgrade",
            "t4-small",
            "t4-medium",
            "a10g-small",
            "a10g-large",
            "a100-large",
        ]
        | SpaceHardware
        | None = None,
        secrets: dict[str, str] | None = None,
        sleep_timeout: int = 5,
        max_workers: int = 40,
        verbose: bool = True,
    ):
        """
        Duplicates a Hugging Face Space under your account and returns a Client object
        for the new Space. No duplication is created if the Space already exists in your
        account (to override this, provide a new name for the new Space using `to_id`).
        To use this method, you must provide an `hf_token` or be logged in via the Hugging
        Face Hub CLI.

        The new Space will be private by default and use the same hardware as the original
        Space. This can be changed by using the `private` and `hardware` parameters. For
        hardware upgrades (beyond the basic CPU tier), you may be required to provide
        billing information on Hugging Face: https://huggingface.co/settings/billing

        Parameters:
            from_id: The name of the Hugging Face Space to duplicate in the format "{username}/{space_id}", e.g. "gradio/whisper".
            to_id: The name of the new Hugging Face Space to create, e.g. "abidlabs/whisper-duplicate". If not provided, the new Space will be named "{your_HF_username}/{space_id}".
            hf_token: The Hugging Face token to use to access private Spaces. Automatically fetched if you are logged in via the Hugging Face Hub CLI. Obtain from: https://huggingface.co/settings/token
            private: Whether the new Space should be private (True) or public (False). Defaults to True.
            hardware: The hardware tier to use for the new Space. Defaults to the same hardware tier as the original Space. Options include "cpu-basic", "cpu-upgrade", "t4-small", "t4-medium", "a10g-small", "a10g-large", "a100-large", subject to availability.
            secrets: A dictionary of (secret key, secret value) to pass to the new Space. Defaults to None. Secrets are only used when the Space is duplicated for the first time, and are not updated if the duplicated Space already exists.
            sleep_timeout: The number of minutes after which the duplicate Space will be puased if no requests are made to it (to minimize billing charges). Defaults to 5 minutes.
            max_workers: The maximum number of thread workers that can be used to make requests to the remote Gradio app simultaneously.
            verbose: Whether the client should print statements to the console.
        Example:
            import os
            from gradio_client import Client
            HF_TOKEN = os.environ.get("HF_TOKEN")
            client = Client.duplicate("abidlabs/whisper", hf_token=HF_TOKEN)
            client.predict("audio_sample.wav")
            >> "This is a test of the whisper speech recognition model."
        """
        try:
            original_info = huggingface_hub.get_space_runtime(from_id, token=hf_token)
        except RepositoryNotFoundError as rnfe:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Could not find Space: {from_id}. If it is a private Space, please provide an `hf_token`."
            ) from rnfe
        if to_id:
            if "/" in to_id:
                to_id = to_id.split("/")[1]
            space_id = huggingface_hub.get_full_repo_name(to_id, token=hf_token)
        else:
            space_id = huggingface_hub.get_full_repo_name(
                from_id.split("/")[1], token=hf_token
            )
        try:
            huggingface_hub.get_space_runtime(space_id, token=hf_token)
            if verbose:
                print(
                    f"Using your existing Space: {utils.SPACE_URL.format(space_id)} 🤗"
                )
            if secrets is not None:
                warnings.warn(
                    "Secrets are only used when the Space is duplicated for the first time, and are not updated if the duplicated Space already exists."
                )
        except RepositoryNotFoundError:
            if verbose:
                print(f"Creating a duplicate of {from_id} for your own use... 🤗")
            huggingface_hub.duplicate_space(
                from_id=from_id,
                to_id=space_id,
                token=hf_token,
                exist_ok=True,
                private=private,
            )
            if secrets is not None:
                for key, value in secrets.items():
                    huggingface_hub.add_space_secret(
                        space_id, key, value, token=hf_token
                    )
            if verbose:
                print(f"Created new Space: {utils.SPACE_URL.format(space_id)}")
        current_info = huggingface_hub.get_space_runtime(space_id, token=hf_token)
        current_hardware = (
            current_info.hardware or huggingface_hub.SpaceHardware.CPU_BASIC
        )
        hardware = hardware or original_info.hardware
        if current_hardware != hardware:
            huggingface_hub.request_space_hardware(space_id, hardware, token=hf_token)  # type: ignore
            print(
                f"-------\nNOTE: this Space uses upgraded hardware: {hardware}... see billing info at https://huggingface.co/settings/billing\n-------"
            )
        # Setting a timeout only works if the hardware is not basic
        # so set it here after the hardware has been requested
        if hardware != huggingface_hub.SpaceHardware.CPU_BASIC:
            utils.set_space_timeout(
                space_id, hf_token=hf_token, timeout_in_seconds=sleep_timeout * 60
            )
        if verbose:
            print("")
        client = cls(
            space_id, hf_token=hf_token, max_workers=max_workers, verbose=verbose
        )
        return client

    def _get_space_state(self):
        if not self.space_id:
            return None
        info = huggingface_hub.get_space_runtime(self.space_id, token=self.hf_token)
        return info.stage

    def predict(
        self,
        *args,
        api_name: str | None = None,
        fn_index: int | None = None,
        **kwargs,
    ) -> Any:
        """
        Calls the Gradio API and returns the result (this is a blocking call).

