SqlMapper.cs

/*
 License: http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 
 Home page: http://code.google.com/p/dapper-dot-net/

 Note: to build on C# 3.0 + .NET 3.5, include the CSHARP30 compiler symbol (and yes,
 I know the difference between language and runtime versions; this is a compromise).
 */

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Emit;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using System.Diagnostics;


namespace Dapper
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Dapper, a light weight object mapper for ADO.NET
    /// </summary>
    static partial class SqlMapper
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Implement this interface to pass an arbitrary db specific set of parameters to Dapper
        /// </summary>
        public partial interface IDynamicParameters
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// Add all the parameters needed to the command just before it executes
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="command">The raw command prior to execution</param>
            /// <param name="identity">Information about the query</param>
            void AddParameters(IDbCommand command, Identity identity);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Implement this interface to change default mapping of reader columns to type memebers
        /// </summary>
        public interface ITypeMap
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// Finds best constructor
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="names">DataReader column names</param>
            /// <param name="types">DataReader column types</param>
            /// <returns>Matching constructor or default one</returns>
            ConstructorInfo FindConstructor(string[] names, Type[] types);

            /// <summary>
            /// Gets mapping for constructor parameter
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="constructor">Constructor to resolve</param>
            /// <param name="columnName">DataReader column name</param>
            /// <returns>Mapping implementation</returns>
            IMemberMap GetConstructorParameter(ConstructorInfo constructor, string columnName);

            /// <summary>
            /// Gets member mapping for column
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="columnName">DataReader column name</param>
            /// <returns>Mapping implementation</returns>
            IMemberMap GetMember(string columnName);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Implements this interface to provide custom member mapping
        /// </summary>
        public interface IMemberMap
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// Source DataReader column name
            /// </summary>
            string ColumnName { get; }

            /// <summary>
            ///  Target member type
            /// </summary>
            Type MemberType { get; }

            /// <summary>
            /// Target property
            /// </summary>
            PropertyInfo Property { get; }

            /// <summary>
            /// Target field
            /// </summary>
            FieldInfo Field { get; }

            /// <summary>
            /// Target constructor parameter
            /// </summary>
            ParameterInfo Parameter { get; }
        }

        static Link<Type, Action<IDbCommand, bool>> bindByNameCache;
        static Action<IDbCommand, bool> GetBindByName(Type commandType)
        {
            if (commandType == null) return null; // GIGO
            Action<IDbCommand, bool> action;
            if (Link<Type, Action<IDbCommand, bool>>.TryGet(bindByNameCache, commandType, out action))
            {
                return action;
            }
            var prop = commandType.GetProperty("BindByName", BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance);
            action = null;
            ParameterInfo[] indexers;
            MethodInfo setter;
            if (prop != null && prop.CanWrite && prop.PropertyType == typeof(bool)
                && ((indexers = prop.GetIndexParameters()) == null || indexers.Length == 0)
                && (setter = prop.GetSetMethod()) != null
                )
            {
                var method = new DynamicMethod(commandType.Name + "_BindByName", null, new Type[] { typeof(IDbCommand), typeof(bool) });
                var il = method.GetILGenerator();
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Castclass, commandType);
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
                il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Callvirt, setter, null);
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
                action = (Action<IDbCommand, bool>)method.CreateDelegate(typeof(Action<IDbCommand, bool>));
            }
            // cache it            
            Link<Type, Action<IDbCommand, bool>>.TryAdd(ref bindByNameCache, commandType, ref action);
            return action;
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// This is a micro-cache; suitable when the number of terms is controllable (a few hundred, for example),
        /// and strictly append-only; you cannot change existing values. All key matches are on **REFERENCE**
        /// equality. The type is fully thread-safe.
        /// </summary>
        partial class Link<TKey, TValue> where TKey : class
        {
            public static bool TryGet(Link<TKey, TValue> link, TKey key, out TValue value)
            {
                while (link != null)
                {
                    if ((object)key == (object)link.Key)
                    {
                        value = link.Value;
                        return true;
                    }
                    link = link.Tail;
                }
                value = default(TValue);
                return false;
            }
            public static bool TryAdd(ref Link<TKey, TValue> head, TKey key, ref TValue value)
            {
                bool tryAgain;
                do
                {
                    var snapshot = Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref head, null, null);
                    TValue found;
                    if (TryGet(snapshot, key, out found))
                    { // existing match; report the existing value instead
                        value = found;
                        return false;
                    }
                    var newNode = new Link<TKey, TValue>(key, value, snapshot);
                    // did somebody move our cheese?
                    tryAgain = Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref head, newNode, snapshot) != snapshot;
                } while (tryAgain);
                return true;
            }
            private Link(TKey key, TValue value, Link<TKey, TValue> tail)
            {
                Key = key;
                Value = value;
                Tail = tail;
            }
            public TKey Key { get; private set; }
            public TValue Value { get; private set; }
            public Link<TKey, TValue> Tail { get; private set; }
        }
        partial class CacheInfo
        {
            public DeserializerState Deserializer { get; set; }
            public Func<IDataReader, object>[] OtherDeserializers { get; set; }
            public Action<IDbCommand, object> ParamReader { get; set; }
            private int hitCount;
            public int GetHitCount() { return Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref hitCount, 0, 0); }
            public void RecordHit() { Interlocked.Increment(ref hitCount); }
        }
        static int GetColumnHash(IDataReader reader)
        {
            unchecked
            {
                int colCount = reader.FieldCount, hash = colCount;
                for (int i = 0; i < colCount; i++)
                {   // binding code is only interested in names - not types
                    object tmp = reader.GetName(i);
                    hash = (hash * 31) + (tmp == null ? 0 : tmp.GetHashCode());
                }
                return hash;
            }
        }
        struct DeserializerState
        {
            public readonly int Hash;
            public readonly Func<IDataReader, object> Func;

            public DeserializerState(int hash, Func<IDataReader, object> func)
            {
                Hash = hash;
                Func = func;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Called if the query cache is purged via PurgeQueryCache
        /// </summary>
        public static event EventHandler QueryCachePurged;
        private static void OnQueryCachePurged()
        {
            var handler = QueryCachePurged;
            if (handler != null) handler(null, EventArgs.Empty);
        }
#if CSHARP30
        private static readonly Dictionary<Identity, CacheInfo> _queryCache = new Dictionary<Identity, CacheInfo>();
        // note: conflicts between readers and writers are so short-lived that it isn't worth the overhead of
        // ReaderWriterLockSlim etc; a simple lock is faster
        private static void SetQueryCache(Identity key, CacheInfo value)
        {
            lock (_queryCache) { _queryCache[key] = value; }
        }
        private static bool TryGetQueryCache(Identity key, out CacheInfo value)
        {
            lock (_queryCache) { return _queryCache.TryGetValue(key, out value); }
        }
        private static void PurgeQueryCacheByType(Type type)
        {
            lock (_queryCache)
            {
                var toRemove = _queryCache.Keys.Where(id => id.type == type).ToArray();
                foreach (var key in toRemove)
                    _queryCache.Remove(key);
            }
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Purge the query cache 
        /// </summary>
        public static void PurgeQueryCache()
        {
            lock (_queryCache)
            {
                 _queryCache.Clear();
            }
            OnQueryCachePurged();
        }
#else
        static readonly System.Collections.Concurrent.ConcurrentDictionary<Identity, CacheInfo> _queryCache = new System.Collections.Concurrent.ConcurrentDictionary<Identity, CacheInfo>();
        private static void SetQueryCache(Identity key, CacheInfo value)
        {
            if (Interlocked.Increment(ref collect) == COLLECT_PER_ITEMS)
            {
                CollectCacheGarbage();
            }
            _queryCache[key] = value;
        }

        private static void CollectCacheGarbage()
        {
            try
            {
                foreach (var pair in _queryCache)
                {
                    if (pair.Value.GetHitCount() <= COLLECT_HIT_COUNT_MIN)
                    {
                        CacheInfo cache;
                        _queryCache.TryRemove(pair.Key, out cache);
                    }
                }
            }

            finally
            {
                Interlocked.Exchange(ref collect, 0);
            }
        }

        private const int COLLECT_PER_ITEMS = 1000, COLLECT_HIT_COUNT_MIN = 0;
        private static int collect;
        private static bool TryGetQueryCache(Identity key, out CacheInfo value)
        {
            if (_queryCache.TryGetValue(key, out value))
            {
                value.RecordHit();
                return true;
            }
            value = null;
            return false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Purge the query cache 
        /// </summary>
        public static void PurgeQueryCache()
        {
            _queryCache.Clear();
            OnQueryCachePurged();
        }

        private static void PurgeQueryCacheByType(Type type)
        {
            foreach (var entry in _queryCache)
            {
                CacheInfo cache;
                if (entry.Key.type == type)
                    _queryCache.TryRemove(entry.Key, out cache);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return a count of all the cached queries by dapper
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static int GetCachedSQLCount()
        {
            return _queryCache.Count;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return a list of all the queries cached by dapper
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="ignoreHitCountAbove"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static IEnumerable<Tuple<string, string, int>> GetCachedSQL(int ignoreHitCountAbove = int.MaxValue)
        {
            var data = _queryCache.Select(pair => Tuple.Create(pair.Key.connectionString, pair.Key.sql, pair.Value.GetHitCount()));
            if (ignoreHitCountAbove < int.MaxValue) data = data.Where(tuple => tuple.Item3 <= ignoreHitCountAbove);
            return data;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Deep diagnostics only: find any hash collisions in the cache
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static IEnumerable<Tuple<int, int>> GetHashCollissions()
        {
            var counts = new Dictionary<int, int>();
            foreach (var key in _queryCache.Keys)
            {
                int count;
                if (!counts.TryGetValue(key.hashCode, out count))
                {
                    counts.Add(key.hashCode, 1);
                }
                else
                {
                    counts[key.hashCode] = count + 1;
                }
            }
            return from pair in counts
                   where pair.Value > 1
                   select Tuple.Create(pair.Key, pair.Value);

        }
#endif


        static readonly Dictionary<Type, DbType> typeMap;

        static SqlMapper()
        {
            typeMap = new Dictionary<Type, DbType>();
            typeMap[typeof(byte)] = DbType.Byte;
            typeMap[typeof(sbyte)] = DbType.SByte;
            typeMap[typeof(short)] = DbType.Int16;
            typeMap[typeof(ushort)] = DbType.UInt16;
            typeMap[typeof(int)] = DbType.Int32;
            typeMap[typeof(uint)] = DbType.UInt32;
            typeMap[typeof(long)] = DbType.Int64;
            typeMap[typeof(ulong)] = DbType.UInt64;
            typeMap[typeof(float)] = DbType.Single;
            typeMap[typeof(double)] = DbType.Double;
            typeMap[typeof(decimal)] = DbType.Decimal;
            typeMap[typeof(bool)] = DbType.Boolean;
            typeMap[typeof(string)] = DbType.String;
            typeMap[typeof(char)] = DbType.StringFixedLength;
            typeMap[typeof(Guid)] = DbType.Guid;
            typeMap[typeof(DateTime)] = DbType.DateTime;
            typeMap[typeof(DateTimeOffset)] = DbType.DateTimeOffset;
            typeMap[typeof(TimeSpan)] = DbType.Time;
            typeMap[typeof(byte[])] = DbType.Binary;
            typeMap[typeof(byte?)] = DbType.Byte;
            typeMap[typeof(sbyte?)] = DbType.SByte;
            typeMap[typeof(short?)] = DbType.Int16;
            typeMap[typeof(ushort?)] = DbType.UInt16;
            typeMap[typeof(int?)] = DbType.Int32;
            typeMap[typeof(uint?)] = DbType.UInt32;
            typeMap[typeof(long?)] = DbType.Int64;
            typeMap[typeof(ulong?)] = DbType.UInt64;
            typeMap[typeof(float?)] = DbType.Single;
            typeMap[typeof(double?)] = DbType.Double;
            typeMap[typeof(decimal?)] = DbType.Decimal;
            typeMap[typeof(bool?)] = DbType.Boolean;
            typeMap[typeof(char?)] = DbType.StringFixedLength;
            typeMap[typeof(Guid?)] = DbType.Guid;
            typeMap[typeof(DateTime?)] = DbType.DateTime;
            typeMap[typeof(DateTimeOffset?)] = DbType.DateTimeOffset;
            typeMap[typeof(TimeSpan?)] = DbType.Time;
            typeMap[typeof(Object)] = DbType.Object;
        }

