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[LeetCode] 518. Coin Change 2 #518

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grandyang opened this issue May 30, 2019 · 0 comments
Open

[LeetCode] 518. Coin Change 2 #518

grandyang opened this issue May 30, 2019 · 0 comments

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@grandyang
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grandyang commented May 30, 2019

 

You are given coins of different denominations and a total amount of money. Write a function to compute the number of combinations that make up that amount. You may assume that you have infinite number of each kind of coin.

Note: You can assume that

  • 0 <= amount <= 5000
  • 1 <= coin <= 5000
  • the number of coins is less than 500
  • the answer is guaranteed to fit into signed 32-bit integer

 

Example 1:

Input: amount = 5, coins = [1, 2, 5]
Output: 4
Explanation: there are four ways to make up the amount:
5=5
5=2+2+1
5=2+1+1+1
5=1+1+1+1+1

 

Example 2:

Input: amount = 3, coins = [2]
Output: 0
Explanation: the amount of 3 cannot be made up just with coins of 2.

 

Example 3:

Input: amount = 10, coins = [10] 
Output: 1

 

这道题是之前那道 Coin Change 的拓展,那道题问我们最少能用多少个硬币组成给定的钱数,而这道题问的是组成给定钱数总共有多少种不同的方法。还是要使用 DP 来做,首先来考虑最简单的情况,如果只有一个硬币的话,那么给定钱数的组成方式就最多有1种,就看此钱数能否整除该硬币值。当有两个硬币的话,组成某个钱数的方式就可能有多种,比如可能由每种硬币单独来组成,或者是两种硬币同时来组成,怎么量化呢?比如我们有两个硬币 [1,2],钱数为5,那么钱数的5的组成方法是可以看作两部分组成,一种是由硬币1单独组成,那么仅有一种情况 (1+1+1+1+1);另一种是由1和2共同组成,说明组成方法中至少需要有一个2,所以此时先取出一个硬币2,然后只要拼出钱数为3即可,这个3还是可以用硬币1和2来拼,所以就相当于求由硬币 [1,2] 组成的钱数为3的总方法。是不是不太好理解,多想想。这里需要一个二维的 dp 数组,其中 dp[i][j] 表示用前i个硬币组成钱数为j的不同组合方法,怎么算才不会重复,也不会漏掉呢?我们采用的方法是一个硬币一个硬币的增加,每增加一个硬币,都从1遍历到 amount,对于遍历到的当前钱数j,组成方法就是不加上当前硬币的拼法 dp[i-1][j],还要加上,去掉当前硬币值的钱数的组成方法,当然钱数j要大于当前硬币值,状态转移方程也在上面的分析中得到了:

dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j] + (j >= coins[i - 1] ? dp[i][j - coins[i - 1]] : 0)

注意要初始化每行的第一个位置为1,参见代码如下:      

 

解法一:

class Solution {
public:
    int change(int amount, vector<int>& coins) {
        vector<vector<int>> dp(coins.size() + 1, vector<int>(amount + 1, 0));
        dp[0][0] = 1;
        for (int i = 1; i <= coins.size(); ++i) {
            dp[i][0] = 1;
            for (int j = 1; j <= amount; ++j) {
                dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j] + (j >= coins[i - 1] ? dp[i][j - coins[i - 1]] : 0);
            }
        }
        return dp[coins.size()][amount];
    }
};

 

我们可以对空间进行优化,由于 dp[i][j] 仅仅依赖于 dp[i - 1][j] 和 dp[i][j - coins[i - 1]] 这两项,就可以使用一个一维dp数组来代替,此时的 dp[i] 表示组成钱数i的不同方法。其实最开始的时候,博主就想着用一维的 dp 数组来写,但是博主开始想的方法是把里面两个 for 循环调换了一个位置,结果计算的种类数要大于正确答案,所以一定要注意 for 循环的顺序不能搞反,参见代码如下:

 

解法二:

class Solution {
public:
    int change(int amount, vector<int>& coins) {
        vector<int> dp(amount + 1, 0);
        dp[0] = 1;
        for (int coin : coins) {
            for (int i = coin; i <= amount; ++i) {
                dp[i] += dp[i - coin];
            }
        }
        return dp[amount];
    }
};

 

在 CareerCup 中,有一道极其相似的题 9.8 Represent N Cents 美分的组成,书里面用的是那种递归的方法,博主想将其解法直接搬到这道题里,但是失败了,博主发现使用那种的递归的解法必须要有值为1的硬币存在,这点无法在这道题里满足。你以为这样博主就没有办法了吗?当然有,博主加了判断,当用到最后一个硬币时,判断当前还剩的钱数是否能整除这个硬币,不能的话就返回0,否则返回1。还有就是用二维数组的 memo 会 TLE,所以博主换成了 map,就可以通过啦~

 

解法三:

class Solution {
public:
    int change(int amount, vector<int>& coins) {
        if (amount == 0) return 1;
        if (coins.empty()) return 0;
        map<pair<int, int>, int> memo;
        return helper(amount, coins, 0, memo);
    }
    int helper(int amount, vector<int>& coins, int idx, map<pair<int, int>, int>& memo) {
        if (amount == 0) return 1;
        else if (idx >= coins.size()) return 0;
        else if (idx == coins.size() - 1) return amount % coins[idx] == 0;
        if (memo.count({amount, idx})) return memo[{amount, idx}];
        int val = coins[idx], res = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i * val <= amount; ++i) {
            int rem = amount - i * val;
            res += helper(rem, coins, idx + 1, memo);
        }
        return memo[{amount, idx}] = res;
    }
};

 

Github 同步地址:

#518

 

类似题目:

Coin Change

9.8 Represent N Cents 美分的组成

 

参考资料:

https://leetcode.com/problems/coin-change-2/

https://leetcode.com/problems/coin-change-2/discuss/141076/Logical-Thinking-with-Clear-Java-Code

https://leetcode.com/problems/coin-change-2/discuss/99212/Knapsack-problem-Java-solution-with-thinking-process-O(nm)-Time-and-O(m)-Space

 

LeetCode All in One 题目讲解汇总(持续更新中...)

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