test_furl.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# furl - URL manipulation made simple.
#
# Arthur Grunseid
# grunseid.com
# grunseid@gmail.com
#
# License: Build Amazing Things (Unlicense)

import sys
import warnings
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

import six
from six.moves import urllib

import furl
from furl.omdict1D import omdict1D
from furl.compat import OrderedDict as odict

PYTHON_27PLUS = sys.version_info >= (2, 7)

if PYTHON_27PLUS:
    import unittest
else:
    import unittest2 as unittest


#
# TODO(grun): Add tests for furl objects with strict=True. Make sure
# UserWarnings are raised when improperly encoded path, query, and
# fragment strings are provided.
#


@six.add_metaclass(ABCMeta)
class itemcontainer(object):

    """
    Utility list subclasses to expose allitems() and iterallitems()
    methods on different kinds of item containers - lists, dictionaries,
    multivalue dictionaries, and query strings. This provides a common
    iteration interface for looping through their items (including items
    with repeated keys).  original() is also provided to get access to a
    copy of the original container.
    """

    @abstractmethod
    def allitems(self):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def iterallitems(self):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def original(self):
        """
        Returns: A copy of the original data type. For example, an
        itemlist would return a list, itemdict a dict, etc.
        """
        pass


class itemlist(list, itemcontainer):

    def allitems(self):
        return list(self.iterallitems())

    def iterallitems(self):
        return iter(self)

    def original(self):
        return list(self)


class itemdict(odict, itemcontainer):

    def allitems(self):
        return list(self.items())

    def iterallitems(self):
        return iter(self.items())

    def original(self):
        return dict(self)


class itemomdict1D(omdict1D, itemcontainer):

    def original(self):
        return omdict1D(self)


class itemstr(str, itemcontainer):

    def allitems(self):
        # Keys and values get unquoted. i.e. 'a=a%20a' -> ['a', 'a a']. Empty
        # values without '=' have value None.
        items = []
        parsed = urllib.parse.parse_qsl(self, keep_blank_values=True)
        pairstrs = [s2 for s1 in self.split('&')
                    for s2 in s1.split(';')]
        for (key, value), pairstr in six.moves.zip(parsed, pairstrs):
            if key == urllib.parse.quote_plus(pairstr):
                value = None
            items.append((key, value))
        return items

    def iterallitems(self):
        return iter(self.allitems())

    def original(self):
        return str(self)


class TestPath(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_isdir_isfile(self):
        for path in ['', '/']:
            p = furl.Path(path)
            assert p.isdir
            assert not p.isfile

        paths = ['dir1/', 'd1/d2/', 'd/d/d/d/d/', '/', '/dir1/', '/d1/d2/d3/']
        for path in paths:
            p = furl.Path(path)
            assert p.isdir
            assert not p.isfile

        for path in ['dir1', 'd1/d2', 'd/d/d/d/d', '/dir1', '/d1/d2/d3']:
            p = furl.Path(path)
            assert p.isfile
            assert not p.isdir

    def test_leading_slash(self):
        p = furl.Path('')
        assert not p.isabsolute
        assert not p.segments
        assert p.isdir and p.isdir != p.isfile
        assert str(p) == ''

        p = furl.Path('/')
        assert p.isabsolute
        assert p.segments == ['']
        assert p.isdir and p.isdir != p.isfile
        assert str(p) == '/'

        p = furl.Path('sup')
        assert not p.isabsolute
        assert p.segments == ['sup']
        assert p.isfile and p.isdir != p.isfile
        assert str(p) == 'sup'

        p = furl.Path('/sup')
        assert p.isabsolute
        assert p.segments == ['sup']
        assert p.isfile and p.isdir != p.isfile
        assert str(p) == '/sup'

        p = furl.Path('a/b/c')
        assert not p.isabsolute
        assert p.segments == ['a', 'b', 'c']
        assert p.isfile and p.isdir != p.isfile
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/c'

        p = furl.Path('/a/b/c')
        assert p.isabsolute
        assert p.segments == ['a', 'b', 'c']
        assert p.isfile and p.isdir != p.isfile
        assert str(p) == '/a/b/c'

        p = furl.Path('a/b/c/')
        assert not p.isabsolute
        assert p.segments == ['a', 'b', 'c', '']
        assert p.isdir and p.isdir != p.isfile
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/c/'

        p.isabsolute = True
        assert p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == '/a/b/c/'

    def test_encoding(self):
        encoded = ['a%20a', '/%7haypepps/', 'a/:@/a', 'a%2Fb']
        unencoded = ['a+a', '/~haypepps/', 'a/:@/a', 'a/b']

        for path in encoded:
            assert str(furl.Path(path)) == path

        for path in unencoded:
            assert str(furl.Path(path)) == urllib.parse.quote(
                path, "/:@-._~!$&'()*+,;=")

        # Valid path segment characters should not be encoded.
        for char in ":@-._~!$&'()*+,;=":
            f = furl.furl().set(path=char)
            assert str(f.path) == f.url == char
            assert f.path.segments == [char]

        # Invalid path segment characters should be encoded.
        for char in ' ^`<>[]"?':
            f = furl.furl().set(path=char)
            assert str(f.path) == f.url == urllib.parse.quote(char)
            assert f.path.segments == [char]

        # Encode '/' within a path segment.
        segment = 'a/b'  # One path segment that includes the '/' character.
        f = furl.furl().set(path=[segment])
        assert str(f.path) == 'a%2Fb'
        assert f.path.segments == [segment]
        assert f.url == 'a%2Fb'

    def test_load(self):
        self._test_set_load(furl.Path.load)

    def test_set(self):
        self._test_set_load(furl.Path.set)

    def _test_set_load(self, path_set_or_load):
        p = furl.Path('a/b/c/')
        assert path_set_or_load(p, 'asdf/asdf/') == p
        assert not p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == 'asdf/asdf/'
        assert path_set_or_load(p, ['a', 'b', 'c', '']) == p
        assert not p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/c/'
        assert path_set_or_load(p, ['', 'a', 'b', 'c', '']) == p
        assert p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == '/a/b/c/'

    def test_add(self):
        # URL paths.
        p = furl.furl('a/b/c/').path
        assert p.add('d') == p
        assert not p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/c/d'
        assert p.add('/') == p
        assert not p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/c/d/'
        assert p.add(['e', 'f', 'e e', '']) == p
        assert not p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/c/d/e/f/e%20e/'

        p = furl.furl().path
        assert not p.isabsolute
        assert p.add('/') == p
        assert p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == '/'
        assert p.add('pump') == p
        assert p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == '/pump'

        p = furl.furl().path
        assert not p.isabsolute
        assert p.add(['', '']) == p
        assert p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == '/'
        assert p.add(['pump', 'dump', '']) == p
        assert p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == '/pump/dump/'

        p = furl.furl('http://sprop.ru/a/b/c/').path
        assert p.add('d') == p
        assert p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == '/a/b/c/d'
        assert p.add('/') == p
        assert p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == '/a/b/c/d/'
        assert p.add(['e', 'f', 'e e', '']) == p
        assert p.isabsolute
        assert str(p) == '/a/b/c/d/e/f/e%20e/'

        f = furl.furl('http://sprop.ru')
        assert not f.path.isabsolute
        f.path.add('sup')
        assert f.path.isabsolute and str(f.path) == '/sup'

        f = furl.furl('/mrp').add(path='sup')
        assert str(f.path) == '/mrp/sup'

        f = furl.furl('/').add(path='/sup')
        assert f.path.isabsolute and str(f.path) == '/sup'

        f = furl.furl('/hi').add(path='sup')
        assert f.path.isabsolute and str(f.path) == '/hi/sup'

        f = furl.furl('/hi').add(path='/sup')
        assert f.path.isabsolute and str(f.path) == '/hi/sup'

        f = furl.furl('/hi/').add(path='/sup')
        assert f.path.isabsolute and str(f.path) == '/hi//sup'

        # Fragment paths.
        f = furl.furl('http://sprop.ru#mrp')
        assert not f.fragment.path.isabsolute
        f.fragment.path.add('sup')
        assert not f.fragment.path.isabsolute
        assert str(f.fragment.path) == 'mrp/sup'

        f = furl.furl('http://sprop.ru#/mrp')
        assert f.fragment.path.isabsolute
        f.fragment.path.add('sup')
        assert f.fragment.path.isabsolute
        assert str(f.fragment.path) == '/mrp/sup'

    def test_remove(self):
        # Remove lists of path segments.
        p = furl.Path('a/b/s%20s/')
        assert p.remove(['b', 's s']) == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/s%20s/'
        assert p.remove(['b', 's s', '']) == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/'
        assert p.remove(['', 'a']) == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/'
        assert p.remove(['a']) == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/'
        assert p.remove(['a', '']) == p
        assert str(p) == ''

        p = furl.Path('a/b/s%20s/')
        assert p.remove(['', 'b', 's s']) == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/s%20s/'
        assert p.remove(['', 'b', 's s', '']) == p
        assert str(p) == 'a'
        assert p.remove(['', 'a']) == p
        assert str(p) == 'a'
        assert p.remove(['a', '']) == p
        assert str(p) == 'a'
        assert p.remove(['a']) == p
        assert str(p) == ''

        p = furl.Path('a/b/s%20s/')
        assert p.remove(['a', 'b', 's%20s', '']) == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/s%20s/'
        assert p.remove(['a', 'b', 's s', '']) == p
        assert str(p) == ''