        internal const string LinqBinary = "System.Data.Linq.Binary";
        internal static DbType LookupDbType(Type type, string name)
        {
            DbType dbType;
            var nullUnderlyingType = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(type);
            if (nullUnderlyingType != null) type = nullUnderlyingType;
            if (type.IsEnum)
            {
                type = Enum.GetUnderlyingType(type);
            }
            if (typeMap.TryGetValue(type, out dbType))
            {
                return dbType;
            }
            if (type.FullName == LinqBinary)
            {
                return DbType.Binary;
            }
            if (typeof(IEnumerable).IsAssignableFrom(type))
            {
                return DynamicParameters.EnumerableMultiParameter;
            }


            throw new NotSupportedException(string.Format("The member {0} of type {1} cannot be used as a parameter value", name, type));
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Identity of a cached query in Dapper, used for extensability
        /// </summary>
        public partial class Identity : IEquatable<Identity>
        {
            internal Identity ForGrid(Type primaryType, int gridIndex)
            {
                return new Identity(sql, commandType, connectionString, primaryType, parametersType, null, gridIndex);
            }

            internal Identity ForGrid(Type primaryType, Type[] otherTypes, int gridIndex)
            {
                return new Identity(sql, commandType, connectionString, primaryType, parametersType, otherTypes, gridIndex);
            }
            /// <summary>
            /// Create an identity for use with DynamicParameters, internal use only
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="type"></param>
            /// <returns></returns>
            public Identity ForDynamicParameters(Type type)
            {
                return new Identity(sql, commandType, connectionString, this.type, type, null, -1);
            }

            internal Identity(string sql, CommandType? commandType, IDbConnection connection, Type type, Type parametersType, Type[] otherTypes)
                : this(sql, commandType, connection.ConnectionString, type, parametersType, otherTypes, 0)
            { }
            private Identity(string sql, CommandType? commandType, string connectionString, Type type, Type parametersType, Type[] otherTypes, int gridIndex)
            {
                this.sql = sql;
                this.commandType = commandType;
                this.connectionString = connectionString;
                this.type = type;
                this.parametersType = parametersType;
                this.gridIndex = gridIndex;
                unchecked
                {
                    hashCode = 17; // we *know* we are using this in a dictionary, so pre-compute this
                    hashCode = hashCode * 23 + commandType.GetHashCode();
                    hashCode = hashCode * 23 + gridIndex.GetHashCode();
                    hashCode = hashCode * 23 + (sql == null ? 0 : sql.GetHashCode());
                    hashCode = hashCode * 23 + (type == null ? 0 : type.GetHashCode());
                    if (otherTypes != null)
                    {
                        foreach (var t in otherTypes)
                        {
                            hashCode = hashCode * 23 + (t == null ? 0 : t.GetHashCode());
                        }
                    }
                    hashCode = hashCode * 23 + (connectionString == null ? 0 : connectionString.GetHashCode());
                    hashCode = hashCode * 23 + (parametersType == null ? 0 : parametersType.GetHashCode());
                }
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// 
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="obj"></param>
            /// <returns></returns>
            public override bool Equals(object obj)
            {
                return Equals(obj as Identity);
            }
            /// <summary>
            /// The sql
            /// </summary>
            public readonly string sql;
            /// <summary>
            /// The command type 
            /// </summary>
            public readonly CommandType? commandType;

            /// <summary>
            /// 
            /// </summary>
            public readonly int hashCode, gridIndex;
            /// <summary>
            /// 
            /// </summary>
            public readonly Type type;
            /// <summary>
            /// 
            /// </summary>
            public readonly string connectionString;
            /// <summary>
            /// 
            /// </summary>
            public readonly Type parametersType;
            /// <summary>
            /// 
            /// </summary>
            /// <returns></returns>
            public override int GetHashCode()
            {
                return hashCode;
            }
            /// <summary>
            /// Compare 2 Identity objects
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="other"></param>
            /// <returns></returns>
            public bool Equals(Identity other)
            {
                return
                    other != null &&
                    gridIndex == other.gridIndex &&
                    type == other.type &&
                    sql == other.sql &&
                    commandType == other.commandType &&
                    connectionString == other.connectionString &&
                    parametersType == other.parametersType;
            }
        }

#if CSHARP30
        /// <summary>
        /// Execute parameterized SQL  
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>Number of rows affected</returns>
        public static int Execute(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param)
        {
            return Execute(cnn, sql, param, null, null, null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Execute parameterized SQL
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>Number of rows affected</returns>
        public static int Execute(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction)
        {
            return Execute(cnn, sql, param, transaction, null, null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Execute parameterized SQL
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>Number of rows affected</returns>
        public static int Execute(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, CommandType commandType)
        {
            return Execute(cnn, sql, param, null, null, commandType);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Execute parameterized SQL
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>Number of rows affected</returns>
        public static int Execute(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, CommandType commandType)
        {
            return Execute(cnn, sql, param, transaction, null, commandType);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Executes a query, returning the data typed as per T
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>A sequence of data of the supplied type; if a basic type (int, string, etc) is queried then the data from the first column in assumed, otherwise an instance is
        /// created per row, and a direct column-name===member-name mapping is assumed (case insensitive).
        /// </returns>
        public static IEnumerable<T> Query<T>(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param)
        {
            return Query<T>(cnn, sql, param, null, true, null, null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Executes a query, returning the data typed as per T
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>A sequence of data of the supplied type; if a basic type (int, string, etc) is queried then the data from the first column in assumed, otherwise an instance is
        /// created per row, and a direct column-name===member-name mapping is assumed (case insensitive).
        /// </returns>
        public static IEnumerable<T> Query<T>(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction)
        {
            return Query<T>(cnn, sql, param, transaction, true, null, null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Executes a query, returning the data typed as per T
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>A sequence of data of the supplied type; if a basic type (int, string, etc) is queried then the data from the first column in assumed, otherwise an instance is
        /// created per row, and a direct column-name===member-name mapping is assumed (case insensitive).
        /// </returns>
        public static IEnumerable<T> Query<T>(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, CommandType commandType)
        {
            return Query<T>(cnn, sql, param, null, true, null, commandType);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Executes a query, returning the data typed as per T
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>A sequence of data of the supplied type; if a basic type (int, string, etc) is queried then the data from the first column in assumed, otherwise an instance is
        /// created per row, and a direct column-name===member-name mapping is assumed (case insensitive).
        /// </returns>
        public static IEnumerable<T> Query<T>(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, CommandType commandType)
        {
            return Query<T>(cnn, sql, param, transaction, true, null, commandType);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Execute a command that returns multiple result sets, and access each in turn
        /// </summary>
        public static GridReader QueryMultiple(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction) 
        {
            return QueryMultiple(cnn, sql, param, transaction, null, null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Execute a command that returns multiple result sets, and access each in turn
        /// </summary>
        public static GridReader QueryMultiple(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, CommandType commandType) 
        {
            return QueryMultiple(cnn, sql, param, null, null, commandType);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Execute a command that returns multiple result sets, and access each in turn
        /// </summary>
        public static GridReader QueryMultiple(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, CommandType commandType)
        {
            return QueryMultiple(cnn, sql, param, transaction, null, commandType);
        }
#endif
        /// <summary>
        /// Execute parameterized SQL  
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>Number of rows affected</returns>
        public static int Execute(
#if CSHARP30
            this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, int? commandTimeout, CommandType? commandType
#else
this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, dynamic param = null, IDbTransaction transaction = null, int? commandTimeout = null, CommandType? commandType = null
#endif
)
        {
            IEnumerable multiExec = (object)param as IEnumerable;
            Identity identity;
            CacheInfo info = null;
            if (multiExec != null && !(multiExec is string))
            {
                bool isFirst = true;
                int total = 0;
                using (var cmd = SetupCommand(cnn, transaction, sql, null, null, commandTimeout, commandType))
                {

                    string masterSql = null;
                    foreach (var obj in multiExec)
                    {
                        if (isFirst)
                        {
                            masterSql = cmd.CommandText;
                            isFirst = false;
                            identity = new Identity(sql, cmd.CommandType, cnn, null, obj.GetType(), null);
                            info = GetCacheInfo(identity);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            cmd.CommandText = masterSql; // because we do magic replaces on "in" etc
                            cmd.Parameters.Clear(); // current code is Add-tastic
                        }
                        info.ParamReader(cmd, obj);
                        total += cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
                    }
                }
                return total;
            }

            // nice and simple
            if ((object)param != null)
            {
                identity = new Identity(sql, commandType, cnn, null, (object)param == null ? null : ((object)param).GetType(), null);
                info = GetCacheInfo(identity);
            }
            return ExecuteCommand(cnn, transaction, sql, (object)param == null ? null : info.ParamReader, (object)param, commandTimeout, commandType);
        }
#if !CSHARP30
        /// <summary>
        /// Return a list of dynamic objects, reader is closed after the call
        /// </summary>
        public static IEnumerable<dynamic> Query(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, dynamic param = null, IDbTransaction transaction = null, bool buffered = true, int? commandTimeout = null, CommandType? commandType = null)
        {
            return Query<DapperRow>(cnn, sql, param as object, transaction, buffered, commandTimeout, commandType);
        }
#else
        /// <summary>
        /// Return a list of dynamic objects, reader is closed after the call
        /// </summary>
        public static IEnumerable<IDictionary<string, object>> Query(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param) {
            return Query(cnn, sql, param, null, true, null, null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return a list of dynamic objects, reader is closed after the call
        /// </summary>
        public static IEnumerable<IDictionary<string, object>> Query(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction) {
            return Query(cnn, sql, param, transaction, true, null, null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return a list of dynamic objects, reader is closed after the call
        /// </summary>
        public static IEnumerable<IDictionary<string, object>> Query(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, CommandType? commandType) {
            return Query(cnn, sql, param, null, true, null, commandType);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return a list of dynamic objects, reader is closed after the call
        /// </summary>
        public static IEnumerable<IDictionary<string, object>> Query(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, CommandType? commandType) {
            return Query(cnn, sql, param, transaction, true, null, commandType);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return a list of dynamic objects, reader is closed after the call
        /// </summary>
        public static IEnumerable<IDictionary<string,object>> Query(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, bool buffered, int? commandTimeout, CommandType? commandType) {
            return Query<IDictionary<string, object>>(cnn, sql, param, transaction, buffered, commandTimeout, commandType);
        }
#endif

        /// <summary>
        /// Executes a query, returning the data typed as per T
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>the dynamic param may seem a bit odd, but this works around a major usability issue in vs, if it is Object vs completion gets annoying. Eg type new [space] get new object</remarks>
        /// <returns>A sequence of data of the supplied type; if a basic type (int, string, etc) is queried then the data from the first column in assumed, otherwise an instance is
        /// created per row, and a direct column-name===member-name mapping is assumed (case insensitive).
        /// </returns>
        public static IEnumerable<T> Query<T>(
#if CSHARP30
            this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, bool buffered, int? commandTimeout, CommandType? commandType
#else
this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, dynamic param = null, IDbTransaction transaction = null, bool buffered = true, int? commandTimeout = null, CommandType? commandType = null
#endif
)
        {
            var data = QueryInternal<T>(cnn, sql, param as object, transaction, commandTimeout, commandType);
            return buffered ? data.ToList() : data;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Execute a command that returns multiple result sets, and access each in turn
        /// </summary>
        public static GridReader QueryMultiple(
#if CSHARP30  
            this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, int? commandTimeout, CommandType? commandType
#else
            this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, dynamic param = null, IDbTransaction transaction = null, int? commandTimeout = null, CommandType? commandType = null
#endif
)
        {
            Identity identity = new Identity(sql, commandType, cnn, typeof(GridReader), (object)param == null ? null : ((object)param).GetType(), null);
            CacheInfo info = GetCacheInfo(identity);