        Parameters:
            args: The arguments to pass to the remote API. The order of the arguments must match the order of the inputs in the Gradio app.
            api_name: The name of the API endpoint to call starting with a leading slash, e.g. "/predict". Does not need to be provided if the Gradio app has only one named API endpoint.
            fn_index: As an alternative to api_name, this parameter takes the index of the API endpoint to call, e.g. 0. Both api_name and fn_index can be provided, but if they conflict, api_name will take precedence.
        Returns:
            The result of the API call. Will be a Tuple if the API has multiple outputs.
        Example:
            from gradio_client import Client
            client = Client(src="gradio/calculator")
            client.predict(5, "add", 4, api_name="/predict")
            >> 9.0
        """
        inferred_fn_index = self._infer_fn_index(api_name, fn_index)
        if self.endpoints[inferred_fn_index].is_continuous:
            raise ValueError(
                "Cannot call predict on this function as it may run forever. Use submit instead."
            )
        return self.submit(
            *args, api_name=api_name, fn_index=fn_index, **kwargs
        ).result()

    def new_helper(self, fn_index: int) -> Communicator:
        return Communicator(
            Lock(),
            JobStatus(),
            self.endpoints[fn_index].process_predictions,
            self.reset_url,
        )

    def submit(
        self,
        *args,
        api_name: str | None = None,
        fn_index: int | None = None,
        result_callbacks: Callable | list[Callable] | None = None,
        **kwargs,
    ) -> Job:
        """
        Creates and returns a Job object which calls the Gradio API in a background thread. The job can be used to retrieve the status and result of the remote API call.

        Parameters:
            args: The arguments to pass to the remote API. The order of the arguments must match the order of the inputs in the Gradio app.
            api_name: The name of the API endpoint to call starting with a leading slash, e.g. "/predict". Does not need to be provided if the Gradio app has only one named API endpoint.
            fn_index: As an alternative to api_name, this parameter takes the index of the API endpoint to call, e.g. 0. Both api_name and fn_index can be provided, but if they conflict, api_name will take precedence.
            result_callbacks: A callback function, or list of callback functions, to be called when the result is ready. If a list of functions is provided, they will be called in order. The return values from the remote API are provided as separate parameters into the callback. If None, no callback will be called.
        Returns:
            A Job object that can be used to retrieve the status and result of the remote API call.
        Example:
            from gradio_client import Client
            client = Client(src="gradio/calculator")
            job = client.submit(5, "add", 4, api_name="/predict")
            job.status()
            >> <Status.STARTING: 'STARTING'>
            job.result()  # blocking call
            >> 9.0
        """
        inferred_fn_index = self._infer_fn_index(api_name, fn_index)
        endpoint = self.endpoints[inferred_fn_index]

        if isinstance(endpoint, Endpoint):
            args = utils.construct_args(endpoint.parameters_info, args, kwargs)

        helper = None
        if endpoint.protocol in (
            "ws",
            "sse",
            "sse_v1",
            "sse_v2",
            "sse_v2.1",
            "sse_v3",
        ):
            helper = self.new_helper(inferred_fn_index)
        end_to_end_fn = endpoint.make_end_to_end_fn(helper)
        future = self.executor.submit(end_to_end_fn, *args)

        job = Job(
            future, communicator=helper, verbose=self.verbose, space_id=self.space_id
        )

        if result_callbacks:
            if isinstance(result_callbacks, Callable):
                result_callbacks = [result_callbacks]

            def create_fn(callback) -> Callable:
                def fn(future):
                    if isinstance(future.result(), tuple):
                        callback(*future.result())
                    else:
                        callback(future.result())

                return fn

            for callback in result_callbacks:
                job.add_done_callback(create_fn(callback))

        return job

    def _get_api_info(self):
        if self.upload_files:
            api_info_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self.src, utils.API_INFO_URL)
        else:
            api_info_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self.src, utils.RAW_API_INFO_URL)
        if self.app_version > version.Version("3.36.1"):
            r = httpx.get(
                api_info_url,
                headers=self.headers,
                cookies=self.cookies,
                verify=self.ssl_verify,
            )
            if r.is_success:
                info = r.json()
            else:
                raise ValueError(f"Could not fetch api info for {self.src}: {r.text}")
        else:
            fetch = httpx.post(
                utils.SPACE_FETCHER_URL,
                json={
                    "config": json.dumps(self.config),
                    "serialize": self.upload_files,
                },
            )
            if fetch.is_success:
                info = fetch.json()["api"]
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Could not fetch api info for {self.src}: {fetch.text}"
                )

        return info

    def view_api(
        self,
        all_endpoints: bool | None = None,
        print_info: bool = True,
        return_format: Literal["dict", "str"] | None = None,
    ) -> dict | str | None:
        """
        Prints the usage info for the API. If the Gradio app has multiple API endpoints, the usage info for each endpoint will be printed separately. If return_format="dict" the info is returned in dictionary format, as shown in the example below.