        # Remove a path string.
        p = furl.Path('a/b/s%20s/')
        assert p.remove('b/s s/') == p  # Encoding Warning.
        assert str(p) == 'a/'

        p = furl.Path('a/b/s%20s/')
        assert p.remove('b/s%20s/') == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/'
        assert p.remove('a') == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/'
        assert p.remove('/a') == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/'
        assert p.remove('a/') == p
        assert str(p) == ''

        p = furl.Path('a/b/s%20s/')
        assert p.remove('b/s s') == p  # Encoding Warning.
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/s%20s/'

        p = furl.Path('a/b/s%20s/')
        assert p.remove('b/s%20s') == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/s%20s/'
        assert p.remove('s%20s') == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/s%20s/'
        assert p.remove('s s') == p  # Encoding Warning.
        assert str(p) == 'a/b/s%20s/'
        assert p.remove('b/s%20s/') == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/'
        assert p.remove('/a') == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/'
        assert p.remove('a') == p
        assert str(p) == 'a/'
        assert p.remove('a/') == p
        assert str(p) == ''

        p = furl.Path('a/b/s%20s/')
        assert p.remove('a/b/s s/') == p  # Encoding Warning.
        assert str(p) == ''

        # Remove True.
        p = furl.Path('a/b/s%20s/')
        assert p.remove(True) == p
        assert str(p) == ''

    def test_isabsolute(self):
        paths = ['', '/', 'pump', 'pump/dump', '/pump/dump', '/pump/dump']
        for path in paths:
            # A URL path's isabsolute attribute is mutable if there's no
            # netloc.
            mutable = [
                {},  # No scheme or netloc -> isabsolute is mutable.
                {'scheme': 'nonempty'}]  # Scheme, no netloc -> isabs mutable.
            for kwargs in mutable:
                f = furl.furl().set(path=path, **kwargs)
                if path and path.startswith('/'):
                    assert f.path.isabsolute
                else:
                    assert not f.path.isabsolute
                f.path.isabsolute = False  # No exception.
                assert not f.path.isabsolute and not str(
                    f.path).startswith('/')
                f.path.isabsolute = True  # No exception.
                assert f.path.isabsolute and str(f.path).startswith('/')

            # A URL path's isabsolute attribute is read-only if there's
            # a netloc.
            readonly = [
                # Netloc, no scheme -> isabsolute is read-only if path
                # is non-empty.
                {'netloc': 'nonempty'},
                # Netloc and scheme -> isabsolute is read-only if path
                # is non-empty.
                {'scheme': 'nonempty', 'netloc': 'nonempty'}]
            for kwargs in readonly:
                f = furl.furl().set(path=path, **kwargs)
                if path:  # Exception raised.
                    with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
                        f.path.isabsolute = False
                    with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
                        f.path.isabsolute = True
                else:  # No exception raised.
                    f.path.isabsolute = False
                    assert not f.path.isabsolute and not str(
                        f.path).startswith('/')
                    f.path.isabsolute = True
                    assert f.path.isabsolute and str(f.path).startswith('/')

            # A Fragment path's isabsolute attribute is never read-only.
            f = furl.furl().set(fragment_path=path)
            if path and path.startswith('/'):
                assert f.fragment.path.isabsolute
            else:
                assert not f.fragment.path.isabsolute
            f.fragment.path.isabsolute = False  # No exception.
            assert (not f.fragment.path.isabsolute and
                    not str(f.fragment.path).startswith('/'))
            f.fragment.path.isabsolute = True  # No exception.
            assert f.fragment.path.isabsolute and str(
                f.fragment.path).startswith('/')

            # Sanity checks.
            f = furl.furl().set(scheme='mailto', path='dad@pumps.biz')
            assert str(f) == 'mailto:dad@pumps.biz' and not f.path.isabsolute
            f.path.isabsolute = True  # No exception.
            assert str(f) == 'mailto:/dad@pumps.biz' and f.path.isabsolute

            f = furl.furl().set(scheme='sup', fragment_path='/dad@pumps.biz')
            assert str(
                f) == 'sup:#/dad@pumps.biz' and f.fragment.path.isabsolute
            f.fragment.path.isabsolute = False  # No exception.
            assert str(
                f) == 'sup:#dad@pumps.biz' and not f.fragment.path.isabsolute

    def test_normalize(self):
        # Path not modified.
        for path in ['', 'a', '/a', '/a/', '/a/b%20b/c', '/a/b%20b/c/']:
            p = furl.Path(path)
            assert p.normalize() is p and str(p) == str(p.normalize()) == path

        # Path modified.
        tonormalize = [
            ('//', '/'), ('//a', '/a'), ('//a/', '/a/'), ('//a///', '/a/'),
            ('////a/..//b', '/b'), ('/a/..//b//./', '/b/')]
        for path, normalized in tonormalize:
            p = furl.Path(path)
            assert p.normalize() is p and str(p.normalize()) == normalized

    def test_equality(self):
        assert furl.Path() == furl.Path()

        p1 = furl.furl('http://sprop.ru/a/b/c/').path
        p11 = furl.furl('http://spep.ru/a/b/c/').path
        p2 = furl.furl('http://sprop.ru/a/b/c/d/').path

        assert p1 == p11 and str(p1) == str(p11)
        assert p1 != p2 and str(p1) != str(p2)

    def test_nonzero(self):
        p = furl.Path()
        assert not p

        p = furl.Path('')
        assert not p

        p = furl.Path('')
        assert not p
        p.segments = ['']
        assert p

        p = furl.Path('asdf')
        assert p

        p = furl.Path('/asdf')
        assert p

    def test_unicode(self):
        paths = ['/wiki/Восход', u'/wiki/Восход']
        path_encoded = '/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4'
        for path in paths:
            p = furl.Path(path)
            assert str(p) == path_encoded


class TestQuery(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        # All interaction with parameters is unquoted unless that
        # interaction is through an already encoded query string. In the
        # case of an already encoded query string, like 'a=a%20a&b=b',
        # its keys and values will be unquoted.
        self.itemlists = list(map(itemlist, [
            [], [(1, 1)], [(1, 1), (2, 2)], [
                (1, 1), (1, 11), (2, 2), (3, 3)], [('', '')],
            [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('a', 3)], [
                ('a', 1), ('b', 'b'), ('a', 0.23)],
            [(0.1, -0.9), (-0.1231, 12312.3123)], [
                (None, None), (None, 'pumps')],
            [('', ''), ('', '')], [('', 'a'), ('', 'b'),
                                   ('b', ''), ('b', 'b')], [('<', '>')],
            [('=', '><^%'), ('><^%', '=')], [
                ("/?:@-._~!$'()*+,", "/?:@-._~!$'()*+,=")],
            [('+', '-')], [('a%20a', 'a%20a')], [('/^`<>[]"', '/^`<>[]"=')],
            [("/?:@-._~!$'()*+,", "/?:@-._~!$'()*+,=")],
        ]))
        self.itemdicts = list(map(itemdict, [
            {}, {1: 1, 2: 2}, {'1': '1', '2': '2',
                               '3': '3'}, {None: None}, {5.4: 4.5},
            {'': ''}, {'': 'a', 'b': ''}, {
                'pue': 'pue', 'a': 'a&a'}, {'=': '====='},
            {'pue': 'pue', 'a': 'a%26a'}, {'%': '`', '`': '%'}, {'+': '-'},
            {"/?:@-._~!$'()*+,": "/?:@-._~!$'()*+,="}, {
                '%25': '%25', '%60': '%60'},
        ]))
        self.itemomdicts = list(map(itemomdict1D, self.itemlists))
        self.itemstrs = list(map(itemstr, [
            # Basics.
            '', 'a=a', 'a=a&b=b', 'q=asdf&check_keywords=yes&area=default',
            '=asdf',
            # Various quoted and unquoted parameters and values that
            # will be unquoted.
            'space=a+a&amp=a%26a', 'a a=a a&no encoding=sup', 'a+a=a+a',
            'a%20=a+a', 'a%20a=a%20a', 'a+a=a%20a', 'space=a a&amp=a^a',
            'a=a&s=s#s', '+=+', "/?:@-._~!$&'()*+,=/?:@-._~!$'()*+,=",
            'a=a&c=c%5Ec', '<=>&^="', '%3C=%3E&%5E=%22', '%=%;`=`',
            '%25=%25&%60=%60',
            # Only keys, no values.
            'asdfasdf', '/asdf/asdf/sdf', '*******', '!@#(*&@!#(*@!#', 'a&b&',
            'a;b',
            # Repeated parameters.
            'a=a&a=a', 'space=a+a&space=b+b',
            # Empty keys and/or values.
            '=', 'a=', 'a=a&a=', '=a&=b',
            # Semicolon delimiter, like 'a=a;b=b'.
            'a=a;a=a', 'space=a+a;space=b+b',
        ]))
        self.items = (self.itemlists + self.itemdicts + self.itemomdicts +
                      self.itemstrs)

    def test_various(self):
        for items in self.items:
            q = furl.Query(items.original())
            assert q.params.allitems() == items.allitems()
            pairs = ['%s=%s' % (i[0], i[1]) for i in self._quote_items(items)]