            IDbCommand cmd = null;
            IDataReader reader = null;
            bool wasClosed = cnn.State == ConnectionState.Closed;
            try
            {
                if (wasClosed) cnn.Open();
                cmd = SetupCommand(cnn, transaction, sql, info.ParamReader, (object)param, commandTimeout, commandType);
                reader = cmd.ExecuteReader(wasClosed ? CommandBehavior.CloseConnection : CommandBehavior.Default);

                var result = new GridReader(cmd, reader, identity);
                wasClosed = false; // *if* the connection was closed and we got this far, then we now have a reader
                // with the CloseConnection flag, so the reader will deal with the connection; we
                // still need something in the "finally" to ensure that broken SQL still results
                // in the connection closing itself
                return result;
            }
            catch
            {
                if (reader != null)
                {
                    if (!reader.IsClosed) try { cmd.Cancel(); }
                        catch { /* don't spoil the existing exception */ }
                    reader.Dispose();
                }
                if (cmd != null) cmd.Dispose();
                if (wasClosed) cnn.Close();
                throw;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return a typed list of objects, reader is closed after the call
        /// </summary>
        private static IEnumerable<T> QueryInternal<T>(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, int? commandTimeout, CommandType? commandType)
        {
            var identity = new Identity(sql, commandType, cnn, typeof(T), param == null ? null : param.GetType(), null);
            var info = GetCacheInfo(identity);

            IDbCommand cmd = null;
            IDataReader reader = null;

            bool wasClosed = cnn.State == ConnectionState.Closed;
            try
            {
                cmd = SetupCommand(cnn, transaction, sql, info.ParamReader, param, commandTimeout, commandType);

                if (wasClosed) cnn.Open();
                reader = cmd.ExecuteReader(wasClosed ? CommandBehavior.CloseConnection : CommandBehavior.Default);
                wasClosed = false; // *if* the connection was closed and we got this far, then we now have a reader
                // with the CloseConnection flag, so the reader will deal with the connection; we
                // still need something in the "finally" to ensure that broken SQL still results
                // in the connection closing itself
                var tuple = info.Deserializer;
                int hash = GetColumnHash(reader);
                if (tuple.Func == null || tuple.Hash != hash)
                {
                    tuple = info.Deserializer = new DeserializerState(hash, GetDeserializer(typeof(T), reader, 0, -1, false));
                    SetQueryCache(identity, info);
                }

                var func = tuple.Func;

                while (reader.Read())
                {
                    yield return (T)func(reader);
                }
                // happy path; close the reader cleanly - no
                // need for "Cancel" etc
                reader.Dispose();
                reader = null;
            }
            finally
            {
                if (reader != null)
                {
                    if (!reader.IsClosed) try { cmd.Cancel(); }
                        catch { /* don't spoil the existing exception */ }
                    reader.Dispose();
                }
                if (wasClosed) cnn.Close();
                if (cmd != null) cmd.Dispose();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Maps a query to objects
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="TFirst">The first type in the recordset</typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TSecond">The second type in the recordset</typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
        /// <param name="cnn"></param>
        /// <param name="sql"></param>
        /// <param name="map"></param>
        /// <param name="param"></param>
        /// <param name="transaction"></param>
        /// <param name="buffered"></param>
        /// <param name="splitOn">The Field we should split and read the second object from (default: id)</param>
        /// <param name="commandTimeout">Number of seconds before command execution timeout</param>
        /// <param name="commandType">Is it a stored proc or a batch?</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static IEnumerable<TReturn> Query<TFirst, TSecond, TReturn>(
#if CSHARP30  
            this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, Func<TFirst, TSecond, TReturn> map, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, bool buffered, string splitOn, int? commandTimeout, CommandType? commandType
#else
this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, Func<TFirst, TSecond, TReturn> map, dynamic param = null, IDbTransaction transaction = null, bool buffered = true, string splitOn = "Id", int? commandTimeout = null, CommandType? commandType = null
#endif
)
        {
            return MultiMap<TFirst, TSecond, DontMap, DontMap, DontMap, TReturn>(cnn, sql, map, param as object, transaction, buffered, splitOn, commandTimeout, commandType);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Maps a query to objects
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="TFirst"></typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TSecond"></typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TThird"></typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TReturn"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="cnn"></param>
        /// <param name="sql"></param>
        /// <param name="map"></param>
        /// <param name="param"></param>
        /// <param name="transaction"></param>
        /// <param name="buffered"></param>
        /// <param name="splitOn">The Field we should split and read the second object from (default: id)</param>
        /// <param name="commandTimeout">Number of seconds before command execution timeout</param>
        /// <param name="commandType"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static IEnumerable<TReturn> Query<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TReturn>(
#if CSHARP30
            this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TReturn> map, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, bool buffered, string splitOn, int? commandTimeout, CommandType? commandType
#else
this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TReturn> map, dynamic param = null, IDbTransaction transaction = null, bool buffered = true, string splitOn = "Id", int? commandTimeout = null, CommandType? commandType = null
#endif
)
        {
            return MultiMap<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, DontMap, DontMap, TReturn>(cnn, sql, map, param as object, transaction, buffered, splitOn, commandTimeout, commandType);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Perform a multi mapping query with 4 input parameters
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="TFirst"></typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TSecond"></typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TThird"></typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TFourth"></typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TReturn"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="cnn"></param>
        /// <param name="sql"></param>
        /// <param name="map"></param>
        /// <param name="param"></param>
        /// <param name="transaction"></param>
        /// <param name="buffered"></param>
        /// <param name="splitOn"></param>
        /// <param name="commandTimeout"></param>
        /// <param name="commandType"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static IEnumerable<TReturn> Query<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TReturn>(
#if CSHARP30
            this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TReturn> map, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, bool buffered, string splitOn, int? commandTimeout, CommandType? commandType
#else
this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TReturn> map, dynamic param = null, IDbTransaction transaction = null, bool buffered = true, string splitOn = "Id", int? commandTimeout = null, CommandType? commandType = null
#endif
)
        {
            return MultiMap<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, DontMap, TReturn>(cnn, sql, map, param as object, transaction, buffered, splitOn, commandTimeout, commandType);
        }
#if !CSHARP30
        /// <summary>
        /// Perform a multi mapping query with 5 input parameters
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="TFirst"></typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TSecond"></typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TThird"></typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TFourth"></typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TFifth"></typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TReturn"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="cnn"></param>
        /// <param name="sql"></param>
        /// <param name="map"></param>
        /// <param name="param"></param>
        /// <param name="transaction"></param>
        /// <param name="buffered"></param>
        /// <param name="splitOn"></param>
        /// <param name="commandTimeout"></param>
        /// <param name="commandType"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static IEnumerable<TReturn> Query<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn>(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn> map, dynamic param = null, IDbTransaction transaction = null, bool buffered = true, string splitOn = "Id", int? commandTimeout = null, CommandType? commandType = null)
        {
            return MultiMap<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn>(cnn, sql, map, param as object, transaction, buffered, splitOn, commandTimeout, commandType);
        }
#endif
        partial class DontMap { }
        static IEnumerable<TReturn> MultiMap<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn>(
            this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object map, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, bool buffered, string splitOn, int? commandTimeout, CommandType? commandType)
        {
            var results = MultiMapImpl<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn>(cnn, sql, map, param, transaction, splitOn, commandTimeout, commandType, null, null);
            return buffered ? results.ToList() : results;
        }


        static IEnumerable<TReturn> MultiMapImpl<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn>(this IDbConnection cnn, string sql, object map, object param, IDbTransaction transaction, string splitOn, int? commandTimeout, CommandType? commandType, IDataReader reader, Identity identity)
        {
            identity = identity ?? new Identity(sql, commandType, cnn, typeof(TFirst), (object)param == null ? null : ((object)param).GetType(), new[] { typeof(TFirst), typeof(TSecond), typeof(TThird), typeof(TFourth), typeof(TFifth) });
            CacheInfo cinfo = GetCacheInfo(identity);

            IDbCommand ownedCommand = null;
            IDataReader ownedReader = null;

            try
            {
                if (reader == null)
                {
                    ownedCommand = SetupCommand(cnn, transaction, sql, cinfo.ParamReader, (object)param, commandTimeout, commandType);
                    ownedReader = ownedCommand.ExecuteReader();
                    reader = ownedReader;
                }
                DeserializerState deserializer = default(DeserializerState);
                Func<IDataReader, object>[] otherDeserializers = null;

                int hash = GetColumnHash(reader);
                if ((deserializer = cinfo.Deserializer).Func == null || (otherDeserializers = cinfo.OtherDeserializers) == null || hash != deserializer.Hash)
                {
                    var deserializers = GenerateDeserializers(new Type[] { typeof(TFirst), typeof(TSecond), typeof(TThird), typeof(TFourth), typeof(TFifth) }, splitOn, reader);
                    deserializer = cinfo.Deserializer = new DeserializerState(hash, deserializers[0]);
                    otherDeserializers = cinfo.OtherDeserializers = deserializers.Skip(1).ToArray();
                    SetQueryCache(identity, cinfo);
                }

                Func<IDataReader, TReturn> mapIt = GenerateMapper<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn>(deserializer.Func, otherDeserializers, map);

                if (mapIt != null)
                {
                    while (reader.Read())
                    {
                        yield return mapIt(reader);
                    }
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                try
                {
                    if (ownedReader != null)
                    {
                        ownedReader.Dispose();
                    }
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (ownedCommand != null)
                    {
                        ownedCommand.Dispose();
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        private static Func<IDataReader, TReturn> GenerateMapper<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn>(Func<IDataReader, object> deserializer, Func<IDataReader, object>[] otherDeserializers, object map)
        {
            switch (otherDeserializers.Length)
            {
                case 1:
                    return r => ((Func<TFirst, TSecond, TReturn>)map)((TFirst)deserializer(r), (TSecond)otherDeserializers[0](r));
                case 2:
                    return r => ((Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TReturn>)map)((TFirst)deserializer(r), (TSecond)otherDeserializers[0](r), (TThird)otherDeserializers[1](r));
                case 3:
                    return r => ((Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TReturn>)map)((TFirst)deserializer(r), (TSecond)otherDeserializers[0](r), (TThird)otherDeserializers[1](r), (TFourth)otherDeserializers[2](r));
#if !CSHARP30
                case 4:
                    return r => ((Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn>)map)((TFirst)deserializer(r), (TSecond)otherDeserializers[0](r), (TThird)otherDeserializers[1](r), (TFourth)otherDeserializers[2](r), (TFifth)otherDeserializers[3](r));
#endif
                default:
                    throw new NotSupportedException();
            }
        }

        private static Func<IDataReader, object>[] GenerateDeserializers(Type[] types, string splitOn, IDataReader reader)
        {
            int current = 0;
            var splits = splitOn.Split(',').ToArray();
            var splitIndex = 0;

            Func<Type, int> nextSplit = type =>
            {
                var currentSplit = splits[splitIndex].Trim();
                if (splits.Length > splitIndex + 1)
                {
                    splitIndex++;
                }

                bool skipFirst = false;
                int startingPos = current + 1;
                // if our current type has the split, skip the first time you see it. 
                if (type != typeof(Object))
                {
                    var props = DefaultTypeMap.GetSettableProps(type);
                    var fields = DefaultTypeMap.GetSettableFields(type);

                    foreach (var name in props.Select(p => p.Name).Concat(fields.Select(f => f.Name)))
                    {
                        if (string.Equals(name, currentSplit, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                        {
                            skipFirst = true;
                            startingPos = current;
                            break;
                        }
                    }

                }

                int pos;
                for (pos = startingPos; pos < reader.FieldCount; pos++)
                {
                    // some people like ID some id ... assuming case insensitive splits for now
                    if (splitOn == "*")
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (string.Equals(reader.GetName(pos), currentSplit, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                    {
                        if (skipFirst)
                        {
                            skipFirst = false;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
                current = pos;
                return pos;
            };

            var deserializers = new List<Func<IDataReader, object>>();
            int split = 0;
            bool first = true;
            foreach (var type in types)
            {
                if (type != typeof(DontMap))
                {
                    int next = nextSplit(type);
                    deserializers.Add(GetDeserializer(type, reader, split, next - split, /* returnNullIfFirstMissing: */ !first));
                    first = false;
                    split = next;
                }
            }

            return deserializers.ToArray();
        }

        private static CacheInfo GetCacheInfo(Identity identity)
        {
            CacheInfo info;
            if (!TryGetQueryCache(identity, out info))
            {
                info = new CacheInfo();
                if (identity.parametersType != null)
                {
                    if (typeof(IDynamicParameters).IsAssignableFrom(identity.parametersType))
                    {
                        info.ParamReader = (cmd, obj) => { (obj as IDynamicParameters).AddParameters(cmd, identity); };
                    }
#if !CSHARP30
                    else if (typeof(IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<string, object>>).IsAssignableFrom(identity.parametersType) && typeof(System.Dynamic.IDynamicMetaObjectProvider).IsAssignableFrom(identity.parametersType))
                    {
                        info.ParamReader = (cmd, obj) =>
                        {
                            IDynamicParameters mapped = new DynamicParameters(obj);
                            mapped.AddParameters(cmd, identity);
                        };
                    }
#endif
                    else
                    {
                        info.ParamReader = CreateParamInfoGenerator(identity, false);
                    }
                }
                SetQueryCache(identity, info);
            }
            return info;
        }

        private static Func<IDataReader, object> GetDeserializer(Type type, IDataReader reader, int startBound, int length, bool returnNullIfFirstMissing)
        {
#if !CSHARP30
            // dynamic is passed in as Object ... by c# design
            if (type == typeof(object)
                || type == typeof(DapperRow))
            {
                return GetDapperRowDeserializer(reader, startBound, length, returnNullIfFirstMissing);
            }
#else
            if(type.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(Dictionary<string,object>)))
            {
                return GetDictionaryDeserializer(reader, startBound, length, returnNullIfFirstMissing);
            }
#endif
            Type underlyingType = null;
            if (!(typeMap.ContainsKey(type) || type.IsEnum || type.FullName == LinqBinary ||
                (type.IsValueType && (underlyingType = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(type)) != null && underlyingType.IsEnum)))
            {
                return GetTypeDeserializer(type, reader, startBound, length, returnNullIfFirstMissing);
            }
            return GetStructDeserializer(type, underlyingType ?? type, startBound);

