perf: TSDB: Add fast-path to inversePostingsForMatcher

[DylanGuedes]

What this PR does / why we need it:
Our inversePostingsForMatcher code was introduced ~2 years ago. Since then, Prometheus added some nice performance optimizations that we didn't track (example).
This PR updates our inversePostingsForMatcher implementation to inherit two of them, that are fast-paths and allow skipping a LabelValues query.

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Fixes #

Special notes for your reviewer:

Checklist

• Reviewed the CONTRIBUTING.md guide (required)
• Documentation added
• Tests updated
• Title matches the required conventional commits format, see here
• Changes that require user attention or interaction to upgrade are documented in docs/sources/setup/upgrade/_index.md
• For Helm chart changes bump the Helm chart version in production/helm/loki/Chart.yaml and update production/helm/loki/CHANGELOG.md and production/helm/loki/README.md. Example PR
• If the change is deprecating or removing a configuration option, update the deprecated-config.yaml and deleted-config.yaml files respectively in the tools/deprecated-config-checker directory. Example PR

[cyriltovena]

LGTM