            # encode() and __str__().
            assert str(q) == q.encode() == q.encode('&')

            # encode() accepts both 'delimiter' and 'delimeter'. The
            # latter was incorrectly used until furl v0.4.6.
            e = q.encode
            assert e(';') == e(delimiter=';') == e(delimeter=';')

            # __nonzero__().
            if items.allitems():
                assert q
            else:
                assert not q

    def test_load(self):
        for items in self.items:
            q = furl.Query(items.original())
            for update in self.items:
                assert q.load(update) == q
                assert q.params.allitems() == update.allitems()

    def test_add(self):
        for items in self.items:
            q = furl.Query(items.original())
            runningsum = list(items.allitems())
            for itemupdate in self.items:
                assert q.add(itemupdate.original()) == q
                for item in itemupdate.iterallitems():
                    runningsum.append(item)
                assert q.params.allitems() == runningsum

    def test_set(self):
        for items in self.items:
            q = furl.Query(items.original())
            items_omd = omdict1D(items.allitems())
            for update in self.items:
                q.set(update)
                items_omd.updateall(update)
                assert q.params.allitems() == items_omd.allitems()

        # The examples.
        q = furl.Query({1: 1}).set([(1, None), (2, 2)])
        assert q.params.allitems() == [(1, None), (2, 2)]

        q = furl.Query({1: None, 2: None}).set([(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 11)])
        assert q.params.allitems() == [(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 11)]

        q = furl.Query({1: None}).set([(1, [1, 11, 111])])
        assert q.params.allitems() == [(1, 1), (1, 11), (1, 111)]

        # Further manual tests.
        q = furl.Query([(2, None), (3, None), (1, None)])
        q.set([(1, [1, 11]), (2, 2), (3, [3, 33])])
        assert q.params.allitems() == [
            (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 1), (1, 11), (3, 33)]

    def test_remove(self):
        for items in self.items:
            # Remove one key at a time.
            q = furl.Query(items.original())
            for key in dict(items.iterallitems()):
                assert key in q.params
                assert q.remove(key) == q
                assert key not in q.params

            # Remove multiple keys at a time (in this case all of them).
            q = furl.Query(items.original())
            if items.allitems():
                assert q.params
            allkeys = [key for key, value in items.allitems()]
            assert q.remove(allkeys) == q
            assert len(q.params) == 0

            # Remove the whole query string with True.
            q = furl.Query(items.original())
            if items.allitems():
                assert q.params
            assert q.remove(True) == q
            assert len(q.params) == 0

        # List of keys to remove.
        q = furl.Query([('a', '1'), ('b', '2'), ('b', '3'), ('a', '4')])
        q.remove(['a', 'b'])
        assert not list(q.params.items())

        # List of items to remove.
        q = furl.Query([('a', '1'), ('b', '2'), ('b', '3'), ('a', '4')])
        q.remove([('a', '1'), ('b', '3')])
        assert list(q.params.allitems()) == [('b', '2'), ('a', '4')]

        # Dictionary of items to remove.
        q = furl.Query([('a', '1'), ('b', '2'), ('b', '3'), ('a', '4')])
        q.remove({'b': '3', 'a': '1'})
        assert q.params.allitems() == [('b', '2'), ('a', '4')]

        # Multivalue dictionary of items to remove.
        q = furl.Query([('a', '1'), ('b', '2'), ('b', '3'), ('a', '4')])
        omd = omdict1D([('a', '4'), ('b', '3'), ('b', '2')])
        q.remove(omd)
        assert q.params.allitems() == [('a', '1')]

    def test_params(self):
        # Basics.
        q = furl.Query('a=a&b=b')
        assert q.params == {'a': 'a', 'b': 'b'}
        q.params['sup'] = 'sup'
        assert q.params == {'a': 'a', 'b': 'b', 'sup': 'sup'}
        del q.params['a']
        assert q.params == {'b': 'b', 'sup': 'sup'}
        q.params['b'] = 'BLROP'
        assert q.params == {'b': 'BLROP', 'sup': 'sup'}

        # Blanks keys and values are kept.
        q = furl.Query('=')
        assert q.params == {'': ''} and str(q) == '='
        q = furl.Query('=&=')
        assert q.params.allitems() == [('', ''), ('', '')] and str(q) == '=&='
        q = furl.Query('a=&=b')
        assert q.params == {'a': '', '': 'b'} and str(q) == 'a=&=b'

        # ';' is a valid query delimiter.
        q = furl.Query('=;=')
        assert q.params.allitems() == [('', ''), ('', '')] and str(q) == '=&='
        q = furl.Query('a=a;b=b;c=')
        assert q.params == {
            'a': 'a', 'b': 'b', 'c': ''} and str(q) == 'a=a&b=b&c='

        # Non-string parameters are coerced to strings in the final
        # query string.
        q.params.clear()
        q.params[99] = 99
        q.params[None] = -1
        q.params['int'] = 1
        q.params['float'] = 0.39393
        assert str(q) == '99=99&None=-1&int=1&float=0.39393'

        # Spaces are encoded as '+'s. '+'s are encoded as '%2B'.
        q.params.clear()
        q.params['s s'] = 's s'
        q.params['p+p'] = 'p+p'
        assert str(q) == 's+s=s+s&p%2Bp=p%2Bp'

        # Params is an omdict (ordered multivalue dictionary).
        q.params.clear()
        q.params.add('1', '1').set('2', '4').add('1', '11').addlist(
            3, [3, 3, '3'])
        assert q.params.getlist('1') == ['1', '11'] and q.params['1'] == '1'
        assert q.params.getlist(3) == [3, 3, '3']

        # Assign various things to Query.params and make sure
        # Query.params is reinitialized, not replaced.
        for items in self.items:
            q.params = items.original()
            assert isinstance(q.params, omdict1D)

            pairs = six.moves.zip(q.params.iterallitems(), items.iterallitems())
            for item1, item2 in pairs:
                assert item1 == item2

        # Value of '' -> '?param='. Value of None -> '?param'.
        q = furl.Query('slrp')
        assert str(q) == 'slrp' and q.params['slrp'] is None
        q = furl.Query('slrp=')
        assert str(q) == 'slrp=' and q.params['slrp'] == ''
        q = furl.Query('prp=&slrp')
        assert q.params['prp'] == '' and q.params['slrp'] is None
        q.params['slrp'] = ''
        assert str(q) == 'prp=&slrp=' and q.params['slrp'] == ''

    def test_unicode(self):
        pairs = [('Восход', 'testä'), (u'Восход', u'testä')]
        key_encoded = '%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4'
        value_encoded = 'test%C3%A4'

        for key, value in pairs:
            q = furl.Query('%s=%s' % (key, value))
            assert q.params[key] == value
            assert str(q) == '%s=%s' % (key_encoded, value_encoded)
            
            q = furl.Query()
            q.params[key] = value
            assert q.params[key] == value
            assert str(q) == '%s=%s' % (key_encoded, value_encoded)

    def test_equality(self):
        assert furl.Query() == furl.Query()

        q1 = furl.furl('http://sprop.ru/?a=1&b=2').query
        q11 = furl.furl('http://spep.ru/path/?a=1&b=2').query
        q2 = furl.furl('http://sprop.ru/?b=2&a=1').query

        assert q1 == q11 and str(q1) == str(q11)
        assert q1 != q2 and str(q1) != str(q2)

    def _quote_items(self, items):
        # Calculate the expected querystring with proper query encoding.
        #   Valid query key characters: "/?:@-._~!$'()*,;"
        #   Valid query value characters: "/?:@-._~!$'()*,;="
        allitems_quoted = []
        for key, value in items.iterallitems():
            pair = (urllib.parse.quote_plus(str(key), "/?:@-._~!$'()*,;"),
                    urllib.parse.quote_plus(str(value), "/?:@-._~!$'()*,;="))
            allitems_quoted.append(pair)
        return allitems_quoted


class TestQueryCompositionInterface(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_interface(self):
        class tester(furl.QueryCompositionInterface):

            def __init__(self):
                furl.QueryCompositionInterface.__init__(self)

            def __setattr__(self, attr, value):
                fqci = furl.QueryCompositionInterface
                if not fqci.__setattr__(self, attr, value):
                    object.__setattr__(self, attr, value)

        t = tester()
        assert isinstance(t.query, furl.Query)
        assert str(t.query) == ''

        t.query = 'a=a&s=s s'
        assert isinstance(t.query, furl.Query)
        assert str(t.query) == 'a=a&s=s+s'
        assert t.args == t.query.params == {'a': 'a', 's': 's s'}


class TestFragment(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_basics(self):
        f = furl.Fragment()
        assert str(f.path) == '' and str(f.query) == '' and str(f) == ''