        }

#if !CSHARP30
        sealed partial class DapperTable
        {
            string[] fieldNames;
            readonly Dictionary<string, int> fieldNameLookup;

            internal string[] FieldNames { get { return fieldNames; } }

            public DapperTable(string[] fieldNames)
            {
                if (fieldNames == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("fieldNames");
                this.fieldNames = fieldNames;

                fieldNameLookup = new Dictionary<string, int>(fieldNames.Length, StringComparer.Ordinal);
                // if there are dups, we want the **first** key to be the "winner" - so iterate backwards
                for (int i = fieldNames.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
                {
                    string key = fieldNames[i];
                    if (key != null) fieldNameLookup[key] = i;
                }
            }

            internal int IndexOfName(string name)
            {
                int result;
                return (name != null && fieldNameLookup.TryGetValue(name, out result)) ? result : -1;
            }
            internal int AddField(string name)
            {
                if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
                if (fieldNameLookup.ContainsKey(name)) throw new InvalidOperationException("Field already exists: " + name);
                int oldLen = fieldNames.Length;
                Array.Resize(ref fieldNames, oldLen + 1); // yes, this is sub-optimal, but this is not the expected common case
                fieldNameLookup[name] = oldLen;
                return oldLen;
            }


            internal bool FieldExists(string key)
            {
                return key != null && fieldNameLookup.ContainsKey(key);
            }

            public int FieldCount { get { return fieldNames.Length; } }
        }

        sealed partial class DapperRowMetaObject : System.Dynamic.DynamicMetaObject
        {
            static readonly MethodInfo getValueMethod = typeof(IDictionary<string, object>).GetProperty("Item").GetGetMethod();
            static readonly MethodInfo setValueMethod = typeof(DapperRow).GetMethod("SetValue");

            public DapperRowMetaObject(
                System.Linq.Expressions.Expression expression,
                System.Dynamic.BindingRestrictions restrictions
                )
                : base(expression, restrictions)
            {
            }

            public DapperRowMetaObject(
                System.Linq.Expressions.Expression expression,
                System.Dynamic.BindingRestrictions restrictions,
                object value
                )
                : base(expression, restrictions, value)
            {
            }

            System.Dynamic.DynamicMetaObject CallMethod(
                MethodInfo method,
                System.Linq.Expressions.Expression[] parameters
                )
            {
                var callMethod = new System.Dynamic.DynamicMetaObject(
                    System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Call(
                        System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Convert(Expression, LimitType),
                        method,
                        parameters),
                    System.Dynamic.BindingRestrictions.GetTypeRestriction(Expression, LimitType)
                    );
                return callMethod;
            }

            public override System.Dynamic.DynamicMetaObject BindGetMember(System.Dynamic.GetMemberBinder binder)
            {
                var parameters = new System.Linq.Expressions.Expression[]
                                     {
                                         System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Constant(binder.Name)
                                     };

                var callMethod = CallMethod(getValueMethod, parameters);

                return callMethod;
            }

            public override System.Dynamic.DynamicMetaObject BindSetMember(System.Dynamic.SetMemberBinder binder, System.Dynamic.DynamicMetaObject value)
            {
                var parameters = new System.Linq.Expressions.Expression[]
                                     {
                                         System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Constant(binder.Name),
                                         value.Expression,
                                     };

                var callMethod = CallMethod(setValueMethod, parameters);

                return callMethod;
            }
        }

        sealed partial class DapperRow
            : System.Dynamic.IDynamicMetaObjectProvider
            , IDictionary<string, object>
        {
            readonly DapperTable table;
            object[] values;

            public DapperRow(DapperTable table, object[] values)
            {
                if (table == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("table");
                if (values == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("values");
                this.table = table;
                this.values = values;
            }
            private sealed class DeadValue
            {
                public static readonly DeadValue Default = new DeadValue();
                private DeadValue() { }
            }
            int ICollection<KeyValuePair<string, object>>.Count
            {
                get
                {
                    int count = 0;
                    for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
                    {
                        if (!(values[i] is DeadValue)) count++;
                    }
                    return count;
                }
            }

            public bool TryGetValue(string name, out object value)
            {
                var index = table.IndexOfName(name);
                if (index < 0)
                { // doesn't exist
                    value = null;
                    return false;
                }
                // exists, **even if** we don't have a value; consider table rows heterogeneous
                value = index < values.Length ? values[index] : null;
                if (value is DeadValue)
                { // pretend it isn't here
                    value = null;
                    return false;
                }
                return true;
            }

            public override string ToString()
            {
                var sb = new StringBuilder("{DapperRow");
                foreach (var kv in this)
                {
                    var value = kv.Value;
                    sb.Append(", ").Append(kv.Key);
                    if (value != null)
                    {
                        sb.Append(" = '").Append(kv.Value).Append('\'');
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        sb.Append(" = NULL");
                    }
                }

                return sb.Append('}').ToString();
            }

            System.Dynamic.DynamicMetaObject System.Dynamic.IDynamicMetaObjectProvider.GetMetaObject(
                System.Linq.Expressions.Expression parameter)
            {
                return new DapperRowMetaObject(parameter, System.Dynamic.BindingRestrictions.Empty, this);
            }

            public IEnumerator<KeyValuePair<string, object>> GetEnumerator()
            {
                var names = table.FieldNames;
                for (var i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
                {
                    object value = i < values.Length ? values[i] : null;
                    if (!(value is DeadValue))
                    {
                        yield return new KeyValuePair<string, object>(names[i], value);
                    }
                }
            }

            IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
            {
                return GetEnumerator();
            }

            #region Implementation of ICollection<KeyValuePair<string,object>>

            void ICollection<KeyValuePair<string, object>>.Add(KeyValuePair<string, object> item)
            {
                IDictionary<string, object> dic = this;
                dic.Add(item.Key, item.Value);
            }

            void ICollection<KeyValuePair<string, object>>.Clear()
            { // removes values for **this row**, but doesn't change the fundamental table
                for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
                    values[i] = DeadValue.Default;
            }

            bool ICollection<KeyValuePair<string, object>>.Contains(KeyValuePair<string, object> item)
            {
                object value;
                return TryGetValue(item.Key, out value) && Equals(value, item.Value);
            }

            void ICollection<KeyValuePair<string, object>>.CopyTo(KeyValuePair<string, object>[] array, int arrayIndex)
            {
                foreach (var kv in this)
                {
                    array[arrayIndex++] = kv; // if they didn't leave enough space; not our fault
                }
            }

            bool ICollection<KeyValuePair<string, object>>.Remove(KeyValuePair<string, object> item)
            {
                IDictionary<string, object> dic = this;
                return dic.Remove(item.Key);
            }

            bool ICollection<KeyValuePair<string, object>>.IsReadOnly
            {
                get { return false; }
            }

            #endregion

            #region Implementation of IDictionary<string,object>

            bool IDictionary<string, object>.ContainsKey(string key)
            {
                int index = table.IndexOfName(key);
                if (index < 0 || index >= values.Length || values[index] is DeadValue) return false;
                return true;
            }

            void IDictionary<string, object>.Add(string key, object value)
            {
                IDictionary<string, object> dic = this;
                dic[key] = value;
            }

            bool IDictionary<string, object>.Remove(string key)
            {
                int index = table.IndexOfName(key);
                if (index < 0 || index >= values.Length || values[index] is DeadValue) return false;
                values[index] = DeadValue.Default;
                return true;
            }

            object IDictionary<string, object>.this[string key]
            {
                get { object val; TryGetValue(key, out val); return val; }
                set { SetValue(key, value); }
            }
            public object SetValue(string key, object value)
            {
                if (key == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("key");
                int index = table.IndexOfName(key);
                if (index < 0)
                {
                    index = table.AddField(key);
                }
                if (values.Length <= index)
                {   // we'll assume they're doing lots of things, and
                    // grow it to the full width of the table
                    Array.Resize(ref values, table.FieldCount);
                }
                return values[index] = value;
            }

            ICollection<string> IDictionary<string, object>.Keys
            {
                get { return this.Select(kv => kv.Key).ToArray(); }
            }

            ICollection<object> IDictionary<string, object>.Values
            {
                get { return this.Select(kv => kv.Value).ToArray(); }
            }

            #endregion
        }
#endif

#if !CSHARP30
        internal static Func<IDataReader, object> GetDapperRowDeserializer(IDataRecord reader, int startBound, int length, bool returnNullIfFirstMissing)
        {
            var fieldCount = reader.FieldCount;
            if (length == -1)
            {
                length = fieldCount - startBound;
            }

            if (fieldCount <= startBound)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("When using the multi-mapping APIs ensure you set the splitOn param if you have keys other than Id", "splitOn");
            }

            var effectiveFieldCount = fieldCount - startBound;

            DapperTable table = null;

            return
                r =>
                {
                    if (table == null)
                    {
                        string[] names = new string[effectiveFieldCount];
                        for (int i = 0; i < effectiveFieldCount; i++)
                        {
                            names[i] = reader.GetName(i + startBound);
                        }
                        table = new DapperTable(names);
                    }

                    var values = new object[effectiveFieldCount];

                    if (returnNullIfFirstMissing)
                    {
                        values[0] = r.GetValue(startBound);
                        if (values[0] is DBNull)
                        {
                            return null;
                        }
                    }

                    if (startBound == 0)
                    {
                        r.GetValues(values);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        var begin = returnNullIfFirstMissing ? 1 : 0;
                        for (var iter = begin; iter < effectiveFieldCount; ++iter)
                        {
                            values[iter] = r.GetValue(iter + startBound);
                        }
                    }
                    return new DapperRow(table, values);
                };
        }
#else
        internal static Func<IDataReader, object> GetDictionaryDeserializer(IDataRecord reader, int startBound, int length, bool returnNullIfFirstMissing)
        {
            var fieldCount = reader.FieldCount;
            if (length == -1)
            {
                length = fieldCount - startBound;
            }

            if (fieldCount <= startBound)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("When using the multi-mapping APIs ensure you set the splitOn param if you have keys other than Id", "splitOn");
            }

            return
                 r =>
                 {
                     IDictionary<string, object> row = new Dictionary<string, object>(length);
                     for (var i = startBound; i < startBound + length; i++)
                     {
                         var tmp = r.GetValue(i);
                         tmp = tmp == DBNull.Value ? null : tmp;
                         row[r.GetName(i)] = tmp;
                         if (returnNullIfFirstMissing && i == startBound && tmp == null)
                         {
                             return null;
                         }
                     }
                     return row;
                 };
        }
#endif
        /// <summary>
        /// Internal use only
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="value"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        [Browsable(false), EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        [Obsolete("This method is for internal usage only", false)]
        public static char ReadChar(object value)
        {
            if (value == null || value is DBNull) throw new ArgumentNullException("value");
            string s = value as string;
            if (s == null || s.Length != 1) throw new ArgumentException("A single-character was expected", "value");
            return s[0];
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Internal use only
        /// </summary>
        [Browsable(false), EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        [Obsolete("This method is for internal usage only", false)]
        public static char? ReadNullableChar(object value)
        {
            if (value == null || value is DBNull) return null;
            string s = value as string;
            if (s == null || s.Length != 1) throw new ArgumentException("A single-character was expected", "value");
            return s[0];
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Internal use only
        /// </summary>
        [Browsable(false), EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        [Obsolete("This method is for internal usage only", true)]
        public static IDbDataParameter FindOrAddParameter(IDataParameterCollection parameters, IDbCommand command, string name)
        {
            IDbDataParameter result;
            if (parameters.Contains(name))
            {
                result = (IDbDataParameter)parameters[name];
            }
            else
            {
                result = command.CreateParameter();
                result.ParameterName = name;
                parameters.Add(result);
            }
            return result;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Internal use only
        /// </summary>
        [Browsable(false), EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        [Obsolete("This method is for internal usage only", false)]
        public static void PackListParameters(IDbCommand command, string namePrefix, object value)
        {
            // initially we tried TVP, however it performs quite poorly.
            // keep in mind SQL support up to 2000 params easily in sp_executesql, needing more is rare