        Parameters:
            all_endpoints: If True, prints information for both named and unnamed endpoints in the Gradio app. If False, will only print info about named endpoints. If None (default), will print info about named endpoints, unless there aren't any -- in which it will print info about unnamed endpoints.
            print_info: If True, prints the usage info to the console. If False, does not print the usage info.
            return_format: If None, nothing is returned. If "str", returns the same string that would be printed to the console. If "dict", returns the usage info as a dictionary that can be programmatically parsed, and *all endpoints are returned in the dictionary* regardless of the value of `all_endpoints`. The format of the dictionary is in the docstring of this method.
        Example:
            from gradio_client import Client
            client = Client(src="gradio/calculator")
            client.view_api(return_format="dict")
            >> {
                'named_endpoints': {
                    '/predict': {
                        'parameters': [
                            {
                                'label': 'num1',
                                'python_type': 'int | float',
                                'type_description': 'numeric value',
                                'component': 'Number',
                                'example_input': '5'
                            },
                            {
                                'label': 'operation',
                                'python_type': 'str',
                                'type_description': 'string value',
                                'component': 'Radio',
                                'example_input': 'add'
                            },
                            {
                                'label': 'num2',
                                'python_type': 'int | float',
                                'type_description': 'numeric value',
                                'component': 'Number',
                                'example_input': '5'
                            },
                        ],
                        'returns': [
                            {
                                'label': 'output',
                                'python_type': 'int | float',
                                'type_description': 'numeric value',
                                'component': 'Number',
                            },
                        ]
                    },
                    '/flag': {
                        'parameters': [
                            ...
                            ],
                        'returns': [
                            ...
                            ]
                        }
                    }
                'unnamed_endpoints': {
                    2: {
                        'parameters': [
                            ...
                            ],
                        'returns': [
                            ...
                            ]
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

        """
        if not self._info:
            self._info = self._get_api_info()
        num_named_endpoints = len(self._info["named_endpoints"])
        num_unnamed_endpoints = len(self._info["unnamed_endpoints"])
        if num_named_endpoints == 0 and all_endpoints is None:
            all_endpoints = True

        human_info = "Client.predict() Usage Info\n---------------------------\n"
        human_info += f"Named API endpoints: {num_named_endpoints}\n"

        for api_name, endpoint_info in self._info["named_endpoints"].items():
            human_info += self._render_endpoints_info(api_name, endpoint_info)

        if all_endpoints:
            human_info += f"\nUnnamed API endpoints: {num_unnamed_endpoints}\n"
            for fn_index, endpoint_info in self._info["unnamed_endpoints"].items():
                # When loading from json, the fn_indices are read as strings
                # because json keys can only be strings
                human_info += self._render_endpoints_info(int(fn_index), endpoint_info)
        elif num_unnamed_endpoints > 0:
            human_info += f"\nUnnamed API endpoints: {num_unnamed_endpoints}, to view, run Client.view_api(all_endpoints=True)\n"

        if print_info:
            print(human_info)
        if return_format == "str":
            return human_info
        elif return_format == "dict":
            return self._info

    def reset_session(self) -> None:
        self.session_hash = str(uuid.uuid4())

    def _render_endpoints_info(
        self,
        name_or_index: str | int,
        endpoints_info: dict[str, list[ParameterInfo]],
    ) -> str:
        parameter_info = endpoints_info["parameters"]
        parameter_names = [
            p.get("parameter_name") or p["label"] for p in parameter_info
        ]
        parameter_names = [utils.sanitize_parameter_names(p) for p in parameter_names]
        rendered_parameters = ", ".join(parameter_names)
        if rendered_parameters:
            rendered_parameters = rendered_parameters + ", "
        return_values = [p["label"] for p in endpoints_info["returns"]]
        return_values = [utils.sanitize_parameter_names(r) for r in return_values]
        rendered_return_values = ", ".join(return_values)
        if len(return_values) > 1:
            rendered_return_values = f"({rendered_return_values})"

        if isinstance(name_or_index, str):
            final_param = f'api_name="{name_or_index}"'
        elif isinstance(name_or_index, int):
            final_param = f"fn_index={name_or_index}"
        else:
            raise ValueError("name_or_index must be a string or integer")