        f.args['sup'] = 'foo'
        assert str(f) == 'sup=foo'
        f.path = 'yasup'
        assert str(f) == 'yasup?sup=foo'
        f.path = '/yasup'
        assert str(f) == '/yasup?sup=foo'
        assert str(f.query) == 'sup=foo'
        f.query.params['sup'] = 'kwlpumps'
        assert str(f) == '/yasup?sup=kwlpumps'
        f.query = ''
        assert str(f) == '/yasup'
        f.path = ''
        assert str(f) == ''
        f.args['no'] = 'dads'
        f.query.params['hi'] = 'gr8job'
        assert str(f) == 'no=dads&hi=gr8job'

    def test_load(self):
        comps = [('', '', {}),
                 ('?', '%3F', {}),
                 ('??a??', '%3F%3Fa%3F%3F', {}),
                 ('??a??=', '', {'?a??': ''}),
                 ('schtoot', 'schtoot', {}),
                 ('sch/toot/YOEP', 'sch/toot/YOEP', {}),
                 ('/sch/toot/YOEP', '/sch/toot/YOEP', {}),
                 ('schtoot?', 'schtoot%3F', {}),
                 ('schtoot?NOP', 'schtoot%3FNOP', {}),
                 ('schtoot?NOP=', 'schtoot', {'NOP': ''}),
                 ('schtoot?=PARNT', 'schtoot', {'': 'PARNT'}),
                 ('schtoot?NOP=PARNT', 'schtoot', {'NOP': 'PARNT'}),
                 ('dog?machine?yes', 'dog%3Fmachine%3Fyes', {}),
                 ('dog?machine=?yes', 'dog', {'machine': '?yes'}),
                 ('schtoot?a=a&hok%20sprm', 'schtoot',
                  {'a': 'a', 'hok sprm': ''}),
                 ('schtoot?a=a&hok sprm', 'schtoot',
                  {'a': 'a', 'hok sprm': ''}),
                 ('sch/toot?a=a&hok sprm', 'sch/toot',
                  {'a': 'a', 'hok sprm': ''}),
                 ('/sch/toot?a=a&hok sprm', '/sch/toot',
                  {'a': 'a', 'hok sprm': ''}),
                 ]

        for fragment, path, query in comps:
            f = furl.Fragment()
            f.load(fragment)
            assert str(f.path) == path
            assert f.query.params == query

    def test_add(self):
        f = furl.Fragment('')
        assert f is f.add(path='one two three', args=[('a', 'a'), ('s', 's s')])
        assert str(f) == 'one%20two%20three?a=a&s=s+s'

        f = furl.Fragment('break?legs=broken')
        assert f is f.add(path='horse bones', args=[('a', 'a'), ('s', 's s')])
        assert str(f) == 'break/horse%20bones?legs=broken&a=a&s=s+s'

    def test_set(self):
        f = furl.Fragment('asdf?lol=sup&foo=blorp')
        assert f is f.set(path='one two three', args=[('a', 'a'), ('s', 's s')])
        assert str(f) == 'one%20two%20three?a=a&s=s+s'

        assert f is f.set(path='!', separator=False)
        assert f.separator is False
        assert str(f) == '!a=a&s=s+s'

    def test_remove(self):
        f = furl.Fragment('a/path/great/job?lol=sup&foo=blorp')
        assert f is f.remove(path='job', args=['lol'])
        assert str(f) == 'a/path/great/?foo=blorp'

        assert f is f.remove(path=['path', 'great'], args=['foo'])
        assert str(f) == 'a/path/great/'
        assert f is f.remove(path=['path', 'great', ''])
        assert str(f) == 'a/'

        assert f is f.remove(fragment=True)
        assert str(f) == ''

    def test_encoding(self):
        f = furl.Fragment()
        f.path = "/?:@-._~!$&'()*+,;="
        assert str(f) == "/?:@-._~!$&'()*+,;="
        f.query = [('a', 'a'), ('b b', 'NOPE')]
        assert str(f) == "/%3F:@-._~!$&'()*+,;=?a=a&b+b=NOPE"
        f.separator = False
        assert str(f) == "/?:@-._~!$&'()*+,;=a=a&b+b=NOPE"

        f = furl.Fragment()
        f.path = "/?:@-._~!$&'()*+,;= ^`<>[]"
        assert str(f) == "/?:@-._~!$&'()*+,;=%20%5E%60%3C%3E%5B%5D"
        f.query = [('a', 'a'), ('b b', 'NOPE')]
        assert str(
            f) == "/%3F:@-._~!$&'()*+,;=%20%5E%60%3C%3E%5B%5D?a=a&b+b=NOPE"
        f.separator = False
        assert str(f) == "/?:@-._~!$&'()*+,;=%20%5E%60%3C%3E%5B%5Da=a&b+b=NOPE"

        f = furl.furl()
        f.fragment = 'a?b?c?d?'
        assert f.url == '#a?b?c?d?'
        # TODO(grun): Once encoding has been fixed with URLPath and
        # FragmentPath, the below line should be:
        #
        #  assert str(f.fragment) == str(f.path) == 'a?b?c?d?'
        #
        assert str(f.fragment) == 'a?b?c?d?'

    def test_equality(self):
        assert furl.Fragment() == furl.Fragment()

        f1 = furl.furl('http://sprop.ru/#ja').fragment
        f11 = furl.furl('http://spep.ru/#ja').fragment
        f2 = furl.furl('http://sprop.ru/#nein').fragment

        assert f1 == f11 and str(f1) == str(f11)
        assert f1 != f2 and str(f1) != str(f2)

    def test_nonzero(self):
        f = furl.Fragment()
        assert not f

        f = furl.Fragment('')
        assert not f

        f = furl.Fragment('asdf')
        assert f

        f = furl.Fragment()
        f.path = 'sup'
        assert f

        f = furl.Fragment()
        f.query = 'a=a'
        assert f

        f = furl.Fragment()
        f.path = 'sup'
        f.query = 'a=a'
        assert f

        f = furl.Fragment()
        f.path = 'sup'
        f.query = 'a=a'
        f.separator = False
        assert f


class TestFragmentCompositionInterface(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_interface(self):
        class tester(furl.FragmentCompositionInterface):

            def __init__(self):
                furl.FragmentCompositionInterface.__init__(self)

            def __setattr__(self, attr, value):
                ffci = furl.FragmentCompositionInterface
                if not ffci.__setattr__(self, attr, value):
                    object.__setattr__(self, attr, value)

        t = tester()
        assert isinstance(t.fragment, furl.Fragment)
        assert isinstance(t.fragment.path, furl.Path)
        assert isinstance(t.fragment.query, furl.Query)
        assert str(t.fragment) == ''
        assert t.fragment.separator
        assert str(t.fragment.path) == ''
        assert str(t.fragment.query) == ''

        t.fragment = 'animal meats'
        assert isinstance(t.fragment, furl.Fragment)
        t.fragment.path = 'pump/dump'
        t.fragment.query = 'a=a&s=s+s'
        assert isinstance(t.fragment.path, furl.Path)
        assert isinstance(t.fragment.query, furl.Query)
        assert str(t.fragment.path) == 'pump/dump'
        assert t.fragment.path.segments == ['pump', 'dump']
        assert not t.fragment.path.isabsolute
        assert str(t.fragment.query) == 'a=a&s=s+s'
        assert t.fragment.args == t.fragment.query.params == {
            'a': 'a', 's': 's s'}


class TestFurl(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        # Don't hide duplicate Warnings. Test for all of them.
        warnings.simplefilter("always")

    def _param(self, url, key, val):
        # Note: urlparse.urlsplit() doesn't separate the query from the
        # path for all schemes, only those schemes in the list
        # urlparse.uses_query. So, as a result of using
        # urlparse.urlsplit(), this little helper function only works
        # when provided URLs whos schemes are also in
        # urlparse.uses_query.
        items = urllib.parse.parse_qsl(urllib.parse.urlsplit(url).query, True)
        return (key, val) in items

    def test_unicode(self):
        paths = ['Восход', u'Восход']
        pairs = [('testö', 'testä'), (u'testö', u'testä')]
        path_encoded = u'%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4'
        key_encoded, value_encoded = u'test%C3%B6', u'test%C3%A4'

        base_url = 'http://pumps.ru'
        full_url = '%s/%s?%s=%s' % (
            base_url, paths[0], pairs[0][0], pairs[0][1])
        full_url_encoded = '%s/%s?%s=%s' % (
            base_url, path_encoded, key_encoded, value_encoded)

        # Accept unicode without raising an exception.
        f = furl.furl(full_url)
        assert f.url == full_url_encoded

        # Accept unicode paths.
        for path in paths:
            f = furl.furl(base_url)
            f.path = path
            assert f.url == '%s/%s' % (base_url, path_encoded)

        # Accept unicode queries.
        for key, value in pairs:
            f = furl.furl(base_url).set(path=path)
            f.args[key] = value
            assert f.args[key] == value  # Unicode values aren't modified.
            assert not key in f.url
            assert not value in f.url
            assert urllib.parse.quote_plus(furl.utf8(key)) in f.url
            assert urllib.parse.quote_plus(furl.utf8(value)) in f.url
            f.path.segments = [path]
            assert f.path.segments == [path]  # Unicode values aren't modified.
            assert f.url == full_url_encoded

    def test_scheme(self):
        assert furl.furl().scheme is None
        assert furl.furl('').scheme is None