            var list = value as IEnumerable;
            var count = 0;

            if (list != null)
            {
                if (FeatureSupport.Get(command.Connection).Arrays)
                {
                    var arrayParm = command.CreateParameter();
                    arrayParm.Value = list;
                    arrayParm.ParameterName = namePrefix;
                    command.Parameters.Add(arrayParm);
                }
                else
                {
                    bool isString = value is IEnumerable<string>;
                    bool isDbString = value is IEnumerable<DbString>;
                    foreach (var item in list)
                    {
                        count++;
                        var listParam = command.CreateParameter();
                        listParam.ParameterName = namePrefix + count;
                        listParam.Value = item ?? DBNull.Value;
                        if (isString)
                        {
                            listParam.Size = 4000;
                            if (item != null && ((string)item).Length > 4000)
                            {
                                listParam.Size = -1;
                            }
                        }
                        if (isDbString && item as DbString != null)
                        {
                            var str = item as DbString;
                            str.AddParameter(command, listParam.ParameterName);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            command.Parameters.Add(listParam);
                        }
                    }

                    if (count == 0)
                    {
                        command.CommandText = Regex.Replace(command.CommandText, @"[?@:]" + Regex.Escape(namePrefix), "(SELECT NULL WHERE 1 = 0)");
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        command.CommandText = Regex.Replace(command.CommandText, @"[?@:]" + Regex.Escape(namePrefix), match =>
                        {
                            var grp = match.Value;
                            var sb = new StringBuilder("(").Append(grp).Append(1);
                            for (int i = 2; i <= count; i++)
                            {
                                sb.Append(',').Append(grp).Append(i);
                            }
                            return sb.Append(')').ToString();
                        });
                    }
                }
            }

        }

        private static IEnumerable<PropertyInfo> FilterParameters(IEnumerable<PropertyInfo> parameters, string sql)
        {
            return parameters.Where(p => Regex.IsMatch(sql, "[@:]" + p.Name + "([^a-zA-Z0-9_]+|$)", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase | RegexOptions.Multiline));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Internal use only
        /// </summary>
        public static Action<IDbCommand, object> CreateParamInfoGenerator(Identity identity, bool checkForDuplicates)
        {
            Type type = identity.parametersType;
            bool filterParams = identity.commandType.GetValueOrDefault(CommandType.Text) == CommandType.Text;
            var dm = new DynamicMethod(string.Format("ParamInfo{0}", Guid.NewGuid()), null, new[] { typeof(IDbCommand), typeof(object) }, type, true);

            var il = dm.GetILGenerator();

            il.DeclareLocal(type); // 0
            bool haveInt32Arg1 = false;
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1); // stack is now [untyped-param]
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, type); // stack is now [typed-param]
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_0);// stack is now empty

            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // stack is now [command]
            il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Callvirt, typeof(IDbCommand).GetProperty("Parameters").GetGetMethod(), null); // stack is now [parameters]

            IEnumerable<PropertyInfo> props = type.GetProperties().Where(p => p.GetIndexParameters().Length == 0).OrderBy(p => p.Name);
            if (filterParams)
            {
                props = FilterParameters(props, identity.sql);
            }
            foreach (var prop in props)
            {
                if (filterParams)
                {
                    if (identity.sql.IndexOf("@" + prop.Name, StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase) < 0
                        && identity.sql.IndexOf(":" + prop.Name, StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase) < 0)
                    { // can't see the parameter in the text (even in a comment, etc) - burn it with fire
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                if (prop.PropertyType == typeof(DbString))
                {
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_0); // stack is now [parameters] [typed-param]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, prop.GetGetMethod()); // stack is [parameters] [dbstring]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // stack is now [parameters] [dbstring] [command]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldstr, prop.Name); // stack is now [parameters] [dbstring] [command] [name]
                    il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Callvirt, typeof(DbString).GetMethod("AddParameter"), null); // stack is now [parameters]
                    continue;
                }
                DbType dbType = LookupDbType(prop.PropertyType, prop.Name);
                if (dbType == DynamicParameters.EnumerableMultiParameter)
                {
                    // this actually represents special handling for list types;
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // stack is now [parameters] [command]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldstr, prop.Name); // stack is now [parameters] [command] [name]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_0); // stack is now [parameters] [command] [name] [typed-param]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, prop.GetGetMethod()); // stack is [parameters] [command] [name] [typed-value]
                    if (prop.PropertyType.IsValueType)
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Box, prop.PropertyType); // stack is [parameters] [command] [name] [boxed-value]
                    }
                    il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Call, typeof(SqlMapper).GetMethod("PackListParameters"), null); // stack is [parameters]
                    continue;
                }
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup); // stack is now [parameters] [parameters]

                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // stack is now [parameters] [parameters] [command]

                if (checkForDuplicates)
                {
                    // need to be a little careful about adding; use a utility method
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldstr, prop.Name); // stack is now [parameters] [parameters] [command] [name]
                    il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Call, typeof(SqlMapper).GetMethod("FindOrAddParameter"), null); // stack is [parameters] [parameter]
                }
                else
                {
                    // no risk of duplicates; just blindly add
                    il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Callvirt, typeof(IDbCommand).GetMethod("CreateParameter"), null);// stack is now [parameters] [parameters] [parameter]

                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup);// stack is now [parameters] [parameters] [parameter] [parameter]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldstr, prop.Name); // stack is now [parameters] [parameters] [parameter] [parameter] [name]
                    il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Callvirt, typeof(IDataParameter).GetProperty("ParameterName").GetSetMethod(), null);// stack is now [parameters] [parameters] [parameter]
                }
                if (dbType != DbType.Time) // https://connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/feedback/details/381934/sqlparameter-dbtype-dbtype-time-sets-the-parameter-to-sqldbtype-datetime-instead-of-sqldbtype-time
                {
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup);// stack is now [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter] [parameter]
                    EmitInt32(il, (int)dbType);// stack is now [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter] [parameter] [db-type]

                    il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Callvirt, typeof(IDataParameter).GetProperty("DbType").GetSetMethod(), null);// stack is now [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter]
                }

                il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup);// stack is now [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter] [parameter]
                EmitInt32(il, (int)ParameterDirection.Input);// stack is now [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter] [parameter] [dir]
                il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Callvirt, typeof(IDataParameter).GetProperty("Direction").GetSetMethod(), null);// stack is now [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter]

                il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup);// stack is now [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter] [parameter]
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_0); // stack is now [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter] [parameter] [typed-param]
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, prop.GetGetMethod()); // stack is [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter] [parameter] [typed-value]
                bool checkForNull = true;
                if (prop.PropertyType.IsValueType)
                {
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Box, prop.PropertyType); // stack is [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter] [parameter] [boxed-value]
                    if (Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(prop.PropertyType) == null)
                    {   // struct but not Nullable<T>; boxed value cannot be null
                        checkForNull = false;
                    }
                }
                if (checkForNull)
                {
                    if (dbType == DbType.String && !haveInt32Arg1)
                    {
                        il.DeclareLocal(typeof(int));
                        haveInt32Arg1 = true;
                    }
                    // relative stack: [boxed value]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup);// relative stack: [boxed value] [boxed value]
                    Label notNull = il.DefineLabel();
                    Label? allDone = dbType == DbType.String ? il.DefineLabel() : (Label?)null;
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Brtrue_S, notNull);
                    // relative stack [boxed value = null]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Pop); // relative stack empty
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldsfld, typeof(DBNull).GetField("Value")); // relative stack [DBNull]
                    if (dbType == DbType.String)
                    {
                        EmitInt32(il, 0);
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_1);
                    }
                    if (allDone != null) il.Emit(OpCodes.Br_S, allDone.Value);
                    il.MarkLabel(notNull);
                    if (prop.PropertyType == typeof(string))
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup); // [string] [string]
                        il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Callvirt, typeof(string).GetProperty("Length").GetGetMethod(), null); // [string] [length]
                        EmitInt32(il, 4000); // [string] [length] [4000]
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Cgt); // [string] [0 or 1]
                        Label isLong = il.DefineLabel(), lenDone = il.DefineLabel();
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Brtrue_S, isLong);
                        EmitInt32(il, 4000); // [string] [4000]
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Br_S, lenDone);
                        il.MarkLabel(isLong);
                        EmitInt32(il, -1); // [string] [-1]
                        il.MarkLabel(lenDone);
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_1); // [string] 
                    }
                    if (prop.PropertyType.FullName == LinqBinary)
                    {
                        il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Callvirt, prop.PropertyType.GetMethod("ToArray", BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance), null);
                    }
                    if (allDone != null) il.MarkLabel(allDone.Value);
                    // relative stack [boxed value or DBNull]
                }
                il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Callvirt, typeof(IDataParameter).GetProperty("Value").GetSetMethod(), null);// stack is now [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter]

                if (prop.PropertyType == typeof(string))
                {
                    var endOfSize = il.DefineLabel();
                    // don't set if 0
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_1); // [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter] [size]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Brfalse_S, endOfSize); // [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter]

                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup);// stack is now [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter] [parameter]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_1); // stack is now [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter] [parameter] [size]
                    il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Callvirt, typeof(IDbDataParameter).GetProperty("Size").GetSetMethod(), null); // stack is now [parameters] [[parameters]] [parameter]

                    il.MarkLabel(endOfSize);
                }
                if (checkForDuplicates)
                {
                    // stack is now [parameters] [parameter]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Pop); // don't need parameter any more
                }
                else
                {
                    // stack is now [parameters] [parameters] [parameter]
                    // blindly add
                    il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Callvirt, typeof(IList).GetMethod("Add"), null); // stack is now [parameters]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Pop); // IList.Add returns the new index (int); we don't care
                }
            }
            // stack is currently [parameters]
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Pop); // stack is now empty
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
            return (Action<IDbCommand, object>)dm.CreateDelegate(typeof(Action<IDbCommand, object>));
        }

        private static IDbCommand SetupCommand(IDbConnection cnn, IDbTransaction transaction, string sql, Action<IDbCommand, object> paramReader, object obj, int? commandTimeout, CommandType? commandType)
        {
            var cmd = cnn.CreateCommand();
            var bindByName = GetBindByName(cmd.GetType());
            if (bindByName != null) bindByName(cmd, true);
            if (transaction != null)
                cmd.Transaction = transaction;
            cmd.CommandText = sql;
            if (commandTimeout.HasValue)
                cmd.CommandTimeout = commandTimeout.Value;
            if (commandType.HasValue)
                cmd.CommandType = commandType.Value;
            if (paramReader != null)
            {
                paramReader(cmd, obj);
            }
            return cmd;
        }


        private static int ExecuteCommand(IDbConnection cnn, IDbTransaction transaction, string sql, Action<IDbCommand, object> paramReader, object obj, int? commandTimeout, CommandType? commandType)
        {
            IDbCommand cmd = null;
            bool wasClosed = cnn.State == ConnectionState.Closed;
            try
            {
                cmd = SetupCommand(cnn, transaction, sql, paramReader, obj, commandTimeout, commandType);
                if (wasClosed) cnn.Open();
                return cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
            }
            finally
            {
                if (wasClosed) cnn.Close();
                if (cmd != null) cmd.Dispose();
            }
        }

        private static Func<IDataReader, object> GetStructDeserializer(Type type, Type effectiveType, int index)
        {
            // no point using special per-type handling here; it boils down to the same, plus not all are supported anyway (see: SqlDataReader.GetChar - not supported!)
#pragma warning disable 618
            if (type == typeof(char))
            { // this *does* need special handling, though
                return r => SqlMapper.ReadChar(r.GetValue(index));
            }
            if (type == typeof(char?))
            {
                return r => SqlMapper.ReadNullableChar(r.GetValue(index));
            }
            if (type.FullName == LinqBinary)
            {
                return r => Activator.CreateInstance(type, r.GetValue(index));
            }
#pragma warning restore 618

            if (effectiveType.IsEnum)
            {   // assume the value is returned as the correct type (int/byte/etc), but box back to the typed enum
                return r =>
                {
                    var val = r.GetValue(index);
                    return val is DBNull ? null : Enum.ToObject(effectiveType, val);
                };
            }
            return r =>
            {
                var val = r.GetValue(index);
                return val is DBNull ? null : val;
            };
        }

        static readonly MethodInfo
                    enumParse = typeof(Enum).GetMethod("Parse", new Type[] { typeof(Type), typeof(string), typeof(bool) }),
                    getItem = typeof(IDataRecord).GetProperties(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public)
                        .Where(p => p.GetIndexParameters().Any() && p.GetIndexParameters()[0].ParameterType == typeof(int))
                        .Select(p => p.GetGetMethod()).First();

