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[LeetCode] 208. Implement Trie (Prefix Tree) #208

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grandyang opened this issue May 30, 2019 · 0 comments
Open

[LeetCode] 208. Implement Trie (Prefix Tree) #208

grandyang opened this issue May 30, 2019 · 0 comments

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@grandyang
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grandyang commented May 30, 2019

 

Implement a trie with insertsearch, and startsWith methods.

Example:

Trie trie = new Trie();

trie.insert("apple");
trie.search("apple");   // returns true
trie.search("app");     // returns false
trie.startsWith("app"); // returns true
trie.insert("app");   
trie.search("app");     // returns true

Note:

  • You may assume that all inputs are consist of lowercase letters a-z.
  • All inputs are guaranteed to be non-empty strings.

 

这道题让我们实现一个重要但又有些复杂的数据结构-字典树, 又称前缀树或单词查找树,详细介绍可以参见网友董的博客,例如,一个保存了8个键的trie结构,"A", "to", "tea", "ted", "ten", "i", "in", and "inn",如下图所示:

 

 

字典树主要有如下三点性质:

1. 根节点不包含字符,除根节点意外每个节点只包含一个字符。

2. 从根节点到某一个节点,路径上经过的字符连接起来,为该节点对应的字符串。

3. 每个节点的所有子节点包含的字符串不相同。

 

字母树的插入(Insert)、删除( Delete)和查找(Find)都非常简单,用一个一重循环即可,即第i 次循环找到前i 个字母所对应的子树,然后进行相应的操作。实现这棵字母树,我们用最常见的数组保存(静态开辟内存)即可,当然也可以开动态的指针类型(动态开辟内存)。至于结点对儿子的指向,一般有三种方法:

1、对每个结点开一个字母集大小的数组,对应的下标是儿子所表示的字母,内容则是这个儿子对应在大数组上的位置,即标号;

2、对每个结点挂一个链表,按一定顺序记录每个儿子是谁;

3、使用左儿子右兄弟表示法记录这棵树。

三种方法,各有特点。第一种易实现,但实际的空间要求较大;第二种,较易实现,空间要求相对较小,但比较费时;第三种,空间要求最小,但相对费时且不易写。 

我们这里只来实现第一种方法,这种方法实现起来简单直观,字母的字典树每个节点要定义一个大小为 26 的子节点指针数组,然后用一个标志符用来记录到当前位置为止是否为一个词,初始化的时候讲 26 个子节点都赋为空。那么 insert 操作只需要对于要插入的字符串的每一个字符算出其的位置,然后找是否存在这个子节点,若不存在则新建一个,然后再查找下一个。查找词和找前缀操作跟 insert 操作都很类似,不同点在于若不存在子节点,则返回 false。查找次最后还要看标识位,而找前缀直接返回 true 即可。代码如下:

 

class TrieNode {
public:
    TrieNode *child[26];
    bool isWord;
    TrieNode(): isWord(false) {
        for (auto &a : child) a = nullptr;
    }
};

class Trie {
public:
    Trie() {
        root = new TrieNode();
    }
    void insert(string s) {
        TrieNode *p = root;
        for (auto &a : s) {
            int i = a - 'a';
            if (!p->child[i]) p->child[i] = new TrieNode();
            p = p->child[i];
        }
        p->isWord = true;
    }
    bool search(string key) {
        TrieNode *p = root;
        for (auto &a : key) {
            int i = a - 'a';
            if (!p->child[i]) return false;
            p = p->child[i];
        }
        return p->isWord;
    }
    bool startsWith(string prefix) {
        TrieNode *p = root;
        for (auto &a : prefix) {
            int i = a - 'a';
            if (!p->child[i]) return false;
            p = p->child[i];
        }
        return true;
    }
    
private:
    TrieNode* root;
};

 

Github 同步地址: 

#208

 

类似题目:

Add and Search Word - Data structure design

Design Search Autocomplete System

Replace Words

Implement Magic Dictionary

 

参考资料:

https://leetcode.com/problems/implement-trie-prefix-tree/

https://leetcode.com/problems/implement-trie-prefix-tree/discuss/58832/AC-JAVA-solution-simple-using-single-array

https://leetcode.com/problems/implement-trie-prefix-tree/discuss/58986/Concise-O(1)-JAVA-solution-based-on-HashMap

https://leetcode.com/problems/implement-trie-prefix-tree/discuss/58842/Maybe-the-code-is-not-too-much-by-using-%22next26%22-C%2B%2B

 

LeetCode All in One 题目讲解汇总(持续更新中...)

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