        # Lowercase.
        assert furl.furl('/sup/').set(scheme='PrOtO').scheme == 'proto'

        # No scheme.
        for url in ['sup.txt', '/d/sup', '#flarg']:
            f = furl.furl(url)
            assert f.scheme is None and f.url == url

        # Protocol relative URLs.
        for url in ['//', '//sup.txt', '//arc.io/d/sup']:
            f = furl.furl(url)
            assert f.scheme == '' and f.url == url

        f = furl.furl('//sup.txt')
        assert f.scheme == ''
        f.scheme = None
        assert f.scheme is None and f.url == 'sup.txt'
        f.scheme = ''
        assert f.scheme == '' and f.url == '//sup.txt'

        # Schemes without slashes , like 'mailto:'.
        f = furl.furl('mailto:sup@sprp.ru')
        assert f.url == 'mailto:sup@sprp.ru'
        f = furl.furl('mailto://sup@sprp.ru')
        assert f.url == 'mailto:sup@sprp.ru'

        f = furl.furl('mailto:sproop:spraps@sprp.ru')
        assert f.scheme == 'mailto'
        assert f.username == 'sproop' and f.password == 'spraps'
        assert f.host == 'sprp.ru'

        f = furl.furl('mailto:')
        assert f.url == 'mailto:' and f.scheme == 'mailto'

    def test_username_and_password(self):
        # Empty usernames and passwords.
        for url in ['', 'http://www.pumps.com/']:
            f = furl.furl(url)
            assert f.username is None and f.password is None

        usernames = ['user', 'a-user_NAME$%^&09']
        passwords = ['pass', 'a-PASS_word$%^&09']
        baseurl = 'http://www.google.com/'

        # Username only.
        userurl = 'http://%s@www.google.com/'
        for username in usernames:
            f = furl.furl(userurl % username)
            assert f.username == username and f.password is None

            f = furl.furl(baseurl)
            f.username = username
            assert f.username == username and f.password is None
            assert f.url == userurl % username

            f = furl.furl(baseurl)
            f.set(username=username)
            assert f.username == username and f.password is None
            assert f.url == userurl % username

            f.remove(username=True)
            assert f.username is None and f.password is None
            assert f.url == baseurl

        # Password only.
        passurl = 'http://:%s@www.google.com/'
        for password in passwords:
            f = furl.furl(passurl % password)
            assert f.password == password and f.username is None

            f = furl.furl(baseurl)
            f.password = password
            assert f.password == password and f.username is None
            assert f.url == passurl % password

            f = furl.furl(baseurl)
            f.set(password=password)
            assert f.password == password and f.username is None
            assert f.url == passurl % password

            f.remove(password=True)
            assert not f.username and not f.password
            assert f.url == baseurl

        # Username and password.
        userpassurl = 'http://%s:%s@www.google.com/'
        for username in usernames:
            for password in passwords:
                f = furl.furl(userpassurl % (username, password))
                assert f.username == username and f.password == password

                f = furl.furl(baseurl)
                f.username = username
                f.password = password
                assert f.username == username and f.password == password
                assert f.url == userpassurl % (username, password)

                f = furl.furl(baseurl)
                f.set(username=username, password=password)
                assert f.username == username and f.password == password
                assert f.url == userpassurl % (username, password)

                f = furl.furl(baseurl)
                f.remove(username=True, password=True)
                assert not f.username and not f.password
                assert f.url == baseurl

        # Username and password in the network location string.
        f = furl.furl()
        f.netloc = 'user@domain.com'
        assert f.username == 'user' and not f.password
        assert f.netloc == 'user@domain.com'

        f = furl.furl()
        f.netloc = ':pass@domain.com'
        assert not f.username and f.password == 'pass'
        assert f.netloc == ':pass@domain.com'

        f = furl.furl()
        f.netloc = 'user:pass@domain.com'
        assert f.username == 'user' and f.password == 'pass'
        assert f.netloc == 'user:pass@domain.com'
        f = furl.furl()
        assert f.username is f.password is None
        f.username = 'uu'
        assert f.username == 'uu' and f.password is None and f.url == 'uu@'
        f.password = 'pp'
        assert f.username == 'uu' and f.password == 'pp' and f.url == 'uu:pp@'
        f.username = ''
        assert f.username == '' and f.password == 'pp' and f.url == ':pp@'
        f.password = ''
        assert f.username == f.password == '' and f.url == ':@'
        f.password = None
        assert f.username == '' and f.password is None and f.url == '@'
        f.username = None
        assert f.username is f.password is None and f.url == ''
        f.password = ''
        assert f.username is None and f.password == '' and f.url == ':@'

    def test_basics(self):
        url = 'hTtP://www.pumps.com/'
        f = furl.furl(url)
        assert f.scheme == 'http'
        assert f.netloc == 'www.pumps.com'
        assert f.host == 'www.pumps.com'
        assert f.port == 80
        assert str(f.path) == '/'
        assert str(f.query) == ''
        assert f.args == f.query.params == {}
        assert str(f.fragment) == ''
        assert f.url == str(f) == url.lower()
        assert f.url == furl.furl(f).url == furl.furl(f.url).url
        assert f is not f.copy() and f.url == f.copy().url

        url = 'HTTPS://wWw.YAHOO.cO.UK/one/two/three?a=a&b=b&m=m%26m#fragment'
        f = furl.furl(url)
        assert f.scheme == 'https'
        assert f.netloc == 'www.yahoo.co.uk'
        assert f.host == 'www.yahoo.co.uk'
        assert f.port == 443
        assert str(f.path) == '/one/two/three'
        assert str(f.query) == 'a=a&b=b&m=m%26m'
        assert f.args == f.query.params == {'a': 'a', 'b': 'b', 'm': 'm&m'}
        assert str(f.fragment) == 'fragment'
        assert f.url == str(f) == url.lower()
        assert f.url == furl.furl(f).url == furl.furl(f.url).url
        assert f is not f.copy() and f.url == f.copy().url

        url = 'sup://192.168.1.102:8080///one//a%20b////?s=kwl%20string#frag'
        f = furl.furl(url)
        assert f.scheme == 'sup'
        assert f.netloc == '192.168.1.102:8080'
        assert f.host == '192.168.1.102'
        assert f.port == 8080
        assert str(f.path) == '///one//a%20b////'
        assert str(f.query) == 's=kwl+string'
        assert f.args == f.query.params == {'s': 'kwl string'}
        assert str(f.fragment) == 'frag'
        quoted = 'sup://192.168.1.102:8080///one//a%20b////?s=kwl+string#frag'
        assert f.url == str(f) == quoted
        assert f.url == furl.furl(f).url == furl.furl(f.url).url
        assert f is not f.copy() and f.url == f.copy().url

        # URL paths are optionally absolute if scheme and netloc are
        # empty.
        f = furl.furl()
        f.path.segments = ['pumps']
        assert str(f.path) == 'pumps'
        f.path = 'pumps'
        assert str(f.path) == 'pumps'

        # Fragment paths are optionally absolute, and not absolute by
        # default.
        f = furl.furl()
        f.fragment.path.segments = ['pumps']
        assert str(f.fragment.path) == 'pumps'
        f.fragment.path = 'pumps'
        assert str(f.fragment.path) == 'pumps'

        # URLs comprised of a netloc string only should not be prefixed
        # with '//', as-is the default behavior of
        # urlparse.urlunsplit().
        f = furl.furl()
        assert f.set(host='foo').url == 'foo'
        assert f.set(host='pumps.com').url == 'pumps.com'
        assert f.set(host='pumps.com', port=88).url == 'pumps.com:88'
        assert f.set(netloc='pumps.com:88').url == 'pumps.com:88'

    def test_basic_manipulation(self):
        f = furl.furl('http://www.pumps.com/')

        f.args.setdefault('foo', 'blah')
        assert str(f) == 'http://www.pumps.com/?foo=blah'
        f.query.params['foo'] = 'eep'
        assert str(f) == 'http://www.pumps.com/?foo=eep'

        f.port = 99
        assert str(f) == 'http://www.pumps.com:99/?foo=eep'

        f.netloc = 'www.yahoo.com:220'
        assert str(f) == 'http://www.yahoo.com:220/?foo=eep'

        f.netloc = 'www.yahoo.com'
        assert f.port == 80
        assert str(f) == 'http://www.yahoo.com/?foo=eep'

        f.scheme = 'sup'
        assert str(f) == 'sup://www.yahoo.com:80/?foo=eep'

        f.port = None
        assert str(f) == 'sup://www.yahoo.com/?foo=eep'

        f.fragment = 'sup'
        assert str(f) == 'sup://www.yahoo.com/?foo=eep#sup'

        f.path = 'hay supppp'
        assert str(f) == 'sup://www.yahoo.com/hay%20supppp?foo=eep#sup'

        f.args['space'] = '1 2'
        assert str(
            f) == 'sup://www.yahoo.com/hay%20supppp?foo=eep&space=1+2#sup'

        del f.args['foo']
        assert str(f) == 'sup://www.yahoo.com/hay%20supppp?space=1+2#sup'

        f.host = 'ohay.com'
        assert str(f) == 'sup://ohay.com/hay%20supppp?space=1+2#sup'

    def test_odd_urls(self):
        # Empty.
        f = furl.furl('')
        assert f.username is f.password is None
        assert f.scheme is f.host is f.port is f.netloc is None
        assert str(f.path) == ''
        assert str(f.query) == ''
        assert f.args == f.query.params == {}
        assert str(f.fragment) == ''
        assert f.url == ''