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets type-map for the given type
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>Type map implementation, DefaultTypeMap instance if no override present</returns>
        public static ITypeMap GetTypeMap(Type type)
        {
            if (type == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("type");
            var map = (ITypeMap)_typeMaps[type];
            if (map == null)
            {
                lock (_typeMaps)
                {   // double-checked; store this to avoid reflection next time we see this type
                    // since multiple queries commonly use the same domain-entity/DTO/view-model type
                    map = (ITypeMap)_typeMaps[type];
                    if (map == null)
                    {
                        map = new DefaultTypeMap(type);
                        _typeMaps[type] = map;
                    }
                }
            }
            return map;
        }

        // use Hashtable to get free lockless reading
        private static readonly Hashtable _typeMaps = new Hashtable();

        /// <summary>
        /// Set custom mapping for type deserializers
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="type">Entity type to override</param>
        /// <param name="map">Mapping rules impementation, null to remove custom map</param>
        public static void SetTypeMap(Type type, ITypeMap map)
        {
            if (type == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("type");

            if (map == null || map is DefaultTypeMap)
            {
                lock (_typeMaps)
                {
                    _typeMaps.Remove(type);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                lock (_typeMaps)
                {
                    _typeMaps[type] = map;
                }
            }

            PurgeQueryCacheByType(type);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Internal use only
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="type"></param>
        /// <param name="reader"></param>
        /// <param name="startBound"></param>
        /// <param name="length"></param>
        /// <param name="returnNullIfFirstMissing"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static Func<IDataReader, object> GetTypeDeserializer(
#if CSHARP30
            Type type, IDataReader reader, int startBound, int length, bool returnNullIfFirstMissing
#else
Type type, IDataReader reader, int startBound = 0, int length = -1, bool returnNullIfFirstMissing = false
#endif
)
        {

            var dm = new DynamicMethod(string.Format("Deserialize{0}", Guid.NewGuid()), typeof(object), new[] { typeof(IDataReader) }, true);
            var il = dm.GetILGenerator();
            il.DeclareLocal(typeof(int));
            il.DeclareLocal(type);
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_0);

            if (length == -1)
            {
                length = reader.FieldCount - startBound;
            }

            if (reader.FieldCount <= startBound)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("When using the multi-mapping APIs ensure you set the splitOn param if you have keys other than Id", "splitOn");
            }

            var names = Enumerable.Range(startBound, length).Select(i => reader.GetName(i)).ToArray();

            ITypeMap typeMap = GetTypeMap(type);

            int index = startBound;

            ConstructorInfo specializedConstructor = null;

            if (type.IsValueType)
            {
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloca_S, (byte)1);
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Initobj, type);
            }
            else
            {
                var types = new Type[length];
                for (int i = startBound; i < startBound + length; i++)
                {
                    types[i - startBound] = reader.GetFieldType(i);
                }

                if (type.IsValueType)
                {
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloca_S, (byte)1);
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Initobj, type);
                }
                else
                {
                    var ctor = typeMap.FindConstructor(names, types);
                    if (ctor == null)
                    {
                        string proposedTypes = "(" + String.Join(", ", types.Select((t, i) => t.FullName + " " + names[i]).ToArray()) + ")";
                        throw new InvalidOperationException(String.Format("A parameterless default constructor or one matching signature {0} is required for {1} materialization", proposedTypes, type.FullName));
                    }

                    if (ctor.GetParameters().Length == 0)
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, ctor);
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_1);
                    }
                    else
                        specializedConstructor = ctor;
                }
            }

            il.BeginExceptionBlock();
            if (type.IsValueType)
            {
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloca_S, (byte)1);// [target]
            }
            else if (specializedConstructor == null)
            {
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_1);// [target]
            }

            var members = (specializedConstructor != null
                ? names.Select(n => typeMap.GetConstructorParameter(specializedConstructor, n))
                : names.Select(n => typeMap.GetMember(n))).ToList();

            // stack is now [target]

            bool first = true;
            var allDone = il.DefineLabel();
            int enumDeclareLocal = -1;
            foreach (var item in members)
            {
                if (item != null)
                {
                    if (specializedConstructor == null)
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup); // stack is now [target][target]
                    Label isDbNullLabel = il.DefineLabel();
                    Label finishLabel = il.DefineLabel();

                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // stack is now [target][target][reader]
                    EmitInt32(il, index); // stack is now [target][target][reader][index]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup);// stack is now [target][target][reader][index][index]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_0);// stack is now [target][target][reader][index]
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, getItem); // stack is now [target][target][value-as-object]

                    Type memberType = item.MemberType;

                    if (memberType == typeof(char) || memberType == typeof(char?))
                    {
                        il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Call, typeof(SqlMapper).GetMethod(
                            memberType == typeof(char) ? "ReadChar" : "ReadNullableChar", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public), null); // stack is now [target][target][typed-value]
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup); // stack is now [target][target][value][value]
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Isinst, typeof(DBNull)); // stack is now [target][target][value-as-object][DBNull or null]
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Brtrue_S, isDbNullLabel); // stack is now [target][target][value-as-object]

                        // unbox nullable enums as the primitive, i.e. byte etc

                        var nullUnderlyingType = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(memberType);
                        var unboxType = nullUnderlyingType != null && nullUnderlyingType.IsEnum ? nullUnderlyingType : memberType;

                        if (unboxType.IsEnum)
                        {
                            if (enumDeclareLocal == -1)
                            {
                                enumDeclareLocal = il.DeclareLocal(typeof(string)).LocalIndex;
                            }

                            Label isNotString = il.DefineLabel();
                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup); // stack is now [target][target][value][value]
                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Isinst, typeof(string)); // stack is now [target][target][value-as-object][string or null]
                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Dup);// stack is now [target][target][value-as-object][string or null][string or null]
                            StoreLocal(il, enumDeclareLocal); // stack is now [target][target][value-as-object][string or null]
                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Brfalse_S, isNotString); // stack is now [target][target][value-as-object]

                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Pop); // stack is now [target][target]

                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldtoken, unboxType); // stack is now [target][target][enum-type-token]
                            il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Call, typeof(Type).GetMethod("GetTypeFromHandle"), null);// stack is now [target][target][enum-type]
                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_2); // stack is now [target][target][enum-type][string]
                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1); // stack is now [target][target][enum-type][string][true]
                            il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Call, enumParse, null); // stack is now [target][target][enum-as-object]

                            il.MarkLabel(isNotString);

                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, unboxType); // stack is now [target][target][typed-value]

                            if (nullUnderlyingType != null)
                            {
                                il.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, memberType.GetConstructor(new[] { nullUnderlyingType })); // stack is now [target][target][enum-value]
                            }
                        }
                        else if (memberType.FullName == LinqBinary)
                        {
                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, typeof(byte[])); // stack is now [target][target][byte-array]
                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, memberType.GetConstructor(new Type[] { typeof(byte[]) }));// stack is now [target][target][binary]
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            Type dataType = reader.GetFieldType(index);
                            TypeCode dataTypeCode = Type.GetTypeCode(dataType), unboxTypeCode = Type.GetTypeCode(unboxType);
                            if (dataType == unboxType || dataTypeCode == unboxTypeCode || dataTypeCode == Type.GetTypeCode(nullUnderlyingType))
                            {
                                il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, unboxType); // stack is now [target][target][typed-value]
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                // not a direct match; need to tweak the unbox
                                bool handled = true;
                                OpCode opCode = default(OpCode);
                                if (dataTypeCode == TypeCode.Decimal || unboxTypeCode == TypeCode.Decimal)
                                {   // no IL level conversions to/from decimal; I guess we could use the static operators, but
                                    // this feels an edge-case
                                    handled = false;
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    switch (unboxTypeCode)
                                    {
                                        case TypeCode.Byte:
                                            opCode = OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1_Un; break;
                                        case TypeCode.SByte:
                                            opCode = OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1; break;
                                        case TypeCode.UInt16:
                                            opCode = OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2_Un; break;
                                        case TypeCode.Int16:
                                            opCode = OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2; break;
                                        case TypeCode.UInt32:
                                            opCode = OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I4_Un; break;
                                        case TypeCode.Boolean: // boolean is basically an int, at least at this level
                                        case TypeCode.Int32:
                                            opCode = OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I4; break;
                                        case TypeCode.UInt64:
                                            opCode = OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I8_Un; break;
                                        case TypeCode.Int64:
                                            opCode = OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I8; break;
                                        case TypeCode.Single:
                                            opCode = OpCodes.Conv_R4; break;
                                        case TypeCode.Double:
                                            opCode = OpCodes.Conv_R8; break;
                                        default:
                                            handled = false;
                                            break;
                                    }
                                }
                                if (handled)
                                { // unbox as the data-type, then use IL-level convert
                                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, dataType); // stack is now [target][target][data-typed-value]
                                    il.Emit(opCode); // stack is now [target][target][typed-value]
                                    if (unboxTypeCode == TypeCode.Boolean)
                                    { // compare to zero; I checked "csc" - this is the trick it uses; nice
                                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
                                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ceq);
                                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
                                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ceq);
                                    }
                                }
                                else
                                { // use flexible conversion
                                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldtoken, unboxType); // stack is now [target][target][value][member-type-token]
                                    il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Call, typeof(Type).GetMethod("GetTypeFromHandle"), null); // stack is now [target][target][value][member-type]
                                    il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Call, typeof(Convert).GetMethod("ChangeType", new Type[] { typeof(object), typeof(Type) }), null); // stack is now [target][target][boxed-member-type-value]
                                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, unboxType); // stack is now [target][target][typed-value]
                                }

                            }

                        }
                    }
                    if (specializedConstructor == null)
                    {
                        // Store the value in the property/field
                        if (item.Property != null)
                        {
                            if (type.IsValueType)
                            {
                                il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, DefaultTypeMap.GetPropertySetter(item.Property, type)); // stack is now [target]
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, DefaultTypeMap.GetPropertySetter(item.Property, type)); // stack is now [target]
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Stfld, item.Field); // stack is now [target]
                        }
                    }

                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Br_S, finishLabel); // stack is now [target]

                    il.MarkLabel(isDbNullLabel); // incoming stack: [target][target][value]
                    if (specializedConstructor != null)
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Pop);
                        if (item.MemberType.IsValueType)
                        {
                            int localIndex = il.DeclareLocal(item.MemberType).LocalIndex;
                            LoadLocalAddress(il, localIndex);
                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Initobj, item.MemberType);
                            LoadLocal(il, localIndex);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldnull);
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Pop); // stack is now [target][target]
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Pop); // stack is now [target]
                    }

                    if (first && returnNullIfFirstMissing)
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Pop);
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldnull); // stack is now [null]
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_1);
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Br, allDone);
                    }

                    il.MarkLabel(finishLabel);
                }
                first = false;
                index += 1;
            }
            if (type.IsValueType)
            {
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Pop);
            }
            else
            {
                if (specializedConstructor != null)
                {
                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, specializedConstructor);
                }
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_1); // stack is empty
            }
            il.MarkLabel(allDone);
            il.BeginCatchBlock(typeof(Exception)); // stack is Exception
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_0); // stack is Exception, index
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // stack is Exception, index, reader
            il.EmitCall(OpCodes.Call, typeof(SqlMapper).GetMethod("ThrowDataException"), null);
            il.EndExceptionBlock();