        human_info = f"\n - predict({rendered_parameters}{final_param}) -> {rendered_return_values}\n"
        human_info += "    Parameters:\n"
        if parameter_info:
            for info in parameter_info:
                desc = (
                    f" ({info['python_type']['description']})"
                    if info["python_type"].get("description")
                    else ""
                )
                default_value = info.get("parameter_default")
                default_info = (
                    "(required)"
                    if not info.get("parameter_has_default", False)
                    else f"(not required, defaults to {default_value})"
                )
                type_ = info["python_type"]["type"]
                if info.get("parameter_has_default", False) and default_value is None:
                    type_ += " | None"
                human_info += f"     - [{info['component']}] {utils.sanitize_parameter_names(info.get('parameter_name') or info['label'])}: {type_} {default_info} {desc} \n"
        else:
            human_info += "     - None\n"
        human_info += "    Returns:\n"
        if endpoints_info["returns"]:
            for info in endpoints_info["returns"]:
                desc = (
                    f" ({info['python_type']['description']})"
                    if info["python_type"].get("description")
                    else ""
                )
                type_ = info["python_type"]["type"]
                human_info += f"     - [{info['component']}] {utils.sanitize_parameter_names(info['label'])}: {type_}{desc} \n"
        else:
            human_info += "     - None\n"

        return human_info

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.view_api(print_info=False, return_format="str")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.view_api(print_info=False, return_format="str")

    def _telemetry_thread(self) -> None:
        # Disable telemetry by setting the env variable HF_HUB_DISABLE_TELEMETRY=1
        data = {
            "src": self.src,
        }
        try:
            send_telemetry(
                topic="py_client/initiated",
                library_name="gradio_client",
                library_version=utils.__version__,
                user_agent=data,
            )
        except Exception:
            pass

    def _infer_fn_index(self, api_name: str | None, fn_index: int | None) -> int:
        inferred_fn_index = None
        if api_name is not None:
            for i, d in enumerate(self.config["dependencies"]):
                config_api_name = d.get("api_name")
                if config_api_name is None or config_api_name is False:
                    continue
                if "/" + config_api_name == api_name:
                    inferred_fn_index = i
                    break
            else:
                error_message = f"Cannot find a function with `api_name`: {api_name}."
                if not api_name.startswith("/"):
                    error_message += " Did you mean to use a leading slash?"
                raise ValueError(error_message)
        elif fn_index is not None:
            inferred_fn_index = fn_index
            if (
                inferred_fn_index >= len(self.endpoints)
                or not self.endpoints[inferred_fn_index].is_valid
            ):
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid function index: {fn_index}.")
        else:
            valid_endpoints = [
                e
                for e in self.endpoints
                if e.is_valid
                and e.api_name is not None
                and e.backend_fn is not None
                and e.show_api
            ]
            if len(valid_endpoints) == 1:
                inferred_fn_index = valid_endpoints[0].fn_index
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    "This Gradio app might have multiple endpoints. Please specify an `api_name` or `fn_index`"
                )
        return inferred_fn_index

    def __del__(self):
        if hasattr(self, "executor"):
            self.executor.shutdown(wait=True)

    def _space_name_to_src(self, space) -> str | None:
        return huggingface_hub.space_info(space, token=self.hf_token).host  # type: ignore

    def _login(self, auth: tuple[str, str]):
        resp = httpx.post(
            urllib.parse.urljoin(self.src, utils.LOGIN_URL),
            data={"username": auth[0], "password": auth[1]},
            verify=self.ssl_verify,
        )
        if not resp.is_success:
            if resp.status_code == 401:
                raise AuthenticationError(
                    f"Could not login to {self.src}. Invalid credentials."
                )
            else:
                raise ValueError(f"Could not login to {self.src}.")
        self.cookies = {
            name: value for name, value in resp.cookies.items() if value is not None
        }

    def _get_config(self) -> dict:
        r = httpx.get(
            urllib.parse.urljoin(self.src, utils.CONFIG_URL),
            headers=self.headers,
            cookies=self.cookies,
            verify=self.ssl_verify,
        )
        if r.is_success:
            return r.json()
        elif r.status_code == 401:
            raise AuthenticationError(
                f"Could not load {self.src} as credentials were not provided. Please login."
            )
        else:  # to support older versions of Gradio
            r = httpx.get(
                self.src,
                headers=self.headers,
                cookies=self.cookies,
                verify=self.ssl_verify,
            )
            if not r.is_success:
                raise ValueError(f"Could not fetch config for {self.src}")
            # some basic regex to extract the config
            result = re.search(r"window.gradio_config = (.*?);[\s]*</script>", r.text)
            try:
                config = json.loads(result.group(1))  # type: ignore
            except AttributeError as ae:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Could not get Gradio config from: {self.src}"
                ) from ae
            if "allow_flagging" in config:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Gradio 2.x is not supported by this client. Please upgrade your Gradio app to Gradio 3.x or higher."
                )
            return config

    def deploy_discord(
        self,
        discord_bot_token: str | None = None,
        api_names: list[str | tuple[str, str]] | None = None,
        to_id: str | None = None,
        hf_token: str | None = None,
        private: bool = False,
    ):
        """
        Deploy the upstream app as a discord bot. Currently only supports gr.ChatInterface.
        Parameters:
            discord_bot_token: This is the "password" needed to be able to launch the bot. Users can get a token by creating a bot app on the discord website. If run the method without specifying a token, the space will explain how to get one. See here: https://huggingface.co/spaces/freddyaboulton/test-discord-bot-v1.
            api_names: The api_names of the app to turn into bot commands. This parameter currently has no effect as ChatInterface only has one api_name ('/chat').
            to_id: The name of the space hosting the discord bot. If None, the name will be gradio-discord-bot-{random-substring}
            hf_token: HF api token with write priviledges in order to upload the files to HF space. Can be ommitted if logged in via the HuggingFace CLI, unless the upstream space is private. Obtain from: https://huggingface.co/settings/token
            private: Whether the space hosting the discord bot is private. The visibility of the discord bot itself is set via the discord website. See https://huggingface.co/spaces/freddyaboulton/test-discord-bot-v1
        """