        # Keep in mind that ';' is a query delimiter for both the URL
        # query and the fragment query, resulting in the str(path),
        # str(query), and str(fragment) values below.
        url = (
            "sup://example.com/:@-._~!$&'()*+,=;:@-._~!$&'()*+,=:@-._~!$&'()*+"
            ",==?/?:@-._~!$'()*+,;=/?:@-._~!$'()*+,;==#/?:@-._~!$&'()*+,;=")
        pathstr = "/:@-._~!$&'()*+,=;:@-._~!$&'()*+,=:@-._~!$&'()*+,=="
        querystr = "/?:@-._~!$'()*+,=&=/?:@-._~!$'()*+,&=="
        fragmentstr = "/?:@-._~!$=&'()*+,=&="
        f = furl.furl(url)
        assert f.scheme == 'sup'
        assert f.host == 'example.com'
        assert f.port is None
        assert f.netloc == 'example.com'
        assert str(f.path) == pathstr
        assert str(f.query) == querystr
        assert str(f.fragment) == fragmentstr

        # Scheme only.
        f = furl.furl('sup://')
        assert f.scheme == 'sup'
        assert f.host is f.port is f.netloc is None
        assert str(f.path) == ''
        assert str(f.query) == ''
        assert f.args == f.query.params == {}
        assert str(f.fragment) == ''
        assert f.url == 'sup://' and f.netloc is None
        f.scheme = None
        assert f.scheme is None and f.netloc is None and f.url == ''
        f.scheme = ''
        assert f.scheme == '' and f.netloc is None and f.url == '//'

        # Host only.
        f = furl.furl().set(host='pumps.meat')
        assert f.url == 'pumps.meat' and f.netloc == f.host == 'pumps.meat'
        f.host = None
        assert f.url == '' and f.host is f.netloc is None
        f.host = ''
        assert f.url == '' and f.host == f.netloc == ''

        # Port only.
        f = furl.furl()
        f.port = 99
        assert f.url == ':99' and f.netloc is not None
        f.port = None
        assert f.url == '' and f.netloc is None

        # urlparse.urlsplit() treats the first two '//' as the beginning
        # of a netloc, even if the netloc is empty.
        f = furl.furl('////path')
        assert f.url == '//path' and str(f.path) == '//path'

        # TODO(grun): Test more odd URLs.

    def test_hosts(self):
        # No host.
        url = 'http:///index.html'
        f = furl.furl(url)
        assert f.host is None and furl.furl(url).url == url

        # Valid IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
        f = furl.furl('http://192.168.1.101')
        f = furl.furl('http://[2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1319:8a2e:370:7348]/')

        # Invalid IPv4 addresses shouldn't raise an exception because
        # urlparse.urlsplit() doesn't raise an exception on invalid IPv4
        # addresses.
        f = furl.furl('http://1.2.3.4.5.6/')

        # Invalid, but well-formed, IPv6 addresses shouldn't raise an
        # exception because urlparse.urlsplit() doesn't raise an
        # exception on invalid IPv6 addresses.
        furl.furl('http://[0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:9999999999999]/')

        # Malformed IPv6 should raise an exception because
        # urlparse.urlsplit() raises an exception in Python v2.7+. In
        # Python <= 2.6, urlsplit() doesn't raise a ValueError on
        # malformed IPv6 addresses.
        if PYTHON_27PLUS:
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                furl.furl('http://[0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1/')
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                furl.furl('http://0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1]/')

    def test_netlocs(self):
        f = furl.furl('http://pumps.com/')
        netloc = '1.2.3.4.5.6:999'
        f.netloc = netloc
        assert f.netloc == netloc
        assert f.host == '1.2.3.4.5.6'
        assert f.port == 999

        netloc = '[0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:9999999999999]:888'
        f.netloc = netloc
        assert f.netloc == netloc
        assert f.host == '[0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:9999999999999]'
        assert f.port == 888

        # Malformed IPv6 should raise an exception because
        # urlparse.urlsplit() raises an exception in Python v2.7+.
        if PYTHON_27PLUS:
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                f.netloc = '[0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1'
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                f.netloc = '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1]'

        # Invalid ports.
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            f.netloc = '[0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1]:alksdflasdfasdf'
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            f.netloc = 'pump2pump.org:777777777777'

        # No side effects.
        assert f.host == '[0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:9999999999999]'
        assert f.port == 888

    def test_ports(self):
        # Default port values.
        assert furl.furl('http://www.pumps.com/').port == 80
        assert furl.furl('https://www.pumps.com/').port == 443
        assert furl.furl('undefined://www.pumps.com/').port is None

        # Override default port values.
        assert furl.furl('http://www.pumps.com:9000/').port == 9000
        assert furl.furl('https://www.pumps.com:9000/').port == 9000
        assert furl.furl('undefined://www.pumps.com:9000/').port == 9000

        # Reset the port.
        f = furl.furl('http://www.pumps.com:9000/')
        f.port = None
        assert f.url == 'http://www.pumps.com/'
        assert f.port == 80

        f = furl.furl('undefined://www.pumps.com:9000/')
        f.port = None
        assert f.url == 'undefined://www.pumps.com/'
        assert f.port is None

        # Invalid port raises ValueError with no side effects.
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            furl.furl('http://www.pumps.com:invalid/')

        url = 'http://www.pumps.com:400/'
        f = furl.furl(url)
        assert f.port == 400
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            f.port = 'asdf'
        assert f.url == url
        f.port = 9999
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            f.port = []
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            f.port = -1
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            f.port = 77777777777
        assert f.port == 9999
        assert f.url == 'http://www.pumps.com:9999/'

        self.assertRaises(f.set, port='asdf')

    def test_add(self):
        f = furl.furl('http://pumps.com/')

        assert f is f.add(args={'a': 'a', 'm': 'm&m'}, path='kwl jump',
                          fragment_path='1', fragment_args={'f': 'frp'})
        assert self._param(f.url, 'a', 'a')
        assert self._param(f.url, 'm', 'm&m')
        assert str(f.fragment) == '1?f=frp'
        assert str(f.path) == urllib.parse.urlsplit(f.url).path == '/kwl%20jump'

        assert f is f.add(path='dir', fragment_path='23', args={'b': 'b'},
                          fragment_args={'b': 'bewp'})
        assert self._param(f.url, 'a', 'a')
        assert self._param(f.url, 'm', 'm&m')
        assert self._param(f.url, 'b', 'b')
        assert str(f.path) == '/kwl%20jump/dir'
        assert str(f.fragment) == '1/23?f=frp&b=bewp'

        # Supplying both <args> and <query_params> should raise a
        # warning.
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w1:
            f.add(args={'a': '1'}, query_params={'a': '2'})
            assert len(w1) == 1 and issubclass(w1[0].category, UserWarning)
            assert self._param(
                f.url, 'a', '1') and self._param(f.url, 'a', '2')
            params = f.args.allitems()
            assert params.index(('a', '1')) < params.index(('a', '2'))

    def test_set(self):
        f = furl.furl('http://pumps.com/kwl%20jump/dir')
        assert f is f.set(args={'no': 'nope'}, fragment='sup')
        assert 'a' not in f.args
        assert 'b' not in f.args
        assert f.url == 'http://pumps.com/kwl%20jump/dir?no=nope#sup'

        # No conflict warnings between <host>/<port> and <netloc>, or
        # <query> and <params>.
        assert f is f.set(args={'a': 'a a'}, path='path path/dir', port='999',
                          fragment='moresup', scheme='sup', host='host')
        assert str(f.path) == '/path%20path/dir'
        assert f.url == 'sup://host:999/path%20path/dir?a=a+a#moresup'

        # Path as a list of path segments to join.
        assert f is f.set(path=['d1', 'd2'])
        assert f.url == 'sup://host:999/d1/d2?a=a+a#moresup'
        assert f is f.add(path=['/d3/', '/d4/'])
        assert f.url == 'sup://host:999/d1/d2/%2Fd3%2F/%2Fd4%2F?a=a+a#moresup'

        # Set a lot of stuff (but avoid conflicts, which are tested
        # below).
        f.set(
            query_params={'k': 'k'}, fragment_path='no scrubs', scheme='morp',
            host='myhouse', port=69, path='j$j*m#n', fragment_args={'f': 'f'})
        assert f.url == 'morp://myhouse:69/j$j*m%23n?k=k#no%20scrubs?f=f'