            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_1); // stack is [rval]
            if (type.IsValueType)
            {
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Box, type);
            }
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);

            return (Func<IDataReader, object>)dm.CreateDelegate(typeof(Func<IDataReader, object>));
        }

        private static void LoadLocal(ILGenerator il, int index)
        {
            if (index < 0 || index >= short.MaxValue) throw new ArgumentNullException("index");
            switch (index)
            {
                case 0: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_0); break;
                case 1: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_1); break;
                case 2: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_2); break;
                case 3: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_3); break;
                default:
                    if (index <= 255)
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, (byte)index);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc, (short)index);
                    }
                    break;
            }
        }
        private static void StoreLocal(ILGenerator il, int index)
        {
            if (index < 0 || index >= short.MaxValue) throw new ArgumentNullException("index");
            switch (index)
            {
                case 0: il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_0); break;
                case 1: il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_1); break;
                case 2: il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_2); break;
                case 3: il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_3); break;
                default:
                    if (index <= 255)
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, (byte)index);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc, (short)index);
                    }
                    break;
            }
        }
        private static void LoadLocalAddress(ILGenerator il, int index)
        {
            if (index < 0 || index >= short.MaxValue) throw new ArgumentNullException("index");

            if (index <= 255)
            {
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloca_S, (byte)index);
            }
            else
            {
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloca, (short)index);
            }
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Throws a data exception, only used internally
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="ex"></param>
        /// <param name="index"></param>
        /// <param name="reader"></param>
        public static void ThrowDataException(Exception ex, int index, IDataReader reader)
        {
            Exception toThrow;
            try
            {
                string name = "(n/a)", value = "(n/a)";
                if (reader != null && index >= 0 && index < reader.FieldCount)
                {
                    name = reader.GetName(index);
                    object val = reader.GetValue(index);
                    if (val == null || val is DBNull)
                    {
                        value = "<null>";
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        value = Convert.ToString(val) + " - " + Type.GetTypeCode(val.GetType());
                    }
                }
                toThrow = new DataException(string.Format("Error parsing column {0} ({1}={2})", index, name, value), ex);
            }
            catch
            { // throw the **original** exception, wrapped as DataException
                toThrow = new DataException(ex.Message, ex);
            }
            throw toThrow;
        }
        private static void EmitInt32(ILGenerator il, int value)
        {
            switch (value)
            {
                case -1: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_M1); break;
                case 0: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0); break;
                case 1: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1); break;
                case 2: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_2); break;
                case 3: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_3); break;
                case 4: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_4); break;
                case 5: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_5); break;
                case 6: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_6); break;
                case 7: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_7); break;
                case 8: il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_8); break;
                default:
                    if (value >= -128 && value <= 127)
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_S, (sbyte)value);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4, value);
                    }
                    break;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The grid reader provides interfaces for reading multiple result sets from a Dapper query 
        /// </summary>
        public partial class GridReader : IDisposable
        {
            private IDataReader reader;
            private IDbCommand command;
            private Identity identity;

            internal GridReader(IDbCommand command, IDataReader reader, Identity identity)
            {
                this.command = command;
                this.reader = reader;
                this.identity = identity;
            }

#if !CSHARP30

            /// <summary>
            /// Read the next grid of results, returned as a dynamic object
            /// </summary>
            public IEnumerable<dynamic> Read(bool buffered = true)
            {
                return Read<DapperRow>(buffered);
            }
#endif

#if CSHARP30
            /// <summary>
            /// Read the next grid of results
            /// </summary>
            public IEnumerable<T> Read<T>()
            {
                return Read<T>(true);
            }
#endif
            /// <summary>
            /// Read the next grid of results
            /// </summary>
#if CSHARP30
            public IEnumerable<T> Read<T>(bool buffered)
#else
            public IEnumerable<T> Read<T>(bool buffered = true)
#endif
            {
                if (reader == null) throw new ObjectDisposedException(GetType().FullName, "The reader has been disposed; this can happen after all data has been consumed");
                if (consumed) throw new InvalidOperationException("Query results must be consumed in the correct order, and each result can only be consumed once");
                var typedIdentity = identity.ForGrid(typeof(T), gridIndex);
                CacheInfo cache = GetCacheInfo(typedIdentity);
                var deserializer = cache.Deserializer;

                int hash = GetColumnHash(reader);
                if (deserializer.Func == null || deserializer.Hash != hash)
                {
                    deserializer = new DeserializerState(hash, GetDeserializer(typeof(T), reader, 0, -1, false));
                    cache.Deserializer = deserializer;
                }
                consumed = true;
                var result = ReadDeferred<T>(gridIndex, deserializer.Func, typedIdentity);
                return buffered ? result.ToList() : result;
            }

            private IEnumerable<TReturn> MultiReadInternal<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn>(object func, string splitOn)
            {
                var identity = this.identity.ForGrid(typeof(TReturn), new Type[] { 
                    typeof(TFirst), 
                    typeof(TSecond),
                    typeof(TThird),
                    typeof(TFourth),
                    typeof(TFifth)
                }, gridIndex);
                try
                {
                    foreach (var r in SqlMapper.MultiMapImpl<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn>(null, null, func, null, null, splitOn, null, null, reader, identity))
                    {
                        yield return r;
                    }
                }
                finally
                {
                    NextResult();
                }
            }

#if CSHARP30
            /// <summary>
            /// Read multiple objects from a single recordset on the grid
            /// </summary>
            public IEnumerable<TReturn> Read<TFirst, TSecond, TReturn>(Func<TFirst, TSecond, TReturn> func, string splitOn)
            {
                return Read<TFirst, TSecond, TReturn>(func, splitOn, true);
            }
#endif
            /// <summary>
            /// Read multiple objects from a single recordset on the grid
            /// </summary>
#if CSHARP30  
            public IEnumerable<TReturn> Read<TFirst, TSecond, TReturn>(Func<TFirst, TSecond, TReturn> func, string splitOn, bool buffered)
#else
            public IEnumerable<TReturn> Read<TFirst, TSecond, TReturn>(Func<TFirst, TSecond, TReturn> func, string splitOn = "id", bool buffered = true)
#endif
            {
                var result = MultiReadInternal<TFirst, TSecond, DontMap, DontMap, DontMap, TReturn>(func, splitOn);
                return buffered ? result.ToList() : result;
            }

#if CSHARP30
            /// <summary>
            /// Read multiple objects from a single recordset on the grid
            /// </summary>
            public IEnumerable<TReturn> Read<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TReturn>(Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TReturn> func, string splitOn)
            {
                return Read<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TReturn>(func, splitOn, true);
            }
#endif
            /// <summary>
            /// Read multiple objects from a single recordset on the grid
            /// </summary>
#if CSHARP30  
            public IEnumerable<TReturn> Read<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TReturn>(Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TReturn> func, string splitOn, bool buffered)
#else
            public IEnumerable<TReturn> Read<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TReturn>(Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TReturn> func, string splitOn = "id", bool buffered = true)
#endif
            {
                var result = MultiReadInternal<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, DontMap, DontMap, TReturn>(func, splitOn);
                return buffered ? result.ToList() : result;
            }

#if CSHARP30
            /// <summary>
            /// Read multiple objects from a single record set on the grid
            /// </summary>
            public IEnumerable<TReturn> Read<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TReturn>(Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TReturn> func, string splitOn)
            {
                return Read<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TReturn>(func, splitOn, true);
            }
#endif

            /// <summary>
            /// Read multiple objects from a single record set on the grid
            /// </summary>
#if CSHARP30  
            public IEnumerable<TReturn> Read<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TReturn>(Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TReturn> func, string splitOn, bool buffered)
#else
            public IEnumerable<TReturn> Read<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TReturn>(Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TReturn> func, string splitOn = "id", bool buffered = true)
#endif
            {
                var result = MultiReadInternal<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, DontMap, TReturn>(func, splitOn);
                return buffered ? result.ToList() : result;
            }



#if !CSHARP30
            /// <summary>
            /// Read multiple objects from a single record set on the grid
            /// </summary>
            public IEnumerable<TReturn> Read<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn>(Func<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn> func, string splitOn = "id", bool buffered = true)
            {
                var result = MultiReadInternal<TFirst, TSecond, TThird, TFourth, TFifth, TReturn>(func, splitOn);
                return buffered ? result.ToList() : result;
            }
#endif

            private IEnumerable<T> ReadDeferred<T>(int index, Func<IDataReader, object> deserializer, Identity typedIdentity)
            {
                try
                {
                    while (index == gridIndex && reader.Read())
                    {
                        yield return (T)deserializer(reader);
                    }
                }
                finally // finally so that First etc progresses things even when multiple rows
                {
                    if (index == gridIndex)
                    {
                        NextResult();
                    }
                }
            }
            private int gridIndex, readCount;
            private bool consumed;
            private void NextResult()
            {
                if (reader.NextResult())
                {
                    readCount++;
                    gridIndex++;
                    consumed = false;
                }
                else
                {
                    // happy path; close the reader cleanly - no
                    // need for "Cancel" etc
                    reader.Dispose();
                    reader = null;

                    Dispose();
                }

            }
            /// <summary>
            /// Dispose the grid, closing and disposing both the underlying reader and command.
            /// </summary>
            public void Dispose()
            {
                if (reader != null)
                {
                    if (!reader.IsClosed && command != null) command.Cancel();
                    reader.Dispose();
                    reader = null;
                }
                if (command != null)
                {
                    command.Dispose();
                    command = null;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A bag of parameters that can be passed to the Dapper Query and Execute methods
    /// </summary>
    partial class DynamicParameters : SqlMapper.IDynamicParameters
    {
        internal const DbType EnumerableMultiParameter = (DbType)(-1);
        static Dictionary<SqlMapper.Identity, Action<IDbCommand, object>> paramReaderCache = new Dictionary<SqlMapper.Identity, Action<IDbCommand, object>>();

        Dictionary<string, ParamInfo> parameters = new Dictionary<string, ParamInfo>();
        List<object> templates;

        partial class ParamInfo
        {
            public string Name { get; set; }
            public object Value { get; set; }
            public ParameterDirection ParameterDirection { get; set; }
            public DbType? DbType { get; set; }
            public int? Size { get; set; }
            public IDbDataParameter AttachedParam { get; set; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// construct a dynamic parameter bag
        /// </summary>
        public DynamicParameters() { }

        /// <summary>
        /// construct a dynamic parameter bag
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="template">can be an anonymous type or a DynamicParameters bag</param>
        public DynamicParameters(object template)
        {
            AddDynamicParams(template);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Append a whole object full of params to the dynamic
        /// EG: AddDynamicParams(new {A = 1, B = 2}) // will add property A and B to the dynamic
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="param"></param>
        public void AddDynamicParams(
#if CSHARP30
            object param
#else
dynamic param
#endif
)
        {
            var obj = param as object;
            if (obj != null)
            {
                var subDynamic = obj as DynamicParameters;
                if (subDynamic == null)
                {
                    var dictionary = obj as IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<string, object>>;
                    if (dictionary == null)
                    {
                        templates = templates ?? new List<object>();
                        templates.Add(obj);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        foreach (var kvp in dictionary)
                        {
#if CSHARP30
                            Add(kvp.Key, kvp.Value, null, null, null);
#else
                            Add(kvp.Key, kvp.Value);
#endif
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    if (subDynamic.parameters != null)
                    {
                        foreach (var kvp in subDynamic.parameters)
                        {
                            parameters.Add(kvp.Key, kvp.Value);
                        }
                    }

                    if (subDynamic.templates != null)
                    {
                        templates = templates ?? new List<object>();
                        foreach (var t in subDynamic.templates)
                        {
                            templates.Add(t);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Add a parameter to this dynamic parameter list
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="name"></param>
        /// <param name="value"></param>
        /// <param name="dbType"></param>
        /// <param name="direction"></param>
        /// <param name="size"></param>
        public void Add(
#if CSHARP30
            string name, object value, DbType? dbType, ParameterDirection? direction, int? size
#else
string name, object value = null, DbType? dbType = null, ParameterDirection? direction = null, int? size = null
#endif
)
        {
            parameters[Clean(name)] = new ParamInfo() { Name = name, Value = value, ParameterDirection = direction ?? ParameterDirection.Input, DbType = dbType, Size = size };
        }

        static string Clean(string name)
        {
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name))
            {
                switch (name[0])
                {
                    case '@':
                    case ':':
                    case '?':
                        return name.Substring(1);
                }
            }
            return name;
        }