        if self.config["mode"] == "chat_interface" and not api_names:
            api_names = [("chat", "chat")]

        valid_list = isinstance(api_names, list) and (
            isinstance(n, str)
            or (
                isinstance(n, tuple) and isinstance(n[0], str) and isinstance(n[1], str)
            )
            for n in api_names
        )
        if api_names is None or not valid_list:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Each entry in api_names must be either a string or a tuple of strings. Received {api_names}"
            )
        if len(api_names) != 1:
            raise ValueError("Currently only one api_name can be deployed to discord.")

        for i, name in enumerate(api_names):
            if isinstance(name, str):
                api_names[i] = (name, name)

        fn = next(
            (ep for ep in self.endpoints if ep.api_name == f"/{api_names[0][0]}"), None
        )
        if not fn:
            raise ValueError(
                f"api_name {api_names[0][0]} not present in {self.space_id or self.src}"
            )
        inputs = [inp for inp in fn.input_component_types if not inp.skip]
        outputs = [inp for inp in fn.input_component_types if not inp.skip]
        if not inputs == ["textbox"] and outputs == ["textbox"]:
            raise ValueError(
                "Currently only api_names with a single textbox as input and output are supported. "
                f"Received {inputs} and {outputs}"
            )

        is_private = False
        if self.space_id:
            is_private = huggingface_hub.space_info(self.space_id).private
            if is_private and not hf_token:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Since {self.space_id} is private, you must explicitly pass in hf_token "
                    "so that it can be added as a secret in the discord bot space."
                )

        if to_id:
            if "/" in to_id:
                to_id = to_id.split("/")[1]
            space_id = huggingface_hub.get_full_repo_name(to_id, token=hf_token)
        else:
            if self.space_id:
                space_id = f'{self.space_id.split("/")[1]}-gradio-discord-bot'
            else:
                space_id = f"gradio-discord-bot-{secrets.token_hex(4)}"
            space_id = huggingface_hub.get_full_repo_name(space_id, token=hf_token)

        api = huggingface_hub.HfApi()

        try:
            huggingface_hub.space_info(space_id)
            first_upload = False
        except huggingface_hub.utils.RepositoryNotFoundError:
            first_upload = True

        huggingface_hub.create_repo(
            space_id,
            repo_type="space",
            space_sdk="gradio",
            token=hf_token,
            exist_ok=True,
            private=private,
        )
        if first_upload:
            huggingface_hub.metadata_update(
                repo_id=space_id,
                repo_type="space",
                metadata={"tags": ["gradio-discord-bot"]},
            )

        with open(
            str(Path(__file__).parent / "templates" / "discord_chat.py"),
            encoding="utf-8",
        ) as f:
            app = f.read()
        app = app.replace("<<app-src>>", self.src)
        app = app.replace("<<api-name>>", api_names[0][0])
        app = app.replace("<<command-name>>", api_names[0][1])

        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
            mode="w", delete=False, encoding="utf-8"
        ) as app_file:
            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w", delete=False) as requirements:
                app_file.write(app)
                requirements.write("\n".join(["discord.py==2.3.1"]))

        operations = [
            CommitOperationAdd(path_in_repo="app.py", path_or_fileobj=app_file.name),
            CommitOperationAdd(
                path_in_repo="requirements.txt", path_or_fileobj=requirements.name
            ),
        ]

        api.create_commit(
            repo_id=space_id,
            commit_message="Deploy Discord Bot",
            repo_type="space",
            operations=operations,
            token=hf_token,
        )

        if discord_bot_token:
            huggingface_hub.add_space_secret(
                space_id, "DISCORD_TOKEN", discord_bot_token, token=hf_token
            )
        if is_private:
            huggingface_hub.add_space_secret(
                space_id,
                "HF_TOKEN",
                hf_token,  # type: ignore
                token=hf_token,
            )

        url = f"https://huggingface.co/spaces/{space_id}"
        print(f"See your discord bot here! {url}")
        return url


@dataclass
class ComponentApiType:
    skip: bool
    value_is_file: bool
    is_state: bool


@dataclass
class ReplaceMe:
    index: int


class Endpoint:
    """Helper class for storing all the information about a single API endpoint."""