        # No side effects.
        oldurl = f.url
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            f.set(args={'a': 'a a'}, path='path path/dir', port='INVALID_PORT',
                  fragment='moresup', scheme='sup', host='host')
        assert f.url == oldurl
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w1:
            self.assertRaises(
                ValueError, f.set, netloc='nope.com:99', port='NOPE')
            assert len(w1) == 1 and issubclass(w1[0].category, UserWarning)
        assert f.url == oldurl

        # Separator isn't reset with set().
        f = furl.Fragment()
        f.separator = False
        f.set(path='flush', args={'dad': 'nope'})
        assert str(f) == 'flushdad=nope'

        # Test warnings for potentially overlapping parameters.
        f = furl.furl('http://pumps.com')
        warnings.simplefilter("always")

        # Host, port, and netloc overlap - host and port take
        # precedence.
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w1:
            f.set(netloc='dumps.com:99', host='ohay.com')
            assert len(w1) == 1 and issubclass(w1[0].category, UserWarning)
            f.host == 'ohay.com'
            f.port == 99
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w2:
            f.set(netloc='dumps.com:99', port=88)
            assert len(w2) == 1 and issubclass(w2[0].category, UserWarning)
            f.port == 88
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w3:
            f.set(netloc='dumps.com:99', host='ohay.com', port=88)
            assert len(w3) == 1 and issubclass(w3[0].category, UserWarning)

        # Query, args, and query_params overlap - args and query_params
        # take precedence.
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w4:
            f.set(query='yosup', args={'a': 'a', 'b': 'b'})
            assert len(w4) == 1 and issubclass(w4[0].category, UserWarning)
            assert self._param(f.url, 'a', 'a')
            assert self._param(f.url, 'b', 'b')
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w5:
            f.set(query='yosup', query_params={'a': 'a', 'b': 'b'})
            assert len(w5) == 1 and issubclass(w5[0].category, UserWarning)
            assert self._param(f.url, 'a', 'a')
            assert self._param(f.url, 'b', 'b')
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w6:
            f.set(args={'a': 'a', 'b': 'b'}, query_params={'c': 'c', 'd': 'd'})
            assert len(w6) == 1 and issubclass(w6[0].category, UserWarning)
            assert self._param(f.url, 'c', 'c')
            assert self._param(f.url, 'd', 'd')

        # Fragment, fragment_path, fragment_args, and fragment_separator
        # overlap - fragment_separator, fragment_path, and fragment_args
        # take precedence.
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w7:
            f.set(fragment='hi', fragment_path='!', fragment_args={'a': 'a'},
                  fragment_separator=False)
            assert len(w7) == 1 and issubclass(w7[0].category, UserWarning)
            assert str(f.fragment) == '!a=a'
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w8:
            f.set(fragment='hi', fragment_path='bye')
            assert len(w8) == 1 and issubclass(w8[0].category, UserWarning)
            assert str(f.fragment) == 'bye'
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w9:
            f.set(fragment='hi', fragment_args={'a': 'a'})
            assert len(w9) == 1 and issubclass(w9[0].category, UserWarning)
            assert str(f.fragment) == 'hia=a'
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w10:
            f.set(fragment='!?a=a', fragment_separator=False)
            assert len(w10) == 1 and issubclass(w10[0].category, UserWarning)
            assert str(f.fragment) == '!a=a'

    def test_remove(self):
        url = ('http://u:p@host:69/a/big/path/?a=a&b=b&s=s+s#a frag?with=args'
               '&a=a')
        f = furl.furl(url)

        # Remove without parameters removes nothing.
        assert f.url == f.remove().url

        # username, password, and port must be True.
        assert f == f.copy().remove(
            username='nope', password='nope', port='nope')

        # Basics.
        assert f is f.remove(fragment=True, args=['a', 'b'], path='path/',
                             username=True, password=True, port=True)
        assert f.url == 'http://host/a/big/?s=s+s'

        # No errors are thrown when removing URL components that don't exist.
        f = furl.furl(url)
        assert f is f.remove(fragment_path=['asdf'], fragment_args=['asdf'],
                             args=['asdf'], path=['ppp', 'ump'])
        assert self._param(f.url, 'a', 'a')
        assert self._param(f.url, 'b', 'b')
        assert self._param(f.url, 's', 's s')
        assert str(f.path) == '/a/big/path/'
        assert str(f.fragment.path) == 'a%20frag'
        assert f.fragment.args == {'a': 'a', 'with': 'args'}

        # Path as a list of paths to join before removing.
        assert f is f.remove(fragment_path='a frag', fragment_args=['a'],
                             query_params=['a', 'b'], path=['big', 'path', ''],
                             port=True)
        assert f.url == 'http://u:p@host/a/?s=s+s#with=args'

        assert f is f.remove(
            path=True, query=True, fragment=True, username=True,
            password=True)
        assert f.url == 'http://host'

    def test_join(self):
        empty_tests = ['', '/meat', '/meat/pump?a=a&b=b#fragsup',
                       'sup://www.pumps.org/brg/pap/mrf?a=b&c=d#frag?sup', ]
        run_tests = [
            # Join full URLs.
            ('unknown://www.yahoo.com', 'unknown://www.yahoo.com'),
            ('unknown://www.yahoo.com?one=two&three=four',
             'unknown://www.yahoo.com?one=two&three=four'),
            ('unknown://www.yahoo.com/new/url/?one=two#blrp',
             'unknown://www.yahoo.com/new/url/?one=two#blrp'),

            # Absolute paths ('/foo').
            ('/pump', 'unknown://www.yahoo.com/pump'),
            ('/pump/2/dump', 'unknown://www.yahoo.com/pump/2/dump'),
            ('/pump/2/dump/', 'unknown://www.yahoo.com/pump/2/dump/'),

            # Relative paths ('../foo').
            ('./crit/', 'unknown://www.yahoo.com/pump/2/dump/crit/'),
            ('.././../././././srp', 'unknown://www.yahoo.com/pump/2/srp'),
            ('../././../nop', 'unknown://www.yahoo.com/nop'),

            # Query included.
            ('/erp/?one=two', 'unknown://www.yahoo.com/erp/?one=two'),
            ('morp?three=four', 'unknown://www.yahoo.com/erp/morp?three=four'),
            ('/root/pumps?five=six',
             'unknown://www.yahoo.com/root/pumps?five=six'),

            # Fragment included.
            ('#sup', 'unknown://www.yahoo.com/root/pumps?five=six#sup'),
            ('/reset?one=two#yepYEP',
             'unknown://www.yahoo.com/reset?one=two#yepYEP'),
            ('./slurm#uwantpump?', 'unknown://www.yahoo.com/slurm#uwantpump?')
        ]

        for test in empty_tests:
            f = furl.furl().join(test)
            assert f.url == test

        f = furl.furl('')
        for join, result in run_tests:
            assert f is f.join(join) and f.url == result

        # Join other furl object, which serialize to strings with str().
        f = furl.furl('')
        for join, result in run_tests:
            tojoin = furl.furl(join)
            assert f is f.join(tojoin) and f.url == result

    def test_equality(self):
        assert furl.furl() is not furl.furl() and furl.furl() == furl.furl()

        assert furl.furl() != None

        url = 'https://www.yahoo.co.uk/one/two/three?a=a&b=b&m=m%26m#fragment'
        assert furl.furl(url) != url # No furl to string comparisons (for now).
        assert furl.furl(url) == furl.furl(url)
        assert furl.furl(url).remove(path=True) != furl.furl(url)

    def test_urlsplit(self):
        # Without any delimiters like '://' or '/', the input should be
        # treated as a path.
        urls = ['sup', '127.0.0.1', 'www.google.com', '192.168.1.1:8000']
        for url in urls:
            assert isinstance(furl.urlsplit(url), urllib.parse.SplitResult)
            assert furl.urlsplit(url).path == urllib.parse.urlsplit(url).path

        # No changes to existing urlsplit() behavior for known schemes.
        url = 'http://www.pumps.com/'
        assert isinstance(furl.urlsplit(url), urllib.parse.SplitResult)
        assert furl.urlsplit(url) == urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)

        url = 'https://www.yahoo.co.uk/one/two/three?a=a&b=b&m=m%26m#fragment'
        assert isinstance(furl.urlsplit(url), urllib.parse.SplitResult)
        assert furl.urlsplit(url) == urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)