        void SqlMapper.IDynamicParameters.AddParameters(IDbCommand command, SqlMapper.Identity identity)
        {
            AddParameters(command, identity);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Add all the parameters needed to the command just before it executes
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="command">The raw command prior to execution</param>
        /// <param name="identity">Information about the query</param>
        protected void AddParameters(IDbCommand command, SqlMapper.Identity identity)
        {
            if (templates != null)
            {
                foreach (var template in templates)
                {
                    var newIdent = identity.ForDynamicParameters(template.GetType());
                    Action<IDbCommand, object> appender;

                    lock (paramReaderCache)
                    {
                        if (!paramReaderCache.TryGetValue(newIdent, out appender))
                        {
                            appender = SqlMapper.CreateParamInfoGenerator(newIdent, true);
                            paramReaderCache[newIdent] = appender;
                        }
                    }

                    appender(command, template);
                }
            }

            foreach (var param in parameters.Values)
            {
                var dbType = param.DbType;
                var val = param.Value;
                string name = Clean(param.Name);

                if (dbType == null && val != null) dbType = SqlMapper.LookupDbType(val.GetType(), name);

                if (dbType == DynamicParameters.EnumerableMultiParameter)
                {
#pragma warning disable 612, 618
                    SqlMapper.PackListParameters(command, name, val);
#pragma warning restore 612, 618
                }
                else
                {

                    bool add = !command.Parameters.Contains(name);
                    IDbDataParameter p;
                    if (add)
                    {
                        p = command.CreateParameter();
                        p.ParameterName = name;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        p = (IDbDataParameter)command.Parameters[name];
                    }

                    p.Value = val ?? DBNull.Value;
                    p.Direction = param.ParameterDirection;
                    var s = val as string;
                    if (s != null)
                    {
                        if (s.Length <= 4000)
                        {
                            p.Size = 4000;
                        }
                    }
                    if (param.Size != null)
                    {
                        p.Size = param.Size.Value;
                    }
                    if (dbType != null)
                    {
                        p.DbType = dbType.Value;
                    }
                    if (add)
                    {
                        command.Parameters.Add(p);
                    }
                    param.AttachedParam = p;
                }

            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// All the names of the param in the bag, use Get to yank them out
        /// </summary>
        public IEnumerable<string> ParameterNames
        {
            get
            {
                return parameters.Select(p => p.Key);
            }
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Get the value of a parameter
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="name"></param>
        /// <returns>The value, note DBNull.Value is not returned, instead the value is returned as null</returns>
        public T Get<T>(string name)
        {
            var val = parameters[Clean(name)].AttachedParam.Value;
            if (val == DBNull.Value)
            {
                if (default(T) != null)
                {
                    throw new ApplicationException("Attempting to cast a DBNull to a non nullable type!");
                }
                return default(T);
            }
            return (T)val;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// This class represents a SQL string, it can be used if you need to denote your parameter is a Char vs VarChar vs nVarChar vs nChar
    /// </summary>
    sealed partial class DbString
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Create a new DbString
        /// </summary>
        public DbString() { Length = -1; }
        /// <summary>
        /// Ansi vs Unicode 
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsAnsi { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// Fixed length 
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsFixedLength { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// Length of the string -1 for max
        /// </summary>
        public int Length { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// The value of the string
        /// </summary>
        public string Value { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// Add the parameter to the command... internal use only
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="command"></param>
        /// <param name="name"></param>
        public void AddParameter(IDbCommand command, string name)
        {
            if (IsFixedLength && Length == -1)
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("If specifying IsFixedLength,  a Length must also be specified");
            }
            var param = command.CreateParameter();
            param.ParameterName = name;
            param.Value = (object)Value ?? DBNull.Value;
            if (Length == -1 && Value != null && Value.Length <= 4000)
            {
                param.Size = 4000;
            }
            else
            {
                param.Size = Length;
            }
            param.DbType = IsAnsi ? (IsFixedLength ? DbType.AnsiStringFixedLength : DbType.AnsiString) : (IsFixedLength ? DbType.StringFixedLength : DbType.String);
            command.Parameters.Add(param);
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Handles variances in features per DBMS
    /// </summary>
    partial class FeatureSupport
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Dictionary of supported features index by connection type name
        /// </summary>
        private static readonly Dictionary<string, FeatureSupport> FeatureList = new Dictionary<string, FeatureSupport>(StringComparer.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase) {
				{"sqlserverconnection", new FeatureSupport { Arrays = false}},
				{"npgsqlconnection", new FeatureSupport {Arrays = true}}
		};

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the featureset based on the passed connection
        /// </summary>
        public static FeatureSupport Get(IDbConnection connection)
        {
            string name = connection.GetType().Name;
            FeatureSupport features;
            return FeatureList.TryGetValue(name, out features) ? features : FeatureList.Values.First();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the db supports array columns e.g. Postgresql
        /// </summary>
        public bool Arrays { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Represents simple memeber map for one of target parameter or property or field to source DataReader column
    /// </summary>
    sealed partial class SimpleMemberMap : SqlMapper.IMemberMap
    {
        private readonly string _columnName;
        private readonly PropertyInfo _property;
        private readonly FieldInfo _field;
        private readonly ParameterInfo _parameter;

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates instance for simple property mapping
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="columnName">DataReader column name</param>
        /// <param name="property">Target property</param>
        public SimpleMemberMap(string columnName, PropertyInfo property)
        {
            if (columnName == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("columnName");

            if (property == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("property");

            _columnName = columnName;
            _property = property;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates instance for simple field mapping
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="columnName">DataReader column name</param>
        /// <param name="field">Target property</param>
        public SimpleMemberMap(string columnName, FieldInfo field)
        {
            if (columnName == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("columnName");

            if (field == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("field");

            _columnName = columnName;
            _field = field;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates instance for simple constructor parameter mapping
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="columnName">DataReader column name</param>
        /// <param name="parameter">Target constructor parameter</param>
        public SimpleMemberMap(string columnName, ParameterInfo parameter)
        {
            if (columnName == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("columnName");

            if (parameter == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("parameter");

            _columnName = columnName;
            _parameter = parameter;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// DataReader column name
        /// </summary>
        public string ColumnName
        {
            get { return _columnName; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Target member type
        /// </summary>
        public Type MemberType
        {
            get
            {
                if (_field != null)
                    return _field.FieldType;

                if (_property != null)
                    return _property.PropertyType;

                if (_parameter != null)
                    return _parameter.ParameterType;

                return null;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Target property
        /// </summary>
        public PropertyInfo Property
        {
            get { return _property; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Target field
        /// </summary>
        public FieldInfo Field
        {
            get { return _field; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Target constructor parameter
        /// </summary>
        public ParameterInfo Parameter
        {
            get { return _parameter; }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Represents default type mapping strategy used by Dapper
    /// </summary>
    sealed partial class DefaultTypeMap : SqlMapper.ITypeMap
    {
        private readonly List<FieldInfo> _fields;
        private readonly List<PropertyInfo> _properties;
        private readonly Type _type;

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates default type map
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="type">Entity type</param>
        public DefaultTypeMap(Type type)
        {
            if (type == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("type");

            _fields = GetSettableFields(type);
            _properties = GetSettableProps(type);
            _type = type;
        }

        internal static MethodInfo GetPropertySetter(PropertyInfo propertyInfo, Type type)
        {
            return propertyInfo.DeclaringType == type ?
                propertyInfo.GetSetMethod(true) :
                propertyInfo.DeclaringType.GetProperty(propertyInfo.Name, BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance).GetSetMethod(true);
        }

        internal static List<PropertyInfo> GetSettableProps(Type t)
        {
            return t
                  .GetProperties(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)
                  .Where(p => GetPropertySetter(p, t) != null)
                  .ToList();
        }

        internal static List<FieldInfo> GetSettableFields(Type t)
        {
            return t.GetFields(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance).ToList();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Finds best constructor
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="names">DataReader column names</param>
        /// <param name="types">DataReader column types</param>
        /// <returns>Matching constructor or default one</returns>
        public ConstructorInfo FindConstructor(string[] names, Type[] types)
        {
            var constructors = _type.GetConstructors(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic);
            foreach (ConstructorInfo ctor in constructors.OrderBy(c => c.IsPublic ? 0 : (c.IsPrivate ? 2 : 1)).ThenBy(c => c.GetParameters().Length))
            {
                ParameterInfo[] ctorParameters = ctor.GetParameters();
                if (ctorParameters.Length == 0)
                    return ctor;

                if (ctorParameters.Length != types.Length)
                    continue;

                int i = 0;
                for (; i < ctorParameters.Length; i++)
                {
                    if (!String.Equals(ctorParameters[i].Name, names[i], StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                        break;
                    if (types[i] == typeof(byte[]) && ctorParameters[i].ParameterType.FullName == SqlMapper.LinqBinary)
                        continue;
                    var unboxedType = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(ctorParameters[i].ParameterType) ?? ctorParameters[i].ParameterType;
                    if (unboxedType != types[i]
                        && !(unboxedType.IsEnum && Enum.GetUnderlyingType(unboxedType) == types[i])
                        && !(unboxedType == typeof(char) && types[i] == typeof(string)))
                        break;
                }

                if (i == ctorParameters.Length)
                    return ctor;
            }

            return null;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets mapping for constructor parameter
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="constructor">Constructor to resolve</param>
        /// <param name="columnName">DataReader column name</param>
        /// <returns>Mapping implementation</returns>
        public SqlMapper.IMemberMap GetConstructorParameter(ConstructorInfo constructor, string columnName)
        {
            var parameters = constructor.GetParameters();

            return new SimpleMemberMap(columnName, parameters.FirstOrDefault(p => string.Equals(p.Name, columnName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets member mapping for column
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="columnName">DataReader column name</param>
        /// <returns>Mapping implementation</returns>
        public SqlMapper.IMemberMap GetMember(string columnName)
        {
            var property = _properties.FirstOrDefault(p => string.Equals(p.Name, columnName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
               ?? _properties.FirstOrDefault(p => string.Equals(p.Name, columnName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));

            if (property != null)
                return new SimpleMemberMap(columnName, property);

            var field = _fields.FirstOrDefault(p => string.Equals(p.Name, columnName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
               ?? _fields.FirstOrDefault(p => string.Equals(p.Name, columnName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));

            if (field != null)
                return new SimpleMemberMap(columnName, field);

            return null;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Implements custom property mapping by user provided criteria (usually presence of some custom attribute with column to member mapping)
    /// </summary>
    sealed partial class CustomPropertyTypeMap : SqlMapper.ITypeMap
    {
        private readonly Type _type;
        private readonly Func<Type, string, PropertyInfo> _propertySelector;

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates custom property mapping
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="type">Target entity type</param>
        /// <param name="propertySelector">Property selector based on target type and DataReader column name</param>
        public CustomPropertyTypeMap(Type type, Func<Type, string, PropertyInfo> propertySelector)
        {
            if (type == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("type");

            if (propertySelector == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("propertySelector");

            _type = type;
            _propertySelector = propertySelector;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Always returns default constructor
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="names">DataReader column names</param>
        /// <param name="types">DataReader column types</param>
        /// <returns>Default constructor</returns>
        public ConstructorInfo FindConstructor(string[] names, Type[] types)
        {
            return _type.GetConstructor(new Type[0]);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Not impelmeneted as far as default constructor used for all cases
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="constructor"></param>
        /// <param name="columnName"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public SqlMapper.IMemberMap GetConstructorParameter(ConstructorInfo constructor, string columnName)
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns property based on selector strategy
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="columnName">DataReader column name</param>
        /// <returns>Poperty member map</returns>
        public SqlMapper.IMemberMap GetMember(string columnName)
        {
            var prop = _propertySelector(_type, columnName);
            return prop != null ? new SimpleMemberMap(columnName, prop) : null;
        }
    }

    // Define DAPPER_MAKE_PRIVATE if you reference Dapper by source
    // and you like to make the Dapper types private (in order to avoid
    // conflicts with other projects that also reference Dapper by source)
#if !DAPPER_MAKE_PRIVATE

    public partial class SqlMapper
    {
    }

    public partial class DynamicParameters
    {

    }

    public partial class DbString
    {

    }

    public partial class SimpleMemberMap
    {

    }

    public partial class DefaultTypeMap
    {

    }

    public partial class CustomPropertyTypeMap
    {

    }

    public partial class FeatureSupport
    {

    }

#endif

}