    def __init__(
        self, client: Client, fn_index: int, dependency: dict, protocol: str = "sse_v1"
    ):
        self.client: Client = client
        self.fn_index = fn_index
        self.dependency = dependency
        api_name = dependency.get("api_name")
        self.api_name: str | Literal[False] | None = (
            "/" + api_name if isinstance(api_name, str) else api_name
        )
        self.protocol = protocol
        self.input_component_types = [
            self._get_component_type(id_) for id_ in dependency["inputs"]
        ]
        self.output_component_types = [
            self._get_component_type(id_) for id_ in dependency["outputs"]
        ]
        self.parameters_info = self._get_parameters_info()

        self.root_url = client.src + "/" if not client.src.endswith("/") else client.src
        self.is_continuous = dependency.get("types", {}).get("continuous", False)

        # Disallow hitting endpoints that the Gradio app has disabled
        self.is_valid = self.api_name is not False
        self.backend_fn = dependency.get("backend_fn")
        self.show_api = dependency.get("show_api")

    def _get_component_type(self, component_id: int):
        component = next(
            i for i in self.client.config["components"] if i["id"] == component_id
        )
        skip_api = component.get("skip_api", component["type"] in utils.SKIP_COMPONENTS)
        return ComponentApiType(
            skip_api,
            self.value_is_file(component),
            component["type"] == "state",
        )

    def _get_parameters_info(self) -> list[ParameterInfo] | None:
        if not self.client._info:
            self._info = self.client._get_api_info()
        if self.api_name in self._info["named_endpoints"]:
            return self._info["named_endpoints"][self.api_name]["parameters"]
        return None

    @staticmethod
    def value_is_file(component: dict) -> bool:
        # This is still hacky as it does not tell us which part of the payload is a file.
        # If a component has a complex payload, part of which is a file, this will simply
        # return True, which means that all parts of the payload will be uploaded as files
        # if they are valid file paths. We will deprecate this 1.0.
        if "api_info" not in component:
            return False
        return utils.value_is_file(component["api_info"])

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Endpoint src: {self.client.src}, api_name: {self.api_name}, fn_index: {self.fn_index}"

    def __str__(self):
        return self.__repr__()

    def make_end_to_end_fn(self, helper: Communicator | None = None):
        _predict = self.make_predict(helper)

        def _inner(*data):
            if not self.is_valid:
                raise utils.InvalidAPIEndpointError()

            data = self.insert_empty_state(*data)
            data = self.process_input_files(*data)
            predictions = _predict(*data)
            predictions = self.process_predictions(*predictions)

            # Append final output only if not already present
            # for consistency between generators and not generators
            if helper:
                with helper.lock:
                    if not helper.job.outputs:
                        helper.job.outputs.append(predictions)
            return predictions

        return _inner

    def make_predict(self, helper: Communicator | None = None):
        def _predict(*data) -> tuple:
            data = {
                "data": data,
                "fn_index": self.fn_index,
                "session_hash": self.client.session_hash,
            }

            hash_data = {
                "fn_index": self.fn_index,
                "session_hash": self.client.session_hash,
            }

            if self.protocol == "sse":
                result = utils.synchronize_async(
                    self._sse_fn_v0, data, hash_data, helper
                )
            elif self.protocol in ("sse_v1", "sse_v2", "sse_v2.1", "sse_v3"):
                event_id = utils.synchronize_async(
                    self.client.send_data, data, hash_data, self.protocol
                )
                self.client.pending_event_ids.add(event_id)
                self.client.pending_messages_per_event[event_id] = []
                result = utils.synchronize_async(
                    self._sse_fn_v1plus, helper, event_id, self.protocol
                )
            else:
                raise ValueError(f"Unsupported protocol: {self.protocol}")

            if "error" in result:
                raise ValueError(result["error"])

            try:
                output = result["data"]
            except KeyError as ke:
                is_public_space = (
                    self.client.space_id
                    and not huggingface_hub.space_info(self.client.space_id).private
                )
                if "error" in result and "429" in result["error"] and is_public_space:
                    raise utils.TooManyRequestsError(
                        f"Too many requests to the API, please try again later. To avoid being rate-limited, "
                        f"please duplicate the Space using Client.duplicate({self.client.space_id}) "
                        f"and pass in your Hugging Face token."
                    ) from None
                elif "error" in result:
                    raise ValueError(result["error"]) from None
                raise KeyError(
                    f"Could not find 'data' key in response. Response received: {result}"
                ) from ke
            return tuple(output)

        return _predict

    def insert_empty_state(self, *data) -> tuple:
        data = list(data)
        for i, input_component_type in enumerate(self.input_component_types):
            if input_component_type.is_state:
                data.insert(i, None)
        return tuple(data)

    def process_input_files(self, *data) -> tuple:
        data_ = []
        for i, d in enumerate(data):
            if self.client.upload_files and self.input_component_types[i].value_is_file:
                d = utils.traverse(
                    d,
                    self._upload_file,
                    lambda f: utils.is_filepath(f)
                    or utils.is_file_obj_with_meta(f)
                    or utils.is_http_url_like(f),
                )
            elif not self.client.upload_files:
                d = utils.traverse(d, self._upload_file, utils.is_file_obj_with_meta)
            data_.append(d)
        return tuple(data_)