        # Properly split the query from the path for unknown schemes.
        url = 'unknown://www.yahoo.com?one=two&three=four'
        correct = ('unknown', 'www.yahoo.com', '', 'one=two&three=four', '')
        assert isinstance(furl.urlsplit(url), urllib.parse.SplitResult)
        assert furl.urlsplit(url) == correct

        url = 'sup://192.168.1.102:8080///one//two////?s=kwl%20string#frag'
        correct = ('sup', '192.168.1.102:8080', '///one//two////',
                   's=kwl%20string', 'frag')
        assert isinstance(furl.urlsplit(url), urllib.parse.SplitResult)
        assert furl.urlsplit(url) == correct

        url = 'crazyyy://www.yahoo.co.uk/one/two/three?a=a&b=b&m=m%26m#frag'
        correct = ('crazyyy', 'www.yahoo.co.uk', '/one/two/three',
                   'a=a&b=b&m=m%26m', 'frag')
        assert isinstance(furl.urlsplit(url), urllib.parse.SplitResult)
        assert furl.urlsplit(url) == correct

    def test_join_path_segments(self):
        jps = furl.join_path_segments

        # Empty.
        assert jps() == []
        assert jps([]) == []
        assert jps([], [], [], []) == []

        # Null strings.
        #   [''] means nothing, or an empty string, in the final path
        #     segments.
        #   ['', ''] is preserved as a slash in the final path segments.
        assert jps(['']) == []
        assert jps([''], ['']) == []
        assert jps([''], [''], ['']) == []
        assert jps([''], ['', '']) == ['', '']
        assert jps([''], [''], [''], ['']) == []
        assert jps(['', ''], ['', '']) == ['', '', '']
        assert jps(['', '', ''], ['', '']) == ['', '', '', '']
        assert jps(['', '', '', '', '', '']) == ['', '', '', '', '', '']
        assert jps(['', '', '', ''], ['', '']) == ['', '', '', '', '']
        assert jps(['', '', '', ''], ['', ''], ['']) == ['', '', '', '', '']
        assert jps(['', '', '', ''], ['', '', '']) == ['', '', '', '', '', '']

        # Basics.
        assert jps(['a']) == ['a']
        assert jps(['a', 'b']) == ['a', 'b']
        assert jps(['a'], ['b']) == ['a', 'b']
        assert jps(['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5']) == ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']

        # A trailing slash is preserved if no new slash is being added.
        #   ex: ['a', ''] + ['b'] == ['a', 'b'], or 'a/' + 'b' == 'a/b'
        assert jps(['a', ''], ['b']) == ['a', 'b']
        assert jps(['a'], [''], ['b']) == ['a', 'b']
        assert jps(['', 'a', ''], ['b']) == ['', 'a', 'b']
        assert jps(['', 'a', ''], ['b', '']) == ['', 'a', 'b', '']

        # A new slash is preserved if no trailing slash exists.
        #   ex: ['a'] + ['', 'b'] == ['a', 'b'], or 'a' + '/b' == 'a/b'
        assert jps(['a'], ['', 'b']) == ['a', 'b']
        assert jps(['a'], [''], ['b']) == ['a', 'b']
        assert jps(['', 'a'], ['', 'b']) == ['', 'a', 'b']
        assert jps(['', 'a', ''], ['b', '']) == ['', 'a', 'b', '']
        assert jps(['', 'a', ''], ['b'], ['']) == ['', 'a', 'b']
        assert jps(['', 'a', ''], ['b'], ['', '']) == ['', 'a', 'b', '']

        # A trailing slash and a new slash means that an extra slash
        # will exist afterwords.
        # ex: ['a', ''] + ['', 'b'] == ['a', '', 'b'], or 'a/' + '/b'
        #   == 'a//b'
        assert jps(['a', ''], ['', 'b']) == ['a', '', 'b']
        assert jps(['a'], [''], [''], ['b']) == ['a', 'b']
        assert jps(['', 'a', ''], ['', 'b']) == ['', 'a', '', 'b']
        assert jps(['', 'a'], [''], ['b', '']) == ['', 'a', 'b', '']
        assert jps(['', 'a'], [''], [''], ['b'], ['']) == ['', 'a', 'b']
        assert jps(['', 'a'], [''], [''], ['b'], ['', '']) == [
            '', 'a', 'b', '']
        assert jps(['', 'a'], ['', ''], ['b'], ['', '']) == ['', 'a', 'b', '']
        assert jps(['', 'a'], ['', '', ''], ['b']) == ['', 'a', '', 'b']
        assert jps(['', 'a', ''], ['', '', ''], ['', 'b']) == [
            '', 'a', '', '', '', 'b']
        assert jps(['a', '', ''], ['', '', ''], ['', 'b']) == [
            'a', '', '', '', '', 'b']

        # Path segments blocks without slashes, are combined as
        # expected.
        assert jps(['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']) == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
        assert jps(['a'], ['b'], ['c'], ['d']) == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
        assert jps(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], ['e']) == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
        assert jps(['a', 'b', 'c'], ['d'], ['e', 'f']) == [
            'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

        # Putting it all together.
        assert jps(['a', '', 'b'], ['', 'c', 'd']) == ['a', '', 'b', 'c', 'd']
        assert jps(['a', '', 'b', ''], ['c', 'd']) == ['a', '', 'b', 'c', 'd']
        assert jps(['a', '', 'b', ''], ['c', 'd'], ['', 'e']) == [
            'a', '', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
        assert jps(['', 'a', '', 'b', ''], ['', 'c']) == [
            '', 'a', '', 'b', '', 'c']
        assert jps(['', 'a', ''], ['', 'b', ''], ['', 'c']) == [
            '', 'a', '', 'b', '', 'c']

    def test_remove_path_segments(self):
        rps = furl.remove_path_segments

        # [''] represents a slash, equivalent to ['',''].

        # Basics.
        assert rps([], []) == []
        assert rps([''], ['']) == []
        assert rps(['a'], ['a']) == []
        assert rps(['a'], ['', 'a']) == ['a']
        assert rps(['a'], ['a', '']) == ['a']
        assert rps(['a'], ['', 'a', '']) == ['a']

        # Slash manipulation.
        assert rps([''], ['', '']) == []
        assert rps(['', ''], ['']) == []
        assert rps(['', ''], ['', '']) == []
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['b', 'c']) == ['', 'a', '']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', 'b', 'c']) == ['', 'a']
        assert rps(['', 'a', '', ''], ['']) == ['', 'a', '']
        assert rps(['', 'a', '', ''], ['', '']) == ['', 'a', '']
        assert rps(['', 'a', '', ''], ['', '', '']) == ['', 'a']

        # Remove a portion of the path from the tail of the original
        # path.
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', ''], ['', 'a', 'b', '']) == []
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', ''], ['a', 'b', '']) == ['', '']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', ''], ['b', '']) == ['', 'a', '']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', ''], ['', 'b', '']) == ['', 'a']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', ''], ['', '']) == ['', 'a', 'b']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', ''], ['']) == ['', 'a', 'b']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', ''], []) == ['', 'a', 'b', '']

        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']) == []
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', 'b', 'c']) == ['', '']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['b', 'c']) == ['', 'a', '']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', 'b', 'c']) == ['', 'a']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['c']) == ['', 'a', 'b', '']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', 'c']) == ['', 'a', 'b']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], []) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['']) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']

        # Attempt to remove valid subsections, but subsections not from
        # the end of the original path.
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', 'a', 'b', '']) == [
            '', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', 'a', 'b']) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', 'b']) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', 'b', '']) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', 'a', 'b']) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', 'a', 'b', '']) == [
            '', 'a', 'b', 'c']

        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['a']) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', 'a']) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', '']) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', 'a', '']) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', 'a', '', '']) == [
            '', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', '', 'a', '', '']) == [
            '', 'a', 'b', 'c']

        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['']) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['', '']) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
        assert rps(['', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['c', '']) == ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']

        # Attempt to remove segments longer than the original.
        assert rps([], ['a']) == []
        assert rps([], ['a', 'b']) == []
        assert rps(['a'], ['a', 'b']) == ['a']
        assert rps(['a', 'a'], ['a', 'a', 'a']) == ['a', 'a']

    def test_is_valid_port(self):
        valids = [1, 2, 3, 65535, 119, 2930]
        invalids = [-1, -9999, 0, 'a', [], (0), {1: 1}, 65536, 99999, {}, None]

        for port in valids:
            assert furl.is_valid_port(port)
        for port in invalids:
            assert not furl.is_valid_port(port)

    def test_is_valid_encoded_path_segment(segment):
        valids = [('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
                   'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
                   '0123456789' '-._~' ":@!$&'()*+,;="),
                  '', 'a', 'asdf', 'a%20a', '%3F', ]
        invalids = [' ^`<>[]"#/?', ' ', '%3Z', '/', '?']

        for valid in valids:
            assert furl.is_valid_encoded_path_segment(valid)
        for invalid in invalids:
            assert not furl.is_valid_encoded_path_segment(invalid)

    def test_is_valid_encoded_query_key(key):
        valids = [('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
                   'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
                   '0123456789' '-._~' ":@!$&'()*+,;" '/?'),
                  '', 'a', 'asdf', 'a%20a', '%3F', 'a+a', '/', '?', ]
        invalids = [' ^`<>[]"#', ' ', '%3Z', '#']

        for valid in valids:
            assert furl.is_valid_encoded_query_key(valid)
        for invalid in invalids:
            assert not furl.is_valid_encoded_query_key(invalid)

    def test_is_valid_encoded_query_value(value):
        valids = [('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
                   'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
                   '0123456789' '-._~' ":@!$&'()*+,;" '/?='),
                  '', 'a', 'asdf', 'a%20a', '%3F', 'a+a', '/', '?', '=']
        invalids = [' ^`<>[]"#', ' ', '%3Z', '#']

        for valid in valids:
            assert furl.is_valid_encoded_query_value(valid)
        for invalid in invalids:
            assert not furl.is_valid_encoded_query_value(invalid)