    def process_predictions(self, *predictions):
        # If self.download_file is True, we assume that that the user is using the Client directly (as opposed
        # within gr.load) and therefore, download any files generated by the server and skip values for
        # components that the user likely does not want to see (e.g. gr.State, gr.Tab).
        if self.client.download_files:
            predictions = self.download_files(*predictions)
        if self.client._skip_components:
            predictions = self.remove_skipped_components(*predictions)
        predictions = self.reduce_singleton_output(*predictions)
        return predictions

    def download_files(self, *data) -> tuple:
        data_ = list(data)
        if self.client.protocol == "sse_v2.1":
            data_ = utils.traverse(
                data_, self._download_file, utils.is_file_obj_with_meta
            )
        else:
            data_ = utils.traverse(data_, self._download_file, utils.is_file_obj)
        return tuple(data_)

    def remove_skipped_components(self, *data) -> tuple:
        """"""
        data = [d for d, oct in zip(data, self.output_component_types) if not oct.skip]
        return tuple(data)

    def reduce_singleton_output(self, *data) -> Any:
        if self.client._skip_components:
            effective_output_components = [
                o for o in self.output_component_types if not o.skip
            ]
        else:
            effective_output_components = self.output_component_types
        if len(effective_output_components) == 1:
            return data[0]
        else:
            return data

    def _upload_file(self, f: str | dict) -> dict[str, str]:
        if isinstance(f, str):
            warnings.warn(
                f'The Client is treating: "{f}" as a file path. In future versions, this behavior will not happen automatically. '
                f'\n\nInstead, please provide file path or URLs like this: gradio_client.file("{f}"). '
                "\n\nNote: to stop treating strings as filepaths unless file() is used, set upload_files=False in Client()."
            )
            file_path = f
        else:
            file_path = f["path"]
        if not utils.is_http_url_like(file_path):
            with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
                files = [("files", (Path(file_path).name, f))]
                r = httpx.post(
                    self.client.upload_url,
                    headers=self.client.headers,
                    cookies=self.client.cookies,
                    verify=self.client.ssl_verify,
                    files=files,
                )
            r.raise_for_status()
            result = r.json()
            file_path = result[0]
        return {"path": file_path}

    def _download_file(self, x: dict) -> str:
        url_path = self.root_url + "file=" + x["path"]
        if self.client.output_dir is not None:
            os.makedirs(self.client.output_dir, exist_ok=True)

        sha1 = hashlib.sha1()
        temp_dir = Path(tempfile.gettempdir()) / secrets.token_hex(20)
        temp_dir.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)

        with httpx.stream(
            "GET",
            url_path,
            headers=self.client.headers,
            cookies=self.client.cookies,
            verify=self.client.ssl_verify,
            follow_redirects=True,
        ) as response:
            response.raise_for_status()
            with open(temp_dir / Path(url_path).name, "wb") as f:
                for chunk in response.iter_bytes(chunk_size=128 * sha1.block_size):
                    sha1.update(chunk)
                    f.write(chunk)

        directory = Path(self.client.output_dir) / sha1.hexdigest()
        directory.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
        dest = directory / Path(url_path).name
        shutil.move(temp_dir / Path(url_path).name, dest)
        return str(dest.resolve())

    async def _sse_fn_v0(self, data: dict, hash_data: dict, helper: Communicator):
        async with httpx.AsyncClient(
            timeout=httpx.Timeout(timeout=None), verify=self.client.ssl_verify
        ) as client:
            return await utils.get_pred_from_sse_v0(
                client,
                data,
                hash_data,
                helper,
                self.client.sse_url,
                self.client.sse_data_url,
                self.client.headers,
                self.client.cookies,
                self.client.ssl_verify,
            )

    async def _sse_fn_v1plus(
        self,
        helper: Communicator,
        event_id: str,
        protocol: Literal["sse_v1", "sse_v2", "sse_v2.1", "sse_v3"],
    ):
        return await utils.get_pred_from_sse_v1plus(
            helper,
            self.client.headers,
            self.client.cookies,
            self.client.pending_messages_per_event,
            event_id,
            protocol,
            self.client.ssl_verify,
        )


@document("result", "outputs", "status")
class Job(Future):
    """
    A Job is a wrapper over the Future class that represents a prediction call that has been
    submitted by the Gradio client. This class is not meant to be instantiated directly, but rather
    is created by the Client.submit() method.

    A Job object includes methods to get the status of the prediction call, as well to get the outputs of
    the prediction call. Job objects are also iterable, and can be used in a loop to get the outputs
    of prediction calls as they become available for generator endpoints.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        future: Future,
        communicator: Communicator | None = None,
        verbose: bool = True,
        space_id: str | None = None,
    ):
        """
        Parameters:
            future: The future object that represents the prediction call, created by the Client.submit() method
            communicator: The communicator object that is used to communicate between the client and the background thread running the job
            verbose: Whether to print any status-related messages to the console
            space_id: The space ID corresponding to the Client object that created this Job object
        """
        self.future = future
        self.communicator = communicator
        self._counter = 0
        self.verbose = verbose
        self.space_id = space_id

    def __iter__(self) -> Job:
        return self

    def __next__(self) -> tuple | Any:
        if not self.communicator:
            raise StopIteration()

        while True:
            with self.communicator.lock:
                if len(self.communicator.job.outputs) >= self._counter + 1:
                    o = self.communicator.job.outputs[self._counter]
                    self._counter += 1
                    return o
                if (
                    self.communicator.job.latest_status.code == Status.FINISHED
                    and self._counter >= len(self.communicator.job.outputs)
                ):
                    raise StopIteration()
                time.sleep(0.001)

    def result(self, timeout: float | None = None) -> Any:
        """
        Return the result of the call that the future represents. Raises CancelledError: If the future was cancelled, TimeoutError: If the future didn't finish executing before the given timeout, and Exception: If the call raised then that exception will be raised.

        Parameters:
            timeout: The number of seconds to wait for the result if the future isn't done. If None, then there is no limit on the wait time.
        Returns:
            The result of the call that the future represents. For generator functions, it will return the final iteration.
        Example:
            from gradio_client import Client
            calculator = Client(src="gradio/calculator")
            job = calculator.submit("foo", "add", 4, fn_index=0)
            job.result(timeout=5)
            >> 9
        """
        return super().result(timeout=timeout)

    def outputs(self) -> list[tuple | Any]:
        """
        Returns a list containing the latest outputs from the Job.

        If the endpoint has multiple output components, the list will contain
        a tuple of results. Otherwise, it will contain the results without storing them
        in tuples.

        For endpoints that are queued, this list will contain the final job output even
        if that endpoint does not use a generator function.

        Example:
            from gradio_client import Client
            client = Client(src="gradio/count_generator")
            job = client.submit(3, api_name="/count")
            while not job.done():
                time.sleep(0.1)
            job.outputs()
            >> ['0', '1', '2']
        """
        if not self.communicator:
            return []
        else:
            with self.communicator.lock:
                return self.communicator.job.outputs

    def status(self) -> StatusUpdate:
        """
        Returns the latest status update from the Job in the form of a StatusUpdate
        object, which contains the following fields: code, rank, queue_size, success, time, eta, and progress_data.

        progress_data is a list of updates emitted by the gr.Progress() tracker of the event handler. Each element
        of the list has the following fields: index, length, unit, progress, desc. If the event handler does not have
        a gr.Progress() tracker, the progress_data field will be None.

        Example:
            from gradio_client import Client
            client = Client(src="gradio/calculator")
            job = client.submit(5, "add", 4, api_name="/predict")
            job.status()
            >> <Status.STARTING: 'STARTING'>
            job.status().eta
            >> 43.241  # seconds
        """
        time = datetime.now()
        cancelled = False
        if self.communicator:
            with self.communicator.lock:
                cancelled = self.communicator.should_cancel
        if cancelled:
            return StatusUpdate(
                code=Status.CANCELLED,
                rank=0,
                queue_size=None,
                success=False,
                time=time,
                eta=None,
                progress_data=None,
            )
        if self.done():
            if not self.future._exception:  # type: ignore
                return StatusUpdate(
                    code=Status.FINISHED,
                    rank=0,
                    queue_size=None,
                    success=True,
                    time=time,
                    eta=None,
                    progress_data=None,
                )
            else:
                return StatusUpdate(
                    code=Status.FINISHED,
                    rank=0,
                    queue_size=None,
                    success=False,
                    time=time,
                    eta=None,
                    progress_data=None,
                )
        elif not self.communicator:
            return StatusUpdate(
                code=Status.PROCESSING,
                rank=0,
                queue_size=None,
                success=None,
                time=time,
                eta=None,
                progress_data=None,
            )
        else:
            with self.communicator.lock:
                eta = self.communicator.job.latest_status.eta
                if self.verbose and self.space_id and eta and eta > 30:
                    print(
                        f"Due to heavy traffic on this app, the prediction will take approximately {int(eta)} seconds."
                        f"For faster predictions without waiting in queue, you may duplicate the space using: Client.duplicate({self.space_id})"
                    )
                return self.communicator.job.latest_status

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        """Forwards any properties to the Future class."""
        return getattr(self.future, name)

    def cancel(self) -> bool:
        """Cancels the job as best as possible.

        If the app you are connecting to has the gradio queue enabled, the job
        will be cancelled locally as soon as possible. For apps that do not use the
        queue, the job cannot be cancelled if it's been sent to the local executor
        (for the time being).

        Note: In general, this DOES not stop the process from running in the upstream server
        except for the following situations:

        1. If the job is queued upstream, it will be removed from the queue and the server will not run the job
        2. If the job has iterative outputs, the job will finish as soon as the current iteration finishes running
        3. If the job has not been picked up by the queue yet, the queue will not pick up the job
        """
        if self.communicator:
            with self.communicator.lock:
                self.communicator.should_cancel = True
                return True
        return self.future.